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Wang F, Huang ZH, Ye Y, He XY, Wang SB, Jia FJ, Hou CL. Genome-wide association exploratory studies in individuals with ultra-high risk for schizophrenia in Chinese Han nationality in two years follow-up: A subpopulation study. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104071. [PMID: 38810489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ultra-high risk for schizophrenia (UHR) is related to both genetic and environment factors, the precise pathogenesis is still unknow. To date, few studies have explored the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in UHR or HR individuals especially in Han population in China. METHODS In this study, a GWAS analysis for 36 participants with UHR and 43 with HR were performed, and all deletion variations in 22q11 region were also compared. RESULTS Sixteen individuals with UHR (44.4%) and none with HR converted into schizophrenia in follow-up after two years. Six loci including neurexin-1(NRXN1) (rs1045881), dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) (rs686, rs4532), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) (rs4950928), velocardiofacial syndrome (ARVCF) (rs165815), dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) (rs1076560) were identified higher expression with significant difference in individuals converted into schizophrenia after two years. The Family with Sequence Similarity 230 Member H (FAM230H) gene in the 22q11 region were also found high expression in UHR group. CONCLUSIONS Further expansion of sample size and validation studies are needed to explore the pathogenesis of these risk loci in UHR conversion into schizophrenia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhuo-Hui Huang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ye Ye
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Jiangsu Province 214151, China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fu-Jun Jia
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cai-Lan Hou
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Zhan N, Sham PC, So HC, Lui SSY. The genetic basis of onset age in schizophrenia: evidence and models. Front Genet 2023; 14:1163361. [PMID: 37441552 PMCID: PMC10333597 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1163361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heritable neurocognitive disorder affecting about 1% of the population, and usually has an onset age at around 21-25 in males and 25-30 in females. Recent advances in genetics have helped to identify many common and rare variants for the liability to schizophrenia. Earlier evidence appeared to suggest that younger onset age is associated with higher genetic liability to schizophrenia. Clinical longitudinal research also found that early and very-early onset schizophrenia are associated with poor clinical, neurocognitive, and functional profiles. A recent study reported a heritability of 0.33 for schizophrenia onset age, but the genetic basis of this trait in schizophrenia remains elusive. In the pre-Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) era, genetic loci found to be associated with onset age were seldom replicated. In the post-Genome-Wide Association Study era, new conceptual frameworks are needed to clarify the role of onset age in genetic research in schizophrenia, and to identify its genetic basis. In this review, we first discussed the potential of onset age as a characterizing/subtyping feature for psychosis, and as an important phenotypic dimension of schizophrenia. Second, we reviewed the methods, samples, findings and limitations of previous genetic research on onset age in schizophrenia. Third, we discussed a potential conceptual framework for studying the genetic basis of onset age, as well as the concepts of susceptibility, modifier, and "mixed" genes. Fourth, we discussed the limitations of this review. Lastly, we discussed the potential clinical implications for genetic research of onset age of schizophrenia, and how future research can unveil the potential mechanisms for this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre of PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon S. Y. Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kelley L, Sanders AFP, Beaton EA. Vitamin D deficiency, behavioral atypicality, anxiety and depression in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:616-625. [PMID: 27827293 PMCID: PMC5922262 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a complex developmental disorder with serious medical, cognitive and emotional symptoms across the lifespan. This genetic deletion also imparts a lifetime risk for developing schizophrenia that is 25-30 times that of the general population. The origin of this risk is multifactorial and may include dysregulation of the stress response and immunological systems in relation to brain development. Vitamin D is involved in brain development and neuroprotection, gene transcription, immunological regulation and influences neuronal signal transduction. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with schizophrenia, depression and anxiety in the general population. Yet, little is known about how vitamin D levels in children with 22q11.2DS could mediate risk of psychosis in adulthood. Blood plasma levels of vitamin D were measured in children aged 7-16 years with (n=11) and without (n=16) 22q11.2DS in relation to parent reports of children's anxiety and atypicality. Anxiety and atypicality in childhood are risk indicators for the development of schizophrenia in those with 22q11.2DS and the general population. Children with 22q11.2DS had lower vitamin D levels, as well as elevated anxiety and atypicality compared with typical peers. Higher levels of anxiety, depression and internalizing problems but not atypicality were associated with lower levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D insufficiency may relate to higher levels of anxiety and depression, in turn contributing to the elevated risk of psychosis in this population. Further study is required to determine casual linkages between anxiety, stress, mood and vitamin D in children with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kelley
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A. F. P. Sanders
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - E. A. Beaton
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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4
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Yoon SC, Jang YL, Kim JW, Cho EY, Park DY, Hong KS, Lee YS. Linkage and Association Analyses of Schizophrenia with Genetic Variations on Chromosome 22q11 in Koreans. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:630-636. [PMID: 27909454 PMCID: PMC5128351 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.6.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome 22q11 has been implicated as a susceptibility locus of schizophrenia. It also contains various candidate genes for which evidence of association with schizophrenia has been reported. To determine whether genetic variations in chromosome 22q11 are associated with schizophrenia in Koreans, we performed a linkage analysis and case-control association study. METHODS Three microsatellite markers within a region of 4.35 Mb on 22q11 were genotyped for 47 multiplex schizophrenia families, and a non-parametric linkage analysis was applied. The association analysis was done with 227 unrelated patients and 292 normal controls. For 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a 1.4 Mb region (33 kb interval) containing four candidate schizophrenia genes (DGCR, COMT, PRODH and ZDHHC8), allele frequencies were estimated in pooled DNA samples. RESULTS No significant linkage was found at any of the three microsatellite markers in single and multi-point analyses. Five SNPs showed suggestive evidence of association (p<0.05) and two more SNPs showed a trend for association (p<0.1) in pooled DNA association analysis. Individual genotyping was performed for those seven SNPs and four more intragenic SNPs. In this second analysis, all of the 11 SNPs individually genotyped did not show significant association. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that genetic variations on chromosome 22q11 may not play a major role in Korean schizophrenia patients. Inadequate sample size, densities of genetic markers and differences between location of genetic markers of linkage and association can contribute to an explanation of the negative results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Chang Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Lee Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Genetics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Mental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sang Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yong-In Mental Hospital, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Chow F, Gong Y, Lippa CF. The Potential Role of Insulin on the Shank-Postsynaptic Platform in Neurodegenerative Diseases Involving Cognition. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:303-10. [PMID: 24421411 PMCID: PMC10852640 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513518645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of synaptic function is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other central nervous system (CNS) degenerations. A promising candidate in the regulation of synaptic function is Shank, a protein that serves as a scaffold for excitatory synaptic receptors and proteins. Loss of Shank alters structure and function of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Shank proteins are associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor loss at the PSD in AD; mutations in Shank also lead to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia, both of which affect cognition, suggesting that Shank may play a common pathologic role in AD, ASD, and schizophrenia. Shank protein directly associates with insulin receptor substrate protein p53 in PSD. Insulin and insulin sensitizers have been used in clinical trials for these diseases; this suggests that insulin signals may alter protein homeostasis at the shank-postsynaptic platform in PSDs; insulin could improve the function of synapses in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Chow
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuesong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol F Lippa
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Grabrucker S, Proepper C, Mangus K, Eckert M, Chhabra R, Schmeisser MJ, Boeckers TM, Grabrucker AM. The PSD protein ProSAP2/Shank3 displays synapto-nuclear shuttling which is deregulated in a schizophrenia-associated mutation. Exp Neurol 2013; 253:126-37. [PMID: 24382453 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mutations in ProSAP2/Shank3 have been discovered as one of the genetic factors for schizophrenia (SCZ). Here, we show that the postsynaptic density protein ProSAP2/Shank3 undergoes activity dependent synapse-to-nucleus shuttling in hippocampal neurons. Our study shows that the de novo mutation (R1117X) in ProSAP2/Shank3 that was identified in a patient with SCZ leads to an accumulation of mutated ProSAP2/Shank3 within the nucleus independent of synaptic activity. Furthermore, we identified novel nuclear ProSAP2/Shank3 interaction partners. Nuclear localization of mutated ProSAP2/Shank3 alters transcription of several genes, among them already identified genetic risk factors for SCZ such as Synaptotagmin 1 and LRRTM1. Comparing the SCZ mutation of ProSAP2/Shank3 to the knockdown of ProSAP2/Shank3 we found some shared features such as reduced synaptic density in neuronal cultures. However, hippocampal neurons expressing the ProSAP2/Shank3 SCZ mutation furthermore show altered E/I ratio and reduced dendritic branching. Thus, we conclude that the uncoupling of ProSAP2/Shank3 nuclear shuttling from synaptic activity may represent a molecular mechanism that contributes to the pathology of SCZ in patients with mutations in ProSAP2/Shank3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grabrucker
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Mangus
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matti Eckert
