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Zuo Y, Chen S, Tian X, Wu S, Wang A. Changes in baPWV and the risk of clinical outcomes: a cohort study of Chinese community-based population. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:460-466. [PMID: 38413723 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-024-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
It has not been fully investigated whether improved arterial stiffness (AS) can reduce the clinical outcomes risk in community population-based study. In this prospective study, a total of 5247 individuals with abnormal AS (at baseline) and repeated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurement before 2018 years were enrolled from the Kailuan Study. According the second baPWV measurement, we divided the participants into two groups, improved AS (defined as transfer elevated AS status to normal) and persistent AS (defined as maintaining elevated AS status). The outcome was a composite event of stroke, myocardial infraction, and all-cause mortality. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine the association between AS status at the follow-up and the subsequent outcome. During a median of 5.2 years follow-up, we observed 413 end point events. After adjusted for potential confounders, comparing with the persistent AS group, individuals in the improved AS group had a 43% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.94) decreased the risk of the primary composite events. We also found a baPWV decrease of 1 m/s was associated with a 3% decreased risk (HR, 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-0.99) for primary composite events. We further demonstrated that younger than 60 years, non-smoker, non-hypertension, and non-diabetes were associated with improved the AS status. In conclusion, improving AS status may reduce the risk of clinical events. In the future, more research should be performed to explore the target for improving the AS status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Noronha JC, Nishi SK, Khan TA, Blanco Mejia S, Kendall CWC, Kahleová H, Rahelić D, Salas-Salvadó J, Leiter LA, Lean MEJ, Sievenpiper JL. Weight management using meal replacements and cardiometabolic risk reduction in individuals with pre-diabetes and features of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2024:e13751. [PMID: 38693302 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This review synthesized the evidence from randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of meal replacements (MRs) as part of a weight loss intervention with conventional food-based weight loss diets on cardiometabolic risk in individuals with pre-diabetes and features of metabolic syndrome. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched through January 16, 2024. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean difference [95% confidence intervals]. The overall certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Ten trials (n = 1254) met the eligibility criteria. MRs led to greater reductions in body weight (-1.38 kg [-1.81, -0.95]), body mass index (BMI, -0.56 kg/m2 [-0.78, -0.34]), waist circumference (-1.17 cm [-1.93, -0.41]), HbA1c (-0.11% [-0.22, 0.00]), LDL-c (-0.18 mmol/L [-0.28, -0.08]), non-HDL-c (-0.17 mmol/L [-0.33, -0.01]), and systolic blood pressure (-2.22 mmHg [-4.20, -0.23]). The overall certainty of the evidence was low to moderate owing to imprecision and/or inconsistency. The available evidence suggests that incorporating MRs into a weight loss intervention leads to small important reductions in body weight, BMI, LDL-c, non-HDL-c, and systolic blood pressure, and trivial reductions in waist circumference and HbA1c, beyond that seen with conventional food-based weight loss diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis C Noronha
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie K Nishi
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental ANUT-DSM, Reus, Spain
- Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tauseef A Khan
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hana Kahleová
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dario Rahelić
- Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental ANUT-DSM, Reus, Spain
- Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E J Lean
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li A, Yan J, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Tian S, Khan AH, Zhu Y, Wu A, Zhang C, Tian XL. Vascular Aging: Assessment and Intervention. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1373-1395. [PMID: 37609042 PMCID: PMC10441648 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s423373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging represents a collection of structural and functional changes in a blood vessel with advancing age, including increased stiffness, vascular wall remodeling, loss of angiogenic ability, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction. These age-related alterations may occur earlier in those who are at risk for or have cardiovascular diseases, therefore, are defined as early or premature vascular aging. Vascular aging contributes independently to cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs). Thus, early diagnosis and interventions targeting vascular aging are of paramount importance in the delay or prevention of CCVDs. Here, we review the direct assessment of vascular aging by examining parameters that reflect changes in structure, function, or their compliance with age including arterial wall thickness and lumen diameter, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, arterial stiffness as well as indirect assessment through pathological studies of biomarkers including endothelial progenitor cell, lymphocytic telomeres, advanced glycation end-products, and C-reactive protein. Further, we evaluate how different types of interventions including lifestyle mediation, such as caloric restriction and salt intake, and treatments for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia affect age-related vascular changes. As a single parameter or intervention targets only a certain vascular physiological change, it is recommended to use multiple parameters to evaluate and design intervention approaches accordingly to prevent systemic vascular aging in clinical practices or population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shane Tian
- Department of Biochemistry/Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Haseeb Khan
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andong Wu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Tian
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
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Effect of bariatric surgery on flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with morbid obesity: 1-year follow-up study. Anatol J Cardiol 2021; 23:218-222. [PMID: 32235138 PMCID: PMC7163217 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2019.85249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity. Bariatric surgery (BS) is currently an established therapeutic approach for severely obese patients. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) provide important prognostic information beyond traditional CV risk factors. This study aimed to examine the effect of bariatric surgery-induced weight loss on CIMT and brachial artery FMD in morbidly obese patients. Methods: A total of 23 morbidly obese patients (40.4±5.6 years, 13 females) were examined before and after BS for 1 year with 3-month periods. CIMT, FMD, body composition, and metabolic parameters were determined. Results: All the patients exhibited significant weight loss following BS (p<0.001). Carotid intima-media thickness reduction was not significant from baseline to 6 months (p=0.069), but at 9 months (p=0.004), it became significant. Similarly, the difference between the preoperative and 6-month FMD assessments was not significant (p=0.057), but at 9 months (p<0.001), it became significant. Conclusion: Our study reveals that weight loss following BS causes improvements in CV risk factors, which is evident after 9 months of surgery.
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Lind L, Strand R, Michaelsson K, Kullberg J, Ahlström H. Relationship between endothelium-dependent vasodilation and fat distribution using the new "imiomics" image analysis technique. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1077-1086. [PMID: 31377180 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated how vasoreactivity in the brachial artery and the forearm resistance vessels were related to fat distribution and tissue volume, using both traditional imaging analysis and a new technique, called "Imiomics", whereby vasoreactivity was related to each of the >2M 3D image elements included in the whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS AND RESULTS In 326 subjects in the Prospective investigation of Obesity, Energy and Metabolism (POEM) study (all aged 50 years), endothelium-dependent vasodilation was measured by acetylcholine infusion in the brachial artery (EDV) and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Fat distribution was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). EDV, but not FMD, was significantly related to total fat mass, liver fat, subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue in a negative fashion in women, but not in men. Using Imiomics, an inverse relationship was seen between EDV and a local tissue volume of SAT in both the upper part of the body, as well as the gluteo-femoral part and the medial parts of the legs in women. Also the size of the liver, heart and VAT was inversely related to EDV. In men, less pronounced relationships were seen. FMD was also significantly related to local tissue volume of upper-body SAT and liver fat in women, but less so in men. CONCLUSION EDV, and to a lesser degree also FMD, were related to liver fat, SAT and VAT in women, but less so in men. Imiomics both confirmed findings from traditional methods and resulted in new, more detailed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Strand
- Section of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaelsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Section of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Section of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden.
