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Zapilko V, Moisio S, Parikka M, Heinäniemi M, Lohi O. Generation of a Zebrafish Knock-In Model Recapitulating Childhood ETV6::RUNX1-Positive B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5821. [PMID: 38136366 PMCID: PMC10871125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25% of children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL) harbor the t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation, leading to the ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R) fusion gene. This translocation occurs in utero, but the disease is much less common than the prevalence of the fusion in newborns, suggesting that secondary mutations are required for overt leukemia. The role of these secondary mutations remains unclear and may contribute to treatment resistance and disease recurrence. We developed a zebrafish model for E::R leukemia using CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the human RUNX1 gene into zebrafish etv6 intron 5, resulting in E::R fusion gene expression controlled by the endogenous etv6 promoter. As seen by GFP fluorescence at a single-cell level, the model correctly expressed the fusion protein in the right places in zebrafish embryos. The E::R fusion expression induced an expansion of the progenitor cell pool and led to a low 2% frequency of leukemia. The introduction of targeted pax5 and cdkn2a/b gene mutations, mimicking secondary mutations, in the E::R line significantly increased the incidence in leukemia. Transcriptomics revealed that the E::R;pax5mut leukemias exclusively represented B-lineage disease. This novel E::R zebrafish model faithfully recapitulates human disease and offers a valuable tool for a more detailed analysis of disease biology in this subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zapilko
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Sanni Moisio
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Pediatrics and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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2
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Fumero-Velázquez M, Hagstrom M, Dhillon S, Olivares S, Jennings LJ, Dittman D, Sukhanova M, Arva NC, Goldstein SD, Theos A, Pavlidakey P, Carr Z, Gerami P. Agminated presentation of fusion-driven melanocytic neoplasms. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:913-921. [PMID: 37407520 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventionally understood pathogenesis of agminated Spitz nevi includes a mosaic HRAS mutation followed by copy number gains in 11p. However, we have recently observed agminated presentations of fusion-driven melanocytic neoplasms. METHODS We retrieved cases from our database of benign fusion-induced melanocytic neoplasms with an agminated presentation. Both the primary lesion and the secondary lesion were sequenced. TERT-promoter mutational testing and the melanoma fluorescence in situ hybridization assay were also performed. RESULTS Three cases were included. Two had a PRKCA fusion (partners ATP2B4 and MPZL1) and one had a ZCCHC8::ROS1 fusion. None of the cases met morphologic or molecular criteria for malignancy. There was no evidence of tumor progression in secondary lesions. The same fusion was identified in the primary and secondary lesions. None of the patients developed evidence of nodal or systemic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS We present accumulating evidence that fusion-driven melanocytic neoplasms can present with an agminated presentation. The differential diagnosis of an agminated presentation versus a locally recurrent or potentially locally metastatic tumor is critical, and accurate diagnosis has significant prognostic and therapeutic consequences for the patient. As with HRAS mutations, fusion-driven melanocytic tumors may have an agminated presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fumero-Velázquez
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Hagstrom
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soneet Dhillon
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shantel Olivares
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Dittman
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madina Sukhanova
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicoleta C Arva
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seth D Goldstein
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy Theos
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter Pavlidakey
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zachary Carr
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Williams LA, Yang JJ, Hirsch BA, Marcotte EL, Spector LG. Is There Etiologic Heterogeneity between Subtypes of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Review of Variation in Risk by Subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:846-856. [PMID: 30770347 PMCID: PMC6500468 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although substantial advances in the identification of cytogenomic subtypes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been made in recent decades, epidemiologic research characterizing the etiologic heterogeneity of ALL by subtype has not kept pace. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature concerning subtype-specific epidemiologic risk factor associations with ALL subtype defined by immunophenotype (e.g., B-cell vs. T-cell) and cytogenomics (including gross chromosomal events characterized by recurring numerical and structural abnormalities, along with cryptic balanced rearrangements, and focal gene deletions). In case-control analyses investigating nongenetic risk factors, home paint exposure is associated with hyperdiploid, MLL-rearranged, and ETV6-RUNX1 subtypes, yet there are few differences in risk factor associations between T- and B-ALL. Although the association between maternal smoking and ALL overall has been null, maternal smoking is associated with an increasing number of gene deletions among cases. GWAS-identified variants in ARID5B have been the most extensively studied and are strongly associated with hyperdiploid B-ALL. GATA3 single nucleotide variant rs3824662 shows a strong association with Ph-like ALL (OR = 3.14). However, there have been relatively few population-based studies of adequate sample size to uncover risk factors that may define etiologic heterogeneity between and within the currently defined cytogenomic ALL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Williams