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Resham Chhabra
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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7
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Jouan L, Gauthier J, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Rare variants in complex traits: novel identification strategies and the role of de novo mutations. Hum Hered 2013; 74:215-25. [PMID: 23594499 DOI: 10.1159/000346478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the limited success of linkage and association studies aimed at identifying the genetic causes of common neurodevelopmental syndromes like autism and schizophrenia, complex traits such as these have recently been considered under the 'common disease-rare variant' hypothesis. Prior to this hypothesis, the study of candidate genes has enabled the discovery of rare variants in complex disorders, and in turn some of these variants have highlighted the genetic contribution of de novo variants. De novo variants belong to a subcategory of spontaneous rare variants that are largely associated with sporadic diseases, which include some complex psychiatric disorders where the affected individuals do not transmit the genetic defects they carry because of their reduced reproductive fitness. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated the rate of germline de novo mutations to be higher in individuals with complex psychiatric disorders by comparison to what is seen in unaffected control individuals; moreover, de novo mutations carried by affected individuals have generally been more deleterious than those observed in control individuals. Advanced sequencing technologies have recently enabled the undertaking of massive parallel sequencing projects that can cover the entire coding sequences (exome) or genome of several individuals at once. Such advances have thus fostered the emergence of novel genetic hypotheses and ideas to investigate disease-causative genetic variations. The genetic underpinnings of a number of sporadic complex diseases is now becoming partly explained and more major breakthroughs for complex traits genomics should be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Jouan
- Center of Excellence in Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Yang HC, Liu CM, Liu YL, Chen CW, Chang CC, Fann CSJ, Chiou JJ, Yang UC, Chen CH, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. The DAO gene is associated with schizophrenia and interacts with other genes in the Taiwan Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60099. [PMID: 23555897 PMCID: PMC3610748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease with a polygenic mode of inheritance. Many studies have contributed to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia, but little is known about how interactions among genes affect the risk of schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the associations and interactions among genes that confer vulnerability to schizophrenia and to examine the moderating effect of neuropsychological impairment. METHODS We analyzed 99 SNPs from 10 candidate genes in 1,512 subject samples. The permutation-based single-locus, multi-locus association tests, and a gene-based multifactorial dimension reduction procedure were used to examine genetic associations and interactions to schizophrenia. RESULTS We found that no single SNP was significantly associated with schizophrenia. However, a risk haplotype, namely A-T-C of the SNP triplet rsDAO7-rsDAO8-rsDAO13 of the DAO gene, was strongly associated with schizophrenia. Interaction analyses identified multiple between-gene and within-gene interactions. Between-gene interactions including DAO*DISC1 , DAO*NRG1 and DAO*RASD2 and a within-gene interaction for CACNG2 were found among schizophrenia subjects with severe sustained attention deficits, suggesting a modifying effect of impaired neuropsychological functioning. Other interactions such as the within-gene interaction of DAO and the between-gene interaction of DAO and PTK2B were consistently identified regardless of stratification by neuropsychological dysfunction. Importantly, except for the within-gene interaction of CACNG2, all of the identified risk haplotypes and interactions involved SNPs from DAO. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DAO, which is involved in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor regulation, signaling and glutamate metabolism, is the master gene of the genetic associations and interactions underlying schizophrenia. Besides, the interaction between DAO and RASD2 has provided an insight in integrating the glutamate and dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Cathy S. J. Fann
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ueng-Cheng Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Medical Genetics Research Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, and Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Raffa M, Lakhdar R, Ghachem M, Barhoumi S, Safar MT, Bel Hadj Jrad B, Haj Khelil A, Kerkeni A, Mechri A. Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a case-control study in a Tunisian population. Gene 2012; 512:282-5. [PMID: 23107768 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence found in the literature that supports the fact that the presence of oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) forms one of the major detoxifying groups of enzymes responsible for eliminating products of oxidative stress. Interindividual differences observed in the metabolism of xenobiotics have been attributed to the genetic polymorphism of genes coding for enzymes involved in detoxification. Thus, in this study we investigated the association of glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) gene deletion polymorphisms and schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. A case-control study including 138 schizophrenic patients and 123 healthy controls was enrolled. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No association was found between the GSTM1 genotype and schizophrenia, whereas the prevalence of the GSTT1 active genotype was significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients (57.2%) than in the controls (45.5%) with (OR=0.6, IC 0.37-0.99, p=0.039). Thus, we noted a significant association between schizophrenia and GSTT1 active genotype. Furthermore, the combination of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes showed a non-significant trend to an increased risk of schizophrenia. The present finding indicated that GSTT1 seems to be a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia in at least Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Raffa
- Research Laboratory of "Trace elements, free radicals and antioxidants", Biophysical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
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10
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Lips ES, Cornelisse LN, Toonen RF, Min JL, Hultman CM, Holmans PA, O'Donovan MC, Purcell SM, Smit AB, Verhage M, Sullivan PF, Visscher PM, Posthuma D. Functional gene group analysis identifies synaptic gene groups as risk factor for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:996-1006. [PMID: 21931320 PMCID: PMC3449234 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with a polygenic pattern of inheritance and a population prevalence of ~1%. Previous studies have implicated synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. We tested the accumulated association of genetic variants in expert-curated synaptic gene groups with schizophrenia in 4673 cases and 4965 healthy controls, using functional gene group analysis. Identifying groups of genes with similar cellular function rather than genes in isolation may have clinical implications for finding additional drug targets. We found that a group of 1026 synaptic genes was significantly associated with the risk of schizophrenia (P=7.6 × 10(-11)) and more strongly associated than 100 randomly drawn, matched control groups of genetic variants (P<0.01). Subsequent analysis of synaptic subgroups suggested that the strongest association signals are derived from three synaptic gene groups: intracellular signal transduction (P=2.0 × 10(-4)), excitability (P=9.0 × 10(-4)) and cell adhesion and trans-synaptic signaling (P=2.4 × 10(-3)). These results are consistent with a role of synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia and imply that impaired intracellular signal transduction in synapses, synaptic excitability and cell adhesion and trans-synaptic signaling play a role in the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lips
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L N Cornelisse
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J L Min
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Ulleråker, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - the International Schizophrenia Consortium13
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Ulleråker, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Medical Genomics, VU Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P A Holmans
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M C O'Donovan
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A B Smit
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P M Visscher
- Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - D Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genomics, VU Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Levinson DF, Shi J, Wang K, Oh S, Riley B, Pulver AE, Wildenauer DB, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, Gejman PV, Owen MJ, Kendler KS, Nestadt G, Schwab SG, Mallet J, Nertney D, Sanders AR, Williams NM, Wormley B, Lasseter VK, Albus M, Godard-Bauché S, Alexander M, Duan J, O'Donovan MC, Walsh D, O'Neill A, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Maier W, Lerer B, Campion D, Cohen D, Jay M, Fanous A, Eichhammer P, Silverman JM, Norton N, Zhang N, Hakonarson H, Gao C, Citri A, Hansen M, Ripke S, Dudbridge F, Holmans PA. Genome-wide association study of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:963-73. [PMID: 22885689 PMCID: PMC6927206 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of multiply affected families to investigate the association of schizophrenia to common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs). METHOD The family sample included 2,461 individuals from 631 pedigrees (581 in the primary European-ancestry analyses). Association was tested for single SNPs and genetic pathways. Polygenic scores based on family study results were used to predict case-control status in the Schizophrenia Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) data set, and consistency of direction of effect with the family study was determined for top SNPs in the PGC GWAS analysis. Within-family segregation was examined for schizophrenia-associated rare CNVs. RESULTS No genome-wide significant associations were observed for single SNPs or for pathways. PGC case and control subjects had significantly different genome-wide polygenic scores (computed by weighting their genotypes by log-odds ratios from the family study) (best p=10(-17), explaining 0.4% of the variance). Family study and PGC analyses had consistent directions for 37 of the 58 independent best PGC SNPs (p=0.024). The overall frequency of CNVs in regions with reported associations with schizophrenia (chromosomes 1q21.1, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, and 22q11.2 and the neurexin-1 gene [NRXN1]) was similar to previous case-control studies. NRXN1 deletions and 16p11.2 duplications (both of which were transmitted from parents) and 22q11.2 deletions (de novo in four cases) did not segregate with schizophrenia in families. CONCLUSIONS Many common SNPs are likely to contribute to schizophrenia risk, with substantial overlap in genetic risk factors between multiply affected families and cases in large case-control studies. Our findings are consistent with a role for specific CNVs in disease pathogenesis, but the partial segregation of some CNVs with schizophrenia suggests that researchers should exercise caution in using them for predictive genetic testing until their effects in diverse populations have been fully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA.
