1
|
Dobrica MO, Varghese CS, Harris JM, Ferguson J, Magri A, Arnold R, Várnai C, Parish JL, McKeating JA. CTCF regulates hepatitis B virus cccDNA chromatin topology. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38175123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that replicates via an episomal covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that serves as the transcriptional template for viral mRNAs. The host protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), is a key regulator of cellular transcription by maintaining epigenetic boundaries, nucleosome phasing, stabilisation of long-range chromatin loops and directing alternative exon splicing. We previously reported that CTCF binds two conserved motifs within Enhancer I of the HBV genome and represses viral transcription, however, the underlying mechanisms were not identified. We show that CTCF depletion in cells harbouring cccDNA-like HBV molecules and in de novo infected cells resulted in an increase in spliced transcripts, which was most notable in the abundant SP1 spliced transcript. In contrast, depletion of CTCF in cell lines with integrated HBV DNA had no effect on the abundance of viral transcripts and in line with this observation there was limited evidence for CTCF binding to viral integrants, suggesting that CTCF-regulation of HBV transcription is specific to episomal cccDNA. Analysis of HBV chromatin topology by Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin Sequencing (ATAC-Seq) revealed an accessible region spanning Enhancers I and II and the basal core promoter (BCP). Mutating the CTCF binding sites within Enhancer I resulted in a dramatic rearrangement of chromatin accessibility where the open chromatin region was no longer detected, indicating loss of the phased nucleosome up- and down-stream of the HBV enhancer/BCP. These data demonstrate that CTCF functions to regulate HBV chromatin conformation and nucleosomal positioning in episomal maintained cccDNA, which has important consequences for HBV transcription regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Olivia Dobrica
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christy Susan Varghese
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jack Ferguson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Present address: Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roland Arnold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Csilla Várnai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Caron de Fromentel C, Kim W, Wang WH, Sun J, Yan B, Utturkar S, Lanman NA, Elzey BD, Yeo Y, Zhang H, Kazemian M, Levrero M, Andrisani O. RNA helicase DDX5 modulates sorafenib sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma via the Wnt/β-catenin-ferroptosis axis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:786. [PMID: 38036507 PMCID: PMC10689482 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the RNA helicase DDX5 associated with increased hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor grade and poor patient survival following treatment with sorafenib. While immunotherapy is the first-line treatment for HCC, sorafenib and other multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (mTKIs) are widely used when immunotherapy is contra-indicated or fails. Herein, we elucidate the role of DDX5 in sensitizing HCC to sorafenib, offering new therapeutic strategies. Treatment of various human HCC cell lines with sorafenib/mTKIs downregulated DDX5 in vitro and in preclinical HCC models. Conversely, DDX5 overexpression reduced the viability of sorafenib-treated cells via ferroptosis, suggesting a role for DDX5 in sorafenib sensitivity. RNAseq of wild-type vs. DDX5-knockdown cells treated with or without sorafenib identified a set of common genes repressed by DDX5 and upregulated by sorafenib. This set significantly overlaps with Wnt signaling genes, including Disheveled-1 (DVL1), an indispensable Wnt activator and prognostic indicator of poor survival for sorafenib-treated patients. DDX5-knockout (DDX5KO) HCC cells exhibited DVL1 induction, Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, and ferroptosis upon inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. Consistently, xenograft HCC tumors exhibited reduced growth by inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via induction of ferroptosis. Significantly, overexpression of DDX5 in HCC xenografts repressed DVL1 expression and increased ferroptosis, resulting in reduced tumor growth by sorafenib. We conclude that DDX5 downregulation by sorafenib mediates adaptive resistance by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, leading to ferroptosis escape. Conversely, overexpression of DDX5 in vivo enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin activation and induction of ferroptosis. Thus, DDX5 overexpression in combination with mTKIs is a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claude Caron de Fromentel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052, CNRS5286, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69000, Lyon, France
| | - Woojun Kim
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jiazeng Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sagar Utturkar
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nadia Atallah Lanman
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052, CNRS5286, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69000, Lyon, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Hépatologie et Gastroentérologie, Groupement Hospitalier Lyon Nord, Lyon, France.
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanal MG, Gupta S, Saha R, Vats N, Sarin SK. Hepatitis B Virus x Protein Increases Cellular OCT3/4 and MYC and Facilitates Cellular Reprogramming. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:224-237. [PMID: 37769039 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus x (HBx) is a multifunctional protein coded by the Hepatitis B virus that is involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, cell survival/apoptosis, and histone methylation. HBx was reported to be associated with liver "cancer stem cells." The stemness inducing properties of HBx could also facilitate the generation of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. It is well established that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a cocktail of transcription factors called Yamanaka's factors (YFs) (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC). The reprogramming process proceeds step-by-step with reprogramming factor chromatin interactions, transcription, and chromatin states changing during transitions. HBx is a "broad spectrum trans-activator" and therefore could facilitate these transitions. We electroporated low passage and high passage (difficult to reprogram) fibroblasts using YFs with and without HBx and evaluated the reprogramming efficiency. We also investigated the tri-lineage and terminal differentiation potential of iPSC derived using HBx. We found that the addition of HBx to YF improves iPSC derivation, and it increases the efficiency of iPSC generation from "difficult or hard-to-reprogram samples" such as high passage/senescent fibroblasts. Further, we show that HBx can substitute the key transcription factor MYC in the YF cocktail to generate iPSC. The cellular levels of OCT3/4 and MYC were increased in HBx expressing cells. Our results have practical value in improving the efficiency of pluripotent stem cell derivation from "difficult to reprogram" somatic cells, in addition to providing some insights into the mechanisms of liver carcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis B. To conclude, HBx improves the reprogramming efficiency of YFs. HBx increases the cellular levels of OCT3/4 and MYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudana Girija Sanal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarita Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Vats
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Huang F, Ru G, Wang Y, Zhang B, Chen X, Chu L. Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Classification, Advancement, and Application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:902820. [PMID: 35847898 PMCID: PMC9279915 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the subtype of liver cancer with the highest incidence, which is a heterogeneous malignancy with increasing incidence rate and high mortality. For ethical reasons, it is essential to validate medical clinical trials for HCC in animal models before further consideration on humans. Therefore, appropriate models for the study of the pathogenesis of the disease and related treatment methods are necessary. For tumor research, mouse models are the most commonly used and effective in vivo model, which is closer to the real-life environment, and the repeated experiments performed on it are closer to the real situation. Several mouse models of HCC have been developed with different mouse strains, cell lines, tumor sites, and tumor formation methods. In this review, we mainly introduce some mouse HCC models, including induced model, gene-edited model, HCC transplantation model, and other mouse HCC models, and discuss how to choose the appropriate model according to the purpose of the experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ru
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Chu,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Proulx J, Ghaly M, Park IW, Borgmann K. HIV-1-Mediated Acceleration of Oncovirus-Related Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040768. [PMID: 35453518 PMCID: PMC9024568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall survival has been improved, and the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers has also been remarkably reduced. However, non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated malignancies have increased significantly so that cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV in certain highly developed countries, such as France. However, it is currently unknown how HIV-1 infection raises oncogenic virus-mediated cancer risks in the HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infected patients, and thus elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for how HIV-1 expedites the oncogenic viruses-triggered tumorigenesis in the co-infected hosts is imperative for developing therapeutics to cure or impede the carcinogenesis. Hence, this review is focused on HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infection-mediated molecular processes in the acceleration of non-AIDS-defining cancers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hepatitis B Viral Protein HBx and the Molecular Mechanisms Modulating the Hallmarks of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040741. [PMID: 35203390 PMCID: PMC8870387 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With 296 million cases estimated worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV-encoded oncogene X protein (HBx), a key multifunctional regulatory protein, drives viral replication and interferes with several cellular signalling pathways that drive virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of HBx in modulating the various hallmarks of HCC by supporting tumour initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis. Understanding HBx-mediated dimensions of complexity in driving liver malignancies could provide the key to unlocking novel and repurposed combinatorial therapies to combat HCC.
