1
|
Shan KS, Dalal S, Thaw Dar NN, McLish O, Salzberg M, Pico BA. Molecular Targeting of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Pathway across Various Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:849. [PMID: 38255923 PMCID: PMC10815772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and development. FGFR alterations including amplifications, fusions, rearrangements, and mutations can result in the downstream activation of tyrosine kinases, leading to tumor development. Targeting these FGFR alterations has shown to be effective in treating cholangiocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms, and there are currently four FGFR inhibitors approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There have been developments in multiple agents targeting the FGFR pathway, including selective FGFR inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates. However, most of these agents have variable and low responses, with some intolerable toxicities and acquired resistances. This review will summarize previous clinical experiences and current developments in agents targeting the FGFR pathway, and will also discuss future directions for FGFR-targeting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khine S. Shan
- Memorial Health Care, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.D.); (N.N.T.D.); (O.M.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mei C, Gong W, Wang X, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zhu C. Anti-angiogenic therapy in ovarian cancer: Current understandings and prospects of precision medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1147717. [PMID: 36959862 PMCID: PMC10027942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the most fatal disease of gynecologic malignant tumors. Angiogenesis refers to the development of new vessels from pre-existing ones, which is responsible for supplying nutrients and removing metabolic waste. Although not yet completely understood, tumor vascularization is orchestrated by multiple secreted factors and signaling pathways. The most central proangiogenic signal, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR signaling, is also the primary target of initial clinical anti-angiogenic effort. However, the efficiency of therapy has so far been modest due to the low response rate and rapidly emerging acquiring resistance. This review focused on the current understanding of the in-depth mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, together with the newest reports of clinical trial outcomes and resistance mechanism of anti-angiogenic agents in OC. We also emphatically summarized and analyzed previously reported biomarkers and predictive models to describe the prospect of precision therapy of anti-angiogenic drugs in OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijing Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongning Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Sanlan Wu, ; Chunqi Zhu,
| | - Chunqi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Sanlan Wu, ; Chunqi Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Skorda A, Bay ML, Hautaniemi S, Lahtinen A, Kallunki T. Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: Current State and Future Promises. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246257. [PMID: 36551745 PMCID: PMC9777107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer, the high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) being its most common and most aggressive form. Despite the latest therapeutical advancements following the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) targeting angiogenesis inhibitors and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to supplement the standard platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, the expected overall survival of HGSC patients has not improved significantly from the five-year rate of 42%. This calls for the development and testing of more efficient treatment options. Many oncogenic kinase-signaling pathways are dysregulated in HGSC. Since small-molecule kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of many solid cancers due to the generality of the increased activation of protein kinases in carcinomas, it is reasonable to evaluate their potential against HGSC. Here, we present the latest concluded and on-going clinical trials on kinase inhibitors in HGSC, as well as the recent work concerning ovarian cancer patient organoids and xenograft models. We discuss the potential of kinase inhibitors as personalized treatments, which would require comprehensive assessment of the biological mechanisms underlying tumor spread and chemoresistance in individual patients, and their connection to tumor genome and transcriptome to establish identifiable subgroups of patients who are most likely to benefit from a given therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Skorda
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Lund Bay
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Lahtinen
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang H, Chan AG, Ahene A, Bellovin DI, Deng R, Hsu AW, Jeffry U, Palencia S, Powers J, Zanghi J, Collins H. Preclinical characterization of bemarituzumab, an anti-FGFR2b antibody for the treatment of cancer. MAbs 2021; 13:1981202. [PMID: 34719330 PMCID: PMC8565817 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1981202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemarituzumab (FPA144) is a first-in-class, humanized, afucosylated immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) with two mechanisms of action against FGFR2b-overexpressing tumors: inhibition of FGFR2b signaling and enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Bemarituzumab is being developed as a cancer therapeutic, and we summarize here the key nonclinical data that supported moving it into clinical trials. Bemarituzumab displayed sub-nanomolar cross-species affinity for FGFR2b receptors, with >20-fold enhanced binding affinity to human Fc gamma receptor IIIa compared with the fucosylated version. In vitro, bemarituzumab induced potent ADCC against FGFR2b-expressing tumor cells, and inhibited FGFR2 phosphorylation and proliferation of SNU-16 gastric cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, bemarituzumab inhibited tumor growth through inhibition of the FGFR2b pathway and/or ADCC in mouse models. Bemarituzumab demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy, and due to bemarituzumab-induced natural killer cell-dependent increase in programmed death-ligand 1, also resulted in enhanced anti-tumor activity when combined with an anti-programmed death-1 antibody. Repeat-dose toxicity studies established the highest non-severely-toxic dose at 1 and 100 mg/kg in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. In pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, bemarituzumab exposure increase was greater than dose-proportional, with the linear clearance in the expected dose range for a mAb. The PK data in cynomolgus monkeys were used to project bemarituzumab linear PK in humans, which were consistent with the observed human Phase 1 data. These key nonclinical studies facilitated the successful advancement of bemarituzumab into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Abigael G Chan
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Global Project Management, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Ago Ahene
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - David I Bellovin
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm Consulting LLC, Pleasanton
| | - Amy W Hsu
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Research, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ursula Jeffry
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Toxicology Department, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc, San Francisco, California
| | - Servando Palencia
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Research, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Redwood city, California
| | - Janine Powers
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Translational Medicine, Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, California
| | - James Zanghi
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Helen Collins
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Clinic, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu DL, Tuo XM, Rong Y, Zhang K, Guo Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as therapeutic targets in female reproductive system cancers. J Cancer 2020; 11:7264-7275. [PMID: 33193890 PMCID: PMC7646179 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, cervical cancer and endometrial cancer are three relatively common malignant cancers of the female reproductive system. Despite improvements in female genital tract cancer detection and development of new therapeutic approaches, there are still poor prognoses and some do not respond to therapeutic patterns, displaying low survival and high frequency of recurrence. In an era of personalized medicine, novel therapeutic approaches with greater efficacy for these cancers represent an unmet need. One of the actionable signaling pathways is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway. Several mutations and alterations in FGF/FGFR family members have been reported in human cancers. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has become a new target for cancer therapy. This review will summarize the role of FGFR pathway and the genetic alterations of the FGF/FGFR related to female reproductive system cancer. We will describe the available inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of female reproductive system cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss FGFR-targeted therapies under clinical development for treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054.,Research institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China, 311215
| | - Xiao-Mei Tuo
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Yu Rong
