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Rojas-Ríos P, Chartier A, Pierson S, Simonelig M. Aubergine and piRNAs promote germline stem cell self-renewal by repressing the proto-oncogene Cbl. EMBO J 2017; 36:3194-3211. [PMID: 29030484 PMCID: PMC5666619 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI proteins play essential roles in germ cells and stem cell lineages. In Drosophila, Piwi is required in somatic niche cells and germline stem cells (GSCs) to support GSC self‐renewal and differentiation. Whether and how other PIWI proteins are involved in GSC biology remains unknown. Here, we show that Aubergine (Aub), another PIWI protein, is intrinsically required in GSCs for their self‐renewal and differentiation. Aub needs to be loaded with piRNAs to control GSC self‐renewal and acts through direct mRNA regulation. We identify the Cbl proto‐oncogene, a regulator of mammalian hematopoietic stem cells, as a novel GSC differentiation factor. Aub stimulates GSC self‐renewal by repressing Cbl mRNA translation and does so in part through recruitment of the CCR4‐NOT complex. This study reveals the role of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in controlling stem cell homeostasis via translational repression and highlights piRNAs as major post‐transcriptional regulators in key developmental decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aymeric Chartier
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphanie Pierson
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Simonelig
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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2
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Cipressa F, Cenci G. Effete, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with multiple roles in Drosophila development and chromatin organization. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:256-62. [PMID: 24088712 DOI: 10.4161/fly.26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila effete gene encodes an extremely conserved class I E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Growing evidence indicates that Eff is involved in many cellular processes including eye development, maintenance of female germline stem cells, and regulation of apoptosis. Eff is also a major component of Drosophila chromatin and it is particularly enriched in chromatin with repressive properties. In addition, Eff is required for telomere protection and to prevent telomere fusion. Consistent with its multiple roles in chromatin maintenance, Eff is also one of the rare factors that modulate both telomere-induced and heterochromatin-induced position effect variegation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cipressa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin"; SAPIENZA Università di Roma; Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin"; SAPIENZA Università di Roma; Roma, Italy
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3
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Lee H, Tsygankov AY. Cbl-family proteins as regulators of cytoskeleton-dependent phenomena. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2285-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Fels Institute for Cancer Research; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Y. Tsygankov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Fels Institute for Cancer Research; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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4
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Sannang RT, Robertson H, Siddall NA, Hime GR. Akap200 suppresses the effects of Dv-cbl expression in the Drosophila eye. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:135-45. [PMID: 22773306 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster orthologue of the c-Cbl proto-oncogene acts to downregulate signalling from receptor tyrosine kinases by enhancing endocytosis of activated receptors. Expression of an analogue of the C-terminally truncated v-Cbl oncogene, Dv-cbl, in the developing Drosophila eye conversely leads to excess signalling and disruption to the well-ordered adult compound eye. Co-expression of activated Ras with Dv-cbl leads to a severe disruption of eye development. We have used a transposon-based inducible expression system to screen for molecules that can suppress the Dv-cbl phenotype and have identified an allele that upregulates the A-kinase anchoring protein, Akap200. Overexpression of Akap200 not only suppresses the phenotype caused by Dv-cbl expression, but also the severe disruption to eye development caused by the combined expression of Dv-cbl and activated Ras. Akap200 is also endogenously expressed in the developing Drosophila eye at a level that modulates the effects of excessive signalling caused by expression of Dv-cbl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena T Sannang
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Neuronal Cbl controls biosynthesis of insulin-like peptides in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3610-23. [PMID: 22778134 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00592-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cbl family proteins function as both E3 ubiquitin ligases and adaptor proteins to regulate various cellular signaling events, including the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathways. These pathways play essential roles in growth, development, metabolism, and survival. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila Cbl (dCbl) regulates longevity and carbohydrate metabolism through downregulating the production of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (dILPs) in the brain. We found that dCbl was highly expressed in the brain and knockdown of the expression of dCbl specifically in neurons by RNA interference increased sensitivity to oxidative stress or starvation, decreased carbohydrate levels, and shortened life span. Insulin-producing neuron-specific knockdown of dCbl resulted in similar phenotypes. dCbl deficiency in either the brain or insulin-producing cells upregulated the expression of dilp genes, resulting in elevated activation of the dILP pathway, including phosphorylation of Drosophila Akt and Drosophila extracellular signal-regulated kinase (dERK). Genetic interaction analyses revealed that blocking Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEGFR)-dERK signaling in pan-neurons or insulin-producing cells by overexpressing a dominant-negative form of dEGFR abolished the effect of dCbl deficiency on the upregulation of dilp genes. Furthermore, knockdown of c-Cbl in INS-1 cells, a rat β-cell line, also increased insulin biosynthesis and glucose-stimulated secretion in an ERK-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that neuronal dCbl regulates life span, stress responses, and metabolism by suppressing dILP production and the EGFR-ERK pathway mediates the dCbl action. Cbl suppression of insulin biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved, raising the possibility that Cbl may similarly exert its physiological actions through regulating insulin production in β cells.