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12
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Mura G, Petretto DR, Bhat KM, Carta MG. Schizophrenia: from epidemiology to rehabilitation. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2012; 8:52-66. [PMID: 22962559 PMCID: PMC3434422 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901208010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Objective: We discuss recent evidences about schizophrenia (frequency, onset, course, risk factors and genetics) and their influences to some epidemiological myths about schizophrenia diffuse between psychiatric and psychopathology clinicians. The scope is to evaluate if the new acquisitions may change the rehabilitation approaches to schizophrenia modifying the balance about the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia accepting that the cognitive deficits are produced by errors during the normal development of the brain (neurodevelopmental hypothesis) that remains stable in the course of illness and the neurodegenerative hypothesis according of which they derived from a degenerative process that goes on inexorably. Research Method/Design: A review of the literature about epidemiology of schizophrenia has been performed and the contributions of some of these evidence to neurodevelopmental hypothesis and to rehabilitation has been described. Results: It cannot be definitively concluded for or against the neurodevelopmental or degenerative hypothesis, but efforts in understanding basis of schizophrenia must go on. Until now, rehabilitation programs are based on the vulnerability-stress model: supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances. So, rehabilitation approaches (as neuro-cognitive approaches, social skill training, cognitive-emotional training) are focused on the individual and micro-group coping skills, aiming to help people with schizophrenia to cope with environmental stress factors. Conclusions/Implications: Coping of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may represents the starting-point for further research on schizophrenia, cohort studies and randomized trials are necessary to defined the range of effectiveness and the outcome of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Mura
- Consultation Liaison Psychiatric Unit at the University Hospital of Cagliari, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari - Italy
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13
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Trinh MA, Kaphzan H, Wek RC, Pierre P, Cavener DR, Klann E. Brain-specific disruption of the eIF2α kinase PERK decreases ATF4 expression and impairs behavioral flexibility. Cell Rep 2012; 1:676-88. [PMID: 22813743 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational control depends on phosphorylation of eIF2α by PKR-like ER kinase (PERK). To examine the role of PERK in cognitive function, we selectively disrupted PERK expression in the adult mouse forebrain. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of PERK-deficient mice, eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 expression were diminished and were associated with enhanced behavioral perseveration, decreased prepulse inhibition, reduced fear extinction, and impaired behavioral flexibility. Treatment with the glycine transporter inhibitor SSR504734 normalized eIF2α phosphorylation, ATF4 expression, and behavioral flexibility in PERK-deficient mice. Moreover, the expression levels of PERK and ATF4 were reduced in the frontal cortex of human patients with schizophrenia. Together, our findings reveal that PERK plays a critical role in information processing and cognitive function and that modulation of eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 expression may represent an effective strategy for treating behavioral inflexibility associated with several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi A Trinh
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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14
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Gravina P, Spoletini I, Masini S, Valentini A, Vanni D, Paladini E, Bossù P, Caltagirone C, Federici G, Spalletta G, Bernardini S. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 as risk factors for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187:454-6. [PMID: 21093063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is thought to play a role in the predisposition to schizophrenia. We determined if the polymorphisms of the GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTA1 genes, which affect the activity of these enzymes against oxidative stress, have a role as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, analyzing 138 schizophrenic patients and 133 healthy controls. We found that the combination of the absence of GSTM1 gene with the of the GSTM1 gene with the polymorphism GSTA1*B/*B, and the presence of the GSTT1 gene, represents a risk factor for schizophrenia, indicating that the combination of different GST polymorphisms has a role in the predisposition to schizophrenia, probably affecting the capacity of the cell to detoxify the oxidized metabolites of catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gravina
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, PTV, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Schanze D, Ekici AB, Gawlik M, Pfuhlmann B, Reis A, Stöber G. Evaluation of risk loci for schizophrenia derived from genome-wide association studies in a German population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156:198-203. [PMID: 21302348 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the genome-wide association study (GWAS) on schizophrenia [O'Donovan et al. (2008); Nat Genet 40:1053–1055] a UK-sample of 479 cases with DSM-IV schizophrenia was genotyped in comparison to control subjects with follow up of 12 putative loci in international replication sets of approximately 15,000 cases and controls. In these cohorts and a combined bipolar and schizophrenia UK-sample, six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) supported association, with the strongest evidence for SNP-marker rs1344706 at the zinc finger ZNF804A locus on chromosome 2q32.1 (P = 1.61 × 10−7). We attempted replication of these findings in a German population of 2,154 individuals (632 with affective disorders, 937 with schizophrenia, and 585 controls), but found none of the GWAS risk alleles significantly associated with psychosis. Particularly rs1344706, initially surpassing the genome-wide significance level in an extended phenotype of schizophrenia and affective disorder, produced consistently negative results. At the ZNF804A locus estimated Odds ratios reached 1.08 (0.93–1.26 95% CI) for the schizophrenia sample and 1.04 (0.90–1.20 95% CI) for the combined set of cases with schizophrenia and affective disorder. The main limitation of our study may be the reduced power of the sample size, but our data may be useful for future meta-analysis of GWA data sets. Although GWAS have proven extraordinary successful in identifying susceptibility genes for complex genetic disorders, the hypothesis of common genetic variants in the complex group of the schizophrenic psychoses with small effect size but relatively high frequency is still put to further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Amagane H, Watanabe Y, Kaneko N, Nunokawa A, Muratake T, Ishiguro H, Arinami T, Ujike H, Inada T, Iwata N, Kunugi H, Sasaki T, Hashimoto R, Itokawa M, Ozaki N, Someya T. Failure to find an association between myosin heavy chain 9, non-muscle (MYH9) and schizophrenia: a three-stage case-control association study. Schizophr Res 2010; 118:106-12. [PMID: 20188514 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several genome-wide linkage studies have suggested linkage between markers on the long arm of chromosome 22 and schizophrenia. It has also been reported that 22q11.2 deletions increase the risk of schizophrenia. Therefore, 22q is a candidate region for schizophrenia. To search for genetic susceptibility loci for schizophrenia on 22q, we conducted a three-stage case-control association study in Japanese individuals. In the first stage, we examined 13 microsatellite markers on 22q in 766 individuals (340 patients with schizophrenia and 426 control individuals) and found a potential association of AFM262VH5 (D22S283) with schizophrenia. In the second stage, we performed fine mapping of the myosin heavy chain 9, non-muscle (MYH9) gene, where AFM262VH5 is located, using 25 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We obtained potential associations between three SNPs in MYH9 and schizophrenia in 1193 individuals (595 patients and 598 controls), which included the individuals analyzed in the first stage. In the third stage, however, we could not replicate these associations in 4694 independent individuals (2288 patients and 2406 controls). Our results suggest that MYH9 does not confer increased susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Japanese population, although we could not exclude possible contributions of other genes on 22q to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amagane
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Asahimachidori-ichibancho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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17
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De novo mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 in patients ascertained for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7863-8. [PMID: 20385823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906232107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia likely results from poorly understood genetic and environmental factors. We studied the gene encoding the synaptic protein SHANK3 in 285 controls and 185 schizophrenia patients with unaffected parents. Two de novo mutations (R1117X and R536W) were identified in two families, one being found in three affected brothers, suggesting germline mosaicism. Zebrafish and rat hippocampal neuron assays revealed behavior and differentiation defects resulting from the R1117X mutant. As mutations in SHANK3 were previously reported in autism, the occurrence of SHANK3 mutations in subjects with a schizophrenia phenotype suggests a molecular genetic link between these two neurodevelopmental disorders.