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Figueroa V, Rodríguez MS, Lanari C, Lamb CA. Nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer: Interplay with steroid receptor pathways. Steroids 2019; 152:108492. [PMID: 31513818 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway has been implicated in a wide range of human disorders and several members have been localized in the nuclear compartment. Hormone-activated steroid receptors or ligand independent activated receptors form nuclear complexes that activate gene transcription. This review aims to highlight the interplay between the steroid receptor and the FGF/FGFR pathways and focuses on the current knowledge on nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer. The nuclear trafficking and targets of FGF/FGFR members and the available evidence on the interplay with steroid hormones and receptors is described. Finally, the data on aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling is summarized and the nuclear action of FGF members on endocrine resistant breast cancer is highlighted. Identifying the mechanisms underlying FGF-induced endocrine resistance will be important to understand how to efficiently target endocrine-related diseases and even enhance or restore endocrine sensitivity in hormone receptor positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Sol Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Caroline Ana Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li SS, Ip CKM, Tang MYH, Tang MKS, Tong Y, Zhang J, Hassan AA, Mak ASC, Yung S, Chan TM, Ip PP, Lee CL, Chiu PCN, Lee LTO, Lai HC, Zeng JZ, Shum HC, Wong AST. Sialyl Lewis x-P-selectin cascade mediates tumor-mesothelial adhesion in ascitic fluid shear flow. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2406. [PMID: 31160622 PMCID: PMC6547673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific colonization suggests that specific cell–cell recognition is essential. Yet, very little is known about this particular interaction. Moreover, tumor cell lodgement requires binding under shear stress, but not static, conditions. Here, we successfully isolate the metastatic populations of cancer stem/tumor-initiating cells (M-CSCs). We show that the M-CSCs tether more and roll slower than the non-metastatic (NM)-CSCs, thus resulting in the preferential binding to the peritoneal mesothelium under ascitic fluid shear stress. Mechanistically, this interaction is mediated by P-selectin expressed by the peritoneal mesothelium. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 carrying an uncommon non-sulfated sialyl-Lewisx (sLex) epitope serves as a distinct P-selectin binding determinant. Several glycosyltransferases, particularly α1,3-fucosyltransferase with rate-limiting activity for sLex synthesis, are highly expressed in M-CSCs. Tumor xenografts and clinical samples corroborate the relevance of these findings. These data advance our understanding on the molecular regulation of peritoneal metastasis and support the therapeutic potential of targeting the sLex-P-selectin cascade. Tumor cell in the peritoneum are often exposed to shear forces generated by ascitic flow during metastasis. Here, the authors show that metastatic cancer stem cells tether more and roll slower than the non-metastatic counterparts, and that sialyl-Lewisx -P-selectin axis mediates peritoneal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Carman K M Ip
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew Y H Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Maggie K S Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yin Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangwen Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ayon Ahmed Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Abby S C Mak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tak-Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Philip P Ip
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hung-Cheng Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Zhang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Alice S T Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taniguchi F. New knowledge and insights about the malignant transformation of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 43:1093-1100. [PMID: 28718209 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis may be a definitive risk factor for ovarian cancer, the most fatal gynecological cancer. The ability of endometriosis to transform into malignancy, first described by Dr. Sampson in 1925, is considered a rare occurrence, affecting approximately 1% of ovarian endometriomas. Recently we conducted a retrospective study regarding the malignant transformation of endometriosis in Japanese women. Many studies have reported a consistent correlation between endometriosis and ovarian cancer according to histological subtypes. However, the existing epidemiological evidence linking this association is insufficient to define the role of endometriosis as a cause of ovarian cancer and to influence changes to current clinical practice. Prospective cohort studies are therefore needed to clarify this issue. Additionally, the results of many molecular studies are conflicting, and earlier studies showing the molecular aberrations involved in genomic instability and mutation that enable malignant transformation have not been replicated in later studies. Careful long-term observation of a patient with endometrioma is required to detect possible subsequent incidence of malignant transformation. More importantly, a precise strategy should be set up for better prevention, early detection, specific diagnosis and treatment targeting molecular pathogenesis to understand the mechanisms of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Clinicians need to be aware of the increased ovarian cancer risk in women with endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Estienne A, Price CA. The fibroblast growth factor 8 family in the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2018; 155:R53-R62. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factor families have been shown to be involved in the function of the female reproductive tract. One subfamily of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, namely the FGF8 subfamily (including FGF17 and FGF18), has become important as Fgf8 has been described as an oocyte-derived factor essential for glycolysis in mouse cumulus cells and aberrant expression ofFGF18has been described in ovarian and endometrial cancers. In this review, we describe the pattern of expression of these factors in normal ovaries and uteri in rodents, ruminants and humans, as well as the expression of their receptors and intracellular negative feedback regulators. Expression of these molecules in gynaecological cancers is also reviewed. The role of FGF8 and FGF18 in ovarian and uterine function is described, and potential differences between rodents and ruminants have been highlighted especially with respect to FGF18 signalling within the ovarian follicle. Finally, we identify major questions about the reproductive biology of FGFs that remain to be answered, including (1) the physiological concentrations within the ovary and uterus, (2) which cell types within the endometrial stroma and theca layer express FGFs and (3) which receptors are activated by FGF8 subfamily members in reproductive tissues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu Y, Hall T, Eathiraj S, Wick MJ, Schwartz B, Abbadessa G. In-vitro and in-vivo combined effect of ARQ 092, an AKT inhibitor, with ARQ 087, a FGFR inhibitor. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:503-513. [PMID: 28240679 PMCID: PMC5404396 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer, and the drug development efforts targeting this pathway with therapeutic interventions have been advanced by academic and industrial groups. However, the clinical outcome is moderate. Combination of inhibition of PI3K/AKT and other targeted agents became a feasible approach. In this study we assessed the combined effect of ARQ 092, a pan-AKT inhibitor, and ARQ 087, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, in vitro and in vivo. In a panel of 45 cancer cell lines, on 24% (11 out of 45) the compounds showed synergistic effect, on 62% (28 out of 45) additive, and on 13% (6 out of 45) antagonistic. The highest percentage of synergism was found on endometrial and ovarian cancer cell lines. Mutational analysis revealed that PIK3CA/PIK3R1 mutations and aberrant activation of FGFR2 predicted synergism, whereas Ras mutations showed a reverse correlation. Pathway analysis revealed that a combination of ARQ 092 and ARQ 087 enhanced the inhibition of both the AKT and FGFR pathways in cell lines in which synergistic effects were found (AN3CA and IGROV-1). Cell cycle arrest and apoptotic response occurred only in AN3CA cell, and was not seen in IGROV-1 cells. Furthermore, enhanced antitumor activity was observed in mouse models with endometrial cancer cell line and patient-derived tumors when ARQ 092 and ARQ 087 were combined. These results from in-vitro and in-vivo studies provide a strong rationale in treating endometrial and other cancers with the activated PI3K/AKT and FGFR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- aArQule, Inc., Burlington, Massachusetts bSouth Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
King ML, Lindberg ME, Stodden GR, Okuda H, Ebers SD, Johnson A, Montag A, Lengyel E, MacLean Ii JA, Hayashi K. WNT7A/β-catenin signaling induces FGF1 and influences sensitivity to niclosamide in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3452-62. [PMID: 25174399 PMCID: PMC4345161 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized the link between WNT7A and the progression of ovarian cancer. Other groups have identified FGF1 as a relevant risk factor in ovarian cancer. Here, we show a linkage between these two signaling pathways that may be exploited to improve treatment and prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. High expression of WNT7A and FGF1 are correlated in ovarian carcinomas and poor overall patient survival. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that WNT7A/β-catenin signaling directly regulates FGF1 expression via TCF binding elements in the FGF1-1C promoter locus. In vitro gene manipulation studies revealed that FGF1 is sufficient to drive the tumor promoting effects of WNT7A. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed that the stable overexpression of WNT7A or FGF1 induced a significant increase in tumor incidence, while FGF1 knockdown in WNT7A overexpressing cells caused a significant reduction in tumor size. Niclosamide most efficiently abrogated WNT7A/β-catenin signaling in our model, inhibited β-catenin transcriptional activity and cell viability, and increased cell death. Furthermore, niclosamide decreased cell migration following an increase in E-cadherin subsequent to decreased levels of SLUG. The effects of niclosamide on cell functions were more potent in WNT7A overexpressing cells. Oral niclosamide inhibited tumor growth and progression in an intraperitoneal xenograft mouse model representative of human ovarian cancer. Collectively, these results indicate that FGF1 is a direct downstream target of WNT7A/β-catenin signaling and this pathway has potential as a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Moreover, niclosamide is a promising inhibitor of this pathway and may have clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L King
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - M E Lindberg
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - G R Stodden
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - H Okuda
- Laboratory for Malignancy Control Research, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S D Ebers
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - A Johnson
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Montag
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Lengyel
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J A MacLean Ii