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Betsy A Hirsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Pogorelyy MV, Elhanati Y, Marcou Q, Sycheva AL, Komech EA, Nazarov VI, Britanova OV, Chudakov DM, Mamedov IZ, Lebedev YB, Mora T, Walczak AM. Persisting fetal clonotypes influence the structure and overlap of adult human T cell receptor repertoires. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005572. [PMID: 28683116 PMCID: PMC5500008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of T-cell receptors recognizing foreign pathogens is generated through a highly stochastic recombination process, making the independent production of the same sequence rare. Yet unrelated individuals do share receptors, which together constitute a "public" repertoire of abundant clonotypes. The TCR repertoire is initially formed prenatally, when the enzyme inserting random nucleotides is downregulated, producing a limited diversity subset. By statistically analyzing deep sequencing T-cell repertoire data from twins, unrelated individuals of various ages, and cord blood, we show that T-cell clones generated before birth persist and maintain high abundances in adult organisms for decades, slowly decaying with age. Our results suggest that large, low-diversity public clones are created during pre-natal life, and survive over long periods, providing the basis of the public repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Pogorelyy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuval Elhanati
- Laboratoire de physique théorique, CNRS, UPMC and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Marcou
- Laboratoire de physique théorique, CNRS, UPMC and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Ekaterina A. Komech
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim I. Nazarov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Britanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilgar Z. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury B. Lebedev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique statistique, CNRS, UPMC and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique théorique, CNRS, UPMC and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
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5
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Kreis C, Lupatsch JE, Niggli F, Egger M, Kuehni CE, Spycher BD. Space-Time Clustering of Childhood Leukemia: Evidence of an Association with ETV6-RUNX1 (TEL-AML1) Fusion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170020. [PMID: 28129329 PMCID: PMC5271308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have observed space-time clustering of childhood leukemia (CL) yet few have attempted to elicit etiological clues from such clustering. We recently reported space-time clustering of CL around birth, and now aim to generate etiological hypotheses by comparing clustered and nonclustered cases. We also investigated whether the clustering resulted from many small aggregations of cases or from a few larger clusters. METHODS We identified cases of persons born and diagnosed between 1985 and 2014 at age 0-15 years from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We determined spatial and temporal lags that maximized evidence of clustering based on the Knox test and classified cases born within these lags from another case as clustered. Using logistic regression adjusted for child population density, we determined whether clustering status was associated with age at diagnosis, immunophenotype, cytogenetic subtype, perinatal and socioeconomic characteristics, and pollution sources. RESULTS Analyses included 1,282 cases of which 242 were clustered (born within 1 km and 2 years from another case). Of all investigated characteristics only the t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation (resulting in ETV6-RUNX1 fusion) differed significantly in prevalence between clustered and nonclustered cases (40% and 25%, respectively; adjusted OR 2.54 [1.52-4.23]; p = 0.003). Spatio-temporal clustering was driven by an excess of aggregations of two or three children rather than by a few large clusters. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest ETV6-RUNX1 is associated with space-time clustering of CL and are consistent with an infection interacting with that oncogene in early life leading to clinical leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kreis
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith E. Lupatsch
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Niggli
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E. Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ben D. Spycher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Ford AM, Greaves M. ETV6-RUNX1 + Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Identical Twins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:217-228. [PMID: 28299660 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukaemia is the major subtype of paediatric cancer with a cumulative risk of 1 in 2000 for children up to the age of 15 years. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a biologically and clinically diverse disease with distinctive subtypes; multiple chromosomal translocations exist within the subtypes and each carries its own prognostic relevance. The most common chromosome translocation observed is the t(12;21) that results in an in-frame fusion between the first five exons of ETV6 (TEL) and almost the entire coding region of RUNX1 (AML1).The natural history of childhood ALL is almost entirely clinically silent and is well advanced at the point of diagnosis. It has, however, been possible to backtrack this process through molecular analysis of appropriate clinical samples: (i) leukaemic clones in monozygotic twins that are either concordant or discordant for ALL; (ii) archived neonatal blood spots or Guthrie cards from individuals who later developed leukaemia; and (iii) stored, viable cord blood cells.Here, we outline our studies on the aetiology and pathology of childhood ALL that provide molecular evidence for a monoclonal, prenatal origin of ETV6-RUNX1+ leukaemia in monozygotic identical twins. We provide mechanistic support for the concept that altered patterns of infection during early childhood can deliver the necessary promotional drive for the progression of ETV6-RUNX1+ pre-leukaemic cells into a postnatal overt leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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7