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18
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Kushima I, Aleksic B, Ikeda M, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Ito Y, Nakamura Y, Inada T, Iwata N, Ozaki N. Association study of bromodomain-containing 1 gene with schizophrenia in Japanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:786-91. [PMID: 19908236 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q13 region has been implicated in schizophrenia in several linkage studies. Genes within this locus are therefore promising genetic and biologic candidate genes for schizophrenia if they are expressed in the brain or predicted to have some role in brain development. A recent study reported that bromodomain-containing 1 gene (BRD1), located in 22q13, showed an association with schizophrenia in a Scottish population. Except for being a putative regulator of transcription, the precise function of BRD1 is not clear; however, expression analysis of BRD1 mRNA revealed widespread expression in mammalian brains. In our study, we explored the association of BRD1 with schizophrenia in a Japanese population (626 cases and 770 controls). In this association analysis, we first examined 10 directly genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 20 imputed SNPs. Second, we compared the BRD1 mRNA levels between cases and controls using lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from 29 cases and 30 controls. Although the SNP (rs138880) that previously has been associated with schizophrenia showed the same trend in the Japanese population, no significant association was detected between BRD1 and schizophrenia in our study. Similarly, no significant differences in BRD1 mRNA levels in LCLs were detected. Taken together, we could not strongly show that common SNPs in the BRD1 gene account for a substantial proportion of the genetic risk for schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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19
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Nyegaard M, Severinsen JE, Als TD, Hedemand A, Straarup S, Nordentoft M, McQuillin A, Bass N, Lawrence J, Thirumalai S, Pereira ACP, Kandaswamy R, Lydall GJ, Sklar P, Scolnick E, Purcell S, Curtis D, Gurling HMD, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Børglum AD. Support of association between BRD1 and both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:582-591. [PMID: 19693800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A recent study published by our group implicated the bromodomain containing protein 1 (BRD1) gene located at chromosome 22q13.33 with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPD) susceptibility and provided evidence suggesting a possible role for BRD1 in neurodevelopment. The present study reports an association analysis of BRD1 and the neighboring gene ZBED4 using a Caucasian case-control sample from Denmark and England (UK/DK sample: 490 patients with BPD, 527 patients with SZ, and 601 control individuals), and genotypes obtained from a BPD genome wide association (GWA) study of an overlapping English sample comprising 506 patients with BPD and 510 control individuals (UCL sample). In the UK/DK sample we genotyped 11 SNPs in the BRD1 region, of which six showed association with SZ (minimal single marker P-values of 0.0014), including two SNPs that previously showed association in a Scottish population [Severinsen et al. (2006); Mol Psychiatry 11(12): 1126-1138]. Haplotype analysis revealed specific risk as well as protective haplotypes with a minimal P-value of 0.0027. None of the 11 SNPs showed association with BPD. However, analyzing seven BRD1 SNPs obtained from the BPD GWA study, positive associations with BPD was observed with all markers (minimal P-value of 0.0014). The associations reported add further support for the implication of BRD1 with SZ and BPD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Nyegaard
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas D Als
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anne Hedemand
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Straarup
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ana C P Pereira
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Radhika Kandaswamy
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gregory J Lydall
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Broad Institute (MIT/Harvard), Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Shaun Purcell
- Broad Institute (MIT/Harvard), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Curtis
- Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Hugh M D Gurling
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute for Medical Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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20
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Bjarkam CR, Corydon TJ, Olsen IML, Pallesen J, Nyegaard M, Fryland T, Mors O, Børglum AD. Further immunohistochemical characterization of BRD1 a new susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 214:37-47. [PMID: 19763615 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the gene BRD1 is associated with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder and that the BRD1 protein (BRD1) which is expressed in neurons may occur in a short and a long variant. The aim of the study was to generate polyclonal antibodies against new BRD1 epitopes enabling discrimination between the long and short BRD1 variants, and elucidate the BRD1 distribution in several human tissues, including the CNS. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were raised against three different BRD1 epitopes. One (67) was specific for the long BRD1 variant, whereas the two others (63/64 and 65/66) like the original monoclonal mouse antibody (K22) were predicted to stain both variants. Immunohistochemical staining procedures were subsequently performed on paraffin-embedded human cerebral cortex and microarray slides containing 30 different human tissues. Western blotting confirmed the predicted specificity of the developed antibodies. K22, 63/64 and 65/66 displayed a similar neuronal staining pattern characterized by a distinct but weak nuclear staining, while the surrounding cytoplasm and proximal dendrites were more intensely stained. Interestingly, staining with 67 generated in contrast primarily an intense nuclear staining. The new antibodies resulted, furthermore, in a prominent neuroglial reaction characterized by staining of cell bodies, nuclei and glial processes. The tissue microarray analysis revealed that BRD1 was widely distributed in human tissues. The particular expression profile, e.g., the degree of nuclear and/or cytoplasmatic staining, seemed, however, to be highly tissue dependent. These results suggest a general role of BRD1 in the cell and stress that the two BRD1 variants may play different roles in the etiology of psychiatric disease.
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21
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Holmans PA, Riley B, Pulver AE, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Gejman PV, Mowry BJ, Laurent C, Kendler KS, Nestadt G, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Sanders AR, Nertney D, Mallet J, Wormley B, Lasseter VK, O'Donovan MC, Duan J, Albus M, Alexander M, Godard S, Ribble R, Liang KY, Norton N, Maier W, Papadimitriou G, Walsh D, Jay M, O'Neill A, Lerer FB, Dikeos D, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Levinson DF. Genomewide linkage scan of schizophrenia in a large multicenter pedigree sample using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:786-95. [PMID: 19223858 PMCID: PMC2714870 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A genomewide linkage scan was carried out in eight clinical samples of informative schizophrenia families. After all quality control checks, the analysis of 707 European-ancestry families included 1615 affected and 1602 unaffected genotyped individuals, and the analysis of all 807 families included 1900 affected and 1839 unaffected individuals. Multipoint linkage analysis with correction for marker-marker linkage disequilibrium was carried out with 5861 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Illumina version 4.0 linkage map). Suggestive evidence for linkage (European families) was observed on chromosomes 8p21, 8q24.1, 9q34 and 12q24.1 in nonparametric and/or parametric analyses. In a logistic regression allele-sharing analysis of linkage allowing for intersite heterogeneity, genomewide significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 10p12. Significant heterogeneity was also observed on chromosome 22q11.1. Evidence for linkage across family sets and analyses was most consistent on chromosome 8p21, with a one-LOD support interval that does not include the candidate gene NRG1, suggesting that one or more other susceptibility loci might exist in the region. In this era of genomewide association and deep resequencing studies, consensus linkage regions deserve continued attention, given that linkage signals can be produced by many types of genomic variation, including any combination of multiple common or rare SNPs or copy number variants in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Lewis AG, Minchin RF. Lack of exonic sulfotransferase 4A1 mutations in controls and schizophrenia cases. Psychiatr Genet 2009; 19:53-5. [PMID: 19125109 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283118776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferase 4A1 (SULT4A1) is a novel sulfotransferase expressed almost exclusively in the brain. The gene is located on chromosome 22q13.3, a region implicated in predisposition to schizophrenia. Recently, a variable microsatellite region located upstream of SULT4A1 was found to be associated with an increase in schizophrenia risk. We hypothesised that if functional dysregulation of SULT4A1 was involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia, then genetic variants in the coding sequence of SULT4A1 might be identified in cases compared with controls. To test this, we carried out a mutation analysis of the coding region (exons 2-7) in 71 Australian schizophrenia cases and 69 controls. We found no mutations, either synonymous or nonsynonymous, in either cohort. However, intronic variants (IVS5+12 C>T and IVS5+28 G>C) were identified, the frequency of which was not statistically different between cases and controls. The lack of polymorphisms in the coding region of the SULT4A1 gene is highly unusual and, along with its high conservation between species, suggests that SULT4A1 may have an important function in vivo. However, our findings do not support the hypothesis that germline mutations in the coding region of SULT4A1 contribute to susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Lewis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Qu M, Tang F, Wang L, Yan H, Han Y, Yan J, Yue W, Zhang D. Associations of ATF4 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in male patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:732-6. [PMID: 18163433 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is considered as a positional candidate gene for schizophrenia due to its location at chromosome 22q13, a region linked to schizophrenia. Furthermore, as protein interaction partner of ATF4, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and its signal pathway implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have been widely supported by a number of genetic and neurobiological studies. Our aim was to investigate whether ATF4 is associated with schizophrenia in case-control samples of Han Chinese subjects consisting of 352 schizophrenia patients and 357 healthy controls. We detected 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ATF4 locus, two of which were analyzed, including one insertion at the putative core promoter region (rs17001266, -/C) and one nonsynonymous variant in exon 1 (rs4894, C/A, Pro22Gln). Allele distributions of two SNPs showed significant associations with schizophrenia in male subjects (respectively, rs17001266: P = 0.021, OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07-2.33; rs4894: P = 0.004, OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.19-2.67), but not in female subjects as well as the entire population. Two haplotypes CC and -A constructed of rs17001266-rs4894 also revealed significant associations with schizophrenia in male group (global P = 0.0097). These findings support that ATF4 gene may be involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia with sex-dependent effect in the Chinese Han population and suggest that further functional assays are needed to verify their relevance to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qu
- Key Laboratory for Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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24
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Burmeister M, McInnis MG, Zöllner S. Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:527-40. [PMID: 18560438 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several psychiatric disorders--such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism--are highly heritable, yet identifying their genetic basis has been challenging, with most discoveries failing to be replicated. However, inroads have been made by the incorporation of intermediate traits (endophenotypes) and of environmental factors into genetic analyses, and through the identification of rare inherited variants and novel structural mutations. Current efforts aim to increase sample sizes by gathering larger samples for case-control studies or through meta-analyses of such studies. More attention on unique families, rare variants, and on incorporating environment and the emerging knowledge of biological function and pathways into genetic analysis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Burmeister
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 5061 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.