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6
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Bianchi VE. Weight loss is a critical factor to reduce inflammation. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 28:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Syed-Abdul MM, Hu Q, Jacome-Sosa M, Padilla J, Manrique-Acevedo C, Heimowitz C, Parks EJ. Effect of carbohydrate restriction-induced weight loss on aortic pulse wave velocity in overweight men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1247-1256. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased aortic stiffness, measured by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, and past data have shown that low-fat and low-energy diets, fed for 8–24 weeks, lower PWV. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a reduction in PWV would be achieved by dietary carbohydrate (CHO) restriction, shown to bring about weight loss over a shorter timeframe. Men (n = 10, age: 41.8 ± 10.2 years, BMI: 34.2 ± 3.0 kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) and women (n = 10, age: 38.6 ± 6.1 years, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2) with characteristics of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome consumed a structured, CHO-restricted diet for 4 weeks (energy deficit, 645 kcal/day). For the whole group, subjects lost 5.4% ± 0.5% (P < 0.001) of body weight and experienced significant reductions in blood pressure (6%–8%), plasma insulin (34%), and triglycerides (34%). PWV was reduced by 6% ± 2% (7.1 ± 0.2 m/s to 6.7 ± 0.2 m/s, P = 0.008) and surprisingly, in women, it fell significantly (from 7.2 ± 0.3 m/s to 6.3 ± 0.3 m/s, P = 0.028), while no changes were observed in men (7.2 ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 ± 0.3 m/s, P = 0.144). This is the first study to demonstrate that weight loss can improve PWV in as little as 4 weeks and that dietary CHO restriction may be an effective treatment for reducing aortic stiffness in women. Future studies are needed to establish the mechanisms by which dietary CHO restriction may confer more cardiovascular benefits to women than to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Syed-Abdul
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qiong Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth J. Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Effect of Intermittent Energy Restriction on Flow Mediated Dilatation, a Measure of Endothelial Function: A Short Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061166. [PMID: 29867034 PMCID: PMC6025364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction is a popular alternative to daily energy restriction for weight loss; however, it is unknown if endothelial function, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is altered by periods of severe energy restriction. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of two consecutive very low energy intake days, which is the core component of the 5:2 intermittent energy restriction diet strategy, on endothelial function compared to consecutive ad libitum eating days. The secondary objective was to explore the effects of these dietary conditions on fasting glucose concentrations. This was a 4-week randomized, single-blinded, crossover study of 35 participants. Participants consumed a very low energy diet (500 calories for women, 600 calories for men) on two consecutive days per week and 5 days of habitual eating. In weeks 3 and 4 of the trial, participants had measurements of flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and blood samples taken following either 2 habitual eating days or 2 energy restricted days in a randomized order. FMD values were not different after the two eating states (8.6% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.7). All other outcome variables were unchanged. Endothelial function, as measured by flow mediated dilatation, was not altered by two consecutive very low energy intake days. Further investigations assessing the impact in specific population groups as well as different testing conditions would be beneficial.
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Nicoll R, Henein MY. Caloric Restriction and Its Effect on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability and Arterial Stiffness and Dilatation: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E751. [PMID: 29518898 PMCID: PMC5877612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension, fast heart rate, low heart rate variability, sympathetic nervous system dominance over parasympathetic, arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and poor flow-mediated arterial dilatation are all associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This review of randomised controlled trials and other studies demonstrates that caloric restriction (CR) is capable of significantly improving all these parameters, normalising blood pressure (BP) and allowing patients to discontinue antihypertensive medication, while never becoming hypotensive. CR appears to be effective regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, weight, body mass index (BMI) or a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, but the greatest benefit is usually observed in the sickest subjects and BP may continue to improve during the refeeding period. Exercise enhances the effects of CR only in hypertensive subjects. There is as yet no consensus on the mechanism of effect of CR and it may be multifactorial. Several studies have suggested that improvement in BP is related to improvement in insulin sensitivity, as well as increased nitric oxide production through improved endothelial function. In addition, CR is known to induce SIRT1, a nutrient sensor, which is linked to a number of beneficial effects in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Nicoll
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Nowak
- From the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (K.L.N., M.C.); and University of Colorado Boulder (M.J.R., D.R.S.).
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- From the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (K.L.N., M.C.); and University of Colorado Boulder (M.J.R., D.R.S.)
| | - Michel Chonchol
- From the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (K.L.N., M.C.); and University of Colorado Boulder (M.J.R., D.R.S.)
| | - Douglas R Seals
- From the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (K.L.N., M.C.); and University of Colorado Boulder (M.J.R., D.R.S.)
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11
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Francois ME, Myette-Cote E, Bammert TD, Durrer C, Neudorf H, DeSouza CA, Little JP. Carbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H105-H113. [PMID: 29030343 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00524.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on endothelial function. Restricting carbohydrate intake and postmeal walking have each been shown to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, but their combination and subsequent effects on endothelial function have not been investigated. Here, we sought to examine the effect of blunting postprandial hyperglycemia by following a low-carbohydrate diet, with or without postmeal walking exercise, on markers of vascular health in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a randomized crossover design, individuals with T2D ( n = 11) completed three 4-day controlled diet interventions consisting of 1) low-carbohydrate diet alone (LC), 2) low-carbohydrate diet with 15-min postmeal walks (LC + Ex), and 3) low-fat control diet (CON). Fasting blood samples and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) were measured before and after each intervention. Total circulating microparticles (MPs), endothelial MPs, platelet MPs, monocyte-platelet aggregates, and adhesion molecules were assessed as biomarkers of vascular health. There was a significant condition × time interaction for %FMD ( P = 0.01), with post hoc tests revealing improved %FMD after LC + Ex (+0.8 ± 1.0%, P = 0.02), with no change after LC or CON. Endothelial MPs were significantly reduced with the LC diet by ~45% (from 99 ± 60 to 44 ± 31 MPs/μl, P = 0.02), with no change after LC + Ex or CON (interaction: P = 0.04). Total MPs were lower (main effect time: P = 0.02), whereas monocyte-platelet aggregates were higher (main effect time: P < 0.01) after all interventions. Plasma adhesion molecules and C-reactive protein were unaltered. Attenuating postprandial hyperglycemic excursions using a low-carbohydrate diet combined with postmeal walking appears to be an effective strategy to improve endothelial function in individuals with T2D. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carbohydrate restriction and postmeal walking lower postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Here, we show that the combination significantly improved endothelial function and that carbohydrate restriction alone reduced circulating endothelial microparticles in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/low-carb-diet-and-exercise-improve-endothelial-health/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Etienne Myette-Cote
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | | | - Cody Durrer
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Helena Neudorf
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | | | - Jonathan P Little
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
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Aslan M, Duzenli U, Esen R, Soyoral YU. Serum prolidase enzyme activity in obese subjects and its relationship with oxidative stress markers. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:186-190. [PMID: 28867357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between increased serum enzyme activity of prolidase and increased rate of collagen turnover in the arterial wall has been asserted in previous studies. Collagen reflects much of the strength to the connective tissue involved in the arterial wall. Atherosclerosis is very common vessel disease and oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis. Our objective was to examine the serum enzyme activity of prolidase and its possible relationships with oxidative stress parameters in obese subjects. METHODS Our present study was conducted 27 obese subjects and 26 age-matched healthy control subjects. The serum enzyme activity of prolidase in all study population was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Oxidative stress levels in obese subjects were analyzed with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) as well as oxidative stress index (OSI). RESULTS Obese subjects have higher serum TOS and OSI indicators as well as prolidase activity than those in control subjects (for all; p<0.001). Moreover, obese subjects have lower levels of TAC than in those in healthy subjects (p<0.001). In the Pearson's correlation analysis, enzyme activity of prolidase was positively related with TOS (p<0.001, r=0.529) and OSI (p<0.001, r=0.519) as well as BMI (p<0.001, r=0.692) and inversely related with TAC (p<0.05, r=-0.405) in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS Increased serum prolidase activity and decreased antioxidant levels are likely to be a results of increased of oxidative stress levels in obese subjects. The significantly correlation between increased oxidative stress and increased prolidase activity may play a pivotal role in etiopathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aslan
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Van, Turkey.