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6
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Wang PY, Pai LM. D-Cbl binding to Drk leads to dose-dependent down-regulation of EGFR signaling and increases receptor-ligand endocytosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17097. [PMID: 21340027 PMCID: PMC3038869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper control of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling is critical for normal development and regulated cell behaviors. Abnormal EGFR signaling is associated with tumorigenic process of various cancers. Complicated feedback networks control EGFR signaling through ligand production, and internalization-mediated destruction of ligand-receptor complexes. Previously, we found that two isoforms of D-Cbl, D-CblS and D-CblL, regulate EGFR signaling through distinct mechanisms. While D-CblL plays a crucial role in dose-dependent down-regulation of EGFR signaling, D-CblS acts in normal restriction of EGFR signaling and does not display dosage effect. Here, we determined the underlying molecular mechanism, and found that Drk facilitates the dose-dependent regulation of EGFR signaling through binding to the proline-rich motif of D-CblL, PR. Furthermore, the RING finger domain of D-CblL is essential for promoting endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex. Interestingly, a fusion protein of the two essential domains of D-CblL, RING- PR, is sufficient to down-regulate EGFR signal in a dose-dependent manner by promoting internalization of the ligand, Gurken. Besides, RING-SH2Drk, a fusion protein of the RING finger domain of D-Cbl and the SH2 domain of Drk, also effectively down-regulates EGFR signaling in Drosophila follicle cells, and suppresses the effects of constitutively activated EGFR. The RING-SH2Drk suppresses EGFR signaling by promoting the endosomal trafficking of ligand-receptor complexes, suggesting that Drk plays a negative role in EGFR signaling by enhancing receptor endocytosis through cooperating with the RING domain of D-Cbl. Interfering the recruitment of signal transducer, Drk, to the receptor by the RING-SH2Drk might further reduces EGFR signaling. The fusion proteins we developed may provide alternative strategies for therapy of cancers caused by hyper-activation of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei Pai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Niemeyer CM, Kang MW, Shin DH, Furlan I, Erlacher M, Bunin NJ, Bunda S, Finklestein JZ, Gorr TA, Mehta P, Schmid I, Kropshofer G, Corbacioglu S, Lang PJ, Klein C, Schlegel PG, Heinzmann A, Schneider M, Starý J, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hasle H, Locatelli F, Sakai D, Archambeault S, Chen L, Russell RC, Sybingco SS, Ohh M, Braun BS, Flotho C, Loh ML. Germline CBL mutations cause developmental abnormalities and predispose to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2010; 42:794-800. [PMID: 20694012 PMCID: PMC4297285 DOI: 10.1038/ng.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CBL encodes a member of the Cbl family of proteins, which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We describe a dominant developmental disorder resulting from germline missense CBL mutations, which is characterized by impaired growth, developmental delay, cryptorchidism and a predisposition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Some individuals experienced spontaneous regression of their JMML but developed vasculitis later in life. Importantly, JMML specimens from affected children show loss of the normal CBL allele through acquired isodisomy. Consistent with these genetic data, the common p.371Y>H altered Cbl protein induces cytokine-independent growth and constitutive phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and S6 only in hematopoietic cells in which normal Cbl expression is reduced by RNA interference. We conclude that germline CBL mutations have developmental, tumorigenic and functional consequences that resemble disorders that are caused by hyperactive Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling and include neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome and Legius syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Niemeyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author: Mignon L Loh, University of California, Rm HSD-302 Box 0519, San Francisco, CA 94143; . Or: Charlotte M. Niemeyer, Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Michelle W. Kang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danielle H. Shin
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ingrid Furlan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nancy J Bunin
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Severa Bunda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jerry Z. Finklestein
- Miller Children's Hospital/Harbor-UCLA, Jonathan Jaques Cancer Center, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Gorr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Parinda Mehta
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Irene Schmid
- von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Kropshofer
- University, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical
| | | | - Peter J Lang
