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Vaezafshar S, Siegel JA, Jantunen L, Diamond ML. Widespread occurrence of pesticides in low-income housing. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:735-744. [PMID: 38909155 PMCID: PMC11303252 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status (SES) residents living in social housing, which is subsidized by government or government-funded agencies, may have higher exposures to pesticides used in indoor residences since pesticides are applied due to structural deficiencies, poor maintenance, etc. OBJECTIVE: To estimate exposure of residents in low-SES social housing built in the 1970s to legacy and current-use pesticides and to investigate factors related to exposures. METHODS Twenty-eight particle-phase pesticides were measured in the indoor air of 46 units in seven low-income social housing, multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, Canada using portable air cleaners deployed for 1 week in 2017. Pesticides analyzed were legacy and current use in the classes: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and strobilurins. RESULTS At least one pesticide was detected in 89% of the units with detection frequencies (DF) for individual pesticides of up to 50%, including legacy organochlorines and current-use pesticides. Current-use pyrethroids had the highest DF and concentrations, with the highest particle-phase concentration for pyrethrin I at 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, restricted for use in Canada in 1985, had the highest estimated maximum total air (particle plus gas phase) concentration of 443,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, and permethrin (except in one study) had higher concentrations than those measured in low-income residences reported elsewhere. In addition to the intentional use of pesticides to control pests and their use in building materials and paints, tobacco smoking was significantly correlated with the concentrations of five pesticides used on tobacco crops. The distribution of pesticides with high DF in individual buildings suggested that pest eradication programs by the building management and/or pesticide use by residents were the major sources of measured pesticides. IMPACT Low-income social housing fills a much-needed demand, but the residences are prone to pest infestation and hence pesticide use. We found exposure to at least 1 of 28 particle-phase pesticides in 89% of all 46 units tested, with the highest DF and concentrations for current-use pyrethroids and long-banned organochlorines (e.g., DDT, heptachlor) due to very high persistence indoors. Also measured were several pesticides not registered for use indoors, e.g., strobilurins used to treat building materials and pesticides used on tobacco crops. These results, which are the first Canadian data for most pesticides indoors, show widespread exposure to numerous pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vaezafshar
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada.
- Air Quality Processes Research, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- School of Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E8, Canada
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Santacruz-Márquez R, Neff AM, Mourikes VE, Fletcher EJ, Flaws JA. The effects of inhaled pollutants on reproduction in marginalized communities: a contemporary review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:286-303. [PMID: 37075037 PMCID: PMC10584991 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2197941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Important differences in health that are closely linked with social disadvantage exist within and between countries. According to the World Health Organization, life expectancy and good health continue to increase in many parts of the world, but fail to improve in other parts of the world, indicating that differences in life expectancy and health arise due to the circumstances in which people grow, live, work, and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. Marginalized communities experience higher rates of certain diseases and more deaths compared to the general population, indicating a profound disparity in health status. Although several factors place marginalized communities at high risk for poor health outcomes, one important factor is exposure to air pollutants. Marginalized communities and minorities are exposed to higher levels of air pollutants than the majority population. Interestingly, a link exists between air pollutant exposure and adverse reproductive outcomes, suggesting that marginalized communities may have increased reproductive disorders due to increased exposure to air pollutants compared to the general population. This review summarizes different studies showing that marginalized communities have higher exposure to air pollutants, the types of air pollutants present in our environment, and the associations between air pollution and adverse reproductive outcomes, focusing on marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison M. Neff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
| | | | - Endia J. Fletcher
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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3
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Dimitrov LV, Kaminski JW, Holbrook JR, Bitsko RH, Yeh M, Courtney JG, O'Masta B, Maher B, Cerles A, McGowan K, Rush M. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Chemical Exposures and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:225-248. [PMID: 38108946 PMCID: PMC11132938 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to certain chemicals prenatally and in childhood can impact development and may increase risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Leveraging a larger set of literature searches conducted to synthesize results from longitudinal studies of potentially modifiable risk factors for childhood ADHD, we present meta-analytic results from 66 studies that examined the associations between early chemical exposures and later ADHD diagnosis or symptoms. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the chemical exposure occurred at least 6 months prior to measurement of ADHD diagnosis or symptomatology. Included papers were published between 1975 and 2019 on exposure to anesthetics (n = 5), cadmium (n = 3), hexachlorobenzene (n = 4), lead (n = 22), mercury (n = 12), organophosphates (n = 7), and polychlorinated biphenyls (n = 13). Analyses are presented for each chemical exposure by type of ADHD outcome reported (categorical vs. continuous), type of ADHD measurement (overall measures of ADHD, ADHD symptoms only, ADHD diagnosis only, inattention only, hyperactivity/impulsivity only), and timing of exposure (prenatal vs. childhood vs. cumulative), whenever at least 3 relevant effect sizes were available. Childhood lead exposure was positively associated with ADHD diagnosis and symptoms in all analyses except for the prenatal analyses (odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.60 to 2.62, correlation coefficients (CCs) ranging from 0.14 to 0.16). Other statistically significant associations were limited to organophosphates (CC = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.19 for continuous measures of ADHD outcomes overall), polychlorinated biphenyls (CC = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.14 for continuous measures of inattention as the outcome), and both prenatal and childhood mercury exposure (CC = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.04 for continuous measures of ADHD outcomes overall for either exposure window). Our findings provide further support for negative impacts of prenatal and/or childhood exposure to certain chemicals and raise the possibility that primary prevention and targeted screening could prevent or mitigate ADHD symptomatology. Furthermore, these findings support the need for regular review of regulations as our scientific understanding of the risks posed by these chemicals evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina V Dimitrov
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Jennifer W Kaminski
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph R Holbrook
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca H Bitsko
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center On Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Yeh
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph G Courtney
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ravi P, Muralidhar K, Madhivanan P, Wilson AM, von Hippel FA, Salamova A, Moya E, Gerald LB. Occupational exposures among women beedi workers in Mysore District, India: A mixed-methods study protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297638. [PMID: 38573933 PMCID: PMC10994336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Beedi is the most common smoking form of tobacco used in India. The rolling of beedis is performed primarily by women in settings that lack occupational safeguards. The aims of this protocol are to establish methods for the study of occupational exposures among women beedi workers and their experiences and challenges working with unburnt tobacco. This protocol employs a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach. Qualitatively, we plan to explore the experiences and challenges faced by women beedi workers using photovoice, a community based participatory method. Occupational exposures to pesticides will be assessed through the use of silicone wristbands worn for seven days by workers, and exposure to toxic metals and metalloids will be assessed in dust samples collected in the homes of workers. The outcomes will be analyzed to form policy recommendations to improve the occupational health of women beedi workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ravi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kiranmayee Muralidhar
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore, India
- JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore, India
| | - Amanda M. Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Frank A. von Hippel
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amina Salamova
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eva Moya
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn B. Gerald
- Population Health Sciences Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Gimenez-Asensio MJ, Hernandez AF, Romero-Molina D, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Pérez-Luzardo O, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, García-Cortés H, Lopez-Flores I, Sanchez-Piedra MD, Aguilar-Garduño C, Lacasaña M. Effect of prenatal exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroid pesticides on neonatal anthropometric measures and gestational age. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116410. [PMID: 37315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have examined the association between prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and their impact on foetal growth and newborn anthropometry; however, the available evidence is limited and inconclusive. This study examined whether prenatal organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide exposure was associated with anthropometric measures at birth (weight, length, head circumference), ponderal index, gestational age, and prematurity in 537 mother-child pairs. These were randomly selected from the 800 pairs participating in the prospective birth cohort GENEIDA (Genetics, early life environmental exposures and infant development in Andalusia). Six non-specific organophosphate metabolites (dialkylphosphates, DAPs), one metabolite relatively specific to chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy) and a common metabolite to several pyrethroids (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-PBA) were measured in maternal urine from the 1st and 3rd pregnancy trimesters. Information on anthropometric measures at birth, gestational age and prematurity was retrieved from medical records. The sum on a molar basis of DAPs with methyl (ƩDMs) and ethyl (ƩDEs) moieties and the sum of the 6 DAPs metabolites (ƩDAPs) was calculated for both trimesters of pregnancy. High urinary levels of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) during the 3rd trimester were associated with a decrease in birth weight (β = -0.24; 95% CI: 0.41; -0.06) and birth length (β = -0.20; 95% CI: 0.41; 0.02). Likewise, ΣDMs during 3rd trimester were near-significantly associated with decreased birth weight (β = -0.18; 95% CI: 0.37; 0.01). In turn, increased urinary TCPy during 1st trimester was associated with a decreased head circumference (β = -0.31; 95% CI: 0.57; -0.06). Finally, an increase in 3-PBA in the 1st trimester was associated with a decreased gestational age (β = -0.36 95% CI: 0.65-0.08), whereas increased 3-PBA at 1st and 3rd trimester was associated with prematurity. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides could affect normal foetal growth, shorten gestational age and alter anthropometric measures at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gimenez-Asensio
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Fundación para La Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental (FIBAO), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Desire Romero-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Statistics and Operations Research Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Fundación para La Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental (FIBAO), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio Pérez-Luzardo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena García-Cortés
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), Granada, Spain.
