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Koh J, Jeong D, Park SY, Han D, Kim DS, Kim HY, Kim H, Yang S, Kim S, Ryu HS. Identification of VWA5A as a novel biomarker for inhibiting metastasis in breast cancer by machine-learning based protein prioritization. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2459. [PMID: 38291227 PMCID: PMC10828438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer (BC). The timing of distant metastasis differs according to subtypes of BCs and there is a need for identification of biomarkers for the prediction of early and late metastasis. To identify biomarker candidates whose abundance level can discriminate metastasis types, we performed a high-throughput proteomics assay using tissue samples from BCs with no metastasis, late metastasis, and early metastasis, processed data with machine learning-based feature selection, and found that low VWA5A could be responsible for shorter duration of metastasis-free interval. Low expression of VWA5A gene in METABRIC cohort was associated with poor survival in BCs, especially in hormone receptor (HR)-positive BCs. In-vitro experiments confirmed tumor suppressive effect of VWA5A on BCs in HR+ and triple-negative BC cell lines. We found that expression of VWA5A can be assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on archival tissue samples. Decreasing nuclear expression of VWA5A was significantly associated with advanced T stage and lymphatic invasion in consecutive BCs of all subtypes. We discovered lower expression of VWA5A as the potential biomarker for metastasis-prone BCs, and our results support the clinical utility of VWA5A IHC, as an adjunctive tools for prognostication of BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dabin Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Sol Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoon Kim
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohyeon Yang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Pharmonoid Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Williams KS, Secomb TW, El-Kareh AW. An autonomous mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle. J Theor Biol 2023; 569:111533. [PMID: 37196820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle is developed as a system of 13 coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The variables and interactions included in the model are based on detailed consideration of available experimental data. A novel feature of the model is inclusion of cycle tasks such as origin licensing and initiation, nuclear envelope breakdown and kinetochore attachment, and their interactions with controllers (molecular complexes involved in cycle control). Other key features are that the model is autonomous, except for a dependence on external growth factors; the variables are continuous in time, without instantaneous resets at phase boundaries; mechanisms to prevent rereplication are included; and cycle progression is independent of cell size. Eight variables represent cell cycle controllers: the Cyclin D1-Cdk4/6 complex, APCCdh1, SCFβTrCP, Cdc25A, MPF, NuMA, the securin-separase complex, and separase. Five variables represent task completion, with four for the status of origins and one for kinetochore attachment. The model predicts distinct behaviors corresponding to the main phases of the cell cycle, showing that the principal features of the mammalian cell cycle, including restriction point behavior, can be accounted for in a quantitative mechanistic way based on known interactions among cycle controllers and their coupling to tasks. The model is robust to parameter changes, in that cycling is maintained over at least a five-fold range of each parameter when varied individually. The model is suitable for exploring how extracellular factors affect cell cycle progression, including responses to metabolic conditions and to anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Luu AK, Cadieux M, Wong M, Macdonald R, Jones R, Choi D, Oblak M, Brisson B, Sauer S, Chafitz J, Warshawsky D, Wood GA, Viloria-Petit AM. Proteomic Assessment of Extracellular Vesicles from Canine Tissue Explants as a Pipeline to Identify Molecular Targets in Osteosarcoma: PSMD14/Rpn11 as a Proof of Principle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063256. [PMID: 35328679 PMCID: PMC8953151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant bone tumour that has seen little improvement in treatment modalities in the past 30 years. Understanding what molecules contribute to OS biology could aid in the discovery of novel therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a mode of cell-to-cell communication and have the potential to uncover novel protein signatures. In our research, we developed a novel pipeline to isolate, characterize, and profile EVs from normal bone and osteosarcoma tissue explants from canine OS patients. Proteomic analysis of vesicle preparations revealed a protein signature related to protein metabolism. One molecule of interest, PSMD14/Rpn11, was explored further given its prognostic potential in human and canine OS, and its targetability with the drug capzimin. In vitro experiments demonstrated that capzimin induces apoptosis and reduces clonogenic survival, proliferation, and migration in two metastatic canine OS cell lines. Capzimin also reduces the viability of metastatic human OS cells cultured under 3D conditions that mimic the growth of OS cells at secondary sites. This unique pipeline can improve our understanding of OS biology and identify new prognostic markers and molecular targets for both canine and human OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K. Luu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Mia Cadieux
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Mackenzie Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Rachel Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Michelle Oblak
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.O.); (B.B.)
| | - Brigitte Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.O.); (B.B.)
| | - Scott Sauer
- Vuja De Sciences, Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (S.S.); (D.W.)
| | | | | | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Alicia M. Viloria-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Rasool R, Ullah I, Mubeen B, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Ghoneim MM, Alzarea SI, Al-Abbasi FA, Murtaza BN, Kazmi I, Nadeem MS. Theranostic Interpolation of Genomic Instability in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031861. [PMID: 35163783 PMCID: PMC8836911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a diverse disease caused by mutations in multiple genes accompanying epigenetic aberrations of hazardous genes and protein pathways, which distress tumor-suppressor genes and the expression of oncogenes. Alteration in any of the several physiological mechanisms such as cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair machinery, mitotic checkpoints, and telomere maintenance results in genomic instability. Theranostic has the potential to foretell and estimate therapy response, contributing a valuable opportunity to modify the ongoing treatments and has developed new treatment strategies in a personalized manner. “Omics” technologies play a key role while studying genomic instability in breast cancer, and broadly include various aspects of proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and tumor grading. Certain computational techniques have been designed to facilitate the early diagnosis of cancer and predict disease-specific therapies, which can produce many effective results. Several diverse tools are used to investigate genomic instability and underlying mechanisms. The current review aimed to explore the genomic landscape, tumor heterogeneity, and possible mechanisms of genomic instability involved in initiating breast cancer. We also discuss the implications of computational biology regarding mutational and pathway analyses, identification of prognostic markers, and the development of strategies for precision medicine. We also review different technologies required for the investigation of genomic instability in breast cancer cells, including recent therapeutic and preventive advances in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Inam Ullah
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (M.S.N.)
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5
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Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 29 Regulates Cdc25A-Mediated Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115766. [PMID: 34071237 PMCID: PMC8198132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A) is a dual-specificity phosphatase that is overexpressed in several cancer cells and promotes tumorigenesis. In normal cells, Cdc25A expression is regulated tightly, but the changes in expression patterns in cancer cells that lead to tumorigenesis are unknown. In this study, we showed that ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) stabilized Cdc25A protein expression in cancer cell lines by protecting it from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. The presence of USP29 effectively blocked polyubiquitination of Cdc25A and extended its half-life. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of USP29 in HeLa cells resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. We also showed that USP29 knockdown hampered Cdc25A-mediated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, NSG nude mice transplanted with USP29-depleted cells significantly reduced the size of the tumors, whereas the reconstitution of Cdc25A in USP29-depleted cells significantly increased the tumor size. Altogether, our results implied that USP29 promoted cell cycle progression and oncogenic transformation by regulating protein turnover of Cdc25A.
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6
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Global Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Protein Ubiquitination Using K-ε-GG Remnant Antibody Enrichment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2365:203-216. [PMID: 34432246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1665-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that affects protein degradation as well as a variety of cellular processes. Methods that globally profile ubiquitination are powerful tools to better understand these processes. Here we describe an updated method for identification and quantification of thousands of sites of ubiquitination from cells, tissues, or other biological materials. The method involves cell lysis and digestion to peptides, immunoaffinity enrichment with an antibody recognizing di-glycine remnants left behind at ubiquitinated lysines, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the enriched peptides.