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrea Heinzmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Starý
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Pavia Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Debbie Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sophie Archambeault
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leslie Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan C. Russell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephanie S. Sybingco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Ohh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Benjamin S. Braun
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christian Flotho
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Corresponding author: Mignon L Loh, University of California, Rm HSD-302 Box 0519, San Francisco, CA 94143; . Or: Charlotte M. Niemeyer, Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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8
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Bergmann A. Regulation of EGFR and Notch signaling by distinct isoforms of D-cbl during Drosophila development. Dev Biol 2010; 342:1-10. [PMID: 20302857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells receive and interpret extracellular signals to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, cell survival and differentiation. However, proper inactivation of these signals is critical for appropriate homeostasis. Cbl proteins are E3-ubiquitin ligases that restrict receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, most notably EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), via the endocytic pathway. Consistently, many mutant phenotypes of Drosophila cbl (D-cbl) are due to inappropriate activation of EGFR signaling. However, not all D-cbl phenotypes can be explained by increased EGFR activity. Here, we report that D-Cbl also negatively regulates Notch activity during eye and wing development. D-cbl produces two isoforms by alternative splicing. The long isoform, D-CblL, regulates the EGFR. We found that the short isoform, D-CblS, preferentially restricts Notch signaling. Specifically, our data imply that D-CblS controls the activity of the Notch ligand Delta. Taken together, these data suggest that D-Cbl controls the EGFR and Notch/Delta signaling pathways through production of two alternatively spliced isoforms during development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd.-Unit 1000, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Wickliffe K, Williamson A, Jin L, Rape M. The multiple layers of ubiquitin-dependent cell cycle control. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1537-48. [PMID: 19146381 PMCID: PMC3206288 DOI: 10.1021/cr800414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wickliffe
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam Williamson
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lingyan Jin
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Zhou ZR, Gao HC, Zhou CJ, Chang YG, Hong J, Song AX, Lin DH, Hu HY. Differential ubiquitin binding of the UBA domains from human c-Cbl and Cbl-b: NMR structural and biochemical insights. Protein Sci 2008; 17:1805-14. [PMID: 18596201 DOI: 10.1110/ps.036384.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cbl proteins, RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, are responsible for ubiquitinating the activated tyrosine kinases and targeting them for degradation. Both c-Cbl and Cbl-b have a UBA (ubiquitin-associated) domain at their C-terminal ends, and these two UBA domains share a high sequence similarity (75%). However, only the UBA from Cbl-b, but not from c-Cbl, can bind ubiquitin (Ub). To understand the mechanism by which the UBA domains specifically interact with Ub with different affinities, we determined the solution NMR structures of these two UBA domains, cUBA from human c-Cbl and UBAb from Cbl-b. Their structures show that these two UBA domains share the same fold, a compact three-helix bundle, highly resembling the typical UBA fold. Chemical shift perturbation experiments reveal that the helix-1 and loop-1 of UBAb form a predominately hydrophobic surface for Ub binding. By comparing the Ub-interacting surface on UBAb and its counterpart on cUBA, we find that the hydrophobic patch on cUBA is interrupted by a negatively charged residue Glu12. Fluorescence titration data show that the Ala12Glu mutant of UBAb completely loses the ability to bind Ub, whereas the mutation disrupting the dimerization has no significant effect on Ub binding. This study provides structural and biochemical insights into the Ub binding specificities of the Cbl UBA domains, in which the hydrophobic surface distribution on the first helix plays crucial roles in their differential affinities for Ub binding. That is, the amino acid residue diversity in the helix-1 region, but not the dimerization, determines the abilities of various UBA domains binding with Ub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ren Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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11