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Luu SU, Liao HM, Hung TW, Liu BY, Cheng MC, Liao DL, Chen SJ, Chen CH. Mutation analysis of adenosine A2a receptor gene and interaction study with dopamine D2 receptor gene in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2008; 18:43. [PMID: 18197085 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3281b1173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cheng MC, Chen CH. Identification of rare mutations of synaptogyrin 1 gene in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:1027-31. [PMID: 17049558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synaptogyrin 1 gene (SYNGR1) is considered as a positional candidate gene for schizophrenia because of its location at chromosome 22q13, a region linked to schizophrenia, and its reduced expression in postmortem brain of patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, genetic studies also reported association of SYNGR1 is with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in southern India. Prompted by these findings, we were interested to know if SYNGR1 is also associated with schizophrenia in our population. Therefore, we systematically searched for SYNGR1 mutations in a cohort of Han Chinese patients from Taiwan. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, including three at the putative core promoter region (g.-673A>C, g.-377G>A and g.-318G>T) that are in strong linkage disequilibrium and one in intron 2 (IVS2-64C>G). Computer program predicts that g.-637A>C and g.318G>T may change transcription binding sites of AP-1 and TGT3, respectively. We further carried out SNP- and haplotype-based case-control association studies of these tress SNPs with schizophrenia. However, no association was detected between these SNPs and schizophrenia in our sample. Nevertheless, we identified several rare mutations in exon 6 of SYNGR1 gene in our patient cohort (n=497), including a 3-bp (AAC) in-frame insertion between codon 202 and 203 (P202_T203insN) in two patients, an A-to-G missense mutation (c.665A>G) at codon 222 (D222G) in one patient, a synonymous mutation (c.669C>T) at codon 223 (T223T) in one patient, and a C-to-T at 3' UTR of SYNGR1 (c.772C>T) in one patient. These are mutations were not found in 507 control subjects, suggesting further functional assays are warranted to verify their relevance to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Cheng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien City 970, Taiwan
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Condra JA, Neibergs H, Wei W, Brennan MD. Evidence for two schizophrenia susceptibility genes on chromosome 22q13. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:292-8. [PMID: 17728668 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3281ac2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous linkage scans and meta-analyses for schizophrenia susceptibility loci failed to include the most distal portion of chromosome 22q. Accordingly, 27 families having individuals affected with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were analyzed using a set of highly informative markers covering all of chromosome 22q. METHODS Microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers were evaluated by nonparametric linkage, parametric linkage, and transmission disequilibrium testing of 22q. RESULTS The maximum nonparametric logarithm of odd scores were 2.9 (P=0.0016) for schizophrenia and 2.7 (P=0.003) for a broader disease definition that included schizotypal personality disorder-both at 44.5 cM within the Sult4A1 locus. Parametric models assuming dominant modes of inheritance and genetic heterogeneity gave maximum multipoint logarithm of odd scores for the broader disease definition at the Sult4A1 locus of 3.3 (P=0.0006) and single point logarithm of odd scores of 3.1-4.8 for Sult4A1 markers (P=0.000015-0.0005). A distal locus, centered at 61 cM, shows a maximum nonparametric logarithm of odd scores of 1.5 (P=0.072) for the broader disease definition. Transmission disequilibrium testing for three adjacent microsatellite markers located near the distal linkage peak revealed significant values for marker D22s526 for schizophrenia (P=0.0016-0.14) and for broader disease definitions including schizotypal personality disorder (P=0.0002-0.0003), and both schizotypal personality disorder plus schizoaffective disorder (P=0.00001-0.000077). CONCLUSION At least two separable, but closely linked, loci within 22q13 influencing susceptibility to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Condra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Saadat M, Mobayen F, Farrashbandi H. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase T1: a candidate genetic modifier of individual susceptibility to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007; 153:87-91. [PMID: 17586054 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is highly heritable, but the specific genes involved remain to be determined. A genome wide scan approach has indicated that human chromosome 22q11.2 potentially influences schizophrenia susceptibility. The gene encoding glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), which pertains to phase II biotransformation enzymes, was also mapped to the above-mentioned band. The present case-control study was performed on 292 (206 males, 86 females) in-patients with schizophrenia, and a total of 292 healthy blood donors matched to the patients according to age (+/-5 years) and gender as a control group. The patients were chronic cases. The patients were diagnosed as chronic schizophrenia according to structured clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (clinician version) to confirm and document DSM-IV diagnosis. The GSTT1 genotypes were determined using a PCR-based method. The GSTT1 null genotype was 17.8% and 33.9% in the patients and control groups, respectively. The GSTT1 null genotype was associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing schizophrenia. On the other word, the positive GSTT1 genotype significantly increased the risk of schizophrenia. The present finding indicated that GSTT1 is a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
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Maeno N, Takahashi N, Saito S, Ji X, Ishihara R, Aoyama N, Branko A, Miura H, Ikeda M, Suzuki T, Kitajima T, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Iwata N, Inada T, Ozaki N. Association of SOX10 with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:227-31. [PMID: 17621166 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3280ae6cd8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microarray studies of schizophrenic brains revealed decreases in the expression of myelin and oligodendrocyte-related genes. Of these genes, sex-determining region Y-box 10 (SOX10) is a major transcription factor modulating the expression of proteins involved in neurogenesis and myelination. The SOX10 gene is located on chromosome 22q13.1, a region repeatedly reported to show positive signals in linkage studies on schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to clarify the exact role of SOX10 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. METHODS We performed an association analysis of SOX10 in a Japanese population of 915 schizophrenic patients and 927 controls. Genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. MAIN RESULTS One single nucleotide polymorphism of the SOX10 gene (rs139,887) was selected as a haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphism using 96 controls. A significant association was observed in the genotype and allelic frequency of this single nucleotide polymorphism between schizophrenic patients and controls (P=0.025 and P=0.009, respectively). Especially, a significant association was found in male patients, but not female patients. We also performed a mutational search of the whole coding region, branch site, and promoter region of SOX10 in 96 schizophrenic patients, but no potential functional polymorphisms were detected. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the SOX10 gene is related to the development of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Maeno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Failla P, Romano C, Alberti A, Vasta A, Buono S, Castiglia L, Luciano D, Di Benedetto D, Fichera M, Galesi O. Schizophrenia in a patient with subtelomeric duplication of chromosome 22q. Clin Genet 2007; 71:599-601. [PMID: 17539913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mc Fleming J. The governance of human genetic research databases in mental health research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2007; 30:182-90. [PMID: 17449098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of mental health offers a valuable context in which to examine new challenges presented by human genetic research databases to the legal, ethical and regulatory frameworks for human genetic research. Longitudinal prospective genetic research of psychiatric disorders often involves access to human genetic research databases and to stored tissue for future uses that cannot be specified at the time the patient consents to their collection. The potential of such research to contribute to an improved understanding and treatment of complex genetic diseases such as schizophrenia presupposes sound ethical, legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure public trust and preparedness to participate in such research. This article provides a brief overview of some of the ethical and legal challenges posed by human genetic research databases and their implications for how genetic research should be conducted in the field of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mc Fleming
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Severinsen JE, Bjarkam CR, Kiaer-Larsen S, Olsen IM, Nielsen MM, Blechingberg J, Nielsen AL, Holm IE, Foldager L, Young BD, Muir WJ, Blackwood DHR, Corydon TJ, Mors O, Børglum AD. Evidence implicating BRD1 with brain development and susceptibility to both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:1126-38. [PMID: 16924267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Linkage studies suggest that chromosome 22q12-13 may contain one or more shared susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPD). In a Faeroese sample, we previously reported association between microsatellite markers located at 22q13.31-qtel and both disorders. The present study reports an association analysis across five genes (including 14 single nucleotide and two microsatellite polymorphisms) in this interval using a case-control sample of 162 BPD, 103 SZ patients and 200 controls. The bromodomain-containing 1 gene (BRD1), which encodes a putative regulator of transcription showed association with both disorders with minimal P-values of 0.0046 and 0.00001 for single marker and overall haplotype analysis, respectively. A specific BRD1 2-marker 'risk' haplotype showed a frequency of approximately 10% in the combined case group versus approximately 1% in controls (P-value 2.8 x 10(-7)). Expression analysis of BRD1 mRNA revealed widespread expression in mammalian brain tissue, which was substantiated by immunohistochemical detection of BRD1 protein in the nucleus, perikaryal cytosol and proximal dendrites of the neurons in the adult rat, rabbit and human CNS. Quantitative mRNA analysis in developing fetal pig brain revealed spatiotemporal differences with high expression at early embryonic stages, with intense nuclear and cytosolar immunohistochemical staining of the neuroepithelial layer and early neuroblasts, whilst more mature neurons at later embryonic stages had less