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7
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Gao X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu S, Liu J, Zhou X, Zhou L, Chen H, Pan L, Chen J, Wang D, Zhang Q, Shen S, Xiao Y, Wu Z, Cheng Y, Chen G, Kubra S, Qin J, Huang L, Zhang P, Wang C, Moses RE, Lonard DM, Malley BWO, Fares F, Zhang B, Li X, Li L, Xiao J. The REGγ inhibitor NIP30 increases sensitivity to chemotherapy in p53-deficient tumor cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3904. [PMID: 32764536 PMCID: PMC7413384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in chemotherapy is chemotherapy resistance in cells lacking p53. Here we demonstrate that NIP30, an inhibitor of the oncogenic REGγ-proteasome, attenuates cancer cell growth and sensitizes p53-compromised cells to chemotherapeutic agents. NIP30 acts by binding to REGγ via an evolutionarily-conserved serine-rich domain with 4-serine phosphorylation. We find the cyclin-dependent phosphatase CDC25A is a key regulator for NIP30 phosphorylation and modulation of REGγ activity during the cell cycle or after DNA damage. We validate CDC25A-NIP30-REGγ mediated regulation of the REGγ target protein p21 in vivo using p53-/- and p53/REGγ double-deficient mice. Moreover, Phosphor-NIP30 mimetics significantly increase the growth inhibitory effect of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Given that NIP30 is frequently mutated in the TCGA cancer database, our results provide insight into the regulatory pathway controlling the REGγ-proteasome in carcinogenesis and offer a novel approach to drug-resistant cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, 200003, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- The Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 310036, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- The Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 310036, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Prk, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xingli Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Linian Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Wang
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, 200003, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, 200003, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Syeda Kubra
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qin
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) and Peking University Cancer Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Chengdu Municipal Hospital, 610017, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robb E Moses
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bert W O' Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fuad Fares
- Department of Human Biology. Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Bianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaotao Li
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, 200003, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Genome-scale screening of deubiquitinase subfamily identifies USP3 as a stabilizer of Cdc25A regulating cell cycle in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:3004-3020. [PMID: 32415280 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional screening methods for deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have important limitations. A loss-of-function study based on the knockout of DUB genes in mammalian cells can provide an excellent model for exploring DUB function. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to perform genome-scale knockout of the entire set of genes encoding ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), a DUB subfamily, and then systematically screened for DUBs that stabilize the Cdc25A oncoprotein. USP3 was identified as a deubiquitinase of Cdc25A. USP3 depletion reduces the Cdc25A protein level, resulting in a significant delay in cell-cycle progression, and reduces the growth of cervical tumor xenografts in nude mice. Clinically, USP3 expression is positively correlated with Cdc25A protein expression and the poorest survival in breast cancer. We envision that our DUB knockout library kit will facilitate genome-scale screening of functional DUBs for target proteins of interest in a wide range of biomedical fields.
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9
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Lozada EM, Andrysik Z, Yin M, Redilla N, Rice K, Stambrook PJ. Acetylation and deacetylation of Cdc25A constitutes a novel mechanism for modulating Cdc25A functions with implications for cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20425-39. [PMID: 26967250 PMCID: PMC4991465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A is a key regulator of the cell cycle that promotes cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin-dependent kinases. In response to genotoxicants, Cdc25A undergoes posttranslational modifications which contribute to its proteasome-mediated degradation and consequent cell cycle checkpoint arrest. The most thoroughly studied Cdc25A modification is phosphorylation. We now provide the first evidence that Cdc25A can be acetylated and that it directly interacts with the ARD1 acetyltransferase which acetylates Cdc25A both biochemically and in cultured cells. When acetylated, Cdc25A has an extended half-life. We have also identified the class IV histone deacetylase, HDAC11, as a Cdc25A deacetylase. We further show that DNA damage, such as exposure to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), etoposide or arsenic, increases Cdc25A acetylation. Importantly, this acetylation modulates Cdc25A phosphatase activity and its function as a cell cycle regulator, and may reflect a cellular response to DNA damage. Since Cdc25A, ARD1, and HDAC11 are frequently dysregulated in multiple types of cancer, our findings may provide insight into a novel mechanism in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enerlyn M Lozada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Moying Yin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Nicholas Redilla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Kathryn Rice
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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10
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Meserve JH, Duronio RJ. A population of G2-arrested cells are selected as sensory organ precursors for the interommatidial bristles of the Drosophila eye. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28645749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and differentiation are highly coordinated during the development of multicellular organisms. The mechanisms by which these processes are coordinated and how their coordination contributes to normal development are not fully understood. Here, we determine the developmental fate of a population of precursor cells in the developing Drosophila melanogaster retina that arrest in G2 phase of the cell cycle and investigate whether cell cycle phase-specific arrest influences the fate of these cells. We demonstrate that retinal precursor cells that arrest in G2 during larval development are selected as sensory organ precursors (SOPs) during pupal development and undergo two cell divisions to generate the four-cell interommatidial mechanosensory bristles. While G2 arrest is not required for bristle development, preventing G2 arrest results in incorrect bristle positioning in the adult eye. We conclude that G2-arrested cells provide a positional cue during development to ensure proper spacing of bristles in the eye. Our results suggest that the control of cell cycle progression refines cell fate decisions and that the relationship between these two processes is not necessarily deterministic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Meserve
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J Duronio
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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11
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Role and regulation of Cdc25A phosphatase in neuron death induced by NGF deprivation or β-amyloid. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16083. [PMID: 28028440 PMCID: PMC5149581 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron death during development and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with aberrant regulation/induction of cell cycle proteins. However, the proximal events in this process are unknown. Cell cycle initiation requires dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A). Here, we show that Cdc25A is essential for neuronal death in response to NGF deprivation or β-amyloid (Aβ) treatment and describe the mechanisms by which it is regulated in these paradigms. Cdc25A mRNA, protein and Cdc25A phosphatase activity were induced by NGF deprivation and Aβ treatment. Enhanced Cdc25A expression was also observed in rat brains infused with Aβ and in Aβ-overexpressing AβPPswe-PS1dE9 mice. In cultured neurons Cdc25A inhibition by chemical inhibitors or shRNA prevented cell death and neurite degeneration caused by NGF deprivation or Aβ. Additionally, Cdc25A inhibition diminished distal signaling events including Cdk-dependent elevation of phospho-pRb and subsequent caspase-3 activation. Mechanism studies revealed that Cdc25A induction by NGF deprivation and Aβ is mediated by activation of Forkhead transcription factors that in turn suppress miR-21, a negative regulator of Cdc25A. Our studies thus identify Cdc25A as a required upstream element of the apoptotic cell cycle pathway that is required for neuron death in response to trophic factor deprivation and to Aβ exposure and therefore as a potential target to suppress pathologic neuron death.