Collapse
|
7
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:671-681. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
8
|
Zhu M, Liang Z, Pan J, Zhang X, Xue R, Cao G, Hu X, Gong C. Hepatocellular carcinoma progression mediated by hepatitis B virus-encoded circRNA HBV_circ_1 through interaction with CDK1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:668-682. [PMID: 34589285 PMCID: PMC8463320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) produces circular RNA (circRNA), whose functions have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, a novel circRNA HBV_circ_1 produced by HBV was identified in HBV-positive HepG2.2.15 cells and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue (HCCT). Microarray analysis of 68 HCCT samples showed that HBV_circ_1 abundance was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues. In addition, survival rate of HBV_circ_1-positive patients was significantly lower compared with HBV_circ_1-negative patients. Transient expression indicated that HBV_circ_1 enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, ectopical HBV_circ_1 expression increased tumor size in vivo. HBV_circ_1 was confirmed to interact with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) to regulate cell proliferation. These results suggest that HCC progression may be promoted by interaction of HBV_circ_1 with CDK1. Our data not only showed a novel clue to understand carcinogenesis and progress of HBV-related HCC but also provided a new target for the development of therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suresh M, Menne S. Application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:509-535. [PMID: 34163570 PMCID: PMC8204361 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as an animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis and treatment of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since laboratory animal models susceptible to HBV infection are limited, woodchucks experimentally infected with WHV, a hepatitis virus closely related to HBV, are increasingly used to enhance our understanding of virus-host interactions, immune response, and liver disease progression. A correlation of severe liver pathogenesis with high-level viral replication and deficient antiviral immunity has been established, which are present during chronic infection after WHV inoculation of neonatal woodchucks for modeling vertical HBV transmission in humans. HCC in chronic carrier woodchucks develops 17 to 36 mo after neonatal WHV infection and involves liver tumors that are comparable in size, morphology, and molecular gene signature to those of HBV-infected patients. Accordingly, woodchucks with WHV-induced liver tumors have been used for the improvement of imaging and ablation techniques of human HCC. In addition, drug efficacy studies in woodchucks with chronic WHV infection have revealed that prolonged treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs, alone or in combination with other compounds, minimizes the risk of liver disease progression to HCC. More recently, woodchucks have been utilized in the delineation of mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against WHV during acute, self-limited and chronic infections. Therapeutic interventions based on modulating the deficient host antiviral immunity have been explored in woodchucks for inducing functional cure in HBV-infected patients and for reducing or even delaying associated liver disease sequelae, including the onset of HCC. Therefore, woodchucks with chronic WHV infection constitute a well-characterized, fully immunocompetent animal model for HBV-induced liver cancer and for preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new modalities, which are based on chemo, gene, and immune therapy, for the prevention and treatment of HCC in patients for which current treatment options are dismal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou J, Liu J, Xing H, Shen Y, Xie M, Chai J, Yang M. Implications of protein ubiquitination modulated by lncRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114558. [PMID: 33844983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides and mostly cannot be translated into proteins. Next-generation transcriptome sequencing of various cell types has enabled the annotation of tens of thousands of lncRNAs in human genome. Varying levels of evidence supports the implications of lncRNAs in the onset and progression of cancers. Ubiquitin is an evolutionarily conserved protein and could post-translationally mark a number of proteins. The most important proteolytic role of ubiquitination is degradation of substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. Compiling evidences demonstrated that lncRNAs are involved in the accurate execution of protein stability programs via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In the current review, we systematically summarize the detailed mechanisms how lncRNAs modulate ubiquitination of target proteins, regulate cancerous signaling pathways and control tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. Although there are still considerable studies on unraveling the complicated interactions between lncRNAs and proteins, we believe that lncRNAs are promising but challenging molecules which may strongly facilitate precision cancer therapeutics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaixin Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Xie
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Chai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang FY, Wong DKH, Seto WK, Mak LY, Cheung TT, Yuen MF. Tumor suppressive role of mitochondrial sirtuin 4 in induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:88. [PMID: 33931611 PMCID: PMC8087836 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is developed from uncontrolled cell growth after the malignant transformation of hepatocytes. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) has shown to induce cell cycle progression and hepatocarcinogenesis. A sub-fraction of HBx is localized in the mitochondria. Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4), a mitochondrial protein, has been demonstrated to play a tumor-suppressive role in many cancers, including HCC. However, little is known about the association between mitochondrial HBx and SIRT4 during hepatocarcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance and functional role of SIRT4 in HBV-related HCC. SIRT4 expression was significantly lower in the HCC tissues collected from 30 patients with HBV-related HCC than in normal liver tissues from control patients (p < 0.0001). TCGA data analysis indicated that SIRT4 expression was also lower in patients with HBV infection than in those without, and SIRT4 levels were positively associated with better patient survival. Similarly, HCC cell lines had lower SIRT4 expression than normal liver cell lines (all p < 0.01). Among the HCC cell lines, those harbored HBV had a lower SIRT4 expression than those without HBV (p < 0.0001). In vitro experiments revealed that stable HBx transfection suppressed SIRT4 expression in both HepG2 and Huh7 cells (both p < 0.001). Ectopic SIRT4 overexpression alone could induce cellular senescence through arresting cell-cycle progression at G2/M, and inducing cell apoptosis in HCC cells. Mechanistically, SIRT4 upregulated cell-cycle governing genes p16 and p21 protein expression, suppressed CyclinB1/Cdc2 and Cdc25c which normally induce cell-cycle progression, and suppressed survivin to induce apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate the interaction between HBV and SIRT4 in the context of HCC. SIRT4 involves in G2/M DNA damage checkpoint control and genomic stability in hepatocarcinogenesis, which could be targeted for future anticancer strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Yu Huang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danny Ka-Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tan-To Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Chronic infection of the liver by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with increased risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A multitude of studies have investigated the mechanism of liver cancer pathogenesis due to chronic HBV infection. Chronic inflammation, expression of specific viral proteins such as HBx, the integration site of the viral genome into the host genome, and the viral genotype, are key players contributing to HCC pathogenesis. In addition, the genetic background of the host and exposure to environmental carcinogens are also predisposing parameters in hepatocarcinogenesis. Despite the plethora of studies, the molecular mechanism of HCC pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. In this review, the focus is on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated HCC. Epigenetic mechanisms are dynamic molecular processes that regulate gene expression without altering the host DNA, acting by modifying the host chromatin structure via covalent post-translational histone modifications, changing the DNA methylation status, expression of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, and altering the spatial, 3-D organization of the chromatin of the virus-infected cell. Herein, studies are described that provide evidence in support of deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the HBV-infected/-replicating hepatocyte and their contribution to hepatocyte transformation. In contrast to genetic mutations which are permanent, epigenetic alterations are dynamic and reversible. Accordingly, the identification of essential molecular epigenetic targets involved in HBV-mediated HCC pathogenesis offers the opportunity for the design and development of novel epigenetic therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee YM, Kim S, Park RY, Kim YS. Hepatitis B Virus-X Downregulates Expression of Selenium Binding Protein 1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050565. [PMID: 32443734 PMCID: PMC7291177 DOI: 10.3390/v12050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) has been known to be reduced in various types cancer, and epigenetic change is shown to be likely to account for the reduction of SELNEBP1 expression. With cDNA microarray comparative analysis, we found that SELENBP1 is markedly decreased in hepatitis B virus-X (HBx)-expressing cells. To clarify the effect of HBx on SELENBP1 expression, we compared the expression levels of SELENBP1 mRNA and protein by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Northern blot, and Western blot. As expected, SELENBP1 expression was shown to be reduced in cells expressing HBx, and reporter gene analysis showed that the SELENBP1 promoter is repressed by HBx. In addition, the stepwise deletion of 5′ flanking promoter sequences resulted in a gradual decrease in basal promoter activity and inhibition of SELENBP1 expression by HBx. Moreover, immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 60 pairs of human liver tissue showed decreased intensity of SELENBP1 in tumor tissues as compared with their matched non-tumor liver tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that inhibition of SELENBP1 expression by HBx might act as one of the causes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Man Lee