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Wang Y, Werz C, Xu D, Chen Z, Li Y, Hafen E, Bergmann A. Drosophila cbl is essential for control of cell death and cell differentiation during eye development. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1447. [PMID: 18197257 PMCID: PMC2180199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of cell surface receptors transduces extracellular signals into cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation and survival. However, as important as the activation of these receptors is their appropriate spatial and temporal down-regulation for normal development and tissue homeostasis. The Cbl family of E3-ubiquitin ligases plays a major role for the ligand-dependent inactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), most notably the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) through ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report the mutant phenotypes of Drosophila cbl (D-cbl) during eye development. D-cbl mutants display overgrowth, inhibition of apoptosis, differentiation defects and increased ommatidial spacing. Using genetic interaction and molecular markers, we show that most of these phenotypes are caused by increased activity of the Drosophila EGFR. Our genetic data also indicate a critical role of ubiquitination for D-cbl function, consistent with biochemical models. Conclusions/Significance These data may provide a mechanistic model for the understanding of the oncogenic activity of mammalian cbl genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christian Werz
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dongbin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ernst Hafen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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12
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Swaminathan G, Tsygankov AY. The Cbl family proteins: ring leaders in regulation of cell signaling. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:21-43. [PMID: 16741904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogenic protein c-Cbl was discovered as the cellular form of v-Cbl, a retroviral transforming protein. This was followed over the years by important discoveries, which identified c-Cbl and other Cbl-family proteins as key players in several signaling pathways. c-Cbl has donned the role of a multivalent adaptor protein, capable of interacting with a plethora of proteins, and has been shown to positively influence certain biological processes. The identity of c-Cbl as an E3 ubiquitin ligase unveiled the existence of an important negative regulatory pathway involved in maintaining homeostasis in protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling. Recent years have also seen the emergence of novel regulators of Cbl, which have provided further insights into the complexity of Cbl-influenced pathways. This review will endeavor to provide a summary of current studies focused on the effects of Cbl proteins on various biological processes and the mechanism of these effects. The major sections of the review are as follows: Structure and genomic organization of Cbl proteins; Phosphorylation of Cbl; Interactions of Cbl; Localization of Cbl; Mechanism of effects of Cbl: (a) Ubiquitylation-dependent events: This section elucidates the mechanism of Cbl-mediated downregulation of EGFR and details the PTK and non-PTKs targeted by Cbl. In addition, it addresses the functional requirements for E3 Ubiquitin ligase activity of Cbl and negative regulation of Cbl-mediated downregulation of PTKs, (b) Adaptor functions: This section discusses the mechanisms of adaptor functions of Cbl in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, insulin signaling, regulation of Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1), PI-3' kinase signaling, and regulation of Rho-family GTPases and cytoskeleton; Biological functions: This section gives an account of the diverse biological functions of Cbl and includes the role of Cbl in transformation, T-cell signaling and thymus development, B-cell signaling, mast-cell degranulation, macrophage functions, bone development, neurite growth, platelet activation, muscle degeneration, and bacterial invasion; Conclusions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Swaminathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Martin NP, Mohney RP, Dunn S, Das M, Scappini E, O'Bryan JP. Intersectin regulates epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis, ubiquitylation, and signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1643-53. [PMID: 16914641 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.028274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are critical for normal cell growth, differentiation, and development, but they contribute to various pathological conditions when disrupted. Activation of RTKs stimulates a plethora of pathways, including the ubiquitylation and endocytosis of the receptor itself. Although endocytosis terminates RTK signaling, it has emerged as a requisite step in RTK activation of signaling pathways. We have discovered that the endocytic scaffolding protein intersectin (ITSN) cooperated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the regulation of cell growth and signaling. However, a biochemical link between ITSN and EGFR was not defined. In this study, we demonstrate that ITSN is a scaffold for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl. ITSN