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12
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Cohen-Kaplan V, Livneh I, Avni N, Cohen-Rosenzweig C, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy: Coordinated and independent activities. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:403-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Jo MJ, Paek AR, Choi JS, Ok CY, Jeong KC, Lim JH, Kim SH, You HJ. Regulation of cancer cell death by a novel compound, C604, in a c-Myc-overexpressing cellular environment. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:257-65. [PMID: 26607468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-Myc has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Several c-Myc targets have been studied; however, selective regulation of c-Myc is not easy in cancer cells. Herein, we attempt to identify chemical compounds that induce cell death in c-Myc-overexpressing cells (STF-cMyc and STF-Control) by conducting MTS assays on approximately 4000 chemical compounds. One compound, C604, induced cell death in STF-cMyc cells but not STF-Control cells. Apoptotic proteins, including caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were cleaved in C604-treated STF-cMyc cells. In addition, SW620, HCT116 and NCI-H23 cells, which exhibit higher basal levels of c-Myc, underwent apoptotic cell death in response to C604, suggesting a role for C604 as an inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells with c-Myc amplification. C604 induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in cells, which was not affected by apoptotic inhibitors. Interestingly, C604 induced accumulation of c-Myc and Cdc25A proteins. In summary, a chemical compound was identified that may induce cell death in cancer cells with c-Myc amplification specifically through an apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Jeong Jo
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - A Rome Paek
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Ji Seung Choi
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Chang Youp Ok
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chae Jeong
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin You
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
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14
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Ho LK, Nodwell JR. David and Goliath: chemical perturbation of eukaryotes by bacteria. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:233-48. [PMID: 26433385 PMCID: PMC4752587 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental microbes produce biologically active small molecules that have been mined extensively as antibiotics and a smaller number of drugs that act on eukaryotic cells. It is known that there are additional bioactives to be discovered from this source. While the discovery of new antibiotics is challenged by the frequent discovery of known compounds, we contend that the eukaryote-active compounds may be less saturated. Indeed, despite there being far fewer eukaryotic-active natural products these molecules interact with a far richer diversity of molecular and cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis K Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Justin R Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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15
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Checkpoint kinase1 (CHK1) is an important biomarker in breast cancer having a role in chemotherapy response. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:901-11. [PMID: 25688741 PMCID: PMC4453942 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Checkpoint kinase1 (CHK1), which is a key component of DNA-damage-activated checkpoint signalling response, may have a role in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis and influence response to chemotherapy. This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of phosphorylated CHK1 (pCHK1) protein in BC. Method: pCHK1 protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in a large, well-characterized annotated series of early-stage primary operable invasive BC prepared as tissue microarray (n=1200). Result: pCHK1 showed nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression. Tumours with nuclear expression showed positive associations with favourable prognostic features such as lower grade, lower mitotic activity, expression of hormone receptor and lack of expression of KI67 and PI3K (P<0.001). On the other hand, cytoplasmic expression was associated with features of poor prognosis such as higher grade, triple-negative phenotype and expression of KI67, p53, AKT and PI3K. pCHK1 expression showed an association with DNA damage response (ATM, RAD51, BRCA1, KU70/KU80, DNA-PKCα and BARD1) and sumoylation (UBC9 and PIASγ) biomarkers. Subcellular localisation of pCHK1 was associated with the expression of the nuclear transport protein KPNA2. Positive nuclear expression predicted better survival outcome in patients who did not receive chemotherapy in the whole series and in ER-positive tumours. In ER-negative and triple-negative subgroups, nuclear pCHK1 predicted shorter survival in patients who received cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-florouracil chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our data suggest that pCHK1 may have prognostic and predictive significance in BC. Subcellular localisation of pCHK1 protein is related to its function.
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16
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Hobiger K, Friedrich T. Voltage sensitive phosphatases: emerging kinship to protein tyrosine phosphatases from structure-function research. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25713537 PMCID: PMC4322731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein Ci-VSP from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis was described as first member of a fascinating family of enzymes, the voltage sensitive phosphatases (VSPs). Ci-VSP and its voltage-activated homologs from other species are stimulated by positive membrane potentials and dephosphorylate the head groups of negatively charged phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs). In doing so, VSPs act as control centers at the cytosolic membrane surface, because they intervene in signaling cascades that are mediated by PIP lipids. The characteristic motif CX5RT/S in the active site classifies VSPs as members of the huge family of cysteine-based protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Although PTPs have already been well-characterized regarding both, structure and function, their relationship to VSPs has drawn only limited attention so far. Therefore, the intention of this review is to give a short overview about the extensive knowledge about PTPs in relation to the facts known about VSPs. Here, we concentrate on the structural features of the catalytic domain which are similar between both classes of phosphatases and their consequences for the enzymatic function. By discussing results obtained from crystal structures, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis studies, a possible mechanism for the catalytic cycle of VSPs is presented based on that one proposed for PTPs. In this way, we want to link the knowledge about the catalytic activity of VSPs and PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Hobiger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
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17
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Lee HW, Wang HT, Weng MW, Hu Y, Chen WS, Chou D, Liu Y, Donin N, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Wang H, Beland FA, Tang MS. Acrolein- and 4-Aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in human bladder mucosa and tumor tissue and their mutagenicity in human urothelial cells. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3526-40. [PMID: 24939871 PMCID: PMC4116500 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) is a major cause of human bladder cancer (BC). Two components in TS, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and acrolein, which also are environmental contaminants, can cause bladder tumor in rat models. Their role in TS related BC has not been forthcoming. To establish the relationship between acrolein and 4-ABP exposure and BC, we analyzed acrolein-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 4-ABP-DNA adducts in normal human urothelial mucosa (NHUM) and bladder tumor tissues (BTT), and measured their mutagenicity in human urothelial cells. We found that the acrolein-dG levels in NHUM and BTT are 10-30 fold higher than 4-ABP-DNA adduct levels and that the acrolein-dG levels in BTT are 2 fold higher than in NHUM. Both acrolein-dG and 4-ABP-DNA adducts are mutagenic; however, the former are 5 fold more mutagenic than the latter. These two types of DNA adducts induce different mutational signatures and spectra. We found that acrolein inhibits nucleotide excision and base excision repair and induces repair protein degradation in urothelial cells. Since acrolein is abundant in TS, inhaled acrolein is excreted into urine and accumulates in the bladder and because acrolein inhibits DNA repair and acrolein-dG DNA adducts are mutagenic, we propose that acrolein is a major bladder carcinogen in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Mao-wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Wei-sheng Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - David Chou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas Donin
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William C. Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hailin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, New York
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18
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The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:306-22. [PMID: 23541070 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) maintains the integrity of cellular processes by controlling protein degradation pathways. The role of the UPS in proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, DNA repair, protein folding, and apoptosis is well documented, and a wide range of protein activities in these signaling pathways can be manipulated by UPS inhibitors, which include many anti-cancer agents. Naturally occurring and synthetic drugs designed to target the UPS are currently used for hematological cancers, including lymphoma. These drugs largely interfere with the E1 and E2 regions of the 26S proteasome, blocking proteasomal activity and promoting apoptosis by enhancing activities of the extrinsic (death receptors, Trail, Fas) and intrinsic (caspases, Bax, Bcl2, p53, nuclear factor-kappa B, p27) cell death programs. This review focuses on recent clinical developments concerning UPS inhibitors, signaling pathways that are affected by down-regulation of UPS activities, and apoptotic mechanisms promoted by drugs in this class that are used to treat lymphoma.