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - K Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Secord AA, Nixon AB, Hurwitz HI. The search for biomarkers to direct antiangiogenic treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:349-58. [PMID: 25178997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in women with primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Biomarkers that predict outcomes in patients treated with antiangiogenic agents are being investigated to rationally direct therapy for women most likely to benefit from these agents. Among the most promising plasma-based biomarkers are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and VEGF receptor-2. While these biomarkers have been correlated with prognosis, they have not been shown to predict benefit, specifically from anti-VEGF therapy, highlighting the need for alternative biomarkers, including molecular and clinical factors, which may be predictive of outcome in women with ovarian cancer treated with antiangiogenic agents. Biomarkers are currently being investigated as secondary outcomes in several ongoing phase II and phase III clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents in patients with EOC. Molecular techniques, such as microarray analyses, and imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, are also being explored in this field. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current biomarker research, with an emphasis on angiogenic biomarkers associated with EOC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Davidson BA, Secord AA. Profile of pazopanib and its potential in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:289-300. [PMID: 24648773 PMCID: PMC3958497 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s49781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. Recently, clinical trials have focused on novel antiangiogenic agents in combination with chemotherapy or alone in women with primary and recurrent ovarian cancer. Antiangiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, and peptibodies. Many of these agents, including bevacizumab, pazopanib, nintedanib, cediranib, and trebananib, have been evaluated in randomized Phase III clinical trials, and all have demonstrated a progression-free survival (PFS) benefit. Specifically, maintenance pazopanib was shown to improve PFS in women with newly diagnosed EOC. Pazopanib, an oral TKI, inhibits several kinase receptors, including those for vascular endothelial growth factor (-1,-2,-3), platelet-derived growth factor (-α and -β), and fibroblast growth factor. It also targets stem cell-factor receptor (c-kit), interleukin 2-inducible T-cell kinase, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. Pazopanib has been investigated in several Phase II and III clinical trials, with results indicating a potential role in the management of EOC. This article provides an overview of pazopanib in the treatment of EOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Davidson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Basu M, Mukhopadhyay S, Chatterjee U, Roy SS. FGF16 promotes invasive behavior of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:1415-28. [PMID: 24253043 PMCID: PMC3894325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell growth and tissue invasion define the characteristic features of cancer. Several growth factors regulate these processes by inducing specific signaling pathways. We show that FGF16, a novel factor, is expressed in human ovary, and its expression is markedly increased in ovarian tumors. This finding indicated possible involvement of FGF16 in ovarian cancer progression. We observed that FGF16 stimulates the proliferation of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells, SKOV-3 and OAW-42. Furthermore, through the activation of FGF receptor-mediated intracellular MAPK pathway, FGF16 regulates the expression of MMP2, MMP9, SNAI1, and CDH1 and thus facilitates cellular invasion. Inhibition of FGFR as well as MAPK pathway reduces the proliferative and invasive behavior of ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, ovarian tumors with up-regulated PITX2 expression also showed activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway that prompted us to investigate possible interaction among FGF16, PITX2, and Wnt pathway. We identified that PITX2 homeodomain transcription factor interacts with and regulates FGF16 expression. Furthermore, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces FGF16 expression. Moreover, FGF16 promoter possesses the binding elements of PITX2 as well as T-cell factor (Wnt-responsive), in close proximity, where PITX2 and β-catenin binds to and synergistically activates the same. A detail study showed that both PITX2 and T-cell factor elements and the interaction with their binding partners are necessary for target gene expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that FGF16 in conjunction with Wnt pathway contributes to the cancer phenotype of ovarian cells and suggests that modulation of its expression in ovarian cells might be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of invasive ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moitri Basu
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | | | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244 AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Sib Sankar Roy
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Although epithelial ovarian cancer responds well to chemotherapy, patients presenting with advanced disease still have a poor prognosis. The clear role of angiogenesis in the development and progression of ovarian tumorigenesis has led to the development of several novel antiangiogenic agents; however, questions remain as how to best incorporate such agents into current treatment algorithms. Searches of PubMed (terms: angiogenesis, VEGF, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, bevacizumab and ovarian cancer) and of recent results from key oncology congresses (terms: drug names and ovarian cancer) were performed to identify relevant articles and abstracts. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate investigational antiangiogenic agents as a component of first-line chemotherapy, as a treatment option for recurrent disease, and as maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer. The antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody bevacizumab has demonstrated a progression-free survival benefit in combination with first-line paclitaxel/carboplatin and continued as maintenance therapy, and phase II data suggest therapeutic potential for several multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors in ovarian cancer, with phase III results forthcoming for BIBF 1120, cediranib, and pazopanib. Antiangiogenic therapy remains a promising strategy for ovarian cancer, and it is hoped that results from ongoing trials will inform their optimal placement in the treatment paradigm.
Collapse
|
16
|
Meng QH, Xu E, Hildebrandt MAT, Liang D, Lu K, Ye Y, Wagar EA, Wu X. Genetic variants in the fibroblast growth factor pathway as potential markers of ovarian cancer risk, therapeutic response, and clinical outcome. Clin Chem 2013; 60:222-32. [PMID: 24146310 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.211490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) axis plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, but little is known of its influence in ovarian cancer. We sought to determine the association of genetic variants in the FGF pathway with risk, therapeutic response, and survival of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS We matched 339 non-Hispanic white ovarian cancer cases with 349 healthy controls and genotyped them for 183 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 24 FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) genes. Genetic associations for the main effect, gene-gene interactions, and the cumulative effect were determined. RESULTS Multiple SNPs in the FGF-FGFR axis were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. In particular, FGF1 [fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic)] SNP rs7727832 showed the most significant association with ovarian cancer (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.31-3.95). Ten SNPs were associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. FGF18 (fibroblast growth factor 18) SNP rs3806929, FGF7 (fibroblast growth factor 7) SNP rs9920722, FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) SNP rs12812339, and FGF5 (fibroblast growth factor 5) SNP rs3733336 were significantly associated with a favorable treatment response, with a reduction of risk of nonresponse of 40% to 60%. Eleven SNPs were significantly associated with overall survival. Of these SNPs, FGF23 rs7961824 was the most significantly associated with improved prognosis (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39-0.78) and was associated with significantly longer survival durations, compared with individuals with the common genotype at this locus (58.1 months vs. 38.0 months, P = 0.005). Survival tree analysis revealed FGF2 rs167428 as the primary factor contributing to overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Significant associations of genetic variants in the FGF pathway were associated with ovarian cancer risk, therapeutic response, and survival. The discovery of multiple SNPs in the FGF-FGFR pathway provides a molecular approach for risk assessment, monitoring therapeutic response, and prognosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fearon AE, Gould CR, Grose RP. FGFR signalling in women's cancers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2832-42. [PMID: 24148254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FGFs, in a complex with their receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate (HS), are responsible for a range of cellular functions, from embryogenesis to metabolism. Both germ line and somatic FGFR mutations are known to play a role in a range of diseases, most notably craniosynestosis dysplasias, dwarfism and cancer. Because of the ability of FGFR signalling to induce cell proliferation, migration and survival, FGFRs are readily co-opted by cancer cells. Mutations in, and amplifications of, these receptors are found in a range of cancers with some of the most striking clinical findings relating to their contribution to pathogenesis and progression of female cancers. Here, we outline the molecular mechanisms of FGFR signalling and discuss the role of this pathway in women's cancers, focusing on breast, endometrial, ovarian and cervical carcinomas, and their associated preclinical and clinical data. We also address the rationale for therapeutic intervention and the need for FGFR-targeted therapy to selectively target cancer cells in view of the fundamental roles of FGF signalling in normal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Fearon