| | - Ufuk Duzenli
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Van, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Esen
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Usul Soyoral
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Van, Turkey
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13
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Berk K, Oudshoorn T, Verhoeven A, Mulder M, Roks A, Dik W, Timman R, Sijbrands E. Diet-induced weight loss and markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016; 15:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Chaudhry ZW, Doshi RS, Mehta AK, Jacobs DK, Vakil RM, Lee CJ, Bleich SN, Kalyani RR, Clark JM, Gudzune KA. A systematic review of commercial weight loss programmes' effect on glycemic outcomes among overweight and obese adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Rev 2016; 17:758-69. [PMID: 27230990 PMCID: PMC5512172 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the glycemic benefits of commercial weight loss programmes as compared with control/education or counselling among overweight and obese adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and references cited by individual programmes. We included randomized controlled trials of ≥12 weeks duration. Two reviewers extracted information on study design, population characteristics, interventions, and mean changes in haemoglobin A1c and glucose. RESULTS We included 18 randomized controlled trials. Few trials occurred among individuals with T2DM. In this population, Jenny Craig reduced A1c at least 0.4% more than counselling at 12 months, Nutrisystem significantly reduced A1c 0.3% more than counselling at 6 months, and OPTIFAST reduced A1c 0.3% more than counselling at 6 months. Among individuals without T2DM, few studies evaluated glycemic outcomes, and when reported, most did not show substantial reductions. DISCUSSION Few trials have examined whether commercial weight loss programmes result in glycemic benefits for their participants, particularly among overweight and obese individuals without T2DM. Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem and OPTIFAST show promising glycemic lowering benefits for patients with T2DM, although additional studies are needed to confirm these conclusions. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Chaudhry
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R S Doshi
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A K Mehta
- The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D K Jacobs
- The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R M Vakil
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - C J Lee
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S N Bleich
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R R Kalyani
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J M Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K A Gudzune
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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García-Prieto CF, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Caloric Restriction as a Strategy to Improve Vascular Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060370. [PMID: 27314388 PMCID: PMC4924211 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has proved to be the most effective and reproducible dietary intervention to increase healthy lifespan and aging. A reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in obese subjects can be already achieved by a moderate and sustainable weight loss. Since pharmacological approaches for body weight reduction have, at present, a poor long-term efficacy, CR is of great interest in the prevention and/or reduction of CVD associated with obesity. Other dietary strategies changing specific macronutrients, such as altering carbohydrates, protein content or diet glycemic index have been also shown to decrease the progression of CVD in obese patients. In this review, we will focus on the positive effects and possible mechanisms of action of these strategies on vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha F García-Prieto
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
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16
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Byrne ML, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Mitchell SA, Allen NB. Adolescent-Onset Depression: Are Obesity and Inflammation Developmental Mechanisms or Outcomes? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:839-50. [PMID: 25666100 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Depression often has its first onset during adolescence and is associated with obesity. Furthermore, inflammatory processes have been implicated in both depression and obesity, although research amongst adolescents is limited. This review explores associations between depression and obesity, depression and inflammation, and obesity and inflammation from a developmental perspective. The temporal relations between these factors are examined to explore whether obesity and elevated inflammation act as either risk factors for, or outcomes of, adolescent-onset depression. Sex differences in these processes are also summarized. We propose a model whereby increases in sex hormones during puberty increase risk for depression for females, which can lead to obesity, which in turn increases levels of inflammation. Importantly, this model suggests that inflammation and obesity are outcomes of adolescent depression, rather than initial contributing causes. Further research on biological and psychosocial effects of sex hormones is needed, as is longitudinal research with children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Byrne
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Mitchell
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1227, USA
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17
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Petersen K, Blanch N, Keogh J, Clifton P. Weight Loss, Dietary Intake and Pulse Wave Velocity. Pulse (Basel) 2015; 3:134-40. [PMID: 26587462 DOI: 10.1159/000435792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effect of weight loss achieved by an energy-restricted diet with or without exercise, anti-obesity drugs or bariatric surgery on pulse wave velocity (PWV) measured at all arterial segments. Twenty studies, including 1,259 participants, showed that modest weight loss (8% of the initial body weight) caused a reduction in PWV measured at all arterial segments. However, due to the poor methodological design of the included studies, the results of this meta-analysis can only be regarded as hypothesis generating and highlight the need for further research in this area. In the future, well-designed randomised controlled trials are required to determine the effect of diet-induced weight loss on PWV and the mechanisms involved. In addition, there is observational evidence that dietary components such as fruit, vegetables, dairy foods, sodium, potassium and fatty acids may be associated with PWV, although evidence from well-designed intervention trials is lacking. In the future, the effect of concurrently improving dietary quality and achieving weight loss should be assessed in randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Petersen
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - Natalie Blanch
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - Jennifer Keogh
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - Peter Clifton
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
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18
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Endothelial function in hypertensive obese patients: 1 year after surgically induced weight loss. Obes Surg 2015; 24:1581-4. [PMID: 24908247 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the effect of surgically induced weight loss on vascular function measured by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in hypertensive obese patients. This prospective study included 33 patients (78 % females, mean age 53 (9) years) undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). Before and 12 months postoperatively, the BMI, 24-h ambulatory BP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), leptin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA IR), and abdominal fat were measured. Endothelial function was assessed by FMD. After BS, the excess body weight loss was 71 %; the 24-h [systolic 18(11)//diastolic 7(7) mmHg] BP values, hs-CRP, leptin, HOMA, and abdominal fat significantly decreased, with no changes in endothelial function. Weight loss achieved by BS was associated with a significant improvement in BP and metabolic and inflammation parameters, but FMD did not improve.