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19
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Abstract
Cullin/RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL) comprise the largest subfamily of ubiquitin ligases. CRLs are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR), development, immune response, transcriptional regulation, circadian rhythm, viral infection, and protein quality control. One of the main functions of CRLs is to regulate the DDR, a fundamental signaling cascade that maintains genome integrity. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of CRL ubiquitin ligases and their roles in control of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Haines B, Li PA. Overexpression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 inhibits inflammatory cytokines and activates cell survival factors after cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31739. [PMID: 22348126 PMCID: PMC3279373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in cell survival and death after cerebral ischemia. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are inner mitochondrial membrane proteins that disperse the mitochondrial proton gradient by translocating H+ across the inner membrane in order to stabilize the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species. Previous studies have demonstrated that mice transgenically overexpressing UCP2 (UCP2 Tg) in the brain are protected from cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epileptic challenges. This study seeks to clarify the mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection after transient focal ischemia. Our hypothesis is that UCP2 is neuroprotective by suppressing innate inflammation and regulating cell cycle mediators. PCR gene arrays and protein arrays were used to determine mechanisms of damage and protection after transient focal ischemia. Our results showed that ischemia increased the expression of inflammatory genes and suppressed the expression of anti-apoptotic and cell cycle genes. Overexpression of UCP2 blunted the ischemia-induced increase in IL-6 and decrease in Bcl2. Further, UCP2 increased the expression of cell cycle genes and protein levels of phospho-AKT, PKC and MEK after ischemia. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effects of UCP2 against ischemic brain injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of cell survival factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Haines
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - P. Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zhang W, Tian QB, Li QK, Wang JM, Wang CN, Liu T, Liu DW, Wang MW. Lysine 92 amino acid residue of USP46, a gene associated with 'behavioral despair' in mice, influences the deubiquitinating enzyme activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26297. [PMID: 22043315 PMCID: PMC3197135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulate diverse cellular functions by their activity of cleaving ubiquitin from specific protein substrates. Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 46 (USP46) has recently been identified as a quantitative trait gene responsible for immobility in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test in mice. Mice with a lysine codon (Lys 92) deletion in USP46 exhibited loss of ‘behavioral despair’ under inescapable stresses in addition to abnormalities in circadian behavioral rhythms and the GABAergic system. However, whether this deletion affects enzyme activity is unknown. Here we show that USP46 has deubiquitinating enzyme activity detected by USP cleavage assay using GST-Ub52 as a model substrate. Interestingly, compared to wild type, the Lys 92 deletion mutant resulted in a decreased deubiquitinating enzyme activity of 27.04%. We also determined the relative expression levels of Usp46 in rat tissues using real-time RT-PCR. Usp46 mRNA was expressed in various tissues examined including brain, with the highest expression in spleen. In addition, like rat USP46, both human and mouse USP46 are active toward to the model substrate, indicating the USP cleavage assay is a simple method for testing the deubiquitinating enzyme activity of USP46. These results suggest that the Lys 92 deletion of USP46 could influence enzyme activity and thereby provide a molecular clue how the enzyme regulating the pathogenesis of mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qing-Kai Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao-Nan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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22
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Yang M, Wu S, Jia J, May WS. JAZ mediates G1 cell cycle arrest by interacting with and inhibiting E2F1. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2390-9. [PMID: 21715977 PMCID: PMC3322471 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.14.16587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered and reported JAZ as a unique dsRNA binding zinc finger protein that functions as a direct, positive regulator of p53 transcriptional activity to mediate G1 cell cycle arrest in a mechanism involving upregulation of the p53 target gene, p21. We now find that JAZ can also negatively regulate the cell cycle in a novel, p53-independent mechanism resulting from the direct interaction with E2F1, a key intermediate in regulating cell proliferation and tumor suppression. JAZ associates with E2F1's central DNA binding/dimerization region and its C-terminal transactivation domain. Functionally, JAZ represses E2F1 transcriptional activity in association with repression of cyclin A expression and inhibition of G1/S transition. This mechanism involves JAZ-mediated inhibition of E2F1's specific DNA binding activity. JAZ directly binds E2F1 in vitro in a dsRNA-independent manner, and JAZ's dsRNA binding ZF domains, which are necessary for localizing JAZ to the nucleus, are required for repression of transcriptional activity in vivo. Importantly for specificity, siRNA-mediated "knockdown" of endogenous JAZ increases E2F transcriptional activity and releases cells from G1 arrest, indicating a necessary role for JAZ in this transition. Although JAZ can directly inhibit E2F1 activity independently of p53, if functional p53 is expressed, JAZ may exert a more potent inhibition of cell cycle following growth factor withdrawal. Therefore, JAZ plays a dual role in cell cycle regulation by both repressing E2F1 transcriptional activity and activating p53 to facilitate efficient growth arrest in response to cellular stress, which may potentially be exploited therapeutically for tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Myer DL, Robbins SB, Yin M, Boivin GP, Liu Y, Greis KD, Bahassi EM, Stambrook PJ. Absence of polo-like kinase 3 in mice stabilizes Cdc25A after DNA damage but is not sufficient to produce tumors. Mutat Res 2011; 714:1-10. [PMID: 21376736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The polo-like kinases (Plks1-5) are emerging as an important class of proteins involved in many facets of cell cycle regulation and response to DNA damage and stress. Here we show that Plk3 phosphorylates the key cell cycle protein phosphatase Cdc25A on two serine residues in its cyclinB/cdk1 docking domain and regulates its stability in response to DNA damage. We generated a Plk3 knock-out mouse and show that Cdc25A protein from Plk3-deficient cells is less susceptible to DNA damage-mediated degradation than cells with functional Plk3. We also show that absence of Plk3 correlates with loss of the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. However, neither this compromised DNA damage checkpoint nor reduced susceptibility to proteasome-mediated degradation after DNA damage translated into a significant increase in tumor incidence in the Plk3-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Myer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
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24
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Bahassi EM, Yin M, Robbins SB, Li YQ, Conrady DG, Yuan Z, Kovall RA, Herr AB, Stambrook PJ. A human cancer-predisposing polymorphism in Cdc25A is embryonic lethal in the mouse and promotes ASK-1 mediated apoptosis. Cell Div 2011; 6:4. [PMID: 21310058 PMCID: PMC3048473 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Failure to regulate the levels of Cdc25A phosphatase during the cell cycle or during a checkpoint response causes bypass of DNA damage and replication checkpoints resulting in genomic instability and cancer. During G1 and S and in cellular response to DNA damage, Cdc25A is targeted for degradation through the Skp1-cullin-β-TrCP (SCFβ-TrCP) complex. This complex binds to the Cdc25A DSG motif which contains serine residues at positions 82 and 88. Phosphorylation of one or both residues is necessary for the binding and degradation to occur. Results We now show that mutation of serine 88 to phenylalanine, which is a cancer-predisposing polymorphic variant in humans, leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. The mutant protein retains its phosphatase activity both in vitro and in cultured cells. It fails to interact with the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), however, and therefore does not suppress ASK1-mediated apoptosis. Conclusions These data suggest that the DSG motif, in addition to its function in Cdc25A-mediated degradation, plays a role in cell survival during early embyogenesis through suppression of ASK1-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mustapha Bahassi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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25
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Id1 enhances RING1b E3 ubiquitin ligase activity through the Mel-18/Bmi-1 polycomb group complex. Oncogene 2010; 29:5818-27. [PMID: 20697353 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The helix-loop-helix inhibitor of differentiation and DNA binding (Id1) is well known as an oncogene in various tumors. Although it has been reported that Id1 promotes several oncogenic processes, it is still unclear whether Id1 functions through epigenetic transcriptional regulation. In this study, we examined the effect of Id1 on polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which are crucial epigenetic gene silencers, and found that Id1 regulated the expression of Mel-18 and Bmi-1, both of which belong to polycomb repressive complex 1. We also confirmed that Id1 induced Mel-18 downregulation, which was mediated by the Akt pathway, and consequently upregulated the transcription of its target gene, c-Myc. Using a promoter-reporter, we demonstrated that Id1 regulated Bmi-1 transcription through c-Myc binding to its E-box in the promoter. Finally, we examined the activity of E3 ligase RING1b, whose catalytic activity is increased by binding with the RING finger protein Bmi-1, and found that Id1 overexpression enhanced RING1b E3 ligase activity leading to accumulation of H2A ubiquitination and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of geminin. Taken together, our study provided a novel link between Id1 and PcG proteins and suggested that Id1 may contribute to tumor development through PcG-mediated epigenetic regulation.