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Abstract
Diversity is the basis of fitness selection. Although the genome of an individual is considered to be largely stable, there is theoretical and experimental evidence--both in model organisms and in humans--that genetic mosaicism is the rule rather than the exception. The continuous generation of cell variants, their interactions and selective pressures lead to life-long tissue dynamics. Individuals may thus enjoy 'clonal health', defined as a clonal composition that supports healthy morphology and physiology, or suffer from clonal configurations that promote disease, such as cancer. The contribution of mosaicism to these processes starts during embryonic development. In this Opinion article, we argue that the road to cancer might begin during these early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Fernández
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, and at the Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Alpar D, Wren D, Ermini L, Mansur MB, van Delft FW, Bateman CM, Titley I, Kearney L, Szczepanski T, Gonzalez D, Ford AM, Potter NE, Greaves M. Clonal origins of ETV6-RUNX1⁺ acute lymphoblastic leukemia: studies in monozygotic twins. Leukemia 2014; 29:839-46. [PMID: 25388957 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies on twins with concordant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have revealed that ETV6-RUNX1 gene fusion is a common, prenatal genetic event with other driver aberrations occurring subclonally and probably postnatally. The fetal cell type that is transformed by ETV6-RUNX1 is not identified by such studies or by the analysis of early B-cell lineage phenotype of derived progeny. Ongoing, clonal immunoglobulin (IG) and cross-lineage T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements are features of B-cell precursor leukemia and commence at the pro-B-cell stage of normal B-cell lineage development. We reasoned that shared clonal rearrangements of IG or TCR genes by concordant ALL in twins would be informative about the fetal cell type in which clonal advantage is elicited by ETV6-RUNX1. Five pairs of twins were analyzed for all varieties of IG and TCR gene rearrangements. All pairs showed identical incomplete or complete variable-diversity-joining junctions coupled with substantial, subclonal and divergent rearrangements. This pattern was endorsed by single-cell genetic scrutiny in one twin pair. Our data suggest that the pre-leukemic initiating function of ETV6-RUNX1 fusion is associated with clonal expansion early in the fetal B-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alpar
- 1] Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK [2] Department of Pathology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Wren
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - L Ermini
- Centre for Geogenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - M B Mansur
- 1] Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK [2] Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F W van Delft
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - C M Bateman
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - I Titley
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - L Kearney
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - T Szczepanski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - D Gonzalez
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - A M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - N E Potter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
| | - M Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research-London, London, UK
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9
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Marshall GM, Carter DR, Cheung BB, Liu T, Mateos MK, Meyerowitz JG, Weiss WA. The prenatal origins of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:277-89. [PMID: 24599217 PMCID: PMC4041218 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept that some childhood malignancies arise from postnatally persistent embryonal cells has a long history. Recent research has strengthened the links between driver mutations and embryonal and early postnatal development. This evidence, coupled with much greater detail on the cell of origin and the initial steps in embryonal cancer initiation, has identified important therapeutic targets and provided renewed interest in strategies for the early detection and prevention of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia; and the Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Marion K Mateos
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia; and the Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Justin G Meyerowitz
- Department of Neurology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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10
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Abstract
t(12;21)(p13;q22)[ETV6-RUNX1] is the most common chromosomal translocation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and it can often be backtracked to Guthrie cards supporting prenatal initiation and high levels of circulating t(12;21)-positive cells at birth. To explore the prevalence of ETV6-RUNX1-positive cells in healthy neonates, mononuclear cells from 1417 umbilical cord blood samples were isolated within 24 hours from birth and subsequently screened for ETV6-RUNX1 transcripts using a highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. In first-run polymerase chain reaction, 14 samples were positive at levels below 10(-5), of which specific hybridization reflecting the relevant genetic region was positive in 9 cases. Repeated analyses using stored mRNA and flowcytometric sorting of a CD19(+), CD8(+), and CD19(-)/CD8(-) subpopulations from cryopreserved mononuclear cells from the same cord blood samples (mean sorted: 18 × 10(6) cells) revealed no positive findings, which demonstrates that the level and/or frequency of ETV6-RUNX1-positive cells is markedly lower than suggested in previous studies.