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gavalas NG, Liontos M, Trachana SP, Bagratuni T, Arapinis C, Liacos C, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Angiogenesis-related pathways in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15885-909. [PMID: 23903048 PMCID: PMC3759892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. A number of processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis represents a hallmark phenomenon in cancer, and it is responsible for tumor spread and metastasis in ovarian cancer, among other tumor types, as it leads to new blood vessel formation. In recent years angiogenesis has been given considerable attention in order to identify targets for developing effective anti-tumor therapies. Growth factors have been identified to play key roles in driving angiogenesis and, thus, the formation of new blood vessels that assist in "feeding" cancer. Such molecules include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the angiopoietin/Tie2 receptor complex. These proteins are key players in complex molecular pathways within the tumor cell and they have been in the spotlight of the development of anti-angiogenic molecules that may act as stand-alone therapeutics, or in concert with standard treatment regimes such as chemotherapy. The pathways involved in angiogenesis and molecules that have been developed in order to combat angiogenesis are described in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G. Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Sofia-Paraskevi Trachana
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Calliope Arapinis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Christine Liacos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Aristotle Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression May Be Involved In Transformation of Ovarian Endometrioma to Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:791-6. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31828f38c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the genes that may be associated with malignant transformation of ovarian endometrioma.MethodsEndometriotic epithelial cells were isolated from tissues derived from chocolate cyst linings by laser capture microdissection. A Gene Chip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array was applied to evaluate levels of gene expression in 3 different groups of epithelial cells: epithelial cells of endometrioma, epithelial cells of endometrioma adjacent to clear cell carcinoma, and epithelial cells of clear cell carcinoma. As a validation assay, real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were performed.ResultsGene expression analysis identified differential expressions among the 3 groups of epithelial cells. Using the classification of a signaling pathways database, 9 genes (12 gene probes) were selected from among 39 up-regulated genes indicating more than 2-fold higher expression between any comparisons of the 3 groups in the comprehensive microarray. Enhancement of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene expression was detected by microarray using 3 distinct probes. Gene and protein expression of FGFR2 differed significantly between epithelial cells of endometrioma and the epithelial component of clear cell carcinoma.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that FGFR2 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis of endometriosis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
20
|
Westin SN, Herzog TJ, Coleman RL. Investigational agents in development for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:213-29. [PMID: 22661305 PMCID: PMC4103697 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although significant success has been achieved in the treatment of advanced and recurrent ovarian cancer, there is clearly room for improvement. The use of targeted agents in this patient population has the promise to provide improved survival and quality of life. There are a myriad of relevant pathways under exploration in all settings of ovarian cancer. Clinical trial data are accumulating for antiangiogenic therapy, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific inhibitors and multiple angiogenic signaling target inhibitors, as well as poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Other types of tumorigenic pathway inhibitors, including those that target phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), Src, folate receptor alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathways are in earlier phases of development for ovarian cancer. Attempts to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) of ovarian tumors have been met with limited success; however, newer agents that inhibit this pathway show promise. Finally, with recognition of the role of Wee-1 in p53-deficient tumors, an inhibitor of this tyrosine kinase is being evaluated in recurrent ovarian cancer. The logistical challenge is to determine the optimal timing and proper combinations of novel agents independently as well as concomitantly with conventional chemotherapeutics. Reported results have been modest; however, our growing understanding of these pathways will be potentially reflected in greater impact on response and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Antiangiogenic agents as a maintenance strategy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:161-75. [PMID: 23137764 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is the first antiangiogenic agent to have demonstrated benefit as first-line and maintenance therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), with the Gynecologic Oncology Group 218 and ICON 7 phase III trials revealing significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) for carboplatin/paclitaxel plus bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab maintenance versus carboplatin/paclitaxel alone. Results are forthcoming from several phase III maintenance trials of investigational antiangiogenic agents, each evaluating PFS as the primary endpoint: AGO-OVAR12/LUME-Ovar1 (nintedanib [BIBF 1120]), AGO-OVAR16 (pazopanib), and TRINOVA-1, -2, and -3 (AMG 386). Here we review available data and ongoing clinical trials of investigational antiangiogenic agents as maintenance therapy for EOC. Current controversies, including uncertainties regarding the (1) most appropriate clinical trial endpoints, (2) optimal dosing, duration, and timing of therapy (e.g., with first-line chemotherapy and/or as maintenance monotherapy), and (3) feasibility, tolerability, and cost of adding these agents to platinum/taxane regimens are also highlighted.
Collapse
|
22
|
Antiangiogenic agents in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:348-59. [PMID: 22266932 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31823c6efd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of angiogenesis, including the rationale for targeting angiogenesis as a treatment strategy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and to discuss available clinical trial data with antiangiogenic agents in EOC, with a focus on combinations with chemotherapy. METHODS This was a literature review of clinical studies evaluating select antiangiogenic agents in combination with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy for the treatment of EOC. RESULTS Several therapies that target angiogenesis-specific pathways are undergoing clinical development for EOC. Although some of these agents have demonstrated single-agent activity for EOC, there is considerable interest in combining this treatment strategy with chemotherapy in an effort to potentially improve treatment benefits in this patient population. Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, is the most studied antiangiogenic agent in EOC and has shown efficacy as monotherapy and combined with chemotherapy in both the relapsed/recurrent and first-line settings. However, results from recent phase 3 trials raise questions regarding patient selection and optimal dose, schedule, and duration of bevacizumab therapy. Other agents in various phases of testing include aflibercept (VEGF Trap), a fusion protein that binds all isoforms of VEGF; multitargeted antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg, BIBF 1120, cediranib, pazopanib, sorafenib); and AMG 386, a selective angiopoietin inhibitor. Toxicities associated with VEGF inhibition are also a concern with antiangiogenic therapy, including hypertension, proteinuria, thromboses, and gastrointestinal perforation. CONCLUSIONS Results from recently completed and ongoing clinical trials combining antiangiogenic agents with chemotherapy are awaited in hopes of expanding therapeutic options for patients with EOC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheng YM, Chou CY, Hsu YC, Chen MJ. Influence of HPV16 E6/7 on the Expression of FGF2 and FGFR Type B in Cervical Carcinogenesis. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:580-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111432874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Innovative Research Center of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jenn Chen
- Division of Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kraus D, Winter J, Jepsen S, Jäger A, Meyer R, Deschner J. Interactions of adiponectin and lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis on human oral epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30716. [PMID: 22319581 PMCID: PMC3271106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, and characterized by the destruction of the periodontium. Obese individuals have an increased risk for periodontitis and show decreased serum levels of adiponectin. This in-vitro study was established to examine whether adiponectin modulates critical effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. gingivalis on oral epithelial cells (OECs). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The presence of adiponectin and its receptors in human gingival tissue samples and OECs was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Furthermore, OECs were treated with LPS and/or adiponectin for up to 72 h, and the gene expression and protein synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. Additionally, cell proliferation, differentiation and in-vitro wound healing were studied. The nuclear translocation of NFκB was investigated by immunofluorescence. Gingival tissue sections showed a strong synthesis of adiponectin and its receptors in the epithelial layer. In cell cultures, LPS induced a significant up-regulation of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, IL8, MMP1 and MMP3. Adiponectin abrogated significantly the stimulatory effects of LPS on these molecules. Similarly, adiponectin inhibited significantly the LPS-induced decrease in cell viability and increase in cell proliferation and differentiation. Adiponectin led to a time-dependent induction of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL10 and heme oxygenase 1, and blocked the LPS-stimulated NFκB nuclear translocation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Adiponectin may counteract critical actions of P. gingivalis on oral epithelial cells. Low levels of adiponectin, as observed in obese individuals, may increase the risk for periodontal inflammation and destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Clinical Research Unit 208, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Clinical Research Unit 208, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Clinical Research Unit 208, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Clinical Research Unit 208, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Meyer