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19
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Gudzune KA, Doshi RS, Mehta AK, Chaudhry ZW, Jacobs DK, Vakil RM, Lee CJ, Bleich SN, Clark JM. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162:501-12. [PMID: 25844997 PMCID: PMC4446719 DOI: 10.7326/m14-2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial and proprietary weight-loss programs are popular obesity treatment options, but their efficacy is unclear. PURPOSE To compare weight loss, adherence, and harms of commercial or proprietary weight-loss programs versus control/education (no intervention, printed materials only, health education curriculum, or <3 sessions with a provider) or behavioral counseling among overweight and obese adults. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to November 2014; references identified by program staff. STUDY SELECTION Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration; prospective case series of at least 12 months' duration (harms only). DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers extracted information on study design, population characteristics, interventions, and mean percentage of weight change and assessed risk of bias. DATA SYNTHESIS We included 45 studies, 39 of which were RCTs. At 12 months, Weight Watchers participants achieved at least 2.6% greater weight loss than those assigned to control/education. Jenny Craig resulted in at least 4.9% greater weight loss at 12 months than control/education and counseling. Nutrisystem resulted in at least 3.8% greater weight loss at 3 months than control/education and counseling. Very-low-calorie programs (Health Management Resources, Medifast, and OPTIFAST) resulted in at least 4.0% greater short-term weight loss than counseling, but some attenuation of effect occurred beyond 6 months when reported. Atkins resulted in 0.1% to 2.9% greater weight loss at 12 months than counseling. Results for SlimFast were mixed. We found limited evidence to evaluate adherence or harms for all programs and weight outcomes for other commercial programs. LIMITATION Many trials were short (<12 months), had high attrition, and lacked blinding. CONCLUSION Clinicians could consider referring overweight or obese patients to Weight Watchers or Jenny Craig. Other popular programs, such as Nutrisystem, show promising weight-loss results; however, additional studies evaluating long-term outcomes are needed. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None. ( PROSPERO CRD4201-4007155).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Gudzune
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ruchi S. Doshi
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ambereen K. Mehta
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zoobia W. Chaudhry
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David K. Jacobs
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rachit M. Vakil
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Clare J. Lee
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sara N. Bleich
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeanne M. Clark
- From Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research; Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
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20
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Joint scientific statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2015; 33:425-34. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β in relation to ER stress, inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:324815. [PMID: 25699273 PMCID: PMC4324884 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and underlying metabolic disturbances increase rapidly in developed countries. Various molecular targets are currently under investigation to unravel the molecular mechanisms that cause these disturbances. This is done in attempt to counter or prevent the negative health consequences of the metabolic disturbances. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge on the role of C/EBP-β in these metabolic disturbances. C/EBP-β deletion in mice resulted in downregulation of hepatic lipogenic genes and increased expression of β-oxidation genes in brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, C/EBP-β is important in the differentiation and maturation of adipocytes and is increased during ER stress and proinflammatory conditions. So far, studies were only conducted in animals and in cell systems. The results found that C/EBP-β is an important transcription factor within the metabolic disturbances of the metabolic system. Therefore, it is interesting to examine the potential role of C/EBP-β at molecular and physiological level in humans.
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22
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Petersen KS, Blanch N, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Effect of Weight Loss on Pulse Wave Velocity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:243-52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Petersen
- From the School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie Blanch
- From the School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jennifer B. Keogh
- From the School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M. Clifton
- From the School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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23
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Joris PJ, Zeegers MP, Mensink RP. Weight loss improves fasting flow-mediated vasodilation in adults: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Atherosclerosis 2014; 239:21-30. [PMID: 25568949 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. Effects of weight loss on endothelial function are however not clear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to quantify effects of weight loss on flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, a measurement of endothelial function. METHODS Studies with experimental (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs published before June 2014 were identified by a systematic search. Changes in FMD were defined as the difference between measurements before and after the study. For RCTs, changes were corrected for those in the no-weight loss control group. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in FMD and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses. The impact of subject characteristics, type of weight-loss treatment, and dietary composition on changes in FMD was also investigated. RESULTS Four RCTs involving 265 subjects were included. Weight loss increased FMD vs. control by 3.29% (95% CI: 0.98-5.59%; P = 0.005; mean weight loss: 8.6 kg). A total of 1517 subjects participated in 33 studies with 49 relevant study arms. It was estimated that each 10 kg decrease in body weight increased fasting FMD by 1.11% (95% CI: 0.47-1.76%; P = 0.001). Effects were more pronounced when participants had coexisting obesity-related morbidities. Also, effects may be larger when subjects received low-fat diets or weight-reduction regimens including exercise therapy or weight-loss medication. CONCLUSION Weight loss significantly improves fasting FMD in adults, which is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Effects may depend on subject characteristics, type of weight-loss treatment, and dietary composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Joris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Effects of an energy-restricted diet rich in plant-derived α-linolenic acid on systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1315-22. [PMID: 25180479 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of CVD, possibly by decreasing systemic inflammation and improving endothelial function. In the present study, the effects of a hypoenergetic diet rich in ALA (3·4 g/d) on the biomarkers of systemic inflammation and vascular function were investigated in eighty-one overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits in comparison with a hypoenergetic diet low in ALA (0·9 g/d, control). After a 6-month dietary intervention, there were significant decreases in the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) and asymmetric dimethylarginine in both dietary groups. However, no inter-group differences were observed for all these changes. The serum concentration of YKL-40 (human cartilage glycoprotein 39 or chitinase-3-like protein 1) decreased after the ALA diet when compared with the control diet (P< 0·05 for time × treatment interaction). Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen did not significantly change in the two dietary groups. The decreases in the serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, CRP and YKL-40 were significantly correlated with the decreases in body fat mass. In conclusion, the present study indicates that in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits, both vascular function and inflammation are improved during body-weight loss. The high ALA intake led to a more pronounced reduction in the serum concentration of YKL-40 compared with the intake of the low-ALA control diet, indicating the existence of independent favourable physiological effects of ALA during weight loss.
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25
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Adhesion molecule increases in sleep apnea: beneficial effect of positive airway pressure and moderation by obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:472-9. [PMID: 25042863 PMCID: PMC4302066 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) may contribute to cardiovascular disease and are associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity. The relationship between OSA and obesity in determining ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels, and the effect of treatment, is unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study whether positive airway pressure (PAP) usage resulted in changes in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 after 2 years within 309 OSA patients from the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort, and determine how obesity affected such changes. SUBJECTS/METHODS The mean body mass index (BMI) was 32.4±5.1 kg m(-2); subjects had moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index=45.0±20.2) and 79% were male. There were 177 full PAP users (⩾4 h per night and ⩾20 of last 28 nights), 44 partial (<4 h per night or <20 nights) and 88 nonusers. RESULTS ICAM-1 (P<0.001) and VCAM-1 (P=0.012) change was significantly different among the PAP groups. The largest ICAM-1 differences were among the most obese subjects (P<0.001). At follow-up, nonusers had increased ICAM-1 compared with decreased levels in full users. All groups had increased VCAM-1, but nonusers had a significantly larger increase than full users. CONCLUSIONS Within moderate-to-severe OSA patients, PAP usage prevents increases in adhesion molecules observed in nonusers after 2 years. For ICAM-1, the largest effect is in the most obese subjects. As OSA and obesity commonly coexist, the usage of PAP to limit increases in adhesion molecules may decrease the rate of progression of OSA-related cardiovascular disease.