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6
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Dery M, Dinh B, Budd R, Choe DH. Wash-off potential of pyrethroids after use of total release fogger products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157340. [PMID: 35842158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are frequently detected in urban wastewater. Even though treatment facilities remove most pyrethroids (> 90 %) in wastewater, residual concentrations can exceed thresholds that are acutely toxic to sensitive aquatic species. Total release foggers (also known as "bug bombs") are widely used by the general public for insect control. It was hypothesized that these products serve as a source of pyrethroids entering the urban wastewater through the deposition of the active ingredients on various surfaces and subsequent transfer from the contaminated surfaces to the waste stream through cleaning activities. Based on experiments conducted in an enclosure, we found that substantial amounts of a pyrethroid (i.e., cypermethrin) were deposited on various surfaces after a total release fogger use. A series of experiments simulating scenarios that would be representative of common residential cleaning activities indicated that the pyrethroid could be transferred from the contaminated surfaces to other adsorptive materials via physical contact (with or without water as a solvent). The pyrethroid was readily extracted from the adsorptive materials (cotton fabric and filter paper) when water was used as a solvent. Adding a small amount of detergent to the water significantly increased the extraction efficiency compared to water alone. These results indicate that insecticides used in total release foggers can contribute to insecticide loading into the wastewater treatment system via several possible routes, such as contact with or cleaning of exposed surfaces and washing contaminated clothing after their use within a structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dery
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Brian Dinh
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Robert Budd
- Surface Water Protection Program, Environmental Monitoring Branch, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Choe
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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7
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Degrendele C, Prokeš R, Šenk P, Jílková SR, Kohoutek J, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Dalvie MA, Röösli M, Klánová J, Fuhrimann S. Human Exposure to Pesticides in Dust from Two Agricultural Sites in South Africa. TOXICS 2022; 10:629. [PMID: 36287909 PMCID: PMC9610731 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, concern has arisen worldwide about the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. Exposure via dust ingestion is important for many chemicals but poorly characterized for pesticides, particularly in Africa. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of 30 pesticides in dust and estimated the human exposure via dust ingestion, which was compared to inhalation and soil ingestion. Indoor dust samples were collected from thirty-eight households and two schools located in two agricultural regions in South Africa and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We found 10 pesticides in dust, with chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, carbaryl, diazinon, carbendazim, and tebuconazole quantified in >50% of the samples. Over seven days, no significant temporal variations in the dust levels of individual pesticides were found. Significant spatial variations were observed for some pesticides, highlighting the importance of proximity to agricultural fields or of indoor pesticide use. For five out of the nineteen pesticides quantified in dust, air, or soil (i.e., carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diuron and propiconazole), human intake via dust ingestion was important (>10%) compared to inhalation or soil ingestion. Dust ingestion should therefore be considered in future human exposure assessment to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Degrendele
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Donley N, Bullard RD, Economos J, Figueroa I, Lee J, Liebman AK, Martinez DN, Shafiei F. Pesticides and environmental injustice in the USA: root causes, current regulatory reinforcement and a path forward. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:708. [PMID: 35436924 PMCID: PMC9017009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants are known to have disproportionate effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) as well as communities of low-income and wealth. The reasons for these disproportionate effects are complex and involve hundreds of years of systematic oppression kept in place through structural racism and classism in the USA. Here we analyze the available literature and existing datasets to determine the extent to which disparities in exposure and harm exist for one of the most widespread pollutants in the world – pesticides. Our objective was to identify and discuss not only the historical injustices that have led to these disparities, but also the current laws, policies and regulatory practices that perpetuate them to this day with the ultimate goal of proposing achievable solutions. Disparities in exposures and harms from pesticides are widespread, impacting BIPOC and low-income communities in both rural and urban settings and occurring throughout the entire lifecycle of the pesticide from production to end-use. These disparities are being perpetuated by current laws and regulations through 1) a pesticide safety double standard, 2) inadequate worker protections, and 3) export of dangerous pesticides to developing countries. Racial, ethnic and income disparities are also maintained through policies and regulatory practices that 4) fail to implement environmental justice Executive Orders, 5) fail to account for unintended pesticide use or provide adequate training and support, 6) fail to effectively monitor and follow-up with vulnerable communities post-approval, and 7) fail to implement essential protections for children. Here we’ve identified federal laws, regulations, policies, and practices that allow for disparities in pesticide exposure and harm to remain entrenched in everyday life for environmental justice communities. This is not simply a pesticides issue, but a broader public health and civil rights issue. The true fix is to shift the USA to a more just system based on the Precautionary Principle to prevent harmful pollution exposure to everyone, regardless of skin tone or income. However, there are actions that can be taken within our existing framework in the short term to make our unjust regulatory system work better for everyone.
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Kuiper G, Young BN, WeMott S, Erlandson G, Martinez N, Mendoza J, Dooley G, Quinn C, Benka-Coker WO, Magzamen S. Factors Associated with Levels of Organophosphate Pesticides in Household Dust in Agricultural Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020862. [PMID: 35055689 PMCID: PMC8775797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Pesticide use data are available for California from the Pesticide Use Report (PUR), but household- and individual-level exposure factors have not been fully characterized to support its refinement as an exposure assessment tool. Unique exposure pathways, such as proximity to agricultural operations and direct occupational contact, further complicate pesticide exposure assessment among agricultural communities. We sought to identify influencing factors of pesticide exposure to support future exposure assessment and epidemiological studies. Household dust samples were collected from 28 homes in four California agricultural communities during January and June 2019 and were analyzed for the presence of OPs. Factors influencing household OPs were identified by a data-driven model via best subsets regression. Key factors that impacted dust OP levels included household cooling strategies, secondary occupational exposure to pesticides, and geographic location by community. Although PUR data demonstrate seasonal trends in pesticide application, this study did not identify season as an important factor, suggesting OP persistence in the home. These results will help refine pesticide exposure assessment for future studies and highlight important gaps in the literature, such as our understanding of pesticide degradation in an indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuiper
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Bonnie N. Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Sherry WeMott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Grant Erlandson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Nayamin Martinez
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA 93727, USA; (N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jesus Mendoza
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA 93727, USA; (N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Greg Dooley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Wande O. Benka-Coker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (G.K.); (B.N.Y.); (S.W.); (G.E.); (G.D.); (W.O.B.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-5469
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Brans KI, Almeida RA, Fajgenblat M. Genetic differentiation in pesticide resistance between urban and rural populations of a nontarget freshwater keystone interactor, Daphnia magna. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2541-2552. [PMID: 34745342 PMCID: PMC8549624 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that urbanization drives adaptive evolution in response to thermal gradients. One such example is documented in the water flea Daphnia magna. However, organisms residing in urban lentic ecosystems are increasingly exposed to chemical pollutants such as pesticides through run-off and aerial transportation. The extent to which urbanization drives the evolution of pesticide resistance in aquatic organisms and whether this is impacted by warming and thermal adaptation remains limitedly studied. We performed a common garden rearing experiment using multiple clonal lineages originating from five replicated urban and rural D. magna populations, in which we implemented an acute toxicity test exposing neonates (<24h) to either a solvent control or the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Pesticide exposures were performed at two temperatures (20°C vs. 24°C) to test for temperature-associated differences in urbanization-driven evolved pesticide resistance. We identified a strong overall effect of pesticide exposure on Daphnia survival probability (-72.8 percentage points). However, urban Daphnia genotypes showed higher survival probabilities compared to rural ones in the presence of chlorpyrifos (+29.7 percentage points). Our experiment did not reveal strong temperature x pesticide or temperature x pesticide x urbanization background effects on survival probability. The here observed evolution of resistance to an organophosphate pesticide is a first indication Daphnia likely also adapts to pesticide pollution in urban areas. Increased pesticide resistance could facilitate their population persistence in urban ponds, and feed back to ecosystem functions, such as top-down control of algae. In addition, adaptive evolution of nontarget organisms to pest control strategies and occupational pesticide use may modulate how pesticide applications affect genetic and species diversity in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien I. Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rafaela A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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11
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Xie Y, Budd R, Teerlink J, Luo Y, Singhasemanon N. Assessing pesticide uses with potentials for down-the-drain transport to wastewater in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145636. [PMID: 33940742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and degradates are ubiquitously detected in municipal wastewater influent in the United States. However, little detailed information exists on their sources. The aim of this study is to investigate California Pesticide Use Report (PUR) and sales data to identify pesticide uses with a high potential for indoor down-the-drain (DtD) transport. The DtD transport of pesticides could result from direct applications to drains and sewers or through indirect activities such as washing pets, treated textiles, laundries, and cleaning surfaces treated with pesticides. An initial screening on pesticide products registered in California with DtD potentials showed that fipronil, imidacloprid, and seven pyrethroids were pesticides of concern due to the relatively high sales in DtD use patterns and high toxicity to aquatic organisms; and thus prioritized for additional evaluation. Uses and sales data of products containing the selected pesticides were analyzed for mass of active ingredient applied with specific DtD pathways and by different user groups. Professional uses were retrieved from the PUR and consumer uses were estimated by comparing PUR data to sales data. Overall, approximately 38,615 kg fipronil, 44,561 kg imidacloprid, and 240,550 kg pyrethroids were used annually in California from 2011 to 2015 with some likelihoods of DtD transport. The shares of professional use ranged from 56% (cypermethrin) to 98% (cyfluthrin), depending on the pesticide, with the majority of the mass applied in and around structures and for some pesticides (imidacloprid and permethrin) on landscapes as well. The remaining mass was applied by consumers on various DtD sources, including pet treatments (fipronil, imidacloprid, and permethrin), treated textiles (permethrin), indoor-only uses (cypermethrin), and mixed indoor/outdoor or outdoor-only applications (other pyrethroids). Results from this study help elucidate the relative significance of specific DtD pathways and pesticide occurrence in California waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Xie
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States.