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11
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Acquisition of genome-wide copy number alterations in monozygotic twins with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2010; 115:3553-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-251413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chimeric fusion genes are highly prevalent in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are mostly prenatal, early genetic events in the evolutionary trajectory of this cancer. ETV6-RUNX1–positive ALL also has multiple (∼ 6 per case) copy number alterations (CNAs) as revealed by genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Recurrent CNAs are probably “driver” events contributing critically to clonal diversification and selection, but at diagnosis, their developmental timing is “buried” in the leukemia's covert natural history. This conundrum can be resolved with twin pairs. We identified and compared CNAs in 5 pairs of monozygotic twins with concordant ETV6-RUNX1–positive ALL and 1 pair discordant for ETV6-RUNX1 positive ALL. We compared, within each pair, CNAs classified as potential “driver” or “passenger” mutations based upon recurrency and, where known, gene function. An average of 5.1 (range 3-11) CNAs (excluding immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor alterations) were identified per case. All “driver” CNAs (total of 32) were distinct within each of the 5 twin pairs with concordant ALL. “Driver” CNAs in another twin with ALL were all absent in the shared ETV6-RUNX1–positive preleukemic clone of her healthy co-twin. These data place all “driver” CNAs secondary to the prenatal gene fusion event and most probably postnatal in the sequential, molecular pathogenesis of ALL.
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12
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Lau A, Belanger CL, Winn LM. In utero and acute exposure to benzene: Investigation of DNA double-strand breaks and DNA recombination in mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 676:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Gruhn B, Taub JW, Ge Y, Beck JF, Zell R, Häfer R, Hermann FH, Debatin KM, Steinbach D. Prenatal origin of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, association with birth weight and hyperdiploidy. Leukemia 2008; 22:1692-7. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Draisma HH, Reijmers TH, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Meulman JJ, Estourgie-Van Burk GF, Bartels M, Ramaker R, van der Greef J, Boomsma DI, Hankemeier T. Similarities and Differences in Lipidomics Profiles among Healthy Monozygotic Twin Pairs. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2008; 12:17-31. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2007.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G. Frederiek Estourgie-Van Burk
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Bungaro S, Irving J, Tussiwand R, Mura R, Minto L, Molteni C, Citterio M, Hall A, Biondi A, Cazzaniga G. Genomic analysis of different clonal evolution in a twin pair with t(12;21) positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia sharing the same prenatal clone. Leukemia 2007; 22:208-11. [PMID: 17914410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rivenbark AG, Coleman WB. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of cancer through bioinformatics-based experimental approaches. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:1074-86. [PMID: 17372928 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of aberrant gene expression characterized by inappropriate (temporal or quantitative) expression of positive mediators of cell proliferation in conjunction with diminished expression of negative mediators of cell growth. Alteration of the normal balance of these positive and negative mediators leads to the abnormal growth of cells and tissues that typify neoplastic disease. Development of a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that induce neoplastic transformation and drive the cancer phenotype is essential for continued progress towards the design of practical molecular diagnostics and effective treatment strategies. Over the past decades, molecular techniques that facilitate the assessment of gene expression, identification of gene mutations, and characterization of chromosome abnormalities (numeric and structural) have been established and applied to cancer research. However, many of these techniques are slow and labor-intensive. More recently, high-throughput technologies have emerged that generate large volumes of data related to the genetics and epigenetics of cancer (or other disorders). These advances in molecular genetic technology required the development of sophisticated bioinformatic tools to manage the large datasets generated. The combination of high-throughput molecular assays and bioinformatic-based data mining strategies has significantly impacted our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer, classification of tumors, and now the management of cancer patients in the clinic. This article will review basic molecular techniques and bioinformatic-based experimental approaches used to dissect the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Rivenbark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Sabaawy HE, Azuma M, Embree LJ, Tsai