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Honaker Y, Piwnica-Worms H. Casein kinase 1 functions as both penultimate and ultimate kinase in regulating Cdc25A destruction. Oncogene 2010; 29:3324-34. [PMID: 20348946 PMCID: PMC2883652 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc25A protein phosphatase drives cell-cycle transitions by activating cyclin-dependent protein kinases. Failure to regulate Cdc25A leads to deregulated cell-cycle progression, bypass of cell-cycle checkpoints and genome instability. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has an important role in balancing Cdc25A levels. Cdc25A contains a DS(82)G motif whose phosphorylation is targeted by beta-TrCP E3 ligase during interphase. Targeting beta-TrCP to Cdc25A requires phosphorylation of serines 79 (S79) and 82 (S82). Here, we report that casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1alpha) phosphorylates Cdc25A on both S79 and S82 in a hierarchical manner requiring prior phosphorylation of S76 by Chk1 or GSK-3beta. This facilitates beta-TrCP binding and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cdc25A throughout interphase and after exposure to genotoxic stress. The priming of Cdc25A by at least three kinases (Chk1, GSK-3beta, CK1alpha), some of which also require priming, ensures diverse extra- and intracellular signals interface with Cdc25A to precisely control cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Honaker
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Cdc25A serine 123 phosphorylation couples centrosome duplication with DNA replication and regulates tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7442-50. [PMID: 18936171 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00138-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A) phosphatase is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression under normal conditions and after stress. Stress-induced degradation of Cdc25A has been proposed as a major way of delaying cell cycle progression. In vitro studies pointed toward serine 123 as a key site in regulation of Cdc25A stability after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). To address the role of this phosphorylation site in vivo, we generated a knock-in mouse in which alanine was substituted for serine 123. The Cdc25 S123A knock-in mice appeared normal, and, unexpectedly, cells derived from them exhibited unperturbed cell cycle and DNA damage responses. In turn, we found that Cdc25A was present in centrosomes and that Cdc25A levels were not reduced after IR in knock-in cells. This resulted in centrosome amplification due to lack of induction of Cdk2 inhibitory phosphorylation after IR specifically in centrosomes. Further, Cdc25A knock-in animals appeared sensitive to IR-induced carcinogenesis. Our findings indicate that Cdc25A S123 phosphorylation is crucial for coupling centrosome duplication to DNA replication cycles after DNA damage and therefore is likely to play a role in the regulation of tumorigenesis.
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Yuan ZR, Shi Y. Chloramphenicol induces abnormal differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in activated T cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4875-81. [PMID: 18559535 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for the treatment of many infectious diseases and has become one of the major seafood contaminants. Hematologic disorders such as aplastic anemia and leukemia induced by chloramphenicol are a major concern. However, the mechanism underlying chloramphenicol-induced leukemogenesis is not known. By investigating the effects of chloramphenicol on the activation of mouse T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or staphylococcal enterotoxin B, we found that chloramphenicol induces the differentiation of activated T cells into lymphoblastic leukemia-like cells, characterized by large cell size, multiploid nuclei, and expression of CD7, a maker for immature T cells and T-cell lymphocytic leukemia, thus phenotypically indicating differentiation toward leukemogenesis. High expression of cyclin B1, but not p53, c-myc, and CDC25A, was detected in chloramphenicol-treated activated T cells, which may relate to abnormal cell differentiation. Chloramphenicol inhibited the activation-induced cell death of mouse and human T-cell receptor-activated T cells by down-regulating the expression of Fas ligand. Our findings show that abnormal cell differentiation and inhibition of apoptosis may contribute to the development of leukemia associated with clinical applications of chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Rong Yuan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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29
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Qiao JY, Shao W, Wei HJ, Sun YM, Zhao YC, Xing WL, Zhang L, Mitchelson K, Cheng J. Novel high-throughput profiling of human transcription factors and its use for systematic pathway mapping. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2769-79. [PMID: 18537283 DOI: 10.1021/pr700883t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are crucial components of regulatory networks that control gene transcription. Current TF assays are limited to the analysis of a single TF or require TF-specific antibodies. Here we report the Single Primer Amplification assisted Oligonucleotide Array-based Transcription Factor Assay (SPA-OATFA) which can directly analyze the binding activities of 240 human TFs simultaneously. Examining early events during serum-stimulation of HeLa cells as a model, we demonstrated the utility of SPA-OATFA combined with whole genome gene expression to systematically map the temporal activation of signaling pathways. Both TFs known to function in this stimulation response such as EGR1 and AP1 and new TFs such as HSF1 were identified. This information, combined with mRNA profiling, provided novel insights into the activities of regulatory pathways, and illustrates the potential of SPA-OATFA in detailed systems biology analysis of cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ying Qiao
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Kim KB, Crews CM. Chemical genetics: exploring the role of the proteasome in cell biology using natural products and other small molecule proteasome inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2600-5. [PMID: 18393403 PMCID: PMC2556560 DOI: 10.1021/jm070421s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA.
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31
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Kang T, Wei Y, Chiang YC, Yamaguchi H, Appella E, Hung MC, Piwnica-Worms H. GSK-3 beta targets Cdc25A for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and GSK-3 beta inactivation correlates with Cdc25A overproduction in human cancers. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:36-47. [PMID: 18167338 PMCID: PMC2276649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc25A phosphatase positively regulates cell-cycle transitions, is degraded by the proteosome throughout interphase and in response to stress, and is overproduced in human cancers. The kinases targeting Cdc25A for proteolysis during early cell-cycle phases have not been identified, and mechanistic insight into the cause of Cdc25A overproduction in human cancers is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) phosphorylates Cdc25A to promote its proteolysis in early cell-cycle phases. Phosphorylation by GSK-3beta requires priming of Cdc25A, and this can be catalyzed by polo-like kinase 3 (Plk-3). Importantly, a strong correlation between Cdc25A overproduction and GSK-3beta inactivation was observed in human tumor tissues, indicating that GSK-3beta inactivation may account for Cdc25A overproduction in a subset of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiebang Kang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Helen Piwnica-Worms, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110. Phone: (314) 362-6812. Fax: (314) 362-3709. E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumours causes tissue damage that elicits local and systemic inflammation with major involvement of interleukin-6 (IL-6). We have previously reported that PDT-treated cells lose responsiveness to IL-6 cytokines. Therefore, it is unclear whether PDT surviving tumour cells are subject to regulation by IL-6 and whether this regulation could contribute to tumour control by PDT. We demonstrate in epithelial tumour cells that while the action of IL-6 cytokines through their membrane receptors is attenuated, regulation by IL-6 via trans-signalling is established. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor-α (IL-6Rα) (sIL-6Rα) and IL-6 were released by leucocytes in the presence of conditioned medium from PDT-treated tumour cells. Cells that had lost their membrane receptor IL-6Rα due to PDT responded to treatment with the IL-6R–IL-6 complex (Hyper-IL-6) with activation of signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT3) and ERK. Photodynamic therapy-treated cells, which were maintained during post-PDT recovery in presence of IL-6 or Hyper-IL-6, showed an enhanced suppression of proliferation. Cytokine-dependent inhibition of proliferation correlated with a decrease in cyclin E, CDK2 and Cdc25A, and enhancement of p27kip1 and hypophosphorylated Rb. The IL-6 trans-signalling-mediated attenuation of cell proliferation was also effective in vivo detectable by an improved Colon26 tumour cure by PDT combined with Hyper-IL-6 treatment. Prevention of IL-6 trans-signalling using soluble gp130 reduced curability. The data suggest that the post-PDT tumour milieu contains the necessary components to establish effective IL-6 trans-signalling, thus providing a means for more effective tumour control.