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26
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Silver HJ, Kang H, Keil CD, Muldowney JA, Kocalis H, Fazio S, Vaughan DE, Niswender KD. Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 2014; 63:562-73. [PMID: 24559846 PMCID: PMC4306330 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction characterize obesity and predict development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although women experience CVD events at an older age, vascular dysfunction is evident 10years prior to coronary artery disease. Questions remain whether replacing SFA entirely with MUFA or PUFA is the optimal approach for cardiometabolic benefits. This study tested the hypotheses that: a) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve with a high fat diet (HFD) when type of fat is balanced as 1/3 SFA, 1/3 MUFA and 1/3 PUFA; and b) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve more when balanced HFD is supplemented with 18C fatty acids, in proportion to the degree of 18C unsaturation. METHODS Obese premenopausal women were stabilized on balanced HFD and randomized to consume 9g/d of encapsulated stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), linoleate (18:2) or placebo. RESULTS Significant improvements occurred in fat oxidation rate (↑6%), body composition (%fat: ↓2.5±2.1%; %lean: ↑2.5±2.1%), inflammation (↓ IL-1α, IL-1β, 1L-12, Il-17, IFNγ, TNFα, TNFβ) and vascular function (↓BP, ↓PAI-1, ↑tPA activity). When compared to HFD+placebo, HFD+stearate had the greatest effect on reducing IFNγ (↓74%) and HFD+linoleate had the greatest effect on reducing PAI-1 (↓31%). CONCLUSIONS Balancing the type of dietary fat consumed (SFA/MUFA/PUFA) is a feasible strategy to positively affect markers of CVD risk. Moreover, reductions in inflammatory molecules involved in vascular function might be enhanced when intake of certain 18C fatty acids is supplemented. Long term effects need to be determined for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Silver
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles D Keil
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Heidi Kocalis
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Cardiology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Niswender
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Merino J, Kones R, Ferré R, Plana N, Girona J, Aragonés G, Ibarretxe D, Heras M, Masana L. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet alters small peripheral artery reactivity in metabolic syndrome patients. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 26:58-65. [PMID: 24365581 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low carbohydrate diets have become increasingly popular for weight loss. Although they may improve some metabolic markers, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or metabolic syndrome (MS), their net effect on vascular function remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the relation between dietary macronutrient composition and the small artery reactive hyperaemia index (saRHI), a marker of small artery vascular function, in a cohort of MS patients. DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 160 MS patients. Diet was evaluated by a 3-day food-intake register and reduced to a novel low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS). Physical examination, demographic, biochemical and anthropometry parameters were recorded, and saRHI was measured in each patient. RESULTS Individuals in the lowest LCDS quartile (Q1; 45% carbohydrate, 19% protein, 31% fat) had higher saRHI values than those in the top quartile (Q4; 30% carbohydrate, 25% protein, 43% fat) (1.84±0.42 vs. 1.55±0.25, P=.012). These results were similar in T2D patients (Q1=1.779±0.311 vs. Q4=1.618±0.352, P=.011) and also in all of the MS components, except for low HDLc. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that individuals in the highest LCDS quartile, that is, consuming less carbohydrates, had a significantly negative coefficient of saRHI which was independent of confounders (HR: -0.747; 95%CI: 0.201, 0.882; P=.029). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a dietary pattern characterized by a low amount of carbohydrate, but reciprocally higher amounts of fat and protein, is associated with poorer vascular reactivity in patients with MS and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Merino
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Raimon Ferré
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aragonés
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daiana Ibarretxe
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Heras
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Faculty of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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Blomster H, Laitinen T, Lyyra-Laitinen T, Vanninen E, Gylling H, Peltonen M, Martikainen T, Sahlman J, Kokkarinen J, Randell J, Smirnov G, Seppä J, Tuomilehto H. Endothelial function is well preserved in obese patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2013; 18:177-86. [PMID: 23733256 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-013-0867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial dysfunction is one of the early markers of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of our study was to evaluate whether overweight patients with mild OSA displayed endothelial dysfunction, and to assess the effect of 1-year lifestyle intervention with an early very low calorie diet in endothelial function. METHODS At baseline, the study population consisted of 83 overweight patients with mild OSA and 46 weight-matched non-OSA subjects. OSA patients were further randomized into a 1-year supervised lifestyle intervention group or control group which received routine lifestyle counselling. Endothelial function measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), body mass index (BMI), and metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS No correlations between endothelial function and mild OSA were detected. However, patients with impaired endothelial function had lower mean saturation and impaired endothelial function correlated significantly with glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. After the lifestyle intervention and successful weight reduction, AHI, BMI, serum triglycerides and insulin improved significantly; however, no improvement in FMD was detected. CONCLUSIONS Mild OSA was not observed to be associated with endothelial dysfunction. Although in mild OSA endothelial function is still preserved, lifestyle intervention with weight reduction did achieve an improvement in other obesity-related risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, thus highlighting the importance of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Blomster
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1777, 70211, Kuopio, Finland,
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29
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Mohler ER, Sibley AA, Stein R, Davila-Roman V, Wyatt H, Badellino K, Rader DJ, Klein S, Foster GD. Endothelial function and weight loss: comparison of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:504-9. [PMID: 23404949 PMCID: PMC3630284 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of weight loss on obesity-associated endothelial dysfunction is not clear because of conflicting data, demonstrating both improvement and no change in endothelial function after weight loss in obese subjects. A 2-year prospective study (n = 121) was conducted to examine: (1) the effect of obesity and weight loss (either a low-carbohydrate or and low-fat diet) on flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD), a measure of endothelial function. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants reduced body weight by 7.1% ± 4.4%, 8.7% ± 6.8%, 7.1% ± 7.8%, and 4.1% ± 7.7% at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively with no significant differences between the low-fat and low-carbohydrate groups. RESULTS Endothelial function was inversely correlated with waist circumference, triglyceride level, and directly correlated with leptin in obese persons prior to weight loss. These weight losses did not confer any improvements in FMD. There were no differences between the low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets in FMD at any time point. At 6 months (r = 0.26, P = 0.04) and 1 year (r =0.28, P = 0.03), there were positive correlations between change in FMD and change in leptin but not at 2 years. CONCLUSION There was no significant improvement in endothelial function after 7.1% ± 7.8% weight loss at 1 year and 4.1% ± 7.7% at 2 years, achieved by either a low carbohydrate or a low fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile R Mohler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Section of Vascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Figueroa A, Vicil F, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A, Ormsbee MJ, Hooshmand S, Daggy B. Effects of diet and/or low-intensity resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, adiposity, and lean mass in obese postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:416-23. [PMID: 23382493 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hps050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and aging are associated with increased arterial stiffness as indicated by an increased pulse-wave velocity (PWV). We evaluated the independent and combined effects on PWV and body composition of a hypocaloric diet and low-intensity resistance exercise training (LIRET) with slow movement. METHODS Forty-one postmenopausal women (mean age, 54±6 years; body mass index (BMI), 33.8±0.5kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to LIRET (n = 14), diet (n = 13), or diet + LIRET (n = 14) for 12 weeks. The women's PWV, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body composition by dual-en ergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and plasma adipokine and insulin levels were measured before and after the interventions. RESULTS Body weight (P = 0.0001), trunk-fat mass (FM, P = 0.0001), and the serum concentration of leptin (P = 0.02 and P = 0.004) decreased similarly with diet and diet + LIRET, but not with LIRET alone. Leg lean mass (LM) decreased (P = 0.02) with diet, but did not change with diet + LIRET or with LIRET alone. Leg muscle strength increased similarly with LIRET (P = 0.001) and diet + LIRET (P = 0.0001), but did not change with diet alone. Brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) decreased with diet (P = 0.04) and diet + LIRET (P = 0.01), whereas femoral-ankle PWV (legPWV) decreased only with diet (P = 0.01). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased after LIRET (P = 0.03), diet (P = 0.04), and diet + LIRET (P = 0.004). Carotid-femoral PWV, serum adiponectin concentration, and insulin were not significantly affected by the interventions examined in the study. The reductions in baPWV and legPWV were correlated with one another (r = 0.73, P = 0.0001), and the reductions in legPWV and trunk FM were also correlated with one another (r = 0.36, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS A hypocaloric diet decreases baPWV mainly by reducing legPWV, and this reduction is related to the loss of truncal fat. Although LIRET alone does not affect PWV or body composition, LIRET combined with diet improves baPWV and muscle strength while preventing loss of lean body mass in obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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31