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Clinical Research Unit 208, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
26
|
Targeting angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:272-83. [PMID: 21764518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Results of standard chemotherapy in ovarian cancer are hampered by the development of drug resistance leading to disease recurrence. This prompted interest in the development of therapies targeting critical pathways responsible for tumor progression. Angiogenesis is a key process that enables ovarian cancer growth and metastasis in the peritoneal space. Its regulation relies on signaling mechanisms initiated by the vascular endothelial growth factor, the platelet-derived growth factor, the fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietins, and others. These pathways are not only important to the modulation of the tumor microenvironment and vasculature, but also control cancer cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence supporting the rationale for inhibiting these pathways and provide an overview for the clinical development of agents targeting them. Clinical trials evaluating such agents alone and in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Early clinical results position antiangiogenic therapy at the forefront of change to the standard treatment of difficult to treat ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zecchini S, Bombardelli L, Decio A, Bianchi M, Mazzarol G, Sanguineti F, Aletti G, Maddaluno L, Berezin V, Bock E, Casadio C, Viale G, Colombo N, Giavazzi R, Cavallaro U. The adhesion molecule NCAM promotes ovarian cancer progression via FGFR signalling. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:480-94. [PMID: 21739604 PMCID: PMC3377089 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is an aggressive neoplasm, which mainly disseminates to organs of the peritoneal cavity, an event mediated by molecular mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we investigated the expression and functional role of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a cell surface glycoprotein involved in brain development and plasticity, in EOC. NCAM is absent from normal ovarian epithelium but becomes highly expressed in a subset of human EOC, in which NCAM expression is associated with high tumour grade, suggesting a causal role in cancer aggressiveness. We demonstrate that NCAM stimulates EOC cell migration and invasion in vitro and promotes metastatic dissemination in mice. This pro-malignant function of NCAM is mediated by its interaction with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). Indeed, not only FGFR signalling is required for NCAM-induced EOC cell motility, but targeting the NCAM/FGFR interplay with a monoclonal antibody abolishes the metastatic dissemination of EOC in mice. Our results point to NCAM-mediated stimulation of FGFR as a novel mechanism underlying EOC malignancy and indicate that this interplay may represent a valuable therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zecchini
- IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheung LWT, Mak ASC, Cheung ANY, Ngan HYS, Leung PCK, Wong AST. P-cadherin cooperates with insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor to promote metastatic signaling of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovarian cancer via p120 catenin. Oncogene 2011; 30:2964-74. [PMID: 21317933 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a potent prometastatic factor in ovarian cancer, but the intracellular signaling events are not well understood. The classical Gα(q)-phospholipase C signal transduction pathway known to operate in the pituitary is not involved in GnRH actions at non-pituitary targets. Here we showed that GnRH treatment of ovarian cancer cells led to a rapid and remarkable tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin (p120(ctn)), which was mediated by P-cadherin. The use of P-cadherin small interfering RNA or neutralizing antibodies to inhibit P-cadherin expression and function resulted in diminished p120(ctn) activation, confirming that the effect was P-cadherin specific. On exploring how P-cadherin, which lacks intrinsic kinase activity, might regulate the activation of p120(ctn), we found that P-cadherin could induce the ligand-independent activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Inhibition of IGF-1R expression or its activity significantly inhibited GnRH-induced p120(ctn) activation, and the subsequent cell migration and invasion. In addition, we showed that IGF-1R regulation by P-cadherin was associated with complex formation between IGF-1R and P-cadherin, and this regulation was also observed to be in vivo correlated with metastasis. Furthermore, using a mouse model of ovarian cancer metastasis, GnRH receptor knockdown was shown to diminish peritoneal dissemination of tumors and ascites formation. These findings suggest for the first time that GnRH can initiate an outside-in p120(ctn) signal transduction through the cross-talk between P-cadherin and IGF-1R, thus providing a novel molecular mechanism by which GnRH may control the high level of aggressiveness and invasion and metastasis potential that are characteristic of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W T Cheung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burger RA. Overview of anti-angiogenic agents in development for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:230-8. [PMID: 21215996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the rationale for targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways for anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with ovarian cancer and to summarize the currently available data with agents that block these pathways. METHODS Relevant papers and studies were identified by searches conducted on Medline using the terms angiogenesis, ovarian cancer, VEGF, PDGF, FGF, receptor, kinase, and inhibitor alone or in combination as well as by searches by drug name and by review of abstracts presented at recent oncology meetings. RESULTS The VEGF pathway is considered to be the key driver of angiogenesis, but the PDGF and FGF pathways also play important roles and may contribute to resistance to VEGF-specific blockade. Each pathway may also promote tumorigenesis; tumor cell overexpression of these growth factors and their receptors have been detected in ovarian tumor specimens, suggesting that autocrine loops may lead to tumor growth and progression. Selective inhibitors of the VEGF pathway (e.g., bevacizumab and VEGF Trap) as well as VEGF/PDGF pathway inhibitors (e.g., sorafenib and sunitinib) and VEGF/PDGF/FGF pathway inhibitors (e.g., cediranib, pazopanib, and BIBF 1120) have shown single-agent activity in women with ovarian cancer in phase II trials. Response rates of up to 21% have been reported with several agents in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Phase III trials with many anti-angiogenic agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer are currently ongoing. CONCLUSIONS Anti-angiogenic agents may provide an improvement in the treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer and may be useful when incorporated into first-line platinum/taxane therapy. It remains to be determined whether multitargeted agents will offer greater clinical benefit than specific VEGF pathway inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Burger
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cole C, Lau S, Backen A, Clamp A, Rushton G, Dive C, Hodgkinson C, McVey R, Kitchener H, Jayson GC. Inhibition of FGFR2 and FGFR1 increases cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:495-504. [PMID: 20595807 PMCID: PMC3040972 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.5.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) have been implicated in malignant transformation, tumor mitogenesis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to determine which FGFs and FGFRs play functional roles in epithelial ovarian cancer. Restriction enzyme analysis of mRNA revealed that transformation was associated with a switch in FGFR2 and FGFR3, from the IIIc to the IIIb isoform. There was widespread expression of FGFs, including FGF7, in all tissues but, FGF3 and FGF19 were expressed by malignant cell lines and cancer tissue but were not present in normal tissue. Using FGFR-specific shRNAi we demonstrated that reductions in FGFR2 inhibited proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro (>50%, p < 0.006) and reduced cisplatin IC(50) (>60%, p < 0.0001). Cell cycle analysis revealed increased cisplatin sensitivity was associated with increased G(2)/M arrest and increased apoptosis. FGFR2 shRNAi reduced growth rates of ovarian tumor xenografts by 20% (p < 0.006) and when combined with cisplatin caused a 40% reduction in proliferation rates (p < 0.007). In contrast, RNAi-induced reductions in FGFR1 increased SKOV3 cell numbers, with associated changes in cell cycle but had no effect on ES2 cells. However, the cisplatin IC(50) was reduced (>50%, p < 0.0001) by FGFR1 shRNAi in both cell lines and there was increased apoptosis (46-50%) compared with control cells (35%) (p < 0.004). Together our data suggest that combining FGFR2 inhibitors with platinum-containing cytotoxic agents for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer may yield increased antitumor activity. However, data on the inhibition of FGFR1 suggest that broad spectrum FGFR inhibitors may have unexpected effects on proliferation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cole
- Cancer Research UK and University of Manchester Dept. Translational Angiogenesis, Paterson Institute, Withington, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao WM, Wang L, Park H, Chhim S, Tanphanich M, Yashiro M, Kim KJ. Monoclonal antibodies to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 effectively inhibit growth of gastric tumor xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5750-8. [PMID: 20670946 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) may be a causative factor of a number of human tumors, especially gastric tumors of the poorly differentiated type. We investigated whether monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against FGFR2 can inhibit the growth of tumors in xenograft models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated and characterized 3 mAbs that recognize different epitopes on FGFR2: GAL-FR21, GAL-FR22, and GAL-FR23. The ability of the mAbs to recognize the FGFR2IIIb and FGFR2IIIc isoforms of FGFR2 was determined, as was their ability to block binding of FGF ligands to FGFR2. The capability of the mAbs to inhibit FGF-induced FGFR2 phosphorylation and to downmodulate FGFR2 expression was also investigated. Finally, the ability of the anti-FGFR2 mAbs to inhibit tumor growth was determined by establishing xenografts of SNU-16 and OCUM-2M human gastric tumor cell lines in nude mice, treating with each mAb (0.5-5 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly) and monitoring tumor size. RESULTS Of the 3 mAbs, GAL-FR21 binds only the FGFR2IIIb isoform, whereas GAL-FR22 and GAL-FR23 bind to both the FGFR2IIIb and FGFR2IIIc forms, with binding regions respectively in the D3, D2-D3, and D1 domains of FGFR2. GAL-FR21 and GAL-FR22 blocked the binding of FGF2, FGF7 and FGF10 to FGFR2IIIb. GAL-FR21 inhibited FGF2 and FGF7 induced phosphorylation of FGFR2, and both mAbs downmodulated FGFR2 expression on SNU-16 cells. These mAbs effectively inhibited growth of established SNU-16 and OCUM-2M xenografts in mice. CONCLUSIONS Anti-FGFR2 mAbs GAL-FR21 and GAL-FR22 have potential for the treatment of gastric and other tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-meng Zhao