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33
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Kittipatarin C, Khaled AR. Interlinking interleukin-7. Cytokine 2007; 39:75-83. [PMID: 17768066 PMCID: PMC2040031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The signaling processes that maintain the homeostatic proliferation of peripheral T-cells and result in their self-renewal largely remain to be elucidated. Much focus has been placed on the anti-apoptotic function of the cytokine, interleukin-7 (IL-7), during T-cell development. But a more critical role has been ascribed to IL-7 as a mediator of peripheral T-cell maintenance. The biological effects responsive to IL-7 signaling are transduced through only a few well-known pathways. In this review we will focus on the signals transduced by IL-7 and similar cytokines, examining how proliferative signals originate from cytokine receptors, are amplified and eventually alter gene expression. In this regard we will highlight the crosstalk between pathways that promote survival, drive cell cycle progression and most importantly provide the needed energy to sustain these critical cellular activities. Though this review showcases much of what has been learned about IL-7 proliferative signaling, it also reveals the significant gaps in our knowledge about cytokine signaling in the very relevant context of peripheral T-cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kittipatarin
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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34
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Yao B, Fu J, Hu E, Qi Y, Zhou Z. The Cdc25A is involved in S-phase checkpoint induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicology 2007; 237:210-217. [PMID: 17602818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) generates electrophilic products BaP diolepoxide (BPDE) that react covalently with genomic DNA. Cells that acquire BaP/BPDE-induced DNA damage undergo S-phase arrest in a p53-independent manner. However, the role of Cdc25A in the BaP/BPDE-induced checkpoint is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the change of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and Cdc25A in S-phase arrest elicited by BaP. The results indicated that BaP (10microM, with S9 mixture) treatment induced S-phase arrest in both human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human bronchial epithelial cells line 16HBE cells, increasing the proportions of cells in S-phase 19.0% and 21.1%, respectively, at 12h after treatment, compared with DMSO control (p<0.01). Then, the S-phase arrest was weakened after 24h. The level of phorsphorylated Chk1 obviously increased and Cdc25A protein level decreased in both two cell lines after treatment with BaP. The results of RT-PCR indicate Cdc25A mRNA in both A549 cells and 16HBE cells was not changed after BaP treatment 12h, and 24h. The treatment of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 greatly increased Cdc25A protein in abundance. Over all, our results indicated Chk1-Cdc25A checkpoint pathway is involved in BaP-induced S-phase arrest. Moreover, transcription of Cdc25A did not change in BaP induced S-phase arrest, the decrease of Cdc25A level was due to increased degradation through the ubiqutin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Yao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Juanling Fu
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Entan Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yanmin Qi
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zongcan Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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35
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Hurley PJ, Wilsker D, Bunz F. Human cancer cells require ATR for cell cycle progression following exposure to ionizing radiation. Oncogene 2006; 26:2535-42. [PMID: 17043640 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer cells have defective checkpoints that permit the cell cycle to progress in the presence of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) caused by ionizing radiation (IR) and radiomimetic drugs. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related) has recently been shown to be activated by DSBs, although the consequences of this activity are largely unknown. In this report, we use advanced gene targeting methods to generate biallelic hypomorphic ATR mutations in human colorectal cancer cells and demonstrate that progression of the cancer cell cycle after IR treatment requires ATR. Cells with mutant ATR accumulated at a defined point at the beginning of the S phase after IR treatment and were unable to progress beyond that point, whereas cells at later stages of the S phase during the time of irradiation progressed and completed DNA replication. The prolonged arrest of ATR mutant cancer cells did not involve the ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent S-phase checkpoint, but rather closely resembled a previously characterized form of cell cycle arrest termed S-phase stasis. As ATR strongly contributed to clonogenic survival after IR treatment, these data suggest that blocking ATR activity might be a useful strategy for inducing S-phase stasis and promoting the radiosensitization of checkpoint-deficient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hurley
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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Lindqvist A, Källström H, Lundgren A, Barsoum E, Rosenthal CK. Cdc25B cooperates with Cdc25A to induce mitosis but has a unique role in activating cyclin B1-Cdk1 at the centrosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 171:35-45. [PMID: 16216921 PMCID: PMC2171226 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200503066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cdc25 phosphatases are essential for the activation of mitotic cyclin–Cdks, but the precise roles of the three mammalian isoforms (A, B, and C) are unclear. Using RNA interference to reduce the expression of each Cdc25 isoform in HeLa and HEK293 cells, we observed that Cdc25A and -B are both needed for mitotic entry, whereas Cdc25C alone cannot induce mitosis. We found that the G2 delay caused by small interfering RNA to Cdc25A or -B was accompanied by reduced activities of both cyclin B1–Cdk1 and cyclin A–Cdk2 complexes and a delayed accumulation of cyclin B1 protein. Further, three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy and quantification of Cdk1 phosphorylation versus cyclin B1 levels in individual cells revealed that Cdc25A and -B exert specific functions in the initiation of mitosis: Cdc25A may play a role in chromatin condensation, whereas Cdc25B specifically activates cyclin B1–Cdk1 on centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Ray D, Terao Y, Nimbalkar D, Chu LH, Donzelli M, Tsutsui T, Zou X, Ghosh AK, Varga J, Draetta GF, Kiyokawa H. Transforming growth factor beta facilitates beta-TrCP-mediated degradation of Cdc25A in a Smad3-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:3338-47. [PMID: 15798217 PMCID: PMC1069597 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.8.3338-3347.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cdc25A is a major mechanism for damage-induced S-phase checkpoint. Two ubiquitin ligases, the Skp1-cullin-beta-TrCP (SCFbeta-TrCP) complex and the anaphase-promoting complex (APCCdh1), are involved in Cdc25A degradation. Here we demonstrate that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-Smad3 pathway promotes SCF(beta-TrCP)-mediated Cdc25A ubiquitination. Cells treated with TGF-beta, as well as cells transfected with Smad3 or a constitutively active type I TGF-beta receptor, exhibit increased ubiquitination and markedly shortened half-lives of Cdc25A. Furthermore, Cdc25A is stabilized in cells transfected with Smad3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and cells from Smad3-null mice. TGF-beta-induced ubiquitination is associated with Cdc25A phosphorylation at the beta-TrCP docking site (DS82G motif) and physical association of Cdc25A with Smad3 and beta-TrCP. Cdc25A mutant proteins deficient in DS82G phosphorylation are resistant to TGF-beta-Smad3-induced degradation, whereas a Cdc25A mutant protein defective in APCCdh1 recognition undergoes efficient degradation. Smad3 siRNA inhibits beta-TrCP-Cdc25A interaction and Cdc25A degradation in response to TGF-beta. beta-TrCP2 siRNA also inhibits Smad3-induced Cdc25A degradation. In contrast, Cdh1 siRNA had no effect on Cdc25A down-regulation by Smad3. These data suggest that Smad3 plays a key role in the regulation of Cdc25A ubiquitination by SCFbeta-TrCP and that Cdc25A stabilization observed in various cancers could be associated with defects in the TGF-beta-Smad3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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38