HJ, Starost MF, Hickstein DD. TEL-AML1 transgenic zebrafish model of precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15166-71. [PMID: 17015828 PMCID: PMC1622794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603349103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a clonal disease that evolves through the accrual of genetic rearrangements and/or mutations within the dominant clone. The TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) fusion in precursor-B (pre-B) ALL is the most common genetic rearrangement in childhood cancer; however, the cellular origin and the molecular pathogenesis of TEL-AML1-induced leukemia have not been identified. To study the origin of TEL-AML1-induced ALL, we generated transgenic zebrafish expressing TEL-AML1 either ubiquitously or in lymphoid progenitors. TEL-AML1 expression in all lineages, but not lymphoid-restricted expression, led to progenitor cell expansion that evolved into oligoclonal B-lineage ALL in 3% of the transgenic zebrafish. This leukemia was transplantable to conditioned wild-type recipients. We demonstrate that TEL-AML1 induces a B cell differentiation arrest, and that leukemia development is associated with loss of TEL expression and elevated Bcl2/Bax ratio. The TEL-AML1 transgenic zebrafish models human pre-B ALL, identifies the molecular pathways associated with leukemia development, and serves as the foundation for subsequent genetic screens to identify modifiers and leukemia therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem E Sabaawy
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lacayo NJ, DiMartino JF, Wei MC, Dahl GV. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Childhood Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4787-9. [PMID: 16914562 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Lacayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California and Genentech BioOncology, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Gustafsson B, Jernberg AG, Priftakis P, Bogdanovic G. No CMV DNA in Guthrie cards from children who later developed ALL. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006; 23:199-205. [PMID: 16517536 DOI: 10.1080/08880010500506677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An association of a viral infection in utero and development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been suggested. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been reported as a leading agent of intrauterine infections resulting in some cases of congenital infections. The authors investigated the presence of prenatal CMV infection in children who later developed ALL. Guthrie cards were obtained from 48 children with ALL and 46 healthy children and were analyzed for the presence of CMV DNA by a real-time TaqMan PCR. CMV DNA was not detected in Guthrie cards from the children with ALL, from the control healthy children. The results show that prenatal CMV infection does not seem to be associated with later development of childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Gustafsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Haas CS, Creighton CJ, Pi X, Maine I, Koch AE, Haines GK, Ling S, Chinnaiyan AM, Holoshitz J. Identification of genes modulated in rheumatoid arthritis using complementary DNA microarray analysis of lymphoblastoid B cell lines from disease-discordant monozygotic twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2047-60. [PMID: 16804865 DOI: 10.1002/art.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify disease-specific gene expression profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray analyses on lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) derived from RA-discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins. METHODS The cDNA was prepared from LCLs derived from the peripheral blood of 11 pairs of RA-discordant MZ twins. The RA twin cDNA was labeled with cy5 fluorescent dye, and the cDNA of the healthy co-twin was labeled with cy3. To determine relative expression profiles, cDNA from each twin pair was combined and hybridized on 20,000-element microarray chips. Immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of selected gene products in synovial tissue from patients with RA compared with patients with osteoarthritis and normal healthy controls. RESULTS In RA twin LCLs compared with healthy co-twin LCLs, 1,163 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 747 were overexpressed and 416 were underexpressed. Gene ontology analysis revealed many genes known to play a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, proteolysis, and signaling. The 3 most significantly overexpressed genes were laeverin (a novel enzyme with sequence homology to CD13), 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (a steroid pathway enzyme), and cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer 61 (a known angiogenic factor). The products of these genes, heretofore uncharacterized in RA, were all abundantly expressed in RA synovial tissues. CONCLUSION Microarray cDNA analysis of peripheral blood-derived LCLs from well-controlled patient populations is a useful tool to detect RA-relevant genes and could help in identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Haas
- University of Michigan Center, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
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