- Dasan Undergraduate College, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Soojin Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Ran-Young Park
- Department of Smart Food & Drugs, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-8631
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu DY. Relevance of reactive oxygen species in liver disease observed in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X protein. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:6. [PMID: 32206612 PMCID: PMC7081669 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects approximately 240 million people worldwide, causing chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver cancer. Although numerous studies have been performed to date, unfortunately there is no conclusive drug or treatment for HBV induced liver disease. The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) is considered a key player in inducing CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HBx protein, inducing HCC at the age of 11–18 months. The incidence of histological phenotype, including liver tumor, differed depending on the genetic background of HBx Tg mice. Fatty change and tumor generation were observed much earlier in livers of HBx Tg hybrid (C57BL/6 and CBA) (HBx-Tg hybrid) mice than in HBx Tg C57BL/6 (HBx-Tg B6) mice. Inflammation was also enhanced in the HBx-Tg B6 mice as compared to HBx-Tg hybrid mice. HBx may be involved in inducing and promoting hepatic steatosis, glycemia, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was remarkably increased in livers of HBx Tg young mice compared to young wild type control mice. Previous studies on HBx Tg mice indicate that the HBx-induced ROS plays a role in inducing and promoting CLD and HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeul Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsuchiya H, Amisaki M, Takenaga A, Honjo S, Fujiwara Y, Shiota G. HBx and c-MYC Cooperate to Induce URI1 Expression in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225714. [PMID: 31739577 PMCID: PMC6888623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional prefoldin RNA polymerase II subunit 5 interactor (URI1) has emerged as an oncogenic driver in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents the most common etiology of HCC worldwide, it is unknown whether URI1 plays a role in HBV-related HCC (HCC-B). In the present study, we investigated URI1 expression and its underlying mechanism in HCC-B tissues and cell lines. URI1 gene-promoter activity was determined by a luciferase assay. Human HCC-B samples were used for a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We found that c-MYC induced URI1 expression and activated the URI1 promoter through the E-box in the promoter region while the HBx protein significantly enhanced it. The positivity of URI1 expression was significantly higher in HCC-B tumor tissues than in non-HBV-related HCC tumor tissues, suggesting that a specific mechanism underlies URI1 expression in HCC-B. In tumor tissues from HCC-B patients, a significantly higher level of c-MYC was recruited to the E-box than in non-tumor tissues. These results suggest that HBx and c-MYC are involved in URI1 expression in HCC-B. URI1 expression may play important roles in the development and progression of HCC-B because HBx and c-MYC are well-known oncogenic factors in the virus and host, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-859-38-6435
| | - Masataka Amisaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ai Takenaga
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Soichiro Honjo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mistletoe extract Fraxini inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer by down-regulating c-Myc expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6428. [PMID: 31015523 PMCID: PMC6478697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe (Viscum album) is a type of parasitic plant reported to have anticancer activity including in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of mistletoe’s anticancer activity, and its effectiveness in treating HCC are not fully understood. We report here that mistletoe extracts, including Fraxini (grown on ash trees) and Iscador Q and M (grown on oak and maple trees), exert strong antiproliferative activity in Hep3B cells, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.5 µg/mL, 7.49 µg/mL, and 7.51 µg/mL, respectively. Results of Reversed Phase Proteomic Array analysis (RPPA) suggests that Fraxini substantially down-regulates c-Myc expression in Hep3B cells. Fraxini-induced growth inhibition (at a concentration of 1.25 μg/ml) was less pronounced in c-Myc knockdown Hep3B cells than in control cells. Furthermore, in the Hep3B xenograft model, Fraxini-treated (8 mg/kg body weight) mice had significantly smaller tumors (34.6 ± 11.9 mm3) than control mice (161.6 ± 79.4 mm3, p < 0.036). Similarly, c-Myc protein expression was reduced in Fraxini treated Hep3B cell xenografts compared to that of control mice. The reduction of c-Myc protein levels in vitro Hep3B cells appears to be mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Our results suggest the importance of c-Myc in Fraxini’s antiproliferative activity, which warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
17
|
de Cárcer G. The Mitotic Cancer Target Polo-Like Kinase 1: Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E208. [PMID: 30862113 PMCID: PMC6470689 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The master mitotic regulator, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), is an essential gene for the correct execution of cell division. Plk1 has strong clinical relevance, as it is considered a bona fide cancer target, it is found overexpressed in a large collection of different cancer types and this tumoral overexpression often correlates with poor patient prognosis. All these data led the scientific community to historically consider Plk1 as an oncogene. Although there is a collection of scientific reports showing how Plk1 can contribute to tumor progression, recent data from different laboratories using mouse models, show that Plk1 can surprisingly play as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the fact that Plk1 is an oncogene is now under debate. This review summarizes the proposed mechanisms by which Plk1 can play as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, and extrapolates this information to clinical features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas"Alberto Sols" (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,(CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiong Y, Yang Y, Xiong W, Yao Y, Wu H, Zhang M. Network pharmacology-based research on the active component and mechanism of the antihepatoma effect of Rubia cordifolia L. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12461-12472. [PMID: 30816612 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubia cordifolia L. is widely used in Asia and its antihepatoma effect has been proved by in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, there are few studies on its specific mechanism. In the present study, the network pharmacology method was used to construct the component/target/pathway molecular regulatory network for the antihepatoma effect of Rubia cordifolia L. to explore the effective components of Rubia cordifolia L. and its potential mechanism. The chemical components of Rubia cordifolia L. were identified through literature and databases, and the components were evaluated and screened by drug likeness and pharmacokinetic characteristics (ADMET). The targets of active components were predicted according to the reverse pharmacophore matching model. The hepatic carcinoma-related genes were found in databases, and antihepatoma-related gene targets were selected through comparison. The functions of target genes and related pathways were analyzed and screened using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, and the component/target/pathways network of antihepatoma effect of Rubia cordifolia L. was constructed using Cytoscape software. Finally, 16 active compounds were screened from Rubia cordifolia L., and 39 gene targets, including AKT1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, and epidermal growth factor receptor, were involved. Rubia cordifolia L. also affected the hepatitis B, phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Many direct-acting tumor-related signaling pathways and indirect-acting hepatitis pathways inhibit the generation of liver cancer. The present study provided a scientific basis for further elucidating the mechanism of Rubia cordifolia L. against liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xiong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of New Products for Geriatrics, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Preparation Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Weichen Xiong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Yao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hezhen Wu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of New Products for Geriatrics, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Preparation Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Meide Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee WY, Bachtiar M, Choo CCS, Lee CG. Comprehensive review of Hepatitis B Virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma research through text mining and big data analytics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:353-367. [PMID: 30105774 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PubMed was text mined to glean insights into the role of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the massive number of publications (9249) available to date. Reports from ∼70 countries identified >1300 human genes associated with either the Core, Surface or X gene in HBV-associated HCC. One hundred and forty-three of these host genes, which can potentially yield 1180 biomolecular interactions, each were reported in at least three different publications to be associated with the same HBV. These 143 genes function in 137 pathways, involved mainly in the cell cycle, apoptosis, inflammation and signalling. Fourteen of these molecules, primarily transcriptional regulators or kinases, play roles in several pathways pertinent to the hallmarks of cancers. 