nuclear staining. The results implicate BRD1 with SZ and BPD susceptibility and provide evidence that suggests a role for BRD1 in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Severinsen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Aliyu MH, Calkins ME, Swanson CL, Lyons PD, Savage RM, May R, Wiener H, McLeod-Bryant S, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL, Ragland JD, Gur RE, Gur RC, Bradford LD, Edwards N, Kwentus J, McEvoy JP, Santos AB, McCleod-Bryant S, Tennison C, Go RCP, Allen TB. Project among African-Americans to explore risks for schizophrenia (PAARTNERS): recruitment and assessment methods. Schizophr Res 2006; 87:32-44. [PMID: 16887335 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Project among African-Americans to Explore Risks for Schizophrenia (PAARTNERS) is a multi-site, NIMH-funded study that seeks to identify genetic polymorphisms that confer susceptibility to schizophrenia among African-Americans by linkage mapping and targeted association analyses. Because deficits in certain dimensions of cognitive ability are thought to underlie liability to schizophrenia, the project also examines cognitive abilities in individuals affected by schizophrenia and their extended family members. This article describes PAARTNERS study design, ascertainment methods and preliminary sample characteristics. We aim to recruit a sample of 1260 African-American families, all of whom have at least one proband with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The data collection protocol includes a structured Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, Family Interview for Genetic Studies, focused neurocognitive assessment, medical records review, and the collection of blood or buccal cells for genetic analyses. We have currently completed study procedures for 106 affected sib-pair, 457 case-parent trio and 23 multiplex families. A total of 289 probands have completed the best estimate final diagnosis process and 1153 probands and family members have been administered the computerized neuropsychological battery. This project lays the foundation for future analysis of cognitive and behavioral endophenotypes. This novel integration of diagnostic, neurocognitive and genetic data will also generate valuable information for future phenotypic and genetic studies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktar H Aliyu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, and Duke University Medical Center-John Umstead Hospital, Butner, NC, United States.
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Seeman P, Schwarz J, Chen JF, Szechtman H, Perreault M, McKnight GS, Roder JC, Quirion R, Boksa P, Srivastava LK, Yanai K, Weinshenker D, Sumiyoshi T. Psychosis pathways converge via D2high dopamine receptors. Synapse 2006; 60:319-46. [PMID: 16786561 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to identify a target or biomarker of altered neurochemical sensitivity that is common to the many animal models of human psychoses associated with street drugs, brain injury, steroid use, birth injury, and gene alterations. Psychosis in humans can be caused by amphetamine, phencyclidine, steroids, ethanol, and brain lesions such as hippocampal, cortical, and entorhinal lesions. Strikingly, all of these drugs and lesions in rats lead to dopamine supersensitivity and increase the high-affinity states of dopamine D2 receptors, or D2High, by 200-400% in striata. Similar supersensitivity and D2High elevations occur in rats born by Caesarian section and in rats treated with corticosterone or antipsychotics such as reserpine, risperidone, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and clozapine, with the latter two inducing elevated D2High states less than that caused by haloperidol or olanzapine. Mice born with gene knockouts of some possible schizophrenia susceptibility genes are dopamine supersensitive, and their striata reveal markedly elevated D2High states; suchgenes include dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, dopamine D4 receptors, G protein receptor kinase 6, tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, the trace amine-1 receptor, regulator of G protein signaling RGS9, and the RIIbeta form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Striata from mice that are not dopamine supersensitive did not reveal elevated D2High states; these include mice with knockouts of adenosine A2A receptors, glycogen synthase kinase GSK3beta, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, dopamine D1 or D3 receptors, histamine H1, H2, or H3 receptors, and rats treated with ketanserin or aD1 antagonist. The evidence suggests that there are multiple pathways that convergetoelevate the D2High state in brain regions and that this elevation may elicit psychosis. This proposition is supported by the dopamine supersensitivity that is a common feature of schizophrenia and that also occurs in many types of genetically altered, drug-altered, and lesion-altered animals. Dopamine supersensitivity, in turn, correlates with D2High states. The finding that all antipsychotics, traditional and recent ones, act on D2High dopamine receptors further supports the proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Seeman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, and Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Arinami T. Analyses of the associations between the genes of 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:1037-1045. [PMID: 16969581 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, debilitating mental disorder characterized by profound disturbances of cognition, emotion and social functioning. The lifetime morbid risk is surprisingly uniform at slightly less than 1% across different populations and different cultures. The evidence of genetic risk factors is our strongest clue to the cause of schizophrenia. Linkage and association analyses have identified genes associated with the development of schizophrenia. However, most of the alleles or haplotypes identified thus far have only a weak association or are reported to be population specific. A deletion of 22q11.2 that causes the most common microdeletion syndrome (22q11DS) with an estimated prevalence of 1:2,500-1:4,000 live births may represent one of the greatest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a late manifestation in approximately 30% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion, comparable to the risk to offspring of two parents with schizophrenia. Clinical and neuroimaging assessments indicate that 22q11DS-schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Recent studies have provided evidence that haploinsufficiency of TBX1 is likely to be responsible for many of the physical features associated with the deletion. Most of the genes in the 22q11 deletion region are conserved together on mouse chromosome 16, enabling the generation of mouse models. Similarities in the cardiovascular and other phenotypes between 22q11DS patients and mouse models can provide important insights into roles of genes in neurobehavioral phenotypes. Because more than one gene in the 22q11DS region is likely to contribute to the marked risk for schizophrenia, further extensive studies are necessary. Analyses of 22q11DS will help clarify the molecular pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Mah S, Nelson MR, Delisi LE, Reneland RH, Markward N, James MR, Nyholt DR, Hayward N, Handoko H, Mowry B, Kammerer S, Braun A. Identification of the semaphorin receptor PLXNA2 as a candidate for susceptibility to schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:471-8. [PMID: 16402134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility is a key challenge in understanding the etiology of this disease. Here, we report the identification of a novel schizophrenia candidate gene on chromosome 1q32, plexin A2 (PLXNA2), in a genome-wide association study using 320 patients with schizophrenia of European descent and 325 matched controls. Over 25,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within approximately 14,000 genes were tested. Out of 62 markers found to be associated with disease status, the most consistent finding was observed for a candidate locus on chromosome 1q32. The marker SNP rs752016 showed suggestive association with schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, P = 0.006). This result was confirmed in an independent case-control sample of European Americans (combined OR = 1.38, P = 0.035) and similar genetic effects were observed in smaller subsets of Latin Americans (OR = 1.26) and Asian Americans (OR = 1.37). Supporting evidence was also obtained from two family-based collections, one of which reached statistical significance (OR = 2.2, P = 0.02). High-density SNP mapping showed that the region of association spans approximately 60 kb of the PLXNA2 gene. Eight out of 14 SNPs genotyped showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls. These results are in accordance with previous genetic findings that identified chromosome 1q32 as a candidate region for schizophrenia. PLXNA2 is a member of the transmembrane semaphorin receptor family that is involved in axonal guidance during development and may modulate neuronal plasticity and regeneration. The PLXNA2 ligand semaphorin 3A has been shown to be upregulated in the cerebellum of individuals with schizophrenia. These observations, together with the genetic results, make PLXNA2 a likely candidate for the 1q32 schizophrenia susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mah
- Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Moon HJ, Yim SV, Lee WK, Jeon YW, Kim YH, Ko YJ, Lee KS, Lee KH, Han SI, Rha HK. Identification of DNA copy-number aberrations by array-comparative genomic hybridization in patients with schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:531-9. [PMID: 16630559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are implicated as important markers for the pathogenesis in patients with schizophrenia. In this study, with using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we analyzed DNA copy-number changes among 30 patients with schizophrenia. The most frequent changes were partial gain of Xq23 (52%) and loss of 3q13.12 (32%). Other frequent gains were found in: 1p, 6q, 10p, 11p, 11q, 14p, and 15q regions, and frequent losses were found in: 2p, 9q, 10q, 14q, 20q, and 22q regions. The set of abnormal regions was confirmed by real-time PCR (9q12, 9q34.2, 11p15.4, 14q32.33, 15q15.1, 22q11.21, and Xq23). All real-time PCR results were consistent with the array-CGH results. Therefore, it is suggested that array-CGH and real-time PCR analysis could be used as powerful tools in screening for schizophrenia-related genes. Our results might be useful for further exploration of candidate genomic regions in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
It has become obvious from epidemiological studies in families of patients affected or from twin studies, that most psychiatric disorders are in part genetically determined. Genetics have raised incredible hopes that the complex nature of psychiatric disorders might be unravelled. However, progress in psychiatry genetics have met major difficulties that have hampered psychiatry taking advantage of the new technologies as compared to other fields, such as neurology. In this non-exhaustive review, we propose an overview from the initial evidence to the expected future, through a critical statement on the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM E0117-Paris V, Université René Descartes, Paris; Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 7 Rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France.