| | - Robert Budd
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Jennifer Teerlink
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Nan Singhasemanon
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
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12
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Wang S, Salamova A, Venier M. Occurrence, Spatial, and Seasonal Variations, and Gas-Particle Partitioning of Atmospheric Current-Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the Great Lakes Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3539-3548. [PMID: 33616389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is very little information on the gas-particle partition and spatial and seasonal variations of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in the Great Lakes basin. The atmospheric concentrations of 36 CUPs were measured in 24 h gas and particle samples collected in 2017 at six sites in the Great Lakes basin. Thirteen individual CUPs were detected at least once in both gas- and particle-phase samples, with chlorothalonil, trifluralin, metolachlor, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos detected in >50% samples. The gas-particle partitioning analysis suggests that gas-phase chemicals like trifluralin and chlorpyrifos were not influenced by either temperature or relative humidity while particle-phase chemicals like metolachlor were marginally and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Median total CUP concentrations were 339, 238, 84, 33, 60, and 6.0 pg/m3 at Chicago, Cleveland, Sturgeon Point, Point Petre, Sleeping Bear Dunes, and Eagle Harbor, respectively. The concentrations of total CUPs and most individual CUPs were generally higher at the urban sites of Chicago and Cleveland than at the rural/remote sites of Sturgeon Point, Point Petre, Sleeping Bear Dunes, and Eagle Harbor. Chlorothalonil, trifluralin, bifenthrin, and chlorpyrifos were the most abundant individual CUPs among fungicides, herbicides, pyrethroid insecticides, and other insecticides, respectively. The spatio-seasonal variation suggests that fungicides at Sturgeon Point and Sleeping Bear Dunes, with the highest fraction of agricultural land use, were associated with agricultural activities, while pyrethroid insecticides were generally driven by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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13
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Guvenc D, Inal S, Kuruca N, Gokmen S, Guvenc T. Synthetic pyrethroids common metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid induces caspase-3 and Bcl-2 mediated apoptosis in human hepatocyte cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1971-1977. [PMID: 33706615 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1894720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids are a group of insecticides frequently used in public health and agriculture, and 3-PBA is a common metabolite of them. Although the liver is the primary organ responsible for metabolizing many compounds including pesticides, to the authors' knowledge there have been no studies on the direct hepatotoxic effects of 3-PBA. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible hepatotoxic effects of 3-PBA on a Human Hepatoma Cell Line (HepG2) and the underlying apoptotic mechanisms. Firstly, an LC50 of 1041.242 µM was calculated for 3-PBA by using the WST-1 test with concentrations ranging between 1 µM and 10 mM. Following that, the HepG2 cells in the experimental group were exposed to 3 different concentrations of 3-PBA (1/5 LC50, 1/10 LC50 and 1/20 LC50) for 24 hours. The apoptotic mechanism was evaluated by using flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence assays for Caspase 3 and Bcl-2. In the flow cytometry assay, the total number of apoptotic cells increased in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). In the immunofluorescence assay, the Caspase 3 protein showed strong immunoreactivity in the experimental groups, while the reaction to the Bcl-2 protein was minimal. These results demonstrated that 3-PBA has a significant hepatotoxic effect on HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis via the regulation of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Furthermore, our results could further the understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of 3-PBA hepatotoxicity. More studies are needed to determine the effects of long-term exposure to 3-PBA and also the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Guvenc
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sinem Inal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Kuruca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sedat Gokmen
- Department of Laborant and Veterinary Health, Suluova Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Tolga Guvenc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
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14
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Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Pundee R, Kallayanatham N, Pengpumkiat S, Chungcharoen J, Phommalachai C, Konthonbut P, Choochouy N, Sowanthip P, Khangkhun P, Yimsabai J, Woskie S. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. TOXICS 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33477987 PMCID: PMC7835790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ritthirong Pundee
- Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand;
| | - Nichcha Kallayanatham
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Sumate Pengpumkiat
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Jutamanee Chungcharoen
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Chavisa Phommalachai
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Pajaree Konthonbut
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Nattagorn Choochouy
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Lampang Campus, Lampang 52190, Thailand;
| | - Preecha Sowanthip
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phanthawee Khangkhun
- Bureau of Elderly Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Jutharak Yimsabai
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital, 90 Sithamma Traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA;
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15
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Dos Santos JCP, Valli JB, Sesse NS, Mackenzie-Ross S, Zandonade E, Ayres LR, Sampaio KN. Sociodemographic characteristics and exposure patterns of pesticide-related cases reported to a poison service center in Brazil between 2012 and 2016. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:494-503. [PMID: 33252014 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1848773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide poisoning is a significant public health problem responsible for an estimated three million poisoning cases per year and more than 250,000 deaths, most of which occur in underdeveloped countries. We evaluated pesticide exposure cases reported to a toxicological service center in Brazil, between 2012 and 2016. There were 3211 cases of pesticide exposure, with a high prevalence in adults aged 20-39 years (41.2%). Attempted suicide was the leading cause of pesticide cases (48%). Occupational exposure to pesticides of agricultural use was more frequently observed among men. Accidental exposure and attempted suicide were more frequently observed in urban areas while occupational exposure was more prevalent in rural areas. A higher exposure rate was observed among men in counties with higher agricultural activities. Establishing prevalence and cause of pesticide exposure is important to provide subsidy for evidence-based interventions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nixon Souza Sesse
- Toxicological Service Center of Espírito Santo (TOXCEN), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Sarah Mackenzie-Ross
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eliana Zandonade
- Public Health Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Statistical Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rocha Ayres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karla Nívea Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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16
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Oudejans L, Mysz A, Gibb Snyder E, Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Nardin J, Tabor D, Starr J, Stout D, Lemieux P. Remediating Indoor Pesticide Contamination from Improper Pest Control Treatments: Persistence and Decontamination Studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122743. [PMID: 32361138 PMCID: PMC7472880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The improper and excessive use of pesticides in indoor environments can result in adverse human health effects, sometimes necessitating decontamination of residential or commercial buildings. A lack of information on effective approaches to remediate pesticide residues prompted the decontamination and persistence studies described in this study. Decontamination studies evaluated the effectiveness of liquid-based surface decontaminants against pesticides on indoor surfaces. Building materials were contaminated with 25-2,400 μg/100cm2 of the pesticides malathion, carbaryl, fipronil, deltamethrin, and permethrin. Decontaminants included both off-the-shelf and specialized solutions representing various chemistries. Pesticides included in this study were found to be highly persistent in a dark indoor environment with surface concentrations virtually unchanged after 140 days. Indoor light conditions degraded some of the pesticides, but estimated half-lives exceeded the study period. Decontamination efficacy results indicated that the application of household bleach or a hydrogen peroxide-based decontaminant offered the highest efficacy, reducing malathion, fipronil, and deltamethrin by >94-99% on some surfaces. Bleach effectively degraded permethrin (>94%), but not carbaryl (<70%) while the hydrogen peroxide containing products degraded carbaryl (>71-99%) but not permethrin (<54%). These results will inform responders, the general public and public health officials on potential decontamination solutions to remediate indoor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Oudejans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Homeland Security & Materials Management Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
| | - Amy Mysz
- U.S. EPA, Region 5, 77 W. Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Emily Gibb Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Homeland Security & Materials Management Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | | | - Joshua Nardin
- Jacobs Technology Inc., 600 William Northern Blvd, Tullahoma, TN, 37388, United States
| | - Dennis Tabor
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, Air Methods & Characterization Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - James Starr
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling/Watershed & Ecosystem Characterization Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Stout
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling/Watershed & Ecosystem Characterization Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Paul Lemieux
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Homeland Security & Materials Management Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
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17
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Kamath GR, Renteria AS, Jagannath S, Gallagher EJ, Parekh S, Bickell NA. Where you live can impact your cancer risk: a look at multiple myeloma in New York City. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 48:43-50.e4. [PMID: 32620423 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To visualize variation in multiple myeloma (MM) incidence and mortality rates by race-ethnicity and geographic location and evaluate their correlation with neighborhood-level population covariates within New York City (NYC). METHODS Trends and racial differences in MM incidence and mortality for the United States [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Cancer Registry (SEER), National Center for Health Statistics], and NYC [New York State Cancer Registry] were compared using Joinpoint regression. Pearson's correlation coefficients measured neighborhood-level MM-covariate relationships (n = 34). RESULTS MM incidence rates are double in African-Americans compared with Whites, in SEER-13 areas (rate ratio (RR) = 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.22-2.32) and NYC (RR = 2.11; 95% CI = 2.03-2.20). Incidence rates increased faster in NYC (average annual percentage change difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -2.3 to -0.1). NYC African-American men experienced the steepest increase in mortality rates after 2001. In NYC, strong neighborhood-level correlations exist between incidence and mortality rates and high prevalence of residents of African ancestry, Latin American birth, daily sugary beverage and low fruit and vegetable consumption, and neighborhood walkability. Higher MM mortality also correlates with Hispanic ethnicity, obesity, diabetes, poverty, HIV/AIDS, air benzene concentration, and indoor pesticide use. CONCLUSIONS NYC neighborhoods with large minority populations have higher prevalence of poverty-related factors associated with MM incidence and mortality, warranting public health policies to address exposures and access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali R Kamath
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anne S Renteria
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Emily Jane Gallagher
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nina A Bickell
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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18
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Nakagawa LE, do Nascimento CM, Costa AR, Polatto R, Papini S. Persistence of indoor permethrin and estimation of dermal and non-dietary exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:547-553. [PMID: 30926895 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides applied indoors may persist longer than they would in outdoor environments, making people more vulnerable to the risk of exposure. Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used in agricultural, residential, and public health sites, and is commonly detected in indoor environments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the persistence of permethrin indoors and to estimate the levels of possible dermal and non-dietary exposure to this insecticide. Permethrin was applied on aluminum foil and kept in a glass chamber and a test house for 112 days; its concentration was measured at application and after 28, 56, and 112 days. Permethrin persisted for the entire 112 days in concentrations equal to a maximum of 89.6% of the initial concentration. We observed low levels of human dermal and non-dietary exposure to permethrin.