'Chronic' was the most frequent word used across the 9249 abstracts. A key event in chronic HBV infection is the integration of HBV into the host genome. The advent of cost-effective, next-generation sequencing technology facilitated the employment of big-data analytics comprehensively to characterize HBV-host integration within HCC patients. A total of 5331 integration events were reported across seven publications, with most of these integrations observed between the Core/X gene and the introns of genes. Nearly one-quarter of the intergenic integrations are within repeats, especially long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) repeats. Integrations within 13 genes were each reported by at least three different studies. The human gene with the most HBV integrations observed is the TERT gene where a total of 224 integrations, primarily at its promoter and within the tumour tissue, were reported by six of seven publications. This unique review, which employs state-of-the-art text-mining and data-analytics tools, represents the most complete, systematic and comprehensive review of nearly all the publications associated with HBV-associated HCC research. It provides important resources to either focus future research or develop therapeutic strategies to target key molecules reported to play important roles in key pathways of HCC, through the systematic analyses of the commonly reported molecules associated with the various HBV genes in HCC, including information about the interactions amongst these commonly reported molecules, the pathways in which they reside as well as detailed information regarding the viral and host genes associated with HBV integration in HCC patients. Hence this review, which highlights pathways and key human genes associated with HBV in HCC, may facilitate the deeper elucidation of the role of HBV in hepato-carcinogenesis, potentially leading to timely intervention against this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yeow Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Maulana Bachtiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Cheryl C S Choo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Caroline G Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169547, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshida K, Matsuzaki K, Murata M, Yamaguchi T, Suwa K, Okazaki K. Clinico-Pathological Importance of TGF-β/Phospho-Smad Signaling during Human Hepatic Fibrocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060183. [PMID: 29874844 PMCID: PMC6025395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis is a global public health problem, with approximately 570 million persons chronically infected. Hepatitis B and C viruses increase the risk of morbidity and mortality from liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and extrahepatic complications that develop. Hepatitis virus infection induces transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which influences microenvironments within the infected liver. TGF-β promotes liver fibrosis by up-regulating extracellular matrix production by hepatic stellate cells. TGF-β is also up-regulated in patients with HCC, in whom it contributes importantly to bringing about a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth. Thus, TGF-β is thought to be a major factor regulating liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Since TGF-β carries out regulatory signaling by influencing the phosphorylation of Smads, we have generated several kinds of phospho-specific antibodies to Smad2/3. Using these, we have identified three types of phospohorylated forms: COOH-terminally phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2C and pSmad3C), linker phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L and pSmad3L), and dually phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C). TGF-β-mediated pSmad2/3C signaling terminates cell proliferation; on the other hand, cytokine-induced pSmad3L signaling accelerates cell proliferation and promotes fibrogenesis. This review addresses TGF-β/Smad signal transduction in chronic liver injuries and carcinogenic processes. We also discuss the reversibility of Smad signaling after antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Kanehiko Suwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mani SKK, Andrisani O. Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030137. [PMID: 29498629 PMCID: PMC5867858 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. Despite the availability of a HBV vaccine, current treatments for HCC are inadequate. Globally, 257 million people are chronic HBV carriers, and children born from HBV-infected mothers become chronic carriers, destined to develop liver cancer. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed to target essential pathways involved in HCC pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence supports existence of hepatic cancer stem cells (hCSCs), which contribute to chemotherapy resistance and cancer recurrence after treatment or surgery. Understanding how hCSCs form will enable development of therapeutic strategies to prevent their formation. Recent studies have identified an epigenetic mechanism involving the downregulation of the chromatin modifying Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) during HBV infection, which results in re-expression of hCSC marker genes in infected hepatocytes and HBV-associated liver tumors. However, the genesis of hCSCs requires, in addition to the expression of hCSC markers cellular changes, rewiring of metabolism, cell survival, escape from programmed cell death, and immune evasion. How these changes occur in chronically HBV-infected hepatocytes is not yet understood. In this review, we will present the basics about HBV infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. Next, we will discuss studies describing the mutational landscape of liver cancers and how epigenetic mechanisms likely orchestrate cellular reprograming of hepatocytes to enable formation of hCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liao P, Zeng SX, Zhou X, Chen T, Zhou F, Cao B, Jung JH, Del Sal G, Luo S, Lu H. Mutant p53 Gains Its Function via c-Myc Activation upon CDK4 Phosphorylation at Serine 249 and Consequent PIN1 Binding. Mol Cell 2017; 68:1134-1146.e6. [PMID: 29225033 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TP53 missense mutations significantly influence the development and progression of various human cancers via their gain of new functions (GOF) through different mechanisms. Here we report a unique mechanism underlying the GOF of p53-R249S (p53-RS), a p53 mutant frequently detected in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is highly related to hepatitis B infection and aflatoxin B1. A CDK inhibitor blocks p53-RS's nuclear translocation in HCC, whereas CDK4 interacts with p53-RS in the G1/S phase of the cells, phosphorylates it, and enhances its nuclear localization. This is coupled with binding of a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) to p53-RS, but not the p53 form with mutations of four serines/threonines previously shown to be crucial for PIN1 binding. As a result, p53-RS interacts with c-Myc and enhances c-Myc-dependent rDNA transcription key for ribosomal biogenesis. These results unveil a CDK4-PIN1-p53-RS-c-Myc pathway as a novel mechanism for the GOF of p53-RS in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tianjian Chen
- Haywood Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Fen Zhou
- Center for Experimental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Downregulation of miR-200a-3p induced by hepatitis B Virus X (HBx) Protein promotes cell proliferation and invasion in HBV-infection-associated hepatocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1464-1469. [PMID: 29103765 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B Virus X (HBx) Protein encoded by HBV is believed to be the major player in the process of HBV-induced oncogenesis. Ectopic expression of miR-200a-3p was reported to be associated with diverse tumorigenesis. This study aimed to better understand the role of miR-200a-3p and its correlation with HBx in HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS In this report, we examined the gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR and protein expression using Western blotting analysis. Cells were transfected with miR-200a-3p mimics or empty vector, and HBx-carrying vector or empty vector. Cell viability was tested using CCK-8 assay. Wound healing assay was performed to assess cell migration while Transwell assay was performed to evaluate cell invasion. RESULTS miR-200a-3p was downregulated in HBV-positive tissue samples compared with HBV-negative tissue samples. This result was further confirmed with HBV-positive and - negative cell lines. HBx protein was overexpressed in HBV-positive cells where expression of miR-200a-3p was significantly suppressed. Increased cell viability, altered cell cycle progression, increased cell migration and invasion occurred in HBx-overexpressed cells compared to its controls. In forced expressed miR-200a-3p cells, cell viability, cell migration and invasion were significantly decreased, and cell cycle status was altered compared to its controls. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, pathogenetic function of HBx is negatively correlated with miR-200a-3p in HBV-cased HCC through regulating cell viability, cell cycle arrest, cell migration and cell invasion.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghouri YA, Mian I, Rowe JH. Review of hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and carcinogenesis. J Carcinog 2017; 16:1. [PMID: 28694740 PMCID: PMC5490340 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.jcar_9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the epidemic of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has spread beyond the Eastern Asian predominance and has been increasing in Northern hemisphere, especially in the United States (US) and Western Europe. It occurs more commonly in males in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Among all cancers, HCC is one of the fastest growing causes of death in the US and poses a significant economic burden on healthcare. Chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus and alcohol accounts for the majority of HCC cases. Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been on the risem and it has also been associated with the development of HCC. Its pathogenesis varies based on the underlying etiological factor although majority of cases develop in the setting of background cirrhosis. Carcinogenesis of HCC includes angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and tumor macroenvironment and microenvironment. There is a significant role of both intrinsic genetic risk factors and extrinsic influences such as alcohol or viral infections that lead to the development of HCC. Understanding its etiopathogenesis helps select appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yezaz Ahmed Ghouri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Idrees Mian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie H Rowe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Oishi N, Shimakami T, Yamashita T, Honda M, Murakami S, Kaneko S. Hepatitis B virus X protein induces hepatic stem cell-like features in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating KDM5B. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3252-3261. [PMID: 28566884 PMCID: PMC5434430 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i18.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the role of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), HBx in regulating hepatic progenitor cell (HPC)-like features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
METHODS We used a retrovirus vector to introduce wild type HBx or empty vector into HepG2 cells. We then used these cells to analyze cell proliferation, senescence, transformation, and stem-like features. Gene expression profiling was carried out on Affymetrix GeneChip Human U133A2.0 ver.2 arrays according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis and Class Comparison analysis were performed by BRB-Array Tools software Version 4.2.2. A total of 238 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC patients’ array data were used for analyzing clinical features.