- Galaxy Biotech, LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Byron SA, Gartside MG, Wellens CL, Goodfellow PJ, Birrer MJ, Campbell IG, Pollock PM. FGFR2 mutations are rare across histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Terry KL, De Vivo I, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Cramer DW. Breast cancer susceptibility alleles and ovarian cancer risk in 2 study populations. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:729-33. [PMID: 18973230 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide scans identified several novel breast cancer risk alleles, including variants of the FGFR2, MAP3K1 and LSP1 genes, and a study of associations between these alleles and characteristics of breast cancer patients reported a borderline significant correlation between the number of FGFR2 minor alleles and family history of breast/ovarian cancer. Given these results and similarities in the etiology of breast and ovarian cancer, we examined the association between 7 novel breast cancer susceptibility alleles and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in 2 large study populations. Our analysis included 1,173 cases and 1,201 controls from a New England-based Case-Control study and 210 cases and 603 controls from the prospective Nurses' Health Study. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the minor allele at each locus, compared to individuals with the wild-type genotype. We examined the associations separately in each population and, after testing for heterogeneity in the results, pooled the estimates using a random effects model. There was no clear association between these polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk in either population. The pooled per allele OR for FGFR2 was 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.95-1.18) for rs1219648 and 1.04 (95% CI=0.93-1.15) for rs2981582. We had more than 80% power to detect a log-additive OR of 1.16-1.18 per allele at the alpha=0.05 level in the pooled analysis. Our results do not provide strong support for an association between these breast cancer susceptibility alleles and epithelial ovarian cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Gates
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lungu G, Covaleda L, Mendes O, Martini-Stoica H, Stoica G. FGF-1-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in breast cancer cells is mediated by increased activities of NF-kappaB and activating protein-1. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:424-35. [PMID: 18041768 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we investigate the effect of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) on the expression of MMP-9 in ENU1564, an ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line. We observed that FGF-1 induces a dose-dependent increase in MMP-9 mRNA, protein, and activity in ENU1564 cells. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of MMP-9 regulation by FGF-1, we investigated the role of components of PI3K-Akt and MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathways in our system since NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factor binding sites have been characterized in the upstream region of the MMP-9 gene. We demonstrated that FGF-1 increases Akt phosphorylation, triggers nuclear translocation of NF-kappaBp65, and enhances degradation of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha. Pretreatment of cells with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly inhibited MMP-9 protein expression in FGF-1-treated cells. Conversely, our data show that FGF-1 increases ERK phosphorylation in ENU1564 cells, increases c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression in a time-dependent manner, and triggers nuclear translocation of c-jun. Pretreatment of cells with PD98059, a MEK1/2 inhibitor significantly inhibited MMP-9 protein expression in FGF-1 treated cells. Finally, we observed increased DNA binding of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in FGF-1-treated cells and that mutation of either NF-kappaB or AP-1 response elements prevented MMP-9 promoter activation by FGF-1. Taken together, these results demonstrated that FGF-1-induced MMP-9 expression in ENU1564 cells is associated with increasing DNA binding activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and involve activation of a dual signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt and MEK1/2-ERK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lungu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huijts PEA, Vreeswijk MPG, Kroeze-Jansema KHG, Jacobi CE, Seynaeve C, Krol-Warmerdam EMM, Wijers-Koster PM, Blom JC, Pooley KA, Klijn JGM, Tollenaar RAEM, Devilee P, van Asperen CJ. Clinical correlates of low-risk variants in FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1, LSP1 and 8q24 in a Dutch cohort of incident breast cancer cases. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 9:R78. [PMID: 17997823 PMCID: PMC2246176 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Seven SNPs in five genomic loci were recently found to confer a mildly increased risk of breast cancer. Methods We have investigated the correlations between disease characteristics and the patient genotypes of these SNPs in an unselected prospective cohort of 1,267 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer. Results Heterozygote carriers and minor allele homozygote carriers for SNP rs889312 in the MAP3K1 gene were less likely to be lymph node positive at breast cancer diagnosis (P = 0.044) relative to major allele homozygote carriers. Heterozygote carriers and minor allele homozygote carriers for SNP rs3803662 near the TNCR9 gene were more likely to be diagnosed before the age of 60 years (P = 0.025) relative to major allele homozygote carriers. We also noted a correlation between the number of minor alleles of rs2981582 in FGFR2 and the average number of first-degree and second-degree relatives with breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer (P = 0.05). All other disease characteristics, including tumour size and grade, and oestrogen or progesterone receptor status, were not significantly associated with any of these variants. Conclusion Some recently discovered genomic variants associated with a mildly increased risk of breast cancer are also associated with breast cancer characteristics or family history of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. These findings provide interesting new clues for further research on these low-risk susceptibility alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra E A Huijts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, K5-R, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gatcliffe TA, Monk BJ, Planutis K, Holcombe RF. Wnt signaling in ovarian tumorigenesis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 18:954-62. [PMID: 17986238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Data are emerging implicating Wnt signaling in ovarian tumorigenesis. We sought to review the current literature on the subject and discuss the pathway's potential role as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target. We conducted a systematic literature review of studies investigating the association between Wnt signaling and ovarian cancer. Search strategies included online searching of the MEDLINE database and hand searching of relevant publications and reviews. Additional reports were collected by systematically reviewing all references from retrieved papers. Twenty-nine papers were identified that directly investigate Wnt signaling and ovarian cancer. Mutations in the CTNNB1 gene that codes for beta-catenin, the key effector in the pathway, are directly linked to carcinogenic transformation but are mostly found in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas, a histologic subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. These mutations, along with others, lead to deregulation of the pathway and transcription of target genes. Differences in various intra- and extracellular components of the Wnt pathway have been demonstrated between normal ovarian and cancer cell lines and between benign tissue and ovarian cancer. These differences implicate Wnt signaling in the molecular events that lead to ovarian cancer development despite the fact that gene mutations are uncommon. The data suggest that Wnt signaling plays a role in ovarian tumorigenesis. The exact mechanisms by which this occurs need to be further elucidated. Wnt signaling is probably involved via multiple, diverse mechanisms. Further research in this area is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Gatcliffe
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California. USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chaffer CL, Thompson EW, Williams ED. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition in development and disease. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 185:7-19. [PMID: 17587803 DOI: 10.1159/000101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is fundamental to embryonic development. The importance of cellular transitions in development is first apparent during gastrulation when the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition transforms polarized epithelial cells into migratory mesenchymal cells that constitute the embryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm. It is now widely accepted that this developmental pathway is exploited in various disease states, including cancer progression. The loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of a mesenchymal-like migratory phenotype are crucial to the development of invasive carcinoma and metastasis. However, given the morphological similarities between primary tumour and metastatic lesions, it is likely that tumour cells re-activate certain epithelial properties through a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) at the secondary site, although this is yet to be proven. MET is also an essential developmental process and has been extensively studied in kidney organogenesis and somitogenesis. In this review we describe the process of MET, highlight important mediators, and discuss their implication in the context of cancer progression.