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19
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Combined neurodevelopmental exposure to deltamethrin and corticosterone is associated with Nr3c1 hypermethylation in the midbrain of male mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 80:106887. [PMID: 32348866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and manifests inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms in childhood that can last throughout life. Genetic and environmental studies implicate the dopamine system in ADHD pathogenesis. Work from our group and that of others indicates that deltamethrin insecticide and stress exposure during neurodevelopment leads to alterations in dopamine function, and we hypothesized that exposure to both of these factors together would lead to synergistic effects on DNA methylation of key genes within the midbrain, a highly dopaminergic region, that could contribute to these findings. Through targeted next-generation sequencing of a panel of cortisol and dopamine pathway genes, we observed hypermethylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, Nr3c1, in the midbrain of C57/BL6N males in response to dual deltamethrin and corticosterone exposures during development. This is the first description of DNA methylation studies of Nr3c1 and key dopaminergic genes within the midbrain in response to a pyrethroid insecticide, corticosterone, and these two exposures together. Our results provide possible connections between environmental exposures that impact the dopamine system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via changes in DNA methylation and provides new information about the presence of epigenetic effects in adulthood after exposure during neurodevelopment.
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20
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Wang C, Eiden A, Cooper R, Zha C, Wang D, Reilly E. Changes in Indoor Insecticide Residue Levels after Adopting an Integrated Pest Management Program to Control German Cockroach Infestations in an Apartment Building. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090304. [PMID: 31540434 PMCID: PMC6780151 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide use in homes leads to human exposure to insecticide residues that persist in the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been known to be more environmentally friendly for managing German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) infestations, but their effect on indoor insecticide residue levels are not well understood. An IPM program consisting of applying cockroach gel baits and placing insect sticky traps as the primary treatment methods were implemented. Floor wipe samples were collected from the bedroom and kitchen floors of 69 apartments with German cockroach infestations at 0 months and again at 12 months from 49 of the 69 apartments sampled at 0 months. Levels of 18 insecticide residues were measured. The mean insecticide residue concentration per apartment decreased by 74% after 12 months. The number of insecticides detected per apartment decreased from 2.5 ± 0.2 to 1.5 ± 0.2 (mean ± standard error). Indoxacarb residue was only detected in two apartments at 12 months despite the fact that an average of 32 ± 4 g 0.6% indoxacarb gel bait was applied per apartment. IPM implementation can result in significant reduction in the insecticide residue concentrations and number of detected insecticides in floor dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Amanda Eiden
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Desen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ed Reilly
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA
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Vester AI, Chen M, Marsit CJ, Caudle WM. A Neurodevelopmental Model of Combined Pyrethroid and Chronic Stress Exposure. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020024. [PMID: 31052489 PMCID: PMC6630986 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood and previous studies indicate the dopamine system plays a major role in ADHD pathogenesis. Two environmental exposures independently associated with dopaminergic dysfunction and ADHD risk include exposure to deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, and chronic stress. We hypothesized that combined neurodevelopmental exposure to both deltamethrin and corticosterone (CORT), the major stress hormone in rodents, would result in additive changes within the dopamine system. To study this, we developed a novel dual exposure paradigm and exposed pregnant C57BL/6 dams to 3 mg/kg deltamethrin through gestation and weaning, and their offspring to 25 μg/mL CORT dissolved in the drinking water through adulthood. Midbrain RNA expression as well as striatal and cortical protein expression of key dopaminergic components were investigated, in addition to ADHD-like behavioral tasks and electrochemical dopamine dynamics via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Given the well-described sexual dimorphism of ADHD, males and females were assessed separately. Males exposed to deltamethrin had significantly decreased midbrain Pitx3 expression, decreased cortical tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, increased activity in the Y maze, and increased dopamine uptake rate in the dorsal striatum. These effects did not occur in males exposed to CORT only, or in males exposed to both deltamethrin and CORT, suggesting that CORT may attenuate these effects. Additionally, deltamethrin- and CORT-exposed females did not display these dopaminergic features, which indicates these changes are sex-specific. Our results show dopaminergic changes from the RNA through the functional level. Moreover, these data illustrate the importance of testing multiple environmental exposures together to better understand how combined exposures that occur in certain vulnerable populations could affect similar neurodevelopmental systems, as well as the importance of studying sex differences of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée I Vester
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Merry Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Zhou J, Mainelis G, Weisel CP. Pyrethroid levels in toddlers' breathing zone following a simulated indoor pesticide spray. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:389-396. [PMID: 30185948 PMCID: PMC7323485 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Application of pyrethroid insecticides in residential settings may result in children's exposures to these chemicals and possible adverse health effects. Household dust is a recognized reservoir for pyrethroids and a potential medium for multi-route pyrethroid exposure. Young children move and play in a manner that resuspends dust, and since their breathing zone is close to the floor, they will have higher inhalation exposure to pesticide-laden dust than other age groups. Directly measuring a toddler's exposure to household dust presents many logistic challenges. We simulated the dust resuspension induced by a toddler using a robot, which also served as a platform to collect air samples at the toddler's breathing zone height. We performed simulated pyrethroid residential spray and dust resuspension experiments on vinyl and carpeted floors. The mean pyrethroid airborne concentrations in the stationary and mobile samples were 0.065 μg/m3 and 0.143 μg/m3 for the vinyl floor with 1 g/m2 dust loading, and 0.034 μg/m3 and 0.061 μg/m3 for the carpeted floor with 10 g/m2 dust loading, respectively. Pyrethroids concentrations in the settled dust samples were significantly lower than that measured in the stationary and mobile samples in the carpeted floor experiments. Thus, the use of stationary samples and settled dust samples may underestimate a toddler's personal inhalation exposure to pyrethroids in residential houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- Division of Exposure Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Division of Exposure Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Clifford P Weisel
- Division of Exposure Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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DeVries ZC, Santangelo RG, Crissman J, Mick R, Schal C. Exposure risks and ineffectiveness of total release foggers (TRFs) used for cockroach control in residential settings. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:96. [PMID: 30686267 PMCID: PMC6348656 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is one of the most challenging pests to eradicate from indoor environments. Professional pest control is often prohibitively expensive, prompting low-income residents to turn to over-the-counter consumer products, including total release foggers (TRFs, “bug bombs”). Despite their widespread use, little is known regarding either the associated pesticide exposure risks or the efficacy of TRFs. Methods Cockroach-infested homes were recruited into the study. Wipe samples were collected from various surfaces before TRFs were discharged, immediately after, and one month later to determine pesticide exposure risks in 20 homes (divided equally among four different TRF products). Simultaneously, cockroach populations were monitored in all homes to assess the efficacy of TRFs. In parallel, 10 homes were treated with gel baits (divided equally between two bait products), to compare TRFs to a more targeted, low-risk, do-it-yourself intervention strategy. Results TRFs failed to reduce cockroach populations, whereas similarly priced gel baits caused significant declines in the cockroach populations. Use of TRFs resulted in significant pesticide deposits throughout the kitchen. Across all products, pesticides, and horizontal kitchen surfaces, pesticide residues following TRF discharge were 603-times (SEM ±184) higher than baseline, with a median increase of 85 times. Conclusions The high risks of pesticide exposure associated with TRFs combined with their ineffectiveness in controlling German cockroach infestations call into question their utility in the marketplace, especially because similarly priced and much safer bait products are highly effective in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Richard G Santangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Crissman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Russell Mick
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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24
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Mosquera Ortega ME, Romero DM, Pato AM, Sosa-Holt CS, Ridolfi A, Villaamil Lepori E, Wolansky MJ. Relationship between exposure, body burden and target tissue concentration after oral administration of a low-dose mixture of pyrethroid insecticides in young adult rats. Toxicology 2018; 409:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shah SN, Fossa A, Steiner AS, Kane J, Levy JI, Adamkiewicz G, Bennett-Fripp WM, Reid M. Housing Quality and Mental Health: the Association between Pest Infestation and Depressive Symptoms among Public Housing Residents. J Urban Health 2018; 95:691-702. [PMID: 30141116 PMCID: PMC6181819 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Housing quality, which includes structural and environmental risks, has been associated with multiple physical health outcomes including injury and asthma. Cockroach and mouse infestations can be prime manifestations of diminished housing quality. While the respiratory health effects of pest infestation are well documented, little is known about the association between infestation and mental health outcomes. To address this gap in knowledge and given the potential to intervene to reduce pest infestation, we assessed the association between household pest infestation and symptoms of depression among public housing residents. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 Boston Housing Authority (BHA) developments from 2012 to 2014 in Boston, Massachusetts. Household units were randomly selected and one adult (n = 461) from each unit was surveyed about depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) Scale, and about pest infestation and management practices. In addition, a home inspection for pests was performed. General linear models were used to model the association between pest infestation and high depressive symptoms. After adjusting for important covariates, individuals who lived in homes with current cockroach infestation had almost three times the odds of experiencing high depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.4) than those without infestation. Dual infestation (cockroach and mouse) was associated with over five times the odds (adjusted odds = 5.1, 95% CI 3.0-8.5) of experiencing high depressive symptoms. Using a robust measure of cockroach and mouse infestation, and a validated depression screener, we identified associations between current infestation and depressive symptoms. Although the temporal directionality of this association remains uncertain, these findings suggest that the health impact of poor housing conditions extend beyond physical health to include mental health. The study adds important information to the growing body of evidence that housing contributes to population health and improvements in population health may not be possible without addressing deficiencies in the housing infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N. Shah