RESULTS The histone demethylase KDM5B was significantly highly expressed in HBV-related HCC cases (P < 0.01). In HBV proteins, only HBx up-regulated KDM5B by activating c-myc. Hepatic stem cell (HpSC) markers (EpCAM, AFP, PROM1, and NANOG) were significantly highly expressed in KDM5B-high HCC cases (P < 0.01). KDM5B played an important role in maintaining HpSC-like features and was associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, inhibition of KDM5B suppressed spheroid formation and cell invasion in vitro.
CONCLUSION HBx activates the histone demethylase KDM5B and induces HPC-like features in HCC. Histone demethylases KDM5B may be an important therapeutic target against HBV-related HCC cases.
Collapse
|
26
|
c-MYC-Making Liver Sick: Role of c-MYC in Hepatic Cell Function, Homeostasis and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040123. [PMID: 28422055 PMCID: PMC5406870 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 35 years ago, c-MYC, a highly pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hepatic cell function, was identified. In recent years, a considerable increment in the number of publications has significantly shifted the way that the c-MYC function is perceived. Overexpression of c-MYC alters a wide range of roles including cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle progression, cell adhesion and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to broaden the understanding of the general functions of c-MYC, to focus on c-MYC-driven pathogenesis in the liver, explain its mode of action under basal conditions and during disease, and discuss efforts to target c-MYC as a plausible therapy for liver disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang B, Han S, Feng B, Chu X, Chen L, Wang R. Hepatitis B virus X protein-mediated non-coding RNA aberrations in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e293. [PMID: 28186085 PMCID: PMC5336563 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has an important role in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accumulated evidence has shown that HBV-encoded X protein (HBx) can induce both genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, as well as epigenetic aberrations in HCC pathogens. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) mainly include microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Although ncRNAs cannot code proteins, growing evidence has shown that they have various important biological functions in cell proliferation, cell cycle control, anti-apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumor invasion and metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms and emerging roles of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC. Accumulated data have shown that ncRNAs regulated by HBx have a crucial role in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. The findings of these studies will contribute to more clinical applications of HBV-related ncRNAs as potential diagnostic markers or as molecular therapeutic targets to prevent and treat HBV-related HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siqi Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longbang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park SH, Lee SM, Kim YJ, Kim S. ChARM: Discovery of combinatorial chromatin modification patterns in hepatitis B virus X-transformed mouse liver cancer using association rule mining. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:452. [PMID: 28105934 PMCID: PMC5249029 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various chromatin modifications, identified in large-scale epigenomic analyses, are associated with distinct phenotypes of different cells and disease phases. To improve our understanding of these variations, many computational methods have been developed to discover novel sites and cell-specific chromatin modifications. Despite the availability of existing methods, there is still room for further improvement when they are applied to resolve the histone code hypothesis. Hence, we aim to investigate the development of a computational method to provide new insights into de novo combinatorial pattern discovery of chromatin modifications to characterize epigenetic variations in distinct phenotypes of different cells. Results We report a new computational approach, ChARM (Combinatorial Chromatin Modification Patterns using Association Rule Mining), that can be employed for the discovery of de novo combinatorial patterns of differential chromatin modifications. We used ChARM to analyse chromatin modification data from the livers of normal (non-cancerous) mice and hepatitis B virus X (HBx)-transgenic mice with hepatocellular carcinoma, and discovered 2,409 association rules representing combinatorial chromatin modification patterns. Among these, the combination of three histone modifications, a loss of H3K4Me3 and gains of H3K27Me3 and H3K36Me3, was the most striking pattern associated with the cancer. This pattern was enriched in functional elements of the mouse genome such as promoters, coding exons and 5′UTR with high CpG content, and CpG islands. It also showed strong correlations with polymerase activity at promoters and DNA methylation levels at gene bodies. We found that 30 % of the genes associated with the pattern were differentially expressed in the HBx compared to the normal, and 78.9 % of these genes were down-regulated. The significant canonical pathways (Wnt/ß-catenin, cAMP, Ras, and Notch signalling) that were enriched in the pattern could account for the pathogenesis of HBx. Conclusions ChARM, an unsupervised method for discovering combinatorial chromatin modification patterns, can identify histone modifications that occur globally. ChARM provides a scalable framework that can easily be applied to find various levels of combination patterns, which should reflect a range of globally common to locally rare chromatin modifications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1307-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Park
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, World Class University Program, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 156-743, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Akram N, Imran M, Noreen M, Ahmed F, Atif M, Fatima Z, Bilal Waqar A. Oncogenic Role of Tumor Viruses in Humans. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:20-27. [PMID: 27830995 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the intracellular pathogens that reproduce only in the living cell and manipulate the cellular machinery to produce more viruses. Viral replications can affect cellular genes of the host in multiple cancerous ways. Approximately, 20% of all human oncogenesis is caused by cancer-causing viruses known as oncoviruses. Viral infection causes chronic inflammation leading to cell death, uncontrollable proliferation, and modulated expression of some of the regulatory proteins. Oncogenesis is a multistep phenomenon in which normal host cells are transformed into cancerous cells on the basis of host genetic variability. Oncogenic viruses encode genes that cause viral replication and transformation of the host cells to produce viral proteins and protein complexes. The phenomenon from basic viral infection to tumorigenesis is lengthy due to the involvement of factors like immunity complications, cellular mutations, and exposure to other cancerous agents. The viruses that are involved in human cancer development are Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), and Human T lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV-1). This review article summarizes advanced knowledge related to human oncogenic viruses and the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimrah Akram
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Noreen
- 2 Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan , Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz Ahmed
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zareen Fatima
- 3 Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging (DRSMI) , FHAS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Bilal Waqar
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mani SKK, Zhang H, Diab A, Pascuzzi PE, Lefrançois L, Fares N, Bancel B, Merle P, Andrisani O. EpCAM-regulated intramembrane proteolysis induces a cancer stem cell-like gene signature in hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:888-898. [PMID: 27238755 PMCID: PMC5289705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocytes in which the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is replicating exhibit loss of the chromatin modifying polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), resulting in re-expression of specific, cellular PRC2-repressed genes. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a PRC2-repressed gene, normally expressed in hepatic progenitors, but re-expressed in hepatic cancer stem cells (hCSCs). Herein, we investigated the functional significance of EpCAM re-expression in HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS Employing molecular approaches (transfections, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR), we investigated the role of EpCAM-regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) in HBV replicating cells in vitro, and in liver tumors from HBV X/c-myc mice and chronically HBV infected patients. RESULTS EpCAM undergoes RIP in HBV replicating cells, activating canonical Wnt signaling. Transfection of Wnt-responsive plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) identified a GFP + population of HBV replicating cells. These GFP+/Wnt+ cells exhibited cisplatin- and sorafenib-resistant growth resembling hCSCs, and increased expression of pluripotency genes NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and hCSC markers BAMBI, CD44 and CD133. These genes are referred as EpCAM RIP and Wnt-induced hCSC-like gene signature. Interestingly, this gene signature is also overexpressed in liver tumors of X/c-myc bitransgenic mice. Clinically, a group of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas was identified, exhibiting elevated expression of the hCSC-like gene signature and associated with reduced overall survival post-surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS The hCSC-like gene signature offers promise as prognostic tool for classifying subtypes of HBV-induced HCCs. Since EpCAM RIP and Wnt signaling drive expression of this hCSC-like signature, inhibition of these pathways can be explored as therapeutic strategy for this subtype of HBV-associated HCCs. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we provide evidence for a molecular mechanism by which chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus results in the development of poor prognosis liver cancer. Based on this mechanism our results suggest possible therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Pete E. Pascuzzi