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Torres MRSG, Sanjuliani AF. Effects of weight loss from a high-calcium energy-reduced diet on biomarkers of inflammatory stress, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function in obese subjects. Nutrition 2013; 29:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yang Z, Ming XF. mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:58-68. [PMID: 23107260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders such as type-II diabetes and an accelerating aging population globally will remain the major contributors to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. It is well known that aging is highly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence also shows that obesity and metabolic diseases accelerate aging process. Studies in experimental animal models demonstrate similarity of metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes in metabolic diseases and old age, e.g. insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic low grade inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, as well as vascular dysfunctions. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms linking metabolic stress, aging, and ultimately cardiovascular diseases are still elusive. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is a well known regulator of metabolism and lifespan in model organisms, its central role in linking metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases is recently emerging. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the role of mTOR signalling as a molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic potentials of targeting mTOR signalling to protect against metabolic and age-associated cardiovascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Heggen E, Klemsdal TO, Haugen F, Holme I, Tonstad S. Effect of a Low-Fat Versus a Low-Gycemic-Load Diet on Inflammatory Biomarker and Adipokine Concentrations. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 10:437-42. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2012.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Heggen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Ole Klemsdal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingar Holme
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Negative effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet on small peripheral artery reactivity in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1241-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate diets have become increasingly popular for weight loss. Although they may improve some metabolic markers, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or the metabolic syndrome (MS), their net effect on arterial wall function remains unclear. The objective was to evaluate the relation between dietary macronutrient composition and the small artery reactive hyperaemia index (saRHI), a marker of small artery endothelial function, in a cohort of patients at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. The present cross-sectional study included 247 patients. Diet was evaluated by a 3-d food-intake register and reduced to a novel low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS). Physical examination, demographic, biochemical and anthropometry parameters were recorded, and the saRHI was measured in each patient. Individuals in the lowest LCDS quartile (Q1, 45 % carbohydrate; 20 % protein; 32 % fat) had higher saRHI values than those in the top quartile (Q4, 29 % carbohydrate, 24 % protein, 40 % fat; 1·66 (sd 0·41) v. 1·52 (sd 0·22), P= 0·037). These results were particularly strong in patients with the MS (Q1 = 1·82 (sd 0·32) v. Q4 = 1·61 (sd 027); P= 0·021) and T2D (Q1 = 1·78 (sd 0·31) v. Q4 = 1·62 (sd 0·35); P= 0·011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that individuals in the highest LCDS quartile had a significantly negative coefficient of saRHI, which was independent of confounders (OR − 0·85; 95 % CI 0·19, 0·92; P= 0·031). These findings suggest that a dietary pattern characterised by a low amount of carbohydrate, but high amounts of protein and fat, is associated with a poorer small artery vascular reactivity in patients with increased CV risk.
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35
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Pucci G, Battista F, Schillaci G. Aerobic physical exercise and arterial de-stiffening: a recipe for vascular rejuvenation? Hypertens Res 2012; 35:964-6. [PMID: 22786568 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Pucci
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, S. Maria Hospital, Terni, Italy
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36
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Ilie IR, Marian I, Mocan T, Ilie R, Mocan L, Duncea I, Pepene CE. Ethinylestradiol30μg-drospirenone and metformin: could this combination improve endothelial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome? BMC Endocr Disord 2012; 12:9. [PMID: 22713099 PMCID: PMC3413550 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are hereby investigating for the first time the effect of the association ethinylestradiol30μg-drospirenone 3mg (DRP/EE30μg) plus metformin and weight loss on endothelial status and C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS 25 young women with PCOS (mean age 22.76 ± 0.83 years, body mass index (BMI): 28.44 ± 6.23) who completed the study were prospectively evaluated. The oral contraceptive- DRP/EE30μg (21 days/month) and metformin (1700 mg daily) were administered for 6 months to the PCOS group. Additionally, the 15 overweight and obese patients (BMI > 25 kg/m2) were instructed in a diet of no more than 1500 cal daily. Primary outcome measures were surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease and included endothelial function, i.e. flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) on the brachial artery and endothelin-1 levels, as well as hsCRP concentrations, body composition (measured by whole-body dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry) and insulin resistance. Variables were assessed at baseline, as well as after our medical intervention. RESULTS The combination between DRP/EE30μg plus metformin combined with weight loss triggered a significant improvement in the FMD values (FMD-PCOSbasal 3.48 ± 1.00 vs FMD-PCOS6 months7.43 ± 1.04, p = 0.033), as well as body composition and insulin insensitivity (p < 0.05). Regarding hsCRP levels, there was no significant intragroup (PCOS6months - PCOSbasal) difference. CONCLUSION A 6-month course of metformin- DRP/EE30μg (associated with weight loss) improves the endothelial dysfunction in PCOS and shows neutral effects on hsCRP concentrations as an inflammation marker. These data demand for reevaluation of the medical therapy in PCOS, particularly in women with additional metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01459445).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Rada Ilie
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Marian
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Departmen of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan Ilie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- 3-rd Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ileana Duncea
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Emanuela Pepene
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Montero D, Walther G, Perez-Martin A, Roche E, Vinet A. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese children and adolescents: markers and effect of lifestyle intervention. Obes Rev 2012; 13:441-55. [PMID: 22133012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing prevalence, pediatric obesity is often a prelude to adulthood obesity, and represents a major public health issue. Comorbidities are very common and severe in obese adults, justifying the search for earlier markers or risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in obese children. Endothelial dysfunction has been found to be present in the early stages of atherosclerosis, and can be non-invasively assessed with widely accepted and well-standardized techniques at the macrocirculation level. Endothelial dysfunction at the microcirculation level is less documented in obese children. Obesity in children has been repeatedly and independently correlated to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress markers, although the relationship between these factors remains to be investigated. However, this would not only allow substantial improvements in risk stratification, but also provide essential data regarding the evolution of endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity, especially during puberty when pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative changes, with relative insulin resistance, occur. Therapeutic strategies such as lifestyle interventions in early childhood obesity appear all the more necessary, optimally including both exercise and diet because of their known effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, potentially reversing endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Montero
- Pharm-Ecology Cardiovascular Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Avignon, France
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Haspicova M, Milek D, Siklova-Vitkova M, Wedellova Z, Hejnova J, Bajzova M, Stich V, Polak J. Post-prandial endothelial dysfunction is ameliorated following weight loss in obese premenopausal women. Med Sci Monit 2012; 17:CR634-639. [PMID: 22037742 PMCID: PMC3539500 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction and postprandial hyperglycemia represent independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is connected with endothelial impairments; however, it is unclear whether weight loss can modify endothelial function during the postprandial period. The aim of this study was to evaluate endothelial response (post-ischemic forearm blood flow, PIFBF) in a fasted state and following ingestion of 75g glucose before and after very low caloric diet (VLCD). Material/Methods 40 obese premenopausal women (age 39.6±7.8 years, BMI 34.3±3.2 kg/m2) participated in 4-week very low caloric diet (VLCD, 800kcal/day). Before and after VLCD, the baseline blood flow and PIFBF were measured using a mercury strain gauge plethysmography in fasting state as well as 1 hour after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Results Dietary intervention resulted in a 7% weight loss (p<0.05) and a decrease in insulin resistance index HOMA-IR (2.44±1.25 vs. 1.66±0.81, p<0.05). Before VLCD intervention, PIFBF following oral glucose challenge decreased by 8.2±9.1 ml/min/100 g tissue, while after weight loss identical stimulus increased PIFBF by 4.2±8.9 ml/min/100 g tissue (p<0.05). Plasma ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 decreased by 8% and 10%, respectively, throughout the study. Conclusions Postprandial endothelial dysfunction is ameliorated following weight loss in obese women. This finding demonstrates the beneficial effects of weight reduction on atherosclerosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Haspicova
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
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39
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Endothelial dysfunction associated with obesity and the effect of weight loss interventions. Proc Nutr Soc 2011; 70:418-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial damage is central to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, while in addition vascular endothelial cells secrete several anti-atherogenic substances including the potent vasodilator nitric oxide. Increased adhesion molecule expression, in response to pathophysiological stimuli is perhaps the earliest indicator of compromised endothelial integrity. Obesity and adiposity are associated with an increased risk of CVD, influencing disease progression via a number of mechanisms, including enhanced endothelial activation. This review discusses possible mechanisms linking adiposity and more specifically regional fat depots with endothelial function and evaluates studies investigating the effect of weight loss on endothelial function, assessed by biochemical and physiological measurements. Overall, the research to date suggests that visceral adiposity is a stronger predictor of endothelial activation than overall adiposity, possibly mediated via the action of NEFA in circulation. While in general there is a suggestion that weight loss is associated with significant improvements in endothelial function, this is not apparent in all interventions and published literature to date provides less than convincing evidence for the effects of weight loss on endothelial activation.