- Research and Evaluation Office, Boston Public Health Commission, 1010 Massachusetts Ave, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, 850 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02116 USA
- Present Address: Boston Children’s Hospital , 300 Longwood Ave, BCH 3081, Boston, MA 20115 USA
| | - Alan Fossa
- Research and Evaluation Office, Boston Public Health Commission, 1010 Massachusetts Ave, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Abigail S. Steiner
- Research and Evaluation Office, Boston Public Health Commission, 1010 Massachusetts Ave, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - John Kane
- Operations, Boston Housing Authority, 52 Chauncy Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Jonathan I. Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Landmark Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Room 404K WEST, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | | | - Margaret Reid
- Division of Healthy Homes and Community Support, Boston Public Health Commission, 1010 Massachusetts Ave, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Wang J, Lin K, Taylor A, Gan J. In vitro assessment of pyrethroid bioaccessibility via particle ingestion. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:125-132. [PMID: 29957354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their intensive use in agricultural and residential pest control, human exposure to residues of multiple pyrethroids frequently occurs. Pyrethroids have exceptionally high affinity for solid particles, highlighting the need to understand human exposure through oral ingestion of contaminated soil or dust particles. In this study, we used artificial gastrointestinal fluids to measure the desorption or bioaccessibility of eight current-use pyrethroids in soil and dust samples. Tenax was further included as a sink in parallel treatments to simulate the effect of removal due to transfer of pyrethroids to lipid membranes. The use of 0.4 g of Tenax in 20 mL digestive fluids resulted in rapid and efficient trapping of pyrethroids, and further, greatly increased bioaccessibility. In the artificial digestive fluids without Tenax, 6.0-48.0% of pyrethroids were desorbed over 21 h, and the fractions increased by 1.6-4.1 folds to 21.5-79.3% with the Tenax sink. Therefore, 6.0-79.3% of soil or dust-borne pyrethroids may be considered bioavailable upon ingestion. While protein and sucrose increased the estimated bioaccessibility, co-presence of lipid (vegetable oil) decreased the bioaccessibility of pyrethroids, likely due to competitive phase partition. Pyrethroids were also found to be unstable in the artificial intestinal fluid containing pancreatin, further decreasing the potential bioaccessibility of pyrethroids on soil or dust particles. The limited bioaccessibility should be considered to refine the prediction of human exposure and risk through oral ingestion of pyrethroid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kunde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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27
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Hung CC, Huang FJ, Yang YQ, Hsieh CJ, Tseng CC, Yiin LM. Pesticides in indoor and outdoor residential dust: a pilot study in a rural county of Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23349-23356. [PMID: 29872983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a pilot study to examine pesticides in dust of homes in a rural county of Taiwan. A total of 56 homes of pregnant women were included in the study. Indoor and outdoor dust was collected by a vacuum sampler and a dustpan/brush set, respectively. Nine pesticides were selected for analysis on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the detection limits being 0.088 ng/g or lower. The most detected pesticides were cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, which appeared in 82.7 and 78.8% of indoor samples and 48.2 and 39.3% of outdoor samples, respectively. The detection of pesticides from indoor and outdoor dust, however, was not consistent, indicating different sources of pesticides. In addition to those two most detected, permethrin, prallethrin, and tetramethrin, which were common ingredients of insecticide products for indoor use, were also frequently found in indoor dust, suggesting that indoor use of such pesticide products may have been a major source. Fewer pesticides were found in outdoor dust, but the outdoor detection of chlorpyrifos was significantly associated with farms present inside the circles with radii of 50 and 100 m surrounding the homes (P = 0.021, 0.016). It is suggested that pesticide drift from agricultural areas to residential environments may have occurred. No seasonal effect on distribution of pesticides in dust was found, indicating that pesticides could be routinely used in Taiwan regardless of season. Compared with other international studies, this study shows relatively high levels of chlorpyrifos but low levels of pyrethroids (i.e., cypermethrin), reflecting a different pattern of pesticide use in Taiwan. Further studies need to be warranted for a better understanding of exposure to pesticides and the associated health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Che Hung
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jung Huang
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Qing Yang
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Tseng
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ming Yiin
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien City, 97004, Taiwan.
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Starr JM, Graham SE, Li W, Gemma AA, Morgan MK. Variability of pyrethroid concentrations on hard surface kitchen flooring in occupied housing. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:10.1111/ina.12471. [PMID: 29729038 PMCID: PMC6349515 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of neurotoxic insecticides, and some studies have used single-time wiping of hard surface flooring to estimate indoor pyrethroid concentrations. Considering that human activities may affect concentrations, knowledge of temporal variability is needed to reduce the uncertainty of exposure estimates that are calculated using wipe sampling of pyrethroids in occupied housing. During weeks one, two, and six of a 6-week study, two wipe samples of hard surface kitchen flooring were collected in each of 50 occupied residences and used to estimate the temporal variability of eight pyrethroids and six pyrethroid degradation products. Beginning 1 month prior to sample collection, the participants kept pesticide use diaries. All pyrethroids were widely distributed among the houses, and co-occurrence of multiple pyrethroids was common structured. Application diaries and detection frequencies appeared unconnected, but the applications were correlated with measurable changes in pyrethroid concentrations. In general, degradation products were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations than their parent pyrethroids. Estimates of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for individual pyrethroids ranged from 0.55 (bifenthrin) to 0.80 (deltamethrin), and two sampling events at each residence would have been sufficient to estimate the mean concentration of most pyrethroids with an ICC of 0.80.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Starr
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S E Graham
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - W Li
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Grantee at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A A Gemma
- National Caucus and Center for Black Aged SEE Program at the National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M K Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Determinants of organophosphate pesticide exposure in pregnant women: A population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:489-501. [PMID: 29499913 PMCID: PMC6046212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In the Netherlands organophosphate (OP) pesticides are frequently used for pest control in agricultural settings. Despite concerns about the potential health impacts of low-level OP pesticides exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations, the primary sources of exposure remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the levels of DAP metabolites concentrations across pregnancy and to examine various determinants of DAP metabolite concentrations among an urban population of women in the Netherlands. Method Urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, the main urinary metabolites of OP pesticides, were determined at < 18, 18–25, and > 25 weeks of pregnancy in 784 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study (between 2004 and 2006), a large population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Questionnaires administered prenatally assessed demographic and lifestyle characteristics and maternal diet. Linear mixed models, with adjustment for relevant covariates, were used to estimate associations between the potential exposure determinants and DAP metabolite concentrations expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels. Results The median DAP metabolite concentration was 311 nmol/g creatinine for the first trimester, 317 nmol/g creatinine for the second trimester, and 310 nmol/g creatinine for the third trimester. Higher maternal age, married/living with a partner, underweight or normal weight (BMI of < 18.5 and 18.5– < 25), high education, high income, and non-smoking were associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations, and DAP metabolite concentrations tended to be higher during the summer. Furthermore, fruit intake was associated with increased DAP metabolite concentrations. Each 100 g/d difference in fruit consumption was associated with a 7% higher total DAP metabolite concentration across pregnancy. Other food groups were not associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations. Conclusions The DAP metabolite concentrations measured in the urine of pregnant women in the Netherlands were higher than those in most other studies previously conducted. Fruit intake was the main dietary source of exposure to OP pesticides in young urban women in the Netherlands. The extent to which DAP metabolite concentrations reflect exposure to the active parent pesticide rather than to less toxic metabolites remains unclear. Further research will be undertaken to investigate the possible effects of this relatively high level OP pesticides exposure on offspring health.