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States,Purdue University Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lydie Lefrançois
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Nadim Fares
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Brigitte Bancel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bagga S, Rawat S, Ajenjo M, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein-mediated regulation of hepatocyte metabolic pathways affects viral replication. Virology 2016; 498:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
32
|
Zhang H, Xing Z, Mani SKK, Bancel B, Durantel D, Zoulim F, Tran EJ, Merle P, Andrisani O. RNA helicase DEAD box protein 5 regulates Polycomb repressive complex 2/Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA function in hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2016; 64:1033-48. [PMID: 27338022 PMCID: PMC5033702 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis by a mechanism not yet understood. Elucidating mechanisms of HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is needed to gain insights into classification and treatment of HCC. In HBV replicating cells, including virus-associated HCCs, suppressor of zeste 12 homolog (SUZ12), a core subunit of Polycomb repressive complex2 (PRC2), undergoes proteasomal degradation. This process requires the long noncoding RNA, Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR). Intriguingly, HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 and also binds RNA-binding E3 ligases, serving as a ubiquitination scaffold. Herein, we identified the RNA helicase, DEAD box protein 5 (DDX5), as a regulator of SUZ12 stability and PRC2-mediated gene repression, acting by regulating RNA-protein complexes formed with HOTAIR. Specifically, knockdown of DDX5 and/or HOTAIR enabled reexpression of PRC2-repressed genes epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and pluripotency genes. Also, knockdown of DDX5 enhanced transcription from the HBV minichromosome. The helicase activity of DDX5 stabilized SUZ12- and PRC2-mediated gene silencing, by displacing the RNA-binding E3 ligase, Mex-3 RNA-binding family member B (Mex3b), from HOTAIR. Conversely, ectopic expression of Mex3b ubiquitinated SUZ12, displaced DDX5 from HOTAIR, and induced SUZ12 down-regulation. In G2 phase of cells expressing the HBV X protein (HBx), SUZ12 preferentially associated with Mex3b, but not DDX5, resulting in de-repression of PRC2 targets, including EpCAM and pluripotency genes. Significantly, liver tumors from HBx/c-myc bitransgenic mice and chronically HBV-infected patients exhibited a strong negative correlation between DDX5 messenger RNA levels, pluripotency gene expression, and liver tumor differentiation. Notably, chronically infected HBV patients with HCC expressing reduced DDX5 exhibited poor prognosis after tumor resection, identifying DDX5 as an important player in poor prognosis HCC. CONCLUSION The RNA helicase DDX5, and E3 ligase Mex3b, are important cellular targets for the design of novel, epigenetic therapies to combat HBV infection and poor prognosis HBV-associated liver cancer. (Hepatology 2016;64:1033-1048).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN,Purdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - Zheng Xing
- Purdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN,Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN,Purdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - Brigitte Bancel
- Center for Cancer Research of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286Lyon Cedex 03France
| | - David Durantel
- Center for Cancer Research of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286Lyon Cedex 03France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Center for Cancer Research of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286Lyon Cedex 03France
| | - Elizabeth J. Tran
- Purdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN,Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - Philippe Merle
- Center for Cancer Research of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286Lyon Cedex 03France
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN,Purdue Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S84-S101. [PMID: 27084040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development through direct and indirect mechanisms. HBV DNA integration into the host genome occurs at early steps of clonal tumor expansion and induces both genomic instability and direct insertional mutagenesis of diverse cancer-related genes. Prolonged expression of the viral regulatory protein HBx and/or altered versions of the preS/S envelope proteins dysregulates cell transcription and proliferation control and sensitizes liver cells to carcinogenic factors. Accumulation of preS1 large envelope proteins and/or preS2/S mutant proteins activates the unfold proteins response, that can contribute to hepatocyte transformation. Epigenetic changes targeting the expression of tumor suppressor genes occur early in the development of HCC. A major role is played by the HBV protein, HBx, which is recruited on cellular chromatin and modulates chromatin dynamics at specific gene loci. Compared with tumors associated with other risk factors, HBV-related tumors have a higher rate of chromosomal alterations, p53 inactivation by mutations and overexpression of fetal liver/hepatic progenitor cells genes. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is also often activated but HBV-related tumors display a low rate of activating β-catenin mutations. HBV-related HCCs may arise on non-cirrhotic livers, further supporting the notion that HBV plays a direct role in liver transformation by triggering both common and etiology specific oncogenic pathways in addition to stimulating the host immune response and driving liver chronic necro-inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052, Lyon, France; IIT Centre for Life Nanoscience (CLNS), Rome, Italy; Dept of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Médecine, Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheng Q, Yuan F, Lu F, Zhang B, Chen T, Chen X, Cheng Y, Li N, Ma L, Tong T. CSIG promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by activating c-MYC expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4733-44. [PMID: 25749381 PMCID: PMC4467111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence-inhibited gene (CSIG) protein significantly prolongs the progression of replicative senescence, but its role in tumorigenesis is unclear. To reveal the role of CSIG in HCC, we determined its expression in HCC tissues and surrounding tissues and its functions in tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. CSIG protein was overexpressed in 86.4% of the human HCC cancerous tissues as compared with matched surrounding tissues, and its protein expression was greater in HCC cells than the non-transformed hepatic cell line L02. Furthermore, upregulation of CSIG significantly increased the colony formation of SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells, and silencing CSIG could induce cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. The tumorigenic ability of CSIG was confirmed in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. Our results showed that CSIG promoted the proliferation of HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells in vivo. Finally, CSIG protein directly interacted with c-MYC protein and increased c-MYC protein levels; the ubiquitination and degradation of c-MYC protein was increased with knockdown of CSIG. CSIG could also increase the expression of c-MYC protein in SMMC7721 cells in vivo, and it was noted that the level of c-MYC protein was also elevated in most human cancerous tissues with high level of CSIG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cheng
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianda Chen
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Ma
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tanjun Tong
- The Peking University Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guerrieri F, Belloni L, Pediconi N, Levrero M. Pathobiology of Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22330-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
36
|
Niller HH, Ay E, Banati F, Demcsák A, Takacs M, Minarovits J. Wild type HBx and truncated HBx: Pleiotropic regulators driving sequential genetic and epigenetic steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression of HBV-associated neoplasms. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:57-73. [PMID: 26593760 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are complex. One of the host factors involved is apparently the long-lasting inflammatory reaction which accompanies chronic HBV infection. Although HBV lacks a typical viral oncogene, the HBx gene encoding a pleiotropic regulatory protein emerged as a major player in liver carcinogenesis. Here we review the tumorigenic functions of HBx with an emphasis on wild type and truncated HBx variants, and their role in the transcriptional dysregulation and epigenetic reprogramming of the host cell genome. We suggest that HBx acquired by the HBV genome during evolution acts like a cellular proto-onc gene that is activated by deletion during hepatocarcinogenesis. The resulting viral oncogene (v-onc gene) codes for a truncated HBx protein that facilitates tumor progression. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Ay
- Department of Retrovirology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center, Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary
| | - Anett Demcsák
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Takacs