forms a complex with Cbl in vivo mediated by the Src homology (SH) 3 domains binding to the Pro-rich COOH terminus of Cbl. This interaction stimulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of the activated EGFR. Furthermore, silencing ITSN by RNA interference attenuated EGFR internalization as well as activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinasemitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, thereby demonstrating the importance of ITSN in EGFR function. Given the cooperativity between ITSN and additional RTKs, these results point to an important evolutionarily conserved, regulatory role for ITSN in RTK function that is necessary for both signaling from receptors as well as the ultimate termination of receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin P Martin
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Pai LM, Wang PY, Chen SR, Barcelo G, Chang WL, Nilson L, Schüpbach T. Differential effects of Cbl isoforms on Egfr signaling in Drosophila. Mech Dev 2006; 123:450-62. [PMID: 16844358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Cbl family of proteins downregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) signaling via receptor internalization and destruction. These proteins contain two functional domains, a RING finger domain with E3 ligase activity, and a proline rich domain mediating the formation of protein complexes. The Drosophila cbl gene encodes two isoforms, D-CblS and D-CblL. While both contain a RING finger domain, the proline rich domain is absent from D-CblS. We demonstrate that expression of either isoform is sufficient to rescue both the lethality of a D-cbl null mutant and the adult phenotypes characteristic of Egfr hyperactivation, suggesting that both isoforms downregulate Egfr signaling. Interestingly, targeted overexpression of D-CblL, but not D-CblS, results in phenotypes characteristic of reduced Egfr signaling and suppresses the effect of constitutive Egfr activation. The level of D-CblL was significantly correlated with the phenotypic severity of reduced Egfr signaling, suggesting that D-CblL controls the efficiency of downregulation of Egfr signaling. Furthermore, reduced dynamin function suppresses the effects of D-CblL overexpression in follicle cells, suggesting that D-CblL promotes internalization of activated receptors. D-CblL is detected in a punctate cytoplasmic pattern, whereas D-CblS is mainly localized at the follicle cell cortex. Therefore, D-CblS and D-CblL may downregulate Egfr through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Abstract
The genomic organization of cbl genes from a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species was determined by a combination of cloning and database searches. Humans and mice have three cbl genes (c-cbl,(1) cblb, and cblc) which show remarkable conservation of the intron/exon structure over the region of the genes which encode the highly conserved N-terminal region of the proteins including the RING finger. Searches of genomic, cDNA, and EST databases revealed that one or more cbl genes exist in chordates, insects, and worms. Comparison of the complexity and genomic organization of the cbl gene family and the predicted Cbl proteins from various species suggests that the three mammalian cbl genes arose by two duplications of an ancestral gene. The genomic organization of the cbl genes from various species provides insight into the evolution of the cbl gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Nau
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 8, Room 5101, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
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16
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Wong A, Lamothe B, Lee A, Schlessinger J, Lax I, Li A. FRS2 alpha attenuates FGF receptor signaling by Grb2-mediated recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6684-9. [PMID: 11997436 PMCID: PMC124463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052138899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2002] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of growth factor signaling is essential for the regulation of developmental processes and tissue homeostasis in most organisms. The product of Cbl protooncogene is one such regulator, which functions as an ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of a variety of cell signaling proteins. Here, we demonstrate that Grb2 bound to tyrosine-phosphorylated FRS2 alpha forms a ternary complex with Cbl by means of its Src homology 3 domains resulting in the ubiquitination of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor and FRS2 alpha in response to FGF stimulation. These observations highlight the importance of FRS2 alpha in the assembly of both positive (i.e., Sos, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and negative (i.e., Cbl) signaling proteins to mediate a balanced FGF signal transduction. However, the partial inhibition of FGF receptor down-regulation in FRS2 alpha-/- cells indicates that the attenuation of signaling by FGF receptor is regulated by redundant or multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Sterling Hall of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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17