Collapse
|
38
|
Taniguchi F, Harada T, Iwabe T, Ohama Y, Takenaka Y, Terakawa N. Aberrant expression of keratinocyte growth factor receptor in ovarian surface epithelial cells of endometrioma. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:478-80. [PMID: 17482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSEs) are considered to be the common source of endometrioma and epithelial ovarian cancer. The present study reveals that keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) messenger RNA was expressed in OSEs of endometriomas but not in those of normal ovaries, suggesting that autocrine KGF/KGFR and paracrine fibroblast growth factor 10/KGFR signaling loops may be involved with the proliferation in OSEs of endometrioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chaffer CL, Brennan JP, Slavin JL, Blick T, Thompson EW, Williams ED. Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition Facilitates Bladder Cancer Metastasis: Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11271-8. [PMID: 17145872 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) increases cell migration and invasion, and facilitates metastasis in multiple carcinoma types, but belies epithelial similarities between primary and secondary tumors. This study addresses the importance of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in the formation of clinically significant metastasis. The previously described bladder carcinoma TSU-Pr1 (T24) progression series of cell lines selected in vivo for increasing metastatic ability following systemic seeding was used in this study. It was found that the more metastatic sublines had acquired epithelial characteristics. Epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes were confirmed in the TSU-Pr1 series by cytoskeletal and morphologic analysis, and by performance in a panel of in vitro assays. Metastatic ability was examined following inoculation at various sites. Epithelial characteristics associated with dramatically increased bone and soft tissue colonization after intracardiac or intratibial injection. In contrast, the more epithelial sublines showed decreased lung metastases following orthotopic inoculation, supporting the concept that EMT is important for the escape of tumor cells from the primary tumor. We confirmed the overexpression of the IIIc subtype of multiple fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) through the TSU-Pr1 series, and targeted abrogation of FGFR2IIIc reversed the MET and associated functionality in this system and increased survival following in vivo inoculation in severe combined immunodeficient mice. This model is the first to specifically model steps of the latter part of the metastatic cascade in isogenic cell lines, and confirms the suspected role of MET in secondary tumor growth.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Keratins/metabolism
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Vimentin/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chaffer
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hendrix ND, Wu R, Kuick R, Schwartz DR, Fearon ER, Cho KR. Fibroblast growth factor 9 has oncogenic activity and is a downstream target of Wnt signaling in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1354-62. [PMID: 16452189 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a key role in development and adult tissues via effects on cell proliferation, motility, and differentiation. The cellular response to Wnt ligands largely depends on their ability to stabilize beta-catenin and the ability of beta-catenin to bind and activate T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors. Roughly 40% of ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas (OEA) have constitutive activation of Wnt signaling as a result of oncogenic mutations in the beta-catenin protein or inactivating mutations in key negative regulators of beta-catenin, such as the adenomatous polyposis coli and Axin tumor suppressor proteins. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to identify genes of which expression was activated in OEAs with beta-catenin dysregulation compared with OEAs lacking Wnt/beta-catenin pathway defects. Using microarray and quantitative PCR-based approaches, we found that fibroblast growth factor (FGF9) expression was increased >6-fold in primary OEAs with Wnt/beta-catenin pathway defects compared with OEAs lacking such defects. Evidence that beta-catenin and TCFs regulate FGF9 expression in several epithelial cell lines was obtained. We found FGF9 was mitogenic for epithelial cells and fibroblasts and FGF9 could stimulate invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells through Matrigel in transwell assays. Furthermore, FGF9 could promote neoplastic transformation of the E1A-immortalized RK3E epithelial cell line, and short hairpin RNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous FGF9 expression in the OEA cell line TOV112D, which carries a beta-catenin mutation, inhibited neoplastic growth properties of the cells. Our findings support the notion that FGF9 is a key factor contributing to the cancer phenotype of OEAs carrying Wnt/beta-catenin pathway defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neali D Hendrix
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Steele IA, Edmondson RJ, Leung HY, Davies BR. Ligands to FGF receptor 2-IIIb induce proliferation, motility, protection from cell death and cytoskeletal rearrangements in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. Growth Factors 2006; 24:45-53. [PMID: 16393693 DOI: 10.1080/08977190500361697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common and lethal form of gynecological malignancy. These cancers are thought to be derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). We have previously reported that the epithelial-specific FGF receptor 2 splice variant IIIb is not expressed in normal OSE, but is expressed in approximately 80% of EOCs. We have examined the phenotypic effects of ligands to FGF receptor 2-IIIb, namely FGFs 1,7 and 10, on a panel of EOC cell lines. We show that these ligands increase cell viability, induce DNA synthesis, motility and chemotaxis and protect from spontaneous cell death when EOC cells are maintained in serum free medium. A blocking antiserum to FGF-7 reduces viability of 41-M EOC cells, and abrogates the ability of ascitic fluid containing FGF-7 to induce DNA synthesis in these cells. Finally, we show that FGF-7 can induce a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. It is suggested that ligands to FGF receptor 2-IIIb affect a range of phenotypes important in the neoplastic growth of EOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islay A Steele
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research and School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li M, Firth JD, Putnins EE. Keratinocyte growth factor-1 expression in healthy and diseased human periodontal tissues. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:118-28. [PMID: 15733146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) is up-regulated in chronic inflammation and specifically stimulates epithelial cell proliferation by signaling through the epithelial-specific keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR). We examined KGF-1 and KGFR protein and gene expression in healthy and diseased periodontal tissues. METHODS Tissues were collected from patients with periodontal health or disease, immediately frozen and stained for KGF-1 and KGFR protein expression. Laser capture microdissection of epithelial and connective tissue cells with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examined KGF-1 and KGFR gene expression profiles and enzymatic digestion with heparitinase, chondroitinase ABC or pre-treatment with suramin examined epithelial surface molecule interactions with KGF-1. RESULTS In tissues collected from healthy patients, KGF-1 protein localized to areas of junctional and basal oral epithelial cells and was significantly increased in periodontal pocket epithelium (p<0.01) and in the oral epithelium (p<0.05) of disease-associated tissues. KGFR localized to the junctional and the parabasal cells of oral epithelium, with the relative staining intensity being increased in disease-associated pocket epithelium (p<0.05). Laser capture microdissection with RT-PCR confirmed KGF-1 and KGFR were specifically expressed by connective tissue and epithelium, respectively. KGF-1 localization to epithelial cells was largely eliminated by suramin pre-treatment, indicating interaction with the KGFR. CONCLUSIONS KGF-1 and KGFR proteins are expressed in healthy periodontal tissues but significantly increased in diseased periodontal tissues. We hypothesize up-regulation of KGF-1 and KGFR protein associated with disease regulates epithelial cell behavior associated with onset and progression of periodontal pocket formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Berisha B, Sinowatz F, Schams D. Expression and localization of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members during the final growth of bovine ovarian follicles. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 67:162-71. [PMID: 14694431 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible participation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members: FGF1, FGF2, and FGF7, and their receptor variants: FGFR, FGFR2IIIb, and FGFR2IIIc in theca interna (TI) and granulosa cell (GC) compartments of bovine follicles during final growth. A classification of follicles into five groups (<0.5; >0.5-5; >5-20; >20-180; >180 ng/ml, respectively) was performed according to the follicular fluid (FF) oestradiol-17beta (E) content. The mRNA expression and protein localization was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. FGF1 mRNA expression was relatively high in TI and lower in GC, and without any regulatory change for both tissue compartments during final follicular growth. The FGF1 protein could be predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of GC, in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, in the rete ovarii, and at a lesser degree in theca cells. FGF2 mRNA in TI increased significantly in large follicles and was low and without any regulatory change in GC. FGF7 mRNA expression was relatively high in TI and very low in GC. For FGF7 in mature follicles a marked staining of the TI and the basal layers of the GC could be demonstrated. The mRNA signal for the FGFR in TI increased significantly with beginning of E production (E > 0.5-5 ng/ml FF) and was without any regulatory change in GC. The mRNA expression of FGFR2IIIb was relatively high in GC and increased significantly during final growth of follicles in contrast to the TI with very low expression. The FGFR2IIIc mRNA expression in TI and GC was relatively high but without any clear change. Our results suggest that FGF growth factor family members are involved in process of folliculogenesis and especially during final growth of the preovulatory (dominant) follicle by stimulation of angiogenesis and GC survival and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bajram Berisha
- Physiology, Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
De Cecco L, Marchionni L, Gariboldi M, Reid JF, Lagonigro MS, Caramuta S, Ferrario C, Bussani E, Mezzanzanica D, Turatti F, Delia D, Daidone MG, Oggionni M, Bertuletti N, Ditto A, Raspagliesi F, Pilotti S, Pierotti MA, Canevari S, Schneider C. Gene expression profiling of advanced ovarian cancer: characterization of a molecular signature involving fibroblast growth factor 2. Oncogene 2004; 23:8171-83. [PMID: 15377994 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the gynecological disease with the highest death rate. We applied an automatic class discovery procedure based on gene expression profiling to stages III-IV tumors to search for molecular signatures associated with the biological properties and progression of EOC. Using a complementary DNA microarray containing 4451 cancer-related, sequence-verified features, we identified a subset of EOC characterized by the expression of numerous genes related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its remodeling, along with elements of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling pathway. A total of 10 genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and coexpression of FGF2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in tumor cells was revealed by immunohistochemistry, confirming the reliability of gene expression by cDNA microarray. Since the functional relationships among these genes clearly suggested involvement of the identified molecular signature in processes related to epithelial-stromal interactions and/or epithelial-mesenchymal cellular plasticity, we applied supervised learning analysis on ovarian-derived cell lines showing distinct cellular phenotypes in culture. This procedure enabled construction of a gene classifier able to discriminate mesenchymal-like from epithelial-like cells. Genes overexpressed in mesenchymal-like cells proved to match the FGF2 signaling and ECM molecular signature, as identified by unsupervised class discovery on advanced tumor samples. In vitro functional analysis of the cell plasticity classifier was carried out using two isogenic and immortalized cell lines derived from ovarian surface epithelium and displaying mesenchymal and epithelial morphology, respectively. The results indicated the autocrine, but not intracrine stimulation of mesenchymal conversion and cohort/scatter migration of cells by FGF2, suggesting a central role for FGF2 signaling in the maintenance of cellular plasticity of ovary-derived cells throughout the carcinogenesis process. These findings raise mechanistic hypotheses on EOC pathogenesis and progression that might provide a rational underpinning for new therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loris De Cecco
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Billottet C, Elkhatib N, Thiery JP, Jouanneau J. Targets of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) and FGF-2 signaling involved in the invasive and tumorigenic behavior of carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4725-34. [PMID: 15282342 PMCID: PMC519162 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and -2 have potent biological activities implicated in malignant tumor development. Their autocrine and nonautocrine activity in tumor progression of carcinoma was investigated in the NBT-II cell system. Cells were manipulated to either produce and be autocrine for FGF-1 or -2 or to only produce but not respond to these factors. The autocrine cells are highly invasive and tumorigenic and the determination of specific targets of FGF/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling was assessed. In vitro studies showed that nonautocrine cells behave like epithelial parental cells, whereas autocrine cells have a mesenchymal phenotype correlated with the overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), the internalization of E-cadherin, and the redistribution of beta-catenin from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and nucleus. uPAR was defined as an early target, whereas E-cadherin and the leukocyte common antigen-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase (LAR-PTP) were later targets of FGF signaling, with FGFR1 activation more efficient than FGFR2 at modulating these targets. Behavior of autocrine cells was consistent with a decrease of tumor-suppressive activities of both E-cadherin and LAR-PTP. These molecular analyses show that the potential of these two growth factors in tumor progression is highly dependent on specific FGFR signaling and highlights its importance as a target for antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Billottet
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis and Tumor Progression, UMR 144 CNRS, Institut Curie, Section de recherche, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
See HT, Kavanagh JJ, Hu W, Bast RC. Targeted therapy for epithelial ovarian cancer: Current status and future prospects. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13:701-34. [PMID: 14675307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2003.13601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, less than 20% of patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer survive long-term. In the past, cytotoxic regimens have been developed empirically, combining active agents at maximally tolerated doses, often without a clear rationale for their interaction. Advances in understanding the biology of ovarian cancer have identified multiple molecular targets that differ in normal and malignant cells. Targets include cell cycle regulators, growth factor receptors, signal transduction pathways, molecules that confer drug resistance, and angiogenic mechanisms. A number of targeted agents have entered clinical trials. Small molecular weight inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and antisense and gene therapy are all being evaluated alone and in combination with cytotoxic drugs. In contrast to earlier studies, the impact of each agent on the designated target can be assessed and agents can be matched to the genotype and phenotype of malignant and normal cells. In the long run, this should facilitate individualization of more effective, less toxic therapy for women with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T See
- Department of Gynecological Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|