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Oncogenic potential of hepatitis B virus encoded proteins. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:109-15. [PMID: 26426688 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limited treatment options hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major risk factor for development of HCC worldwide. HCC is typically preceded by chronic inflammation, but may also develop in the absence of liver disease on the basis of HBV infection and even when virus replication is controlled by antivirals. In this situation, HBV antigen expression persists and direct oncogenic effects of HBV are integration of the viral DNA into the host genome as well as direct effects of viral proteins. These factors have to be taken into account in order to personalize HCC surveillance in CHB and unravel novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhu H, Han C, Wu T. MiR-17-92 cluster promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1213-22. [PMID: 26233958 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-17-92 cluster is an oncogenic miRNA cluster that is implicated in several cancers, although its role in hepatocarcinogenesis has not been clearly defined. In this study, we show that the miR-17-92 cluster is highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues compared to the non-tumorous liver tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses. Increased miR-17-92 cluster expression in HCC tissues was further confirmed by analysis of the RNA-sequencing data of 319 patients available from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Data Portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/). To create an animal model that resembles enhanced miR-17-92 in the liver, we developed liver-specific miR-17-92 transgenic mice and the animals were treated with the hepatic carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). We observed that the liver-specific miR-17-92 transgenic mice showed significantly increased hepatocellular cancer development compared to the matched wild-type control mice. Forced overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster in cultured human hepatocellular cancer cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation, colony formation and invasiveness in vitro, whereas inhibition of the miR-17-92 cluster reduced tumor cell growth. By analyzing the miRNA and mRNA sequencing data from the 312 hepatocellular cancer patients available from the TCGA database, we observed that the expression levels of the miR-17-92 cluster members and host gene in the tumor tissues are negatively correlated with several target genes, including CREBL2, PRRG1, NTN4. Our findings demonstrate an important role of the miR-17-92 cluster in hepatocarcinogenesis and suggest the possibility of targeting this pivotal miRNA cluster for potential therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hepatitis B virus X protein enhances Myc stability by inhibiting SCFSkp2 ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated Myc ubiquitination and contributes to oncogenesis. Oncogene 2015; 35:1857-67. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
40
|
Zhang H, Diab A, Fan H, Mani SKK, Hullinger R, Merle P, Andrisani O. PLK1 and HOTAIR Accelerate Proteasomal Degradation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 during Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Liver Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2363-74. [PMID: 25855382 PMCID: PMC4452430 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is needed to gain insights into the etiology and treatment of liver cancer. Cells where HBV is replicating exhibit increased expression of Plk1 kinase and reduced levels of two transcription repression factors, SUZ12 and ZNF198. SUZ12 is an essential subunit of the transcription repressive complex PRC2. ZNF198 stabilizes the transcription repressive complex composed of LSD1, Co-REST, and HDAC1. These two transcription repressive complexes are held together by binding the long noncoding RNA HOTAIR. In this study, we linked these regulatory events mechanistically by showing that Plk1 induces proteasomal degradation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 by site-specific phosphorylation. Plk1-dependent ubiquitination of SUZ12 and ZNF198 was enhanced by expression of HOTAIR, significantly reducing SUZ12 and ZNF198 stability. In cells expressing the HBV X protein (HBx), downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 mediated global changes in histone modifications. In turn, HBx-expressing cells propagated an altered chromatin landscape after cell division, as exemplified by changes in histone modifications of the EpCAM promoter, a target of PRC2 and LSD1/Co-REST/HDAC1 complexes. Notably, liver tumors from X/c-myc bitransgenic mice exhibited downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 along with elevated expression of Plk1, HOTAIR, and EpCAM. Clinically, similar effects were documented in a set of HBV-related liver tumors consistent with the likelihood that downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 leads to epigenetic reprogramming of infected hepatocytes. Because both Plk1 and HOTAIR are elevated in many human cancers, we propose that their combined effects are involved in epigenetic reprogramming associated broadly with oncogenic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Huitao Fan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ronald Hullinger
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Seeger C, Mason WS. Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology 2015; 479-480:672-86. [PMID: 25759099 PMCID: PMC4424072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of a family of small DNA viruses that productively infect hepatocytes, the major cell of the liver, and replicate by reverse transcription of a terminally redundant viral RNA, the pregenome. Upon infection, the circular, partially double-stranded virion DNA is converted in the nucleus to a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that assembles into a minichromosome, the template for viral mRNA synthesis. Infection of hepatocytes is non-cytopathic. Infection of the liver may be either transient (<6 months) or chronic and lifelong, depending on the ability of the host immune response to clear the infection. Chronic infections can cause immune-mediated liver damage progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are unclear. Antiviral therapies with nucleoside analog inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis delay sequelae, but cannot cure HBV infections due to the persistence of cccDNA in hepatocytes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hepatitis B virus X protein induces EpCAM expression via active DNA demethylation directed by RelA in complex with EZH2 and TET2. Oncogene 2015; 35:715-26. [PMID: 25893293 PMCID: PMC4615262 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and HBV X protein (HBx) acts as cofactor in hepatocarcinogenesis. In liver tumors from animals modeling HBx- and HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis, downregulation of chromatin regulating proteins SUZ12 and ZNF198 induces expression of several genes, including epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). EpCAM upregulation occurs in HBV-mediated HCCs and hepatic cancer stem cells, by a mechanism not understood. Herein we demonstrate HBx induces EpCAM expression via active DNA demethylation. In hepatocytes, EpCAM is silenced by polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and ZNF198/LSD1/Co-REST/HDAC1 chromatin-modifying complexes. Cells with stable knockdown of SUZ12, an essential PRC2 subunit, upon HBx expression demethylate a CpG dinucleotide located adjacent to NF-κB/RelA half-site. This NF-κB/RelA site is in a CpG island downstream from EpCAM transcriptional start site (TSS). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate HBx-dependent RelA occupancy of NF-κB half-site, whereas RelA knockdown suppresses CpG demethylation and EpCAM expression. Tumor necrosis factor-α activates RelA, propagating demethylation to nearby CpG sites, shown by sodium bisulfite sequencing. RelA-dependent demethylation occurring upon HBx expression requires methyltrasferase EZH2, TET2 a key factor in cytosine demethylation and inactive DNMT3L, shown by knockdown assays and sodium bisulfite sequencing. Co-immunoprecipitations and sequential ChIP assays demonstrate that RelA in the presence of HBx forms a complex with EZH2, TET2 and DNMT3L, although the role of DNMT3L remains to be understood. Interestingly, the human EpCAM gene also has a CpG island downstream from its TSS, and a NF-κB-binding site flanked by CpGs. HepG2 cells derived from human HCC exhibit demethylation of these NF-κB-flanking CpG sites, and HBV replication propagates demethylation to nearby CpG sites. DLK1, another PRC2 target gene, also upregulated in HBV-mediated HCCs, is demethylated in liver tumors at CpG dinucleotides flanking the NF-κB-binding sequence, supporting that this active DNA demethylation mechanism functions during oncogenic transformation.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kumar S, Gupta P, Khanal S, Shahi A, Kumar P, Sarin SK, Venugopal SK. Overexpression of microRNA-30a inhibits hepatitis B virus X protein-induced autophagosome formation in hepatic cells. FEBS J 2015; 282:1152-63. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Kumar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| | - Sweta Khanal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| | - Aashirwad Shahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Hepatology; Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Senthil K. Venugopal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; South Asian University; New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ringelhan M, O'Connor T, Protzer U, Heikenwalder M. The direct and indirect roles of HBV in liver cancer: prospective markers for HCC screening and potential therapeutic targets. J Pathol 2015; 235:355-67. [PMID: 25196558 DOI: 10.1002/path.