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Chang CH, Yu CJ, Du JC, Chiou HC, Chen HC, Yang W, Chung MY, Chen YS, Hwang B, Mao IF, Chen ML. The interactions among organophosphate pesticide exposure, oxidative stress, and genetic polymorphisms of dopamine receptor D4 increase the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:339-346. [PMID: 29054088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the association between organophosphate pesticides (OPs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) related to oxidative stress and genetic polymorphisms. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 93 children with ADHD and 112 control children in north Taiwan. Six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OPs and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) were identified. RESULTS Children with ADHD had significantly higher dimethylphosphate (DMP, 236.69nmol/g cre. vs. 186.84nmol/g cre., p value = 0.01) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA, 28.95µg/g cre. vs. 16.55µg/g cre., p value<0.01) concentrations than control children. Children who carried DRD4 GA/AA genotypes (rs752306) were less likely than those who carried the DRD4 GG genotype to have ADHD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24-0.84). The estimated value of the AP (attributable proportion due to interaction) was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.13-1.05), indicating that 59% of ADHD cases in DMP-exposed children with the DRD4 GG genotype were due to the gene-environment interaction. After adjustment for other covariates, children who carried the DRD4 GG genotype, had been exposed to high DMP levels (more than the median), and had high HNE-MA levels had a significantly increased risk for developing ADHD (OR = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.12-65.04). CONCLUSION This study indicated a gene-environment interaction in the risk of ADHD in children. The association between DMP and ADHD in children might relate to the mechanism of lipid peroxidation. Dose-response relationships and the combined effects of OPs, oxidative stress, and genetic polymorphism on ADHD should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Huang Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chieh Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chih Chiou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheue Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betau Hwang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Mao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11, Taiwan.
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Dodson RE, Udesky JO, Colton MD, McCauley M, Camann DE, Yau AY, Adamkiewicz G, Rudel RA. Chemical exposures in recently renovated low-income housing: Influence of building materials and occupant activities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:114-127. [PMID: 28916131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health disparities in low-income communities may be linked to residential exposures to chemicals infiltrating from the outdoors and characteristics of and sources in the home. Indoor sources comprise those introduced by the occupant as well as releases from building materials. To examine the impact of renovation on indoor pollutants levels and to classify chemicals by predominant indoor sources, we collected indoor air and surface wipes from newly renovated "green" low-income housing units in Boston before and after occupancy. We targeted nearly 100 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including phthalates, flame retardants, fragrance chemicals, pesticides, antimicrobials, petroleum chemicals, chlorinated solvents, and formaldehyde, as well as particulate matter. All homes had indoor air concentrations that exceeded available risk-based screening levels for at least one chemical. We categorized chemicals as primarily influenced by the occupant or as having building-related sources. While building-related chemicals observed in this study may be specific to the particular housing development, occupant-related findings might be generalizable to similar communities. Among 58 detected chemicals, we distinguished 25 as primarily occupant-related, including fragrance chemicals 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (HHCB). The pre- to post-occupancy patterns of the remaining chemicals suggested important contributions from building materials for some, including dibutyl phthalate and xylene, whereas others, such as diethyl phthalate and formaldehyde, appeared to have both building and occupant sources. Chemical classification by source informs multi-level exposure reduction strategies in low-income housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, USA.
| | - Julia O Udesky
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, USA.
| | - Meryl D Colton
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martha McCauley
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - David E Camann
- Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Alice Y Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, USA.
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Nakagawa LE, Costa AR, Polatto R, Nascimento CMD, Papini S. Pyrethroid concentrations and persistence following indoor application. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2895-2898. [PMID: 28640485 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Residential indoor environments are potential sources of exposure to pyrethroids, which have low acute toxicity to humans but are allergenic and suspected endocrine disruptors. The present study evaluated the persistence of the pyrethroids cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin on indoor surfaces and in house dust. Cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin were applied and maintained on aluminum foils and in dust samples for 112 d under controlled conditions and for 12 mo in a test house; periodically, they were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin concentrations showed decreases of 10.1% and 7.7% on aluminum foils, and 12.7% and 16.4% in dust, respectively, at 112 d under controlled conditions. In the test house, cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin concentrations decreased by 40.3% and 60.2% on aluminum foils, and 29.6% and 56.2% in dust at the end of the study. The results show the considerable persistence of cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin indoors and indicate the risk of exposure to these products. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2895-2898. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Solange Papini
- Municipal Secretariat of Health, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jiang W, Conkle JL, Luo Y, Li J, Xu K, Gan J. Occurrence, Distribution, and Accumulation of Pesticides in Exterior Residential Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12592-12601. [PMID: 27174594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly applied around residential homes, but their occurrence on exterior surfaces (e.g., pavement) has not been thoroughly evaluated. We collected 360 dust samples from curbside gutters, sidewalks, and street surfaces at 40 houses in southern California to evaluate pesticide occurrence on urban paved surfaces as well as their spatial and temporal distributions. Pesticides and select degradates were ubiquitously detected in dust, with the median concentration of total target analytes at 85 μg kg-1. A total of 75% of samples contained at least five pesticides. As a result of recurring pesticide applications, concentrations increased throughout the summer. The pyrethroids bifenthrin and permethrin accounted for 55% of total pesticides detected in the dust. The highest concentrations in dust were found on the sidewalk and in the gutter. Relative to indoor environments, human exposure risk to pesticides on paved surfaces was estimated to be lower, with the highest potential oral and dermal exposure predicted to be 38 ng day-1 for permethrin. The ubiquitous detection of pesticides on residential outdoor surfaces and the fact that the exterior concentrations did not correlate to the indoor areas highlight the necessity to measure pesticides in both indoor and outdoor areas for complete residential pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation , Sacramento, California 95812, United States
| | - Jeremy L Conkle
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation , Sacramento, California 95812, United States
| | - Juying Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Karen Xu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Chen S, Gu S, Wang Y, Yao Y, Wang G, Jin Y, Wu Y. Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors in East China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1128-1134. [PMID: 27593355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is hypothesized as one of the risk factors for the development of childhood brain tumors (CBT). This hospital-based case-control study evaluated the association of pyrethroid pesticide exposure with the risk for CBT in a children population in East China. In total, 161 CBT cases and 170 controls were recruited from 2 children's medical centers in Shanghai (Xinhua Hospital and Shanghai Children's Medical Center) between September 2012 and June 2015. The cases and controls were matched for age, sex, and province of residence. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure was evaluated by urinalysis of 3 nonspecific metabolites of pyrethroids (cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, and 3-PBA) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection and by administering a questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression showed that trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, and total metabolites (sum of the 3 metabolites) were positively associated with the increased risk of CBT. Children in the highest quartile had a nearly 3-fold increased risk of CBT compared with those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for confounding factors (trans-DCCA, odds ratio (OR) = 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-4.80, p = 0.003; 3-PBA, OR = 3.26, 95% CI, 1.73-6.14, p < 0.0001; total metabolites, OR = 3.60, 95% CI, 1.87-6.93, p < 0.0001). We also found that exposure to both mosquitocide and cockroach killer was related to the increased risk of CBT (mosquitocide, OR = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.06-2.67, p = 0.027; cockroach killer, OR = 1.83, 95% CI, 1.13-2.95, p = 0.013). These findings indicate that exposure to pyrethroid pesticides might be associated with increased risk of CBT. Prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeming Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
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Goho SA. The Legal Implications of Report Back in Household Exposure Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1662-1670. [PMID: 27153111 PMCID: PMC5089882 DOI: 10.1289/ehp187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientists conducting research into household air or dust pollution must decide whether, when, and how to disclose to study participants their individual results. A variety of considerations factor into this decision, but one factor that has not received attention until now is the possibility that study participants' receipt of their results might create legal duties under environmental, property, landlord-tenant, or other laws. OBJECTIVES This article examines relevant laws and regulations and explores the scope of participants' legal duties and the resulting legal and ethical consequences for researchers. Participants could be required in some situations to disclose the presence of certain chemicals when selling or renting their homes or to frequent visitors. The article discusses hypothetical case studies involving the reporting back of results regarding lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalates. DISCUSSION The potential legal duties of study participants have both ethical and legal implications for researchers. Issues include whether the legal consequences for participants should affect the decision whether to report back individual results, how researchers should disclose the legal risks to participants during the informed consent process, and whether researchers would be liable to study participants for legal or economic harm arising from reporting study results to them. The review provides recommendations for language that researchers could use in the informed consent process to disclose the legal risks. CONCLUSIONS Researchers should still report back to participants who want to see their results, but they should disclose the risks of obtaining the information as part of the informed consent process. Citation: Goho SA. 2016. The legal implications of report back in household exposure studies. Environ Health Perspect 124:1662-1670; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A. Goho
- Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic, Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Hughes MF, Edwards BC. In vivo dermal absorption of pyrethroid pesticides in the rat. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:83-91. [PMID: 26817658 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides is a potential cause for concern. The objective of this study was to examine the in vivo dermal absorption of bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in the rat. Dorsal hair on adult male Long-Evans rats was removed. The next day, the skin was dosed with 1750 nmol (312.5 nmol/cm(2)) of radiolabeled (5 µCi) bifenthrin, deltamethrin, or permethrin in acetone. A nonoccluding plastic cover was glued over the dosing site. The animals were placed in metabolism cages to collect excreta. At 24 h postdosing, the skin was washed with soap and water, and rats in one group were euthanized and their tissues were collected. The skin was removed and tape stripped. The remaining animals were returned to the metabolism cages after the wash for 4 d. These rats were then euthanized and handled as already described. Excreta, wash, tape strips, tissues, and carcass were analyzed for pyrethroid-derived radioactivity. The wash and tape strips removed >50% of the dose and skin retained 9-24%. Cumulative radioactivity in excreta was 0.5-7% at 24 h and 3-26% at 120 h. Radioactivity in tissues was <0.3% of the dose, while carcass retained 2 to 5%. Assuming absorption equals cumulative recovery in skin (washed and tape stripped), excreta, tissues, and carcass, absorption was permethrin ~ bifenthrin > deltamethrin at 24 h and permethrin > deltamethrin > bifenthrin at 120 h. Using the parallelogram approach with published in vitro data, human dermal absorption of these pyrethroids was estimated to be <10% of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina , USA
| | - Brenda C Edwards
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina , USA
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Morgan MK, Sobus JR, Barr DB, Croghan CW, Chen FL, Walker R, Alston L, Andersen E, Clifton MS. Temporal variability of pyrethroid metabolite levels in bedtime, morning, and 24-h urine samples for 50 adults in North Carolina. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:81-91. [PMID: 26584066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insects in both agricultural and residential settings worldwide. Few data are available on the temporal variability of pyrethroid metabolites in the urine of non-occupationally exposed adults. In this work, we describe the study design and sampling methodology for the Pilot Study to Estimate Human Exposures to Pyrethroids using an Exposure Reconstruction Approach (Ex-R study). Two major objectives were to quantify the concentrations of several pyrethroid metabolites in bedtime, first morning void (FMV), and 24-h urine samples as concentration (wet weight), specific-gravity (SG) corrected, creatinine (CR) corrected, and excretion rate values for 50 Ex-R adults over a six-week monitoring period and to determine if these correction approaches for urine dilution reduced the variability of the biomarker levels. The Ex-R study was conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Human Studies Facility in Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA and at participants' homes within a 40-mile radius of this facility. Recruitment of participants and field activities occurred between October 2009 and May 2011. Participants, ages 19-50 years old, provided daily food, activity, and pesticide-use diaries and collected their own urine samples (bedtime, FMV, and 24-h) during weeks 1, 2, and 6 of a six-week monitoring period. A total of 2503 urine samples were collected from the study participants. These samples were analyzed for the pyrethroid metabolites 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis/trans-DCCA), and 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (MPA) using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Only 3-PBA was frequently detected (>50%) in the adult urine samples. Median urinary 3-PBA levels were 0.88 ng/mL, 0.96 ng/mL-SG, 1.04 ng/mg, and 1.04 ng/min for concentration, SG-corrected, CR-corrected, and excretion rate values, respectively, across all urine samples. The results showed that median urinary 3-PBA concentrations were consistently the lowest in FMV samples (0.77 ng/mL, 0.68 ng/mL-SG, 0.68 ng/mg, and 0.58 ng/min) and the highest in 24-h samples (0.92 ng/mL, 1.06 ng/mL-SG, 1.18 ng/mg, and 1.19 ng/min) across all four methods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates for 3-PBA indicated poor reproducibility (<0.22) for all urine sample types and methods over a day, week, and six weeks. Correcting for urine sample dilution, based on either SG, CR or urine output, introduced additional measurement variability both between- and within-individuals. These results indicate that a single measure of urinary 3-PBA was not sufficient to characterize average exposure regardless of sample type, correction method, and time frame of collection. In addition, the study results can be used to inform the design of exposure characterization strategies in relevant environmental epidemiology studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha K Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Jon R Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carry W Croghan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fu-Lin Chen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Walker
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lillian Alston
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erik Andersen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S Clifton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Arcury TA, Gabbard S, Bell B, Casanova V, Flocks JD, Swanberg JE, Wiggins MF. Collecting Comparative Data on Farmworker Housing and Health: Recommendations for Collecting Housing and Health Data Across Places and Time. New Solut 2015; 25:287-312. [PMID: 26315035 PMCID: PMC9109263 DOI: 10.1177/1048291115601052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The substandard nature of the housing in which most farmworkers live has detrimental effects on their health, as well as on their children's health and development. However, little research has directly documented associations between farmworker housing and health; existing research is not always comparable due to differences in design and measurement. Comparative data can help determine actual causal links between housing characteristics and farmworker health and help to evaluate the efficacy of current housing policy. The goal of this paper is to provide guidelines promoting comparable research on farmworker housing and the association of this housing with health. This paper reviews general concepts relevant to measuring farmworker housing and health, issues that should be considered in designing farmworker housing and health research, data collection methods, and measures. It concludes with recommendations for a research agenda on farmworker housing and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Casanova
- Southwest Center for Agricultural Health, Injury Prevention and Education, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Joan D Flocks
- Center for Governmental Responsibility, Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Bardullas U, Sosa-Holt CS, Pato AM, Nemirovsky SI, Wolansky MJ. Evidence for effects on thermoregulation after acute oral exposure to type I and type II pyrethroids in infant rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Hughes MF, Ross DG, Edwards BC, DeVito MJ, Starr JM. Tissue time course and bioavailability of the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin in the Long-Evans rat. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:430-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Oliveira I, Nogueira F, Marôco J, Diniz F. Gestão de saúde familiar e pobreza em período de recessão económica em Portugal. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902015000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Este artigo assumiu como objetivo principal investigar sobre gestão e saúde, verificando a contribuição da saúde familiar e o seu papel no desenvolvimento local em contexto de recessão económica e agravamento da pobreza em Portugal. Na metodologia inquiriram-se 1021 indivíduos em Portugal Continental, com tratamento estatístico através de análise inferencial, fatorial e também de regressão. Salientam-se como resultados que o facto de um indivíduo se considerar uma pessoa saudável não é independente da atividade profissional, condições de habitação, ou outros determinantes relacionados com as condições de vida. Através de uma análise fatorial consistente foram identificados um conjunto de fatores com importância sobre a gestão de saúde familiar. Como conclusão resulta que as condições de trabalho e em que vivem os cidadãos estão relacionadas com o seu nível de saúde. Identificámos os determinantes mais importantes para explicar a esperança média de vida e que se refletem em período de recessão económica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Gestão e Tecnologia, Portugal
| | | | - João Marôco
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Portugal
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Saillenfait AM, Ndiaye D, Sabaté JP. Pyrethroids: Exposure and health effects – An update. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:281-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cettier J, Bayle ML, Béranger R, Billoir E, Nuckols JR, Combourieu B, Fervers B. Efficiency of wipe sampling on hard surfaces for pesticides and PCB residues in dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:11-21. [PMID: 25306091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are commonly found in house dust and have been described as a valuable matrix to assess indoor pesticide and PCB contamination. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and precision of cellulose wipe for collecting 48 pesticides, eight PCBs, and one synergist at environmental concentrations. First, the efficiency and repeatability of wipe collection were determined for pesticide and PCB residues that were directly spiked onto three types of household floors (tile, laminate, and hardwood). Second, synthetic dust was used to assess the capacity of the wipe to collect dust. Third, we assessed the efficiency and repeatability of wipe collection of pesticides and PCB residues that was spiked onto synthetic dust and then applied to tile. In the first experiment, the overall collection efficiency was highest on tile (38%) and laminate (40%) compared to hardwood (34%), p<0.001. The second experiment confirmed that cellulose wipes can efficiently collect dust (82% collection efficiency). The third experiment showed that the overall collection efficiency was higher in the presence of dust (72% vs. 38% without dust, p<0.001). Furthermore, the mean repeatability also improved when compounds were spiked onto dust (<30% for the majority of compounds). To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the efficiency of wipes as a sampling method using a large number of compounds at environmental concentrations and synthetic dust. Cellulose wipes appear to be efficient to sample the pesticides and PCBs that adsorb onto dust on smooth and hard surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane Cettier
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bayle
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - Rémi Béranger
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France; Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France; EAM 4128 « Santé Individu Société », University Claude Bernard, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elise Billoir
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - John R Nuckols
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Bruno Combourieu
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France.