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Kalupahana NS, Voy BH, Saxton AM, Moustaid-Moussa N. Energy-restricted high-fat diets only partially improve markers of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:245-54. [PMID: 20847734 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating whether the weight loss due to energy-restricted high-fat diets is accompanied with parallel improvements in metabolic markers and adipose tissue inflammation. Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were given free access to a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (45% of energy from fat-HF) diet for 6 months. Restricting intake of the HF diet by 30% (HFR) during the last 2 months of the HF feeding trial decreased fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)), and plasma triglyceride levels and improved hepatic steatosis compared to ad libitum HF feeding, indicating an improved metabolic profile. Further, analysis of gonadal white adipose tissue (GWAT) gene expression by microarray and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated that HFR downregulated expression of genes linked to cell and focal adhesion, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation pathway. However, HFR had no effect on circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and nonesterified fatty acid levels, which were persistently higher in both HF and HFR groups compared to the LF group. Furthermore, HFR had a negative effect on plasma total adiponectin level. Finally, while HFR decreased GWAT monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and PAI-1 levels, it did not affect several other cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. In summary, energy-restricted high-fat diets improve insulin sensitivity, while only partially improving markers of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, our study supports the recommended low-fat intake for overall cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Westerink J, Visseren FLJ. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to influence adipose tissue function. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:13. [PMID: 21276223 PMCID: PMC3039566 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance, inflammation and hypercoagulobility which can all be understood as consequences of adipose tissue dysfunction. The potential role for adipose tissue derived cytokines and adipokines in the development of vascular disease and diabetes may produce a clinical need to influence adipose tissue function. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions affect plasma cytokine and adipokine levels. The effects of these interventions depend on weight loss per se, changes in fat distribution without weight loss and/or direct effects on adipose tissue inflammation. Weight loss, as a result of diet, pharmacology and surgery, positively influences plasma adipokines and systemic inflammation. Several classes of drugs influence systemic inflammation directly through their anti-inflammatory actions. PPAR-γ agonism positively influences adipose tissue inflammation in several classes of intervention such as the thiazolidinediones and perhaps salicylates, CB1-antagonists and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Furthermore, within drug classes there are differential effects of individual pharmacologic agents on adipose tissue function. It can be concluded that several commonly used pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have unintended influences on adipose tissue function. Improving adipose tissue function may contribute to reducing the risk of vascular diseases and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rittig K, Hieronimus A, Thamer C, Machann J, Peter A, Stock J, Schick F, Fritsche A, Stefan N, Häring HU, Balletshofer B. Reducing visceral adipose tissue mass is essential for improving endothelial function in type 2 diabetes prone individuals. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:575-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wycherley TP, Brinkworth GD, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. J Intern Med 2010; 267:452-61. [PMID: 20141567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of an energy reduced very low carbohydrate, high saturated fat diet (LC) and an isocaloric high carbohydrate, low fat diet (LF) on endothelial function after 12 months. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Forty-nine overweight or obese patients (age 50.0 +/- 1.1 years, BMI 33.7 +/- 0.6 kg m(-2)) were randomized to either an energy restricted ( approximately 6-7 MJ), planned isocaloric LC or LF for 52 weeks. Body weight, endothelium-derived factors, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), adiponectin, augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed. All data are mean +/- SEM. RESULTS Weight loss was similar in both groups (LC -14.9 +/- 2.1 kg, LF -11.5 +/- 1.5 kg; P = 0.20). There was a significant time x diet effect for FMD (P = 0.045); FMD decreased in LC (5.7 +/- 0.7% to 3.7 +/- 0.5%) but remained unchanged in LF (5.9 +/- 0.5% to 5.5 +/- 0.7%). PWV improved in both groups (LC -1.4 +/- 0.6 m s(-1), LF -1.5 +/- 0.6 m s(-1); P = 0.001 for time) with no diet effect (P = 0.80). AIx and VCAM-1 did not change in either group. Adiponectin, eSelectin, tPA and PAI-1 improved similarly in both groups (P < 0.01 for time). CONCLUSION Both LC and LF hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium-derived factors. However, the LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental effects on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Wycherley
- Preventative Health Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Effects of lifestyle measures, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological markers of inflammation in obese patients. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:364957. [PMID: 20224654 PMCID: PMC2833317 DOI: 10.1155/2010/364957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in developed countries and are also becoming more frequent in the developing world. Overweight and obese patients have elevated levels of several inflammatory markers and this inflammatory state might contribute to their increased vascular risk. We summarize the effects of lifestyle changes, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological inflammatory markers in overweight and obese patients. Most studies showed a decrease in inflammation with all 3 interventions. However, it remains to be established whether the decrease in inflammatory markers induced by lifestyle changes or (where indicated) with antiobesity agents or bariatric surgery will translate into reduced vascular morbidity and mortality in overweight and obese patients.