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the number one risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for more than 600 000 deaths/year. Despite highly effective antiviral treatment options, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), subsequent end-stage liver disease and HCC development remain a major challenge worldwide. In CHB, liver damage is mainly caused by the influx of immune cells and destruction of infected hepatocytes, causing necro-inflammation. Treatment with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues can effectively suppress HBV replication in patients with CHB and thus decrease the risk for HCC development. Nevertheless, the risk of HCC in treated patients showing sufficient suppression of HBV DNA replication is significantly higher than in patients with inactive CHB, regardless of the presence of baseline liver cirrhosis, suggesting direct, long-lasting, predisposing effects of HBV. Direct oncogenic effects of HBV include integration in the host genome, leading to deletions, cis/trans-activation, translocations, the production of fusion transcripts and generalized genomic instability, as well as pleiotropic effects of viral transcripts (HBsAg and HBx). Analysis of these viral factors in active surveillance may allow early identification of high-risk patients, and their integration into a molecular classification of HCC subtypes might help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Second Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a widespread human pathogen that causes liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent sequencing technologies have refined our knowledge of the genomic landscape and pathogenesis of HCC, but the mechanisms by which HBV exerts its oncogenic role remain controversial. In a prevailing view, inflammation, liver damage, and regeneration may foster the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic defects leading to cancer onset. However, a more direct and specific contribution of the virus is supported by clinical and biological observations. Among genetically heterogeneous HCCs, HBV-related tumors display high genomic instability, which may be attributed to the ability of HBV to integrate its DNA into the host cell genome, provoking chromosomal alterations and insertional mutagenesis of cancer genes. The viral transactivator HBx may also participate in transformation by deregulating diverse cellular machineries. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms linking HBV to HCC will improve prevention and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Annick Buendia
- Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acute Hepatitis and Liver Cancer Unit, INSERM U785, University Paris-Sud, Paul Brousse Hospital, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Christine Neuveut
- Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity Unit, URA CNRS 3015, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ryu SH, Jang MK, Kim WJ, Lee D, Chung YH. Metastatic tumor antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma: golden roads toward personalized medicine. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:965-80. [PMID: 25325987 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a prototype of hypervascular tumors, is one of the most common malignancies in the world, especially hyperendemic in the Far East where chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly prevalent. It is characterized by the clinical feature of a poor prognosis or a high mortality due to its already far advanced stages at diagnosis. It is so multifactorial that hepatocarcinogenesis cannot be explained by a single molecular mechanism. To date, a number of pathways have been known to contribute to the development, growth, angiogenesis, and even metastasis of HCC. Among the various factors, metastatic tumor antigens (MTAs) or metastasis-associated proteins have been vigorously investigated as an intriguing target in the field of hepatocarcinogenesis. According to recent studies including ours, MTAs are not only involved in the HCC development and growth (molecular carcinogenesis), but also closely associated with the post-operative recurrence and a poor prognosis or a worse response to post-operative anti-cancer therapy (clinical significance). Herein, we review MTAs in light of their essential structure, functions, and molecular mechanism in hepatocarcinogenesis. We will also focus in detail on the interaction between hepatitis B x protein (HBx) of HBV and MTA in order to clarify the HBV-associated HCC development. Finally, we will discuss the prognostic significance and clinical application of MTA in HCC. We believe that this review will help clinicians to understand the meaning and use of the detection of MTA in order to more effectively manage their HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyung Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ringelhan M, Reisinger F, Yuan D, Weber A, Heikenwalder M. Modeling human liver cancer heterogeneity: virally induced transgenic models and mouse genetic models of chronic liver inflammation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 67:14.31.1-14.31.17. [PMID: 25446288 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1431s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being the most common primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in humans. Treatment options are limited for this chemoresistant cancer, with liver transplantation and surgical intervention in early stages being the most successful treatments. Drug development over the past 15 years has focused on generating mouse models that mimic the human pathology for HCC. This has enabled the laboratory testing of potentially new human therapeutics. Described in this unit are the classification of HCC and an overview of hepatitis virus-related transgenic and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that are employed for elucidating the mechanism(s) responsible for the development of HCC, with particular emphasis on genetic, dietary, and environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, München, Germany.,2nd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), München, Germany
| | | | | | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Parpart S, Roessler S, Dong F, Rao V, Takai A, Ji J, Qin L, Ye Q, Jia H, Tang Z, Wang XW. Modulation of miR-29 expression by α-fetoprotein is linked to the hepatocellular carcinoma epigenome. Hepatology 2014; 60:872-83. [PMID: 24798303 PMCID: PMC4146718 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 70%-85% of primary liver cancers and ranks as the second leading cause of male cancer death. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), normally highly expressed in the liver only during fetal development, is reactivated in 60% of HCC tumors and associated with poor patient outcome. We hypothesize that AFP+ and AFP- tumors differ biologically. Multivariable analysis in 237 HCC cases demonstrates that AFP level predicts poor survival independent of tumor stage (P<0.043). Using microarray-based global microRNA (miRNA) profiling, we found that miRNA-29 (miR-29) family members were the most significantly (P<0.001) down-regulated miRNAs in AFP+ tumors. Consistent with miR-29's role in targeting DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), a key enzyme regulating DNA methylation, we found a significant inverse correlation (P<0.001) between miR-29 and DNMT3A gene expression, suggesting that they might be functionally antagonistic. Moreover, global DNA methylation profiling reveals that AFP+ and AFP- HCC tumors have distinct global DNA methylation patterns and that increased DNA methylation is associated with AFP+ HCC. Experimentally, we found that AFP expression in AFP- HCC cells induces cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of AFP, or conditioned media from AFP+ cells, inhibits miR-29a expression and induces DNMT3A expression in AFP- HCC cells. AFP also inhibited transcription of the miR-29a/b-1 locus, and this effect is mediated through c-MYC binding to the transcript of miR-29a/b-1. Furthermore, AFP expression promotes tumor growth of AFP- HCC cells in nude mice. CONCLUSION Tumor biology differs considerably between AFP+ HCC and AFP- HCC; AFP is a functional antagonist of miR-29, which may contribute to global epigenetic alterations and poor prognosis in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Parpart
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD,Tumor Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Fei Dong
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vinay Rao
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Atsushi Takai
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Junfang Ji
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lun–Xiu Qin
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing–Hai Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu–Liang Jia
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao–You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence: Xin Wei Wang, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ; Phone: 301-496-2099; Fax: 301-496-0497
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yoshida K, Murata M, Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki K. TGF-β/Smad signaling during hepatic fibro-carcinogenesis (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1363-71. [PMID: 25050845 PMCID: PMC4151811 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After hepatitis virus infection, plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)-β increases in either the acute or chronic inflammatory microenvironment. Although TGF-β is upregulated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, it is one of the most potent growth inhibitors for hepatocytes. This cytokine also upregulates extracellular matrix (ECM) production of hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, TGF-β is considered to be the major factor regulating liver carcinogenesis and accelerating liver fibrosis. Smad2 and Smad3 act as the intracellular mediators of TGF-β signal transduction pathway. We have generated numerous antibodies against individual phosphorylation sites in Smad2/3, and identified 3 types of phosphorylated forms (phospho-isoforms): COOH-terminally phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2C and pSmad3C), linker phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L and pSmad3L) and dually phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C). These Smad phospho-isoforms are categorized into 3 groups: cytostatic pSmad3C signaling, mitogenic pSmad3L signaling and invasive/fibrogenic pSmad2L/C signaling. In this review, we describe differential regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling after acute or chronic liver injuries. In addition, we consider how chronic inflammation associated with hepatitis virus infection promotes hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis (fibro-carcinogenesis), focusing on alteration of Smad phospho-isoform signaling. Finally, we show reversibility of Smad phospho-isoform signaling after therapy against hepatitis virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kusunoki H, Tanaka T, Kohno T, Wakamatsu K, Hamaguchi I. Structural characterization of the BH3-like motif of hepatitis B virus X protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:741-5. [PMID: 24950407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|