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Arcury TA, Nguyen HT, Summers P, Talton JW, Holbrook LC, Walker FO, Chen H, Howard TD, Galván L, Quandt SA. Lifetime and current pesticide exposure among Latino farmworkers in comparison to other Latino immigrants. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:776-87. [PMID: 24737498 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure poses a health risk for farmworkers. This analysis documents lifetime and current pesticide exposure of North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers, with comparison to non-farmworker Latino immigrants. METHODS During May to October 2012, 235 Latino farmworkers and 212 Latino non-farmworkers completed interviews with items to construct measures of lifetime, current residential and occupational pesticide exposure. RESULTS Farmworkers experience levels of lifetime and residential pesticide exposure that are consistently greater than among non-farmworkers. Farmworkers report a large number of occupational pesticide exposures. Lifetime exposure and current residential pesticide exposure are related to social determinants. Education is inversely related to lifetime pesticide exposure for farmworkers and non-farmworkers; farmworkers with H-2A visas report greater residential pesticide exposure than those without H-2A visas. CONCLUSIONS Occupational safety policy needs to consider these patterns of lifetime exposure when setting standards. Health care providers should be aware of the lifetime and current exposure of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3959-69. [PMID: 24588211 DOI: 10.1021/es405269q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
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46
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Côté J, Bonvalot Y, Carrier G, Lapointe C, Fuhr U, Tomalik-Scharte D, Wachall B, Bouchard M. A novel toxicokinetic modeling of cypermethrin and permethrin and their metabolites in humans for dose reconstruction from biomarker data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88517. [PMID: 24586336 PMCID: PMC3935837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess exposure to pyrethroids in the general population, one of most widely used method nowadays consists of measuring urinary metabolites. Unfortunately, interpretation of data is limited by the unspecified relation between dose and levels in biological tissues and excreta. The objective of this study was to develop a common multi-compartment toxicokinetic model to predict the time courses of two mainly used pyrethroid pesticides, permethrin and cypermethrin, and their metabolites (cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA and 3-PBA) in the human body and in accessible biological matrices following different exposure scenarios. Toxicokinetics was described mathematically by systems of differential equations to yield the time courses of these pyrethroids and their metabolites in the different compartments. Unknown transfer rate values between compartments were determined from best fits to available human data on the urinary excretion time courses of metabolites following an oral and dermal exposure to cypermethrin in volunteers. Since values for these coefficients have not yet been determined, a mathematical routine was programmed in MathCad to establish the possible range of values on the basis of physiological and mathematical considerations. The best combination of parameter values was then selected using a statistic measure (reliability factor) along with a statistically acceptable range of values for each parameter. With this approach, simulations provided a close approximation to published time course data. This model allows to predict urinary time courses of trans-DCCA, cis-DCCA and 3-PBA, whatever the exposure route. It can also serve to reconstruct absorbed doses of permethrin or cypermethrin in the population using measured biomarker data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Côté
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Chaire d'analyse et de gestion des risques toxicologiques and Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvette Bonvalot
- Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gaétan Carrier
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Chaire d'analyse et de gestion des risques toxicologiques and Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Lapointe
- Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Köln, Germany
| | - Dorota Tomalik-Scharte
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Köln, Germany
| | - Bertil Wachall
- Infectopharm Arzneimittel und Consilium GmbH, Heppenheim, Germany
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Chaire d'analyse et de gestion des risques toxicologiques and Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zalata A, Elhanbly S, Abdalla H, Serria MS, Aziz A, El-Dakrooy SA, El-Bakary AA, Mostafa T. In vitro study of cypermethrin on human spermatozoa and the possible protective role of vitamins C and E. Andrologia 2013; 46:1141-7. [PMID: 24329529 DOI: 10.1111/and.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, is widely used in pest control programmes in agriculture and public health. This study aimed to assess the potential effect of cypermethrin on human spermatozoa and the possible ameliorative effects of vitamins C and E. Semen samples of 20 healthy normozoospermic men were divided into six aliquots at room temperature. The first aliquot served as control not exposed to treatments, and the second was incubated with 20 mm vit. C and 2 mm vit. E where the third one was exposed to 10 μm cypermethrin for 6 h. The other three aliquots were incubated with vit. C, vit. E and both vitamins for 30 min before cypermethrin exposure. Semen aliquots were analysed for sperm motility, sperm viability, hypo-osmotic swelling test and modified alkaline comet assay. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in sperm motion, sperm function and increased sperm DNA damage in the cypermethrin group. Addition of vitamins C and E alone/combined led to significant improvement in sperm motion, sperm function and DNA damage, being maximal with both vitamins together. It is concluded that in vitro cypermethrin can alter sperm function and induce DNA damage in spermatozoa, which is improved after using vitamins C and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zalata
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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48
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Weston DP, Ramil HL, Lydy MJ. Pyrethroid insecticides in municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2460-2468. [PMID: 23893650 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides, but minimal information has been published on their presence in municipal wastewater in the United States. Pyrethroids in wastewater from the Sacramento, California, USA, area consisted of permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and cyhalothrin, with a combined concentration of 200 ng/L to 500 ng/L. Sampling within the wastewater collection system leading to the treatment plant suggested pyrethroids did not originate primarily from urban runoff, but could be from any of several drain disposal practices. Wastewater from residential areas was similar in pyrethroid composition and concentration to that from the larger metropolitan area as a whole. Secondary treatment removed approximately 90% of pyrethroids, but those remaining exceeded concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species. Toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, was consistently evident in the final effluent. The large river into which this particular plant discharged provided sufficient dilution such that pyrethroids were undetected in the river, and there was only slight toxicity of unknown cause in 1 river sample, but effects in receiving waters elsewhere will be site-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Weston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Tancredi DJ, Gee SJ, Stoecklin-Marois MT, Hennessy-Burt TE, Hammock BD, Schenker MB. Pyrethroids in house dust from the homes of farm worker families in the MICASA study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:57-63. [PMID: 24096042 PMCID: PMC4059492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Indoor pesticide exposure is a growing concern, particularly for pyrethroids, a commonly used class of pesticides. Pyrethroid concentrations may be especially high in homes of immigrant farm worker families, who often live in close proximity to agricultural fields and are faced with poor housing conditions, potentially causing high pest infestation and pesticide use. We investigate levels of pyrethroids in the house dust of farm worker family homes in a study of mothers and children living in Mendota, CA, within the population-based Mexican Immigration to California: Agricultural Safety and Acculturation (MICASA) Study. We present pesticide use data and levels of pyrethroid pesticides in indoor dust collected in 2009 as measured by questionnaires and a GC/MS analysis of the pyrethroids cis- and trans-permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate and resmethrin in single dust samples collected from 55 households. Cis- and trans-permethrin had the highest detection frequencies at 67%, with median concentrations of 244 and 172ng/g dust, respectively. Cypermethrin was detected in 52% of the homes and had a median concentration of 186ng/g dust. Esfenvalerate, resmethrin and deltamethrin were detected in less than half the samples. We compared the pyrethroid concentrations found in our study to other studies looking at both rural and urban homes and daycares. Lower detection frequencies and/or lower median concentrations of cis- and trans-permethrin and cypermethrin were observed in our study as compared to those studies. However, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate and resmethrin were detected more frequently in the house dust from our study than in the other studies. Because households whose children had higher urinary pyrethroid metabolite levels were more likely to be analyzed in this study, a positive bias in our estimates of household pyrethroid levels may be expected. A positive association was observed with reported outdoor pesticide use and cypermethrin levels found in the indoor dust samples (rs=0.28, p=0.0450). There was also a positive association seen with summed pyrethroid levels in house dust and the results of a pesticide inventory conducted by field staff (rs=0.32, p=0.018), a potentially useful predictor of pesticide exposure in farm worker family homes. Further research is warranted to fully investigate the utility of such a measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Trunnelle
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Toxicology, 1 Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel.: +1 925 408 5177(Mobile)
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria T. Stoecklin-Marois
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tamara E. Hennessy-Burt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marc B. Schenker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Adamkiewicz G, Spengler JD, Harley AE, Stoddard A, Yang M, Alvarez-Reeves M, Sorensen G. Environmental conditions in low-income urban housing: clustering and associations with self-reported health. Am J Public Health 2013; 104:1650-6. [PMID: 24028244 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored prevalence and clustering of key environmental conditions in low-income housing and associations with self-reported health. METHODS The Health in Common Study, conducted between 2005 and 2009, recruited participants (n = 828) from 20 low-income housing developments in the Boston area. We interviewed 1 participant per household and conducted a brief inspection of the unit (apartment). We created binary indexes and a summed index for household exposures: mold, combustion by-products, secondhand smoke, chemicals, pests, and inadequate ventilation. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between each index and household characteristics and between each index and self-reported health. RESULTS Environmental problems were common; more than half of homes had 3 or more exposure-related problems (median summed index = 3). After adjustment for household-level demographics, we found clustering of problems in site (P < .01) for pests, combustion byproducts, mold, and ventilation. Higher summed index values were associated with higher adjusted odds of reporting fair-poor health (odds ratio = 2.7 for highest category; P < .008 for trend). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that indoor environmental conditions in multifamily housing cluster by site and that cumulative exposures may be associated with poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Adamkiewicz
- Gary Adamkiewicz and John D. Spengler are with the Department of Environmental Health and Glorian Sorensen is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy E. Harley is with the Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee. Anne Stoddard and May Yang are with the New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA. Marty Alvarez-Reeves is with the Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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