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Ferguson AM, White LS, Donovan PJ, Piwnica-Worms H. Normal cell cycle and checkpoint responses in mice and cells lacking Cdc25B and Cdc25C protein phosphatases. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2853-60. [PMID: 15767688 PMCID: PMC1061644 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.7.2853-2860.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cdc25 family of protein phosphatases positively regulates cell division by activating cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). In humans and rodents, there are three Cdc25 family members--denoted Cdc25A, Cdc25B, and Cdc25C--that can be distinguished based on their subcellular compartmentalizations, their abundances and/or activities throughout the cell cycle, the CDKs that they target for activation, and whether they are overexpressed in human cancers. In addition, murine forms of Cdc25 exhibit distinct patterns of expression throughout development and in adult tissues. These properties suggest that individual Cdc25 family members contribute distinct biological functions in embryonic and adult cell cycles of mammals. Interestingly, mice with Cdc25C disrupted are healthy, and cells derived from these mice exhibit normal cell cycles and checkpoint responses. Cdc25B-/- mice are also generally normal (although females are sterile), and cells derived from Cdc25B-/- mice have normal cell cycles. Here we report that mice lacking both Cdc25B and Cdc25C are obtained at the expected Mendelian ratios, indicating that Cdc25B and Cdc25C are not required for mouse development or mitotic entry. Furthermore, cell cycles, DNA damage responses, and Cdc25A regulation are normal in cells lacking Cdc25B and Cdc25C. These findings indicate that Cdc25A, or possibly other phosphatases, is able to functionally compensate for the loss of Cdc25B and Cdc25C in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8228, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are key regulators of the cell cycle, especially in the G2 phase and mitosis. They are incorporated into signaling networks that regulate many aspects of the cell cycle, including but not limited to centrosome maturation and separation, mitotic entry, chromosome segregation, mitotic exit, and cytokinesis. The Plks have well conserved 30-amino-acid elements, designated polo boxes (PBs), located in their carboxyl-termini, which with their flanking regions constitute a functional Polo-box domain (PBD). Members of the Plk family exist in a variety of organisms including Polo in Drosophila melanogaster; Cdc5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Plo1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Plx1 in Xenopus laevis; and Plk1, Snk/Plk2, Fnk/Prk/Plk3, and Sak in mammals. Polo, Cdc5, and Plo1 are essential for viability. The Plks can be separated into two groups according to their functions. The first group (Polo, Cdc5, plo1, Plx1, and Plk1) primarily performs mitotic functions, whereas the second group (Plk2 and Plk3) appears to have additional functions during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Several contributions to this issue will discuss different aspects of Plk involvement in cell-cycle regulation. This review, therefore, will focus on the role of Plk3 in regulating Cdc25 phosphatase function and its effect on the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Myer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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40
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Puc J, Keniry M, Li HS, Pandita TK, Choudhury AD, Memeo L, Mansukhani M, Murty VVVS, Gaciong Z, Meek SEM, Piwnica-Worms H, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R. Lack of PTEN sequesters CHK1 and initiates genetic instability. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:193-204. [PMID: 15710331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pten-/- cells display a partially defective checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR). The checkpoint defect was traced to the ability of AKT to phosphorylate CHK1 at serine 280, since a nonphosphorylated mutant of CHK1 (S280A) complemented the checkpoint defect and restored CDC25A degradation. CHK1 phosphorylation at serine 280 led to covalent binding of 1 to 2 molecules of ubiquitin and cytoplasmic CHK1 localization. Primary breast carcinomas lacking PTEN expression and having elevated AKT phosphorylation had increased cytoplasmic CHK1 and displayed aneuploidy (p <0.005). We conclude that loss of PTEN and subsequent activation of AKT impair CHK1 through phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and reduced nuclear localization to promote genomic instability in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Puc
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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41
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Takagaki K, Katsuma S, Kaminishi Y, Horio T, Tanaka T, Ohgi T, Yano J. Role of Chk1 and Chk2 in Ara-C-induced differentiation of human leukemia K562 cells. Genes Cells 2005; 10:97-106. [PMID: 15676021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells are relatively resistant to the anti-metabolite cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and, when treated with Ara-C, they differentiate into erythrocytes without undergoing apoptosis. In this study we investigated the mechanism by which Ara-C induces K562 cells to differentiate. We first observed that Ara-C-induced differentiation of these cells is completely inhibited by the radiosensitizing agent caffeine, an inhibitor of ATM and ATR protein kinases. We next found that Ara-C activates Chk1 and Chk2 in the cells, and that the activation of Chk1, but not of Chk2, was almost completely inhibited by caffeine. Proteasome-mediated degradation of Cdc25A and phosphorylation of Cdc25C were induced by Ara-C treatment, presumably due to the activation of Chk2 and Chk1, respectively. To directly observe the effects of checkpoint kinase activation in Ara-C-induced differentiation, we suppressed Chk1 or Chk2 with the Chk1-specific inhibitor Go6976, by generating cell lines stably over-expressing dominant-negative forms of Chk2, or by siRNA-mediated knock-down of the Chk1 or the Chk2 gene. The results suggest that Ara-C-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells depends on both Chk1 and Chk2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Takagaki
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd, 3-14-1 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan.
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Wilker E, Yaffe MB. 14-3-3 Proteins—a focus on cancer and human disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2004; 37:633-42. [PMID: 15350836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 Proteins are a ubiquitous family of molecules that participate in protein kinase signaling pathways within all eukaryotic cells. Functioning as phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-binding modules, 14-3-3 proteins participate in phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions that control progression through the cell cycle, initiation and maintenance of DNA damage checkpoints, activation of MAP kinases, prevention of apoptosis, and coordination of integrin signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review, we discuss the regulation of 14-3-3 structure and ligand binding, with a focus on the role of 14-3-3 proteins in human disease, particularly cancer. We discuss the latest data on the role of different 14-3-3 isotypes, the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with Raf, Cdc25, and various integrin family members, and the likelihood that 14-3-3 proteins could be useful therapeutic targets in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wilker
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E18-580, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Adams
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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44
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Busino L, Chiesa M, Draetta GF, Donzelli M. Cdc25A phosphatase: combinatorial phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and proteolysis. Oncogene 2004; 23:2050-6. [PMID: 15021892 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, control mechanisms of cell-cycle progression have evolved to accurately monitor the integrity of genetic information to be transferred to the progeny. Cdc25A phosphatase is an essential activator of cell-cycle progression and is targeted by checkpoint signals. Ubiquitylation regulates Cdc25A activity through fine tuning of its protein levels. Two different ubiquitin ligases (APC/C and SCF complex) are involved in Cdc25A turnover. While APC/C is involved in regulating Cdc25A at the exit of mitosis, SCF regulates the abundance of Cdc25A in S phase and G2. In response to DNA damage or to stalled replication, the activation of the ATM and ATR protein kinases leads to Chk1 and Chk2 activation and to Cdc25A hyperphosphorylation. These events stimulate SCF-mediated ubiquitylation of Cdc25A and its proteolysis. This contributes to delaying cell-cycle progression, thereby preventing genomic instability. Based on recent findings, we discuss the role of Cdc25A ubiquitylation and degradation in cell-cycle progression and in response to DNA damage. Moreover, we discuss the role of phosphorylation at multiple sites in triggering ubiquitylation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Busino
- European Institute of Oncology, 435 Via Ripamonti, Milan 20141, Italy
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Bhowmick NA, Ghiassi M, Aakre M, Brown K, Singh V, Moses HL. TGF-beta-induced RhoA and p160ROCK activation is involved in the inhibition of Cdc25A with resultant cell-cycle arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15548-53. [PMID: 14657354 PMCID: PMC307605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2536483100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathways to inhibit proliferation of most cells while stimulating proliferation of others remains a conundrum. In this article, we report that the absence of RhoA and p160ROCK activity in fibroblastic NIH 3T3 cells and its presence in epithelial NMuMG cells can at least partially explain the difference in the TGF-beta growth response. Further, evidence is presented for TGF-beta-stimulated p160ROCK translocation to the nucleus and inhibitory phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase-activating phosphatase, Cdc25A. The resultant suppression of Cdk2 activity contributes to G1/S inhibition in NMuMG cells. These data provide evidence that signaling through RhoA and p160ROCK is important in TGF-beta inhibition of cell proliferation and links signaling components for epithelial transdifferentiation with regulation of cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6838, USA.