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Rao N, Dodge I, Band H. The Cbl family of ubiquitin ligases: critical negative regulators of tyrosine kinase signaling in the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Rao
- Division of Medical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ingrid Dodge
- Division of Medical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamid Band
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Tsygankov AY, Teckchandani AM, Feshchenko EA, Swaminathan G. Beyond the RING: CBL proteins as multivalent adapters. Oncogene 2001; 20:6382-402. [PMID: 11607840 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following discovery of c-Cbl, a cellular form of the transforming retroviral protein v-Cbl, multiple Cbl-related proteins have been identified in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. c-Cbl and its homologues are capable of interacting with numerous proteins involved in cell signaling, including various molecular adapters and protein tyrosine kinases. It appears that Cbl proteins play several functional roles, acting both as multivalent adapters and inhibitors of various protein tyrosine kinases. The latter function is linked, to a substantial extent, to the E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity of Cbl proteins. Experimental evidence for these functions, interrelations between them, and their biological significance are addressed in this review, with the main accent placed on the adapter functions of Cbl proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Tsygankov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19140, USA.
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19
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de Melker AA, van der Horst G, Calafat J, Jansen H, Borst J. c-Cbl ubiquitinates the EGF receptor at the plasma membrane and remains receptor associated throughout the endocytic route. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:2167-78. [PMID: 11493652 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.11.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cbl family members have an evolutionarily conserved role in attenuating receptor tyrosine kinase function. Their negative regulatory capacity depends on a Ring finger domain that interacts with ubiquitin conjugating enzymes. Cbl molecules constitute a novel type of E3 or ubiquitin ligase family that is recruited to phosphotyrosine motifs. Ubiquitination of the receptor system is coupled to its downregulation, but it is unclear at which point in the endocytic pathway Cbl molecules come into play. Using low temperature and a dynamin mutant, we find that c-Cbl associates with and ubiquitinates the activated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor at the plasma membrane in the absence of endocytosis. With the aid of confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy, we could demonstrate that c-Cbl associates with the EGF receptor at the plasma membrane prior to receptor recruitment into clathrin-coated pits and remains associated throughout the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. c-Cbl and the EGF receptor also colocalize in internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes. Our data are consistent with a role for c-Cbl in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as their intracellular sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A de Melker
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Hime GR, Abud HE, Garner B, Harris KL, Robertson H. Dynamic expression of alternate splice forms of D-cbl during embryogenesis. Mech Dev 2001; 102:235-8. [PMID: 11287200 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Cbl family of proteins act as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases and have been associated with the down regulation of a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases. Cbl proteins associate with many different cell signalling molecules suggesting that they may have functions outside of the RING finger-mediated ubiquitin ligase activity. The Drosophila melanogaster cbl gene (D-cbl) encodes two splice forms (Oncogene 19 (2000) 3299). Here we report on the differential expression of these isoforms during Drosophila embryogenesis. Both isoforms are maternally expressed but the long isoform of D-cbl is also transiently expressed in the invaginating mesoderm and later is specifically expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Cbl protein is shown to be localised to axons of the longitudinal connectives and commissures in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Responses to extracellular stimuli are often transduced from cell-surface receptors to protein tyrosine kinases which, when activated, initiate the formation of protein complexes that transmit signals throughout the cell. A prominent component of these complexes is the product of the proto-oncogene c-Cbl, which specifically targets activated protein tyrosine kinases and regulates their signalling. How, then, does this multidomain protein shape the responses generated by these signalling complexes?
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Thien
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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