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Nguyen QM, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Chen W, Berenson GS. Distribution and cardiovascular risk correlates of plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in asymptomatic young adults from a biracial community: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20:53-9. [PMID: 20006276 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE That circulating soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease is well recognized. However, information is scant regarding the distribution and cardiovascular (CV) risk correlates of sICAM-1 in asymptomatic young adults. METHODS Plasma sICAM-1 was measured in 1,184 black and white persons in the Bogalusa Heart Study cohort (70% white, 43% male), aged 24 to 44 years. CV risk was assessed in terms of CV risk factors, status of parental CV disease, and composite carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). RESULTS sICAM-1 levels displayed race difference (whites > blacks, p<0.0001), but no sex difference. In multivariate analysis including age, race, sex, smoking status, waist circumference, mean arterial pressure, low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) cholesterols, triglycerides, insulin resistance index, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin, the significant predictors of sICAM-1, in order of entry, were race (white > black), smoking, CRP, and waist circumference. Furthermore, there was a smoking by waist circumference interaction in that smoking attenuated the magnitude of correlation between waist circumference and sICAM-1. Levels of sICAM-1 adjusted for age, race, sex, and smoking increased with number of metabolic syndrome components (p for trend<0.01); positive family history of CV disease (p<0.05); and increased in composite carotid IMT specific for age, race, and sex (p for trend<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings underscore the potential value of plasma sICAM-1 as an additional biomarker for CV risk among asymptomatic young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Manh Nguyen
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Al-Isa AN, Thalib L, Akanji AO. Circulating markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in Arab adolescent subjects: Reference ranges and associations with age, gender, body mass and insulin sensitivity. Atherosclerosis 2010; 208:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Volek JS, Ballard KD, Silvestre R, Judelson DA, Quann EE, Forsythe CE, Fernandez ML, Kraemer WJ. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction versus low-fat diet on flow-mediated dilation. Metabolism 2009; 58:1769-77. [PMID: 19632695 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) ameliorated many of the traditional markers associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk compared with a low-fat diet (LFD). There remains concern how CRD affects vascular function because acute meals high in fat have been shown to impair endothelial function. Here, we extend our work and address these concerns by measuring fasting and postprandial vascular function in 40 overweight men and women with moderate hypertriacylglycerolemia who were randomly assigned to consume hypocaloric diets (approximately 1500 kcal) restricted in carbohydrate (percentage of carbohydrate-fat-protein = 12:59:28) or LFD (56:24:20). Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery was assessed before and after ingestion of a high-fat meal (908 kcal, 84% fat) at baseline and after 12 weeks. Compared with the LFD, the CRD resulted in a greater decrease in postprandial triacylglycerol (-47% vs -15%, P = .007), insulin (-51% vs -6%, P = .009), and lymphocyte (-12% vs -1%, P = .050) responses. Postprandial fatty acids were significantly increased by the CRD compared with the LFD (P = .033). Serum interleukin-6 increased significantly over the postprandial period; and the response was augmented in the CRD (46%) compared with the LFD (-13%) group (P = .038). After 12 weeks, peak flow-mediated dilation at 3 hours increased from 5.1% to 6.5% in the CRD group and decreased from 7.9% to 5.2% in the LFD group (P = .004). These findings show that a 12-week low-carbohydrate diet improves postprandial vascular function more than a LFD in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Volek
- Department of Kinesiology and the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Platelet activation and aggregation are central processes in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Mean platelet volume (MPV), a determinant of platelet activation, is a newly emerging risk marker for atherothrombosis. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of weight loss on the MPV in obese patients. We selected 30 obese women patients and 30 non-obese healthy women subjects. All obese patients took the same content and caloric diet treatment for 3 months. Body mass index (BMI), metabolic parameters and MPV were measured at baseline and after 3 months diet treatment. Before diet treatment, obese group had significantly higher MPV levels than in the non-obese control group (8.18 +/- 1.09 fl vs. 8.01 +/- 0.95 fl, p = 0.004). MPV showed positive correlations with BMI level in the obese group (r = 0.43, p = 0.017). BMI significantly decreased after diet treatment (36.2 +/- 3.2 kg/m(2) vs. 34.7 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2), p < 0.001), in the obese group. MPV significantly decreased after diet treatment in the obese group (8.18 +/- 1.09 fl vs. 8.08 +/- 1.02 fl, p = 0.013). There was a positive correlation between weight loss and reduction in MPV (r = 0.41, p = 0.024). In addition to its well-known positive effects on cardiovascular disease risk, weight loss may also possess significant anti-platelet activation properties that can contribute its antiatherogenic effects in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Coban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Sturm W, Tschoner A, Engl J, Kaser S, Laimer M, Ciardi C, Klaus A, Weiss H, Sandhofer A, Patsch JR, Ebenbichler CF. Effect of bariatric surgery on both functional and structural measures of premature atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2038-43. [PMID: 19502233 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To bridge the beneficial metabolic effects of pronounced weight loss on one side and the data on morbidity and mortality on the other side, we investigated the impact of profound weight loss on structural and functional markers of early atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-seven obese adults were examined before and 18 months after bariatric surgery. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitroglycerine-mediated dilation, and abdominal fat distribution were assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. Surgery resulted in a body mass index decrease of 9.1 +/- 4.9 kg/m(2) with concomitant improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism. Carotid intima-media thickness diminished from 0.56 +/- 0.09 to 0.53 +/- 0.08 mm (n = 37; P = 0.004). Flow-mediated dilation improved from 5.81 +/- 3.25 to 9.01 +/- 2.93% (n = 25; P < 0.001). Both CIMT and FMD were associated with intra-abdominal fat diameter. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that bariatric surgery-induced diminution of visceral fat improves both functional and structural markers of early atherosclerosis, providing a link between the weight loss-associated improvements of traditional and non-traditional risk factors and the reduced long-term morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sturm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Lefevre M, Redman LM, Heilbronn LK, Smith JV, Martin CK, Rood JC, Greenway FL, Williamson DA, Smith SR, Ravussin E. Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in healthy non-obese individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009; 203:206-13. [PMID: 18602635 PMCID: PMC2692631 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calorie restriction (CR) delays the development of age-associated disease and increases lifespan in rodents, but the effects in humans remain uncertain. PURPOSE Determine the effect of 6 months of CR with or without exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and estimated 10-year CVD risk in healthy non-obese men and women. METHODS Thirty-six individuals were randomized to one of three groups for 6 months: Control, 100% of energy requirements; CR, 25% calorie restriction; CR+EX, 12.5% CR+12.5% increase in energy expenditure via aerobic exercise. CVD risk factors were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months, CR and CR+EX lost approximately 10% of body weight. CR significantly reduced triacylglycerol (-31+/-15mg/dL) and factor VIIc (-10.7+/-2.3%). Similarly CR+EX reduced triacylglycerol (-22+/-8mg/dL) and additionally reduced LDL-C (-16.0+/-5.1mg/dL) and DBP (-4.0+/-2.1mmHg). In contrast, both triacylglycerol (24+/-14mg/dL) and factor VIIc (7.9+/-2.3%) were increased in the Control group. HDL-cholesterol was increased in all groups while hsCRP was lower in the Controls versus CR+EX. Estimated 10-year CVD risk significantly declined from baseline by 29% in CR (P<0.001) and 38% in the CR+EX (P<0.001) while remaining unchanged in the Control group. CONCLUSIONS Based on combined favorable changes in lipid and blood pressure, caloric restriction with or without exercise that induces weight loss favorably reduces risk for CVD even in already healthy non-obese individuals.
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