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46
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Chen MS, Ryan CE, Piwnica-Worms H. Chk1 kinase negatively regulates mitotic function of Cdc25A phosphatase through 14-3-3 binding. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7488-97. [PMID: 14559997 PMCID: PMC207598 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.21.7488-7497.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The order and fidelity of cell cycle events in mammals is intimately linked to the integrity of the Chk1 kinase-Cdc25A phosphatase pathway. Chk1 phosphorylation targets Cdc25A for destruction and, as shown here, inhibits interactions between Cdc25A and its mitotic substrate cyclin B1-Cdk1. Phosphorylation of Cdc25A on serine 178 and threonine 507 facilitates 14-3-3 binding, and Chk1 phosphorylates both residues in vitro. Mutation of T507 to alanine (T507A) enhanced the biological activity of Cdc25A. Cdc25A(T507A) was more efficient in binding to cyclin B1, activating cyclin B1-Cdk1, and promoting premature entry into mitosis. We propose that the Chk1/Cdc25A/14-3-3 pathway functions to prevent cells from entering into mitosis prior to replicating their genomes to ensure the fidelity of the cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Shya Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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47
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Planz O, Pleschka S, Oesterle K, Berberich-Siebelt F, Ehrhardt C, Stitz L, Ludwig S. Borna disease virus nucleoprotein interacts with the CDC2-cyclin B1 complex. J Virol 2003; 77:11186-92. [PMID: 14512566 PMCID: PMC224960 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.11186-11192.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition from G(2) to M phase, a cell cycle checkpoint, is regulated by the Cdc2-cyclin B1 complex. Here, we report that persistent infection with Borna disease virus (BDV), a noncytolytic RNA virus infecting the central nervous system, results in decelerated proliferation of infected host cells due to a delayed G(2)-to-M transition. Persistent BDV-infected rat fibroblast cells showed reduced proliferation compared to uninfected cells. In pull-down assays we observed an interaction of the viral nucleoprotein with the Cdc2-cyclin B1 complex. Transfection of the viral nucleoprotein but not of the phosphoprotein also results in decelerated proliferation. This phenomenon was found in BDV-susceptible primary rat fibroblast cells and also in primary mouse cells, which are not susceptible to BDV infection. This is the first evidence that the noncytolytic Borna disease virus can manipulate host cell functions via interaction of the viral nucleoprotein with mitotic entry regulators. BDV preferentially infects and persists in nondividing neurons. The present report could give an explanation for this selective choice of host cell by BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Planz
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Ducruet AP, Lazo JS. Regulation of Cdc25A half-life in interphase by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:31838-42. [PMID: 12801928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc25A regulates cell cycle progression, has oncogenic and anti-apoptotic activity, and is over-expressed in many human tumors. Phosphorylation by Chk1 and Cds1/Chk2 down-regulates Cdc25A levels in response to genotoxic stresses. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether Chk1 and Cds1/Chk2 are uniquely responsible for regulating Cdc25A stability during interphase or if other kinase activities contribute. Here we report that treatment of HeLa cells with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine caused a concentration- and time-dependent increase in Cdc25A protein levels. Transfection with dominant-negative Cdk mutants demonstrated that only a Cdk2 mutant increased Cdc25A protein levels; Cdk1 and Cdk3 mutants had no effect. The increased Cdc25A protein levels were the result of an increase in the half-life of the protein; no increase in Cdc25A mRNA levels was observed. These results demonstrate Cdk2 kinase activity contributes to the labile nature of Cdc25A during interphase and redefine the nature of the Cdc25A-Cdk2 autoamplification feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Ducruet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Donzelli M, Draetta GF. Regulating mammalian checkpoints through Cdc25 inactivation. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:671-7. [PMID: 12835754 PMCID: PMC1326326 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2002] [Accepted: 05/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise monitoring of DNA replication and chromosome segregation ensures that there is accurate transmission of genetic information from a cell to its daughters. Eukaryotic cells have developed a complex network of checkpoint pathways that sense DNA lesions and defects in chromosome segregation, spindle assembly and the centrosome cycle, leading to an inhibition of cell-cycle progression for the time required to remove the defect and thus preventing genomic instability. The activation of checkpoints that are responsive to DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication ultimately results in the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. This review focuses on our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms that specifically inactivate Cdc25 (cell division cycle 25) phosphatases to achieve this. The evidence for links between checkpoint deregulation and oncogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio F. Draetta
- European Institute of Oncology, 435 Via Ripamonti, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Tel: +39 2 57 48 98 59; Fax: +39 2 57 48 98 51;
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Carr BI, Wang Z, Wang M, Kar S, Wilcox CS, Rosi K, Southwick E, Lazo JS. A Cdc25A antagonizing K vitamin inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo. J Mol Biol 2003; 326:721-35. [PMID: 12581635 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thioalkyl containing K vitamin analogs have been shown to be potent inhibitors of hepatoma cell growth and antagonizers of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. We now show that they inhibit the activity of specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) in cell-free conditions in vitro, particularly the dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A. Using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes that are in G0/G1 phase until stimulated into DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor, we found that 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or Compound 5 (Cpd 5) inhibited hepatocyte DNA synthesis and PTP activity in cell culture and in vivo after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy. We found a selective inhibition of Cdc25A activity in vitro, using both synthetic substrates and authentic cellular substrate, immunoprecipitated phospho-Cdk4. Intact Cpd 5-treated cells had decreased cellular Cdc25A activity and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb). Loss of Cdk4 activity was confirmed using Cdk4 immunoprecipitates from either Cpd 5-treated or untreated cells and measuring its kinase activity using GST-Rb as target. We found a similar order of activity for inhibition of growth and Cdc25A activity using several thiol-containing analogs. Cdc25A inhibitors may thus be useful for defining biochemical pathways involving protein tyrosine phosphorylation that mediate cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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