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Hiroi N, Zhu H, Lee M, Funke B, Arai M, Itokawa M, Kucherlapati R, Morrow B, Sawamura T, Agatsuma S. A 200-kb region of human chromosome 22q11.2 confers antipsychotic-responsive behavioral abnormalities in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:19132-7. [PMID: 16365290 PMCID: PMC1323212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509635102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chromosome 22q11.2 has been implicated in various behavioral abnormalities, including schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric/behavioral disorders. However, the specific genes within 22q11.2 that contribute to these disorders are still poorly understood. Here, we show that an approximately 200-kb segment of human 22q11.2 causes specific behavioral abnormalities in mice. Mice that overexpress an approximately 200-kb region of human 22q11.2, containing CDCrel, GP1Bbeta, TBX1, and WDR14, exhibited spontaneous sensitization of hyperactivity and a lack of habituation. These effects were ameliorated by antipsychotic drugs. The transgenic mice were also impaired in nesting behavior. Although Tbx1 has been shown to be responsible for many physical defects associated with 22q11.2 haploinsufficiency, Tbx1 heterozygous mice did not display these behavioral abnormalities. Our results show that the approximately 200-kb region of 22q11.2 contains a gene(s) responsible for behavioral abnormalities and suggest that distinct genetic components within 22q11.2 mediate physical and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Arinami T, Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Ujike H, Tanaka Y, Morita Y, Mineta M, Takeichi M, Yamada S, Imamura A, Ohara K, Shibuya H, Ohara K, Suzuki Y, Muratake T, Kaneko N, Someya T, Inada T, Yoshikawa T, Toyota T, Yamada K, Kojima T, Takahashi S, Osamu O, Shinkai T, Nakamura M, Fukuzako H, Hashiguchi T, Niwa SI, Ueno T, Tachikawa H, Hori T, Asada T, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Hashimoto R, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Harano M, Arai H, Ohnuma T, Kusumi I, Koyama T, Yoneda H, Fukumaki Y, Shibata H, Kaneko S, Higuchi H, Yasui-Furukori N, Numachi Y, Itokawa M, Okazaki Y. Genomewide high-density SNP linkage analysis of 236 Japanese families supports the existence of schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 1p, 14q, and 20p. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:937-44. [PMID: 16380906 PMCID: PMC1285184 DOI: 10.1086/498122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese Schizophrenia Sib-Pair Linkage Group (JSSLG) is a multisite collaborative study group that was organized to create a national resource for affected sib pair (ASP) studies of schizophrenia in Japan. We used a high-density single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay, the Illumina BeadArray linkage mapping panel (version 4) comprising 5,861 SNPs, to perform a genomewide linkage analysis of JSSLG samples comprising 236 Japanese families with 268 nonindependent ASPs with schizophrenia. All subjects were Japanese. Among these families, 122 families comprised the same subjects analyzed with short tandem repeat markers. All the probands and their siblings, with the exception of seven siblings with schizoaffective disorder, had schizophrenia. After excluding SNPs with high linkage disequilibrium, we found significant evidence of linkage of schizophrenia to chromosome 1p21.2-1p13.2 (LOD=3.39) and suggestive evidence of linkage to 14q11.2 (LOD=2.87), 14q11.2-q13.2 (LOD=2.33), and 20p12.1-p11.2 (LOD=2.33). Although linkage to these regions has received little attention, these regions are included in or partially overlap the 10 regions reported by Lewis et al. that passed the two aggregate criteria of a meta-analysis. Results of the present study--which, to our knowledge, is the first genomewide analysis of schizophrenia in ASPs of a single Asian ethnicity that is comparable to the analyses done of ASPs of European descent--indicate the existence of schizophrenia susceptibility loci that are common to different ethnic groups but that likely have different ethnicity-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8577, Japan.
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41
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Brennan MD, Condra J. Transmission disequilibrium suggests a role for the sulfotransferase-4A1 gene in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 139B:69-72. [PMID: 16152568 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest a role for chromosome 22q13 in schizophrenia. This segment of chromosome 22 contains the sulfotransferase-4A1 (Sult4A1) gene, which encodes an enzyme thought to be involved in neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system. To evaluate this candidate, we developed a microsatellite marker targeting a polymorphism in its 5' nontranslated region (D22s1749E). Using samples obtained from the National Institutes of Mental Health Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative, we evaluated 27 families having multiple siblings with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders for transmission disequilibrium (TDT) of this marker along with three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a 37 kb segment containing the Sult4A1 gene. TDT for D22s1749E was significant (P < 0.05), with a tendency for the 213 nt allele to be preferentially transferred to affected children (P = 0.0079). Global chi-square values for haplotypes involving the SNPs (ss146366, ss146407, and ss146420) and D22s1749E, also showed significant TDT values (P = 0.0006-0.0016). Consequently, we proposed that Sult4A merited more careful scrutiny as a candidate gene for schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Stöber G, Kohlmann B, Siekiera M, Rubie C, Gawlik M, Möller-Ehrlich K, Meitinger T, Bettecken T. Systematic mutation analysis of KIAA0767 and KIAA1646 in chromosome 22q-linked periodic catatonia. BMC Psychiatry 2005; 5:36. [PMID: 16225677 PMCID: PMC1274336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodic catatonia is a familial subtype of schizophrenia characterized by hyperkinetic and akinetic episodes, followed by a catatonic residual syndrome. The phenotype has been evaluated in two independent genome-wide linkage scans with evidence for a major locus on chromosome 15q15, and a second independent locus on chromosome 22qtel. METHODS In the positional and brain-expressed candidate genes KIAA0767 and KIAA1646, we searched for variants in the complete exons and adjacent splice-junctions as well as in parts of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions by means of a systematic mutation screening in individuals from chromosome 22q-linked pedigrees. RESULTS The mutation scan revealed 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms, among them two rare codon variants (KIAA0767: S159I; KIAA1646: V338G). However, both were neither found segregating with the disease in the respective pedigree nor found at a significant frequency in a case-control association sample. CONCLUSION Starting from linkage signals at chromosome22qtel in periodic catatonia, we screened two positional brain-expressed candidate genes for genetic variation. Our study excludes genetic variations in the coding and putative promoter regions of KIAA0767 and KIAA1646 as causative factors for periodic catatonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Stöber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kohlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Siekiera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Rubie
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of General, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Möller-Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich & GSF Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich & GSF Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Kukreti R, Tripathi S, Bhatnagar P, Gupta S, Chauhan C, Kubendran S, Janardhan Reddy YC, Jain S, Brahmachari SK. Association of DRD2 gene variant with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 392:68-71. [PMID: 16183199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex multifactorial disorder for which the pathobiology still remains elusive. Dysfunction of the dopamine D2 receptor signaling has been associated with the illness, but numerous studies provide confounding results. This study investigates the association of synonymous polymorphisms (His313 and Pro319) in the dopamine D2 receptor gene with schizophrenia using a case-control approach, with 101 cases and 145 controls. Our results demonstrated that genotype distribution for the His313 polymorphism was significantly different between schizophrenia patients and control subjects (p=0.0012), while the Pro319 polymorphism did not show any association with the disease. The results suggest that the synonymous SNP His313 in DRD2 may be associated with the illness. However, there is a need for further replication studies with larger sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritushree Kukreti
- GenoMed Lab, Gene Quest Laboratory, Nicholas Piramal India Ltd at Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Otani K, Ujike H, Tanaka Y, Morita Y, Kishimoto M, Morio A, Uchida N, Nomura A, Kuroda S. The ZDHHC8 gene did not associate with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 390:166-70. [PMID: 16150541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger and DHHC domain-containing protein 8 (ZDHHC8) gene is located on chromosome 22q11, which several genome scans have provided repeated evidence for a significant linkage with bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia. A recent study revealed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs175174, which has potential effects on splicing, in intron 4 of the ZDHHC8 gene is associated with susceptibility to patients with schizophrenia in US and South Africa. We examined three SNPs of the ZDHHC8 gene, including rs175174, by case-control association in Japanese patients with BPD (N=172) and controls (N=298) or patients with schizophrenia (N=407) and controls (N=497). No significant association with BPD or schizophrenia was observed. After stratification by subcategories, bipolar I and II of BPD, and paranoid and disorganized types of schizophrenia, no significant association was found, nor was a significant association with either disorder found after dividing by gender. These data suggest that the ZDHHC8 gene may not be associated with susceptibility to BPD or schizophrenia, at least in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Otani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata-cho 2-5-1, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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McGrath J, Mowry B, Whiteford H. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research: the first 17 years. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39:533-41. [PMID: 15996133 DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reflect on the establishment and evolution of the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research. METHOD Narrative historical review. RESULTS First established as an inpatient research unit in December 1987, the focus of the Centre evolved in concert with the skills of the staff. After the structure was revised in 1996 and 1999, the Centre has evolved into a group with four main research streams--epidemiology, developmental neurobiology, genetics and policy and economics. Although the group maintains a strong focus on serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia, our policy and economic work has a wider perspective. The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research is based in an historic mental health service, with laboratories in collaborating universities and institutes. Key lessons learnt by the group along the way relate to the importance of focusing on a restricted range of research topics in order to build a critical mass. CONCLUSIONS Given a facilitating environment, hospital-based research groups can prosper. Over the last 17 years, a cost-efficient, focused and productive research group has evolved that has made contributions to international research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Maier W, Höfgen B, Zobel A, Rietschel M. Genetic models of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: overlapping inheritance or discrete genotypes? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255:159-66. [PMID: 15995899 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and affective disorder have been considered to be nosologically and etiologically distinct disorders. This postulate is challenged by progress in new biological research. Both disorders are strongly influenced by genetic factors; thus genetic research is a main contributor to this discussion. We review current evidence of the genetic relationship between schizophrenia and affective disorders, mainly bipolar disorder (the various genetic research methods have been particularly applied to bipolar disorder). Recent family and twin studies reveal a growing consistency in demonstrating cosegregation between both disorders which is difficult to detect with certainty given the low base rates. Systematic molecular genetic search for specific genes impacting on either disorder has now identified one gene which is apparently involved in both disorders (G72/G30); other candidate genes reveal some evidence to present as susceptibility genes with very modest effects for each of both disorders, although not consistently so (e. g., COMT, BDNF). There is room for speculation about other common susceptibility genes, given the overlap between candidate regions for schizophrenia and those for bipolar disorder emerging from linkage studies.
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Holliday E, Mowry B, Chant D, Nyholt D. The importance of modelling heterogeneity in complex disease: application to NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative data. Hum Genet 2005; 117:160-7. [PMID: 15843988 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-1282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As for other complex diseases, linkage analyses of schizophrenia (SZ) have produced evidence for numerous chromosomal regions, with inconsistent results reported across studies. The presence of locus heterogeneity appears likely and may reduce the power of linkage analyses if homogeneity is assumed. In addition, when multiple heterogeneous datasets are pooled, inter-sample variation in the proportion of linked families (alpha) may diminish the power of the pooled sample to detect susceptibility loci, in spite of the larger sample size obtained. We compare the significance of linkage findings obtained using allele-sharing LOD scores (LOD(exp))-which assume homogeneity-and heterogeneity LOD scores (HLOD) in European American and African American NIMH SZ families. We also pool these two samples and evaluate the relative power of the LOD(exp) and two different heterogeneity statistics. One of these (HLOD-P) estimates the heterogeneity parameter alpha only in aggregate data, while the second (HLOD-S) determines alpha separately for each sample. In separate and combined data, we show consistently improved performance of HLOD scores over LOD(exp). Notably, genome-wide significant evidence for linkage is obtained at chromosome 10p in the European American sample using a recessive HLOD score. When the two samples are combined, linkage at the 10p locus also achieves genome-wide significance under HLOD-S, but not HLOD-P. Using HLOD-S, improved evidence for linkage was also obtained for a previously reported region on chromosome 15q. In linkage analyses of complex disease, power may be maximised by routinely modelling locus heterogeneity within individual datasets, even when multiple datasets are combined to form larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Holliday
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Level 3, Dawson House, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia.
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Abstract
Adaptation is a central organizing principle throughout biology, whether we are studying species, populations, or individuals. Adaptation in biological systems occurs in response to molar and molecular environments. Thus, we would predict that genetic systems and nervous systems would be dynamic (cybernetic) in contrast to previous conceptualizations with genes and brains fixed in form and function. Questions of nature versus nurture are meaningless, and we must turn to epigenetics--the way in which biology and experience work together to enhance adaptation throughout thick and thin. Defining endophenotypes--road markers that bring us closer to the biological origins of the developmental journey--facilitates our understanding of adaptive or maladaptive processes. For human behavioral disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, the inherent plasticity of the nervous system requires a systems approach to incorporate all of the myriad epigenetic factors that can influence such outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving I Gottesman
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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49
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Sanders AR, Rusu I, Duan J, Vander Molen JE, Hou C, Schwab SG, Wildenauer DB, Martinez M, Gejman PV. Haplotypic association spanning the 22q11.21 genes COMT and ARVCF with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:353-65. [PMID: 15340358 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been implicated in schizophrenia by its function through its roles in monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism and its impact on prefrontal cognition, and also by its position through linkage scans and a strong cytogenetic association. Further support comes from association studies, especially family-based ones examining the COMT variant, Val(108/158)Met. We have studied eight markers spanning COMT and including portions of the two immediately adjacent genes, thioredoxin reductase 2 and armadillo repeat deleted in velocardiofacial syndrome (ARVCF), using association testing in 136 schizophrenia families. We found nominal evidence for association of illness to rs165849 (P=0.051) in ARVCF, and a stronger signal (global P=0.0019-0.0036) from three-marker haplotypes spanning the 3' portions of COMT and ARVCF, including Val(108/158)Met with Val(108/158) being the overtransmitted allele, consistent with previous studies. We also find Val(108/158)Met to be in linkage disequilibrium with the markers in ARVCF. These findings support previous association signals of schizophrenia to COMT markers, and suggest that ARVCF might contribute to this signal. ARVCF, a member of the catenin family, besides being a positional candidate, is also one due to its function, that is, its potential role in neurodevelopment, which is implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis by several lines of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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50
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Saito S, Ikeda M, Iwata N, Suzuki T, Kitajima T, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Takahashi N, Inada T, Ozaki N. No association was found between a functional SNP in ZDHHC8 and schizophrenia in a Japanese case–control population. Neurosci Lett 2005; 374:21-4. [PMID: 15631889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ZDHHC8 is a new and attractive candidate for a schizophrenia-susceptibility factor. First, several lines of linkage studies showed that 22q11, on which ZDHHC8 is located, is a "hot" region. Second, fine linkage disequilibrium mapping revealed a significant association around ZDHHC8. Moreover, a very recent study reported that one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP: rs175174) in ZDHHC8 might affect the splicing process, the ZDHHC8 knock-out mice showed the gender-specific phenotype, and the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) using this SNP also showed significant association with human female schizophrenia. Thus, we attempted a replication study of this SNP using relatively large Japanese case-control samples (561 schizophrenics and 529 controls). No association was found between schizophrenia and controls even after dividing samples by gender. Because our sample size provided quite high power, ZDHHC8 may not play a major role in Japanese schizophrenia. And our results did not support the gender-specific effect of this SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Saito
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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