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Siljamäki E, Rappu P, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM, Heino J. H-Ras activation and fibroblast-induced TGF-β signaling promote laminin-332 accumulation and invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Matrix Biol 2020; 87:26-47. [PMID: 31655292 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer, with increasing incidence worldwide. The molecular basis of cSCC progression to invasive and metastatic disease is still incompletely understood. Here, we show that fibroblasts and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling promote laminin-332 synthesis in cancer cells in an activated H-Ras-dependent manner, which in turn promotes cancer cell invasion. Immunohistochemical analysis of sporadic UV-induced invasive human cSCCs (n = 208) revealed prominent cSCC cell specific immunostaining for laminin-332 γ2 chain, located in the majority of cases (90%, n = 173) in the invasive edge of the tumors. To mimic the progression of cSCC we established 3D spheroid cocultures using primary skin fibroblasts and HaCaT/ras-HaCaT human keratinocytes. Our results indicate that in 3D spheroids, unlike in monolayer cultures, TGF-β upregulates laminin-332 production, but only in cells that harbour oncogenic H-Ras. Accumulation of laminin-332 was prevented by both H-Ras knock down and inhibition of TGF-β signaling by SB431542 or RAdKD-ALK5 kinase-defective adenovirus. Furthermore, fibroblasts accelerated the invasion of ras-HaCaT cells through collagen I gels in a Ras/TGF-β signaling dependent manner. In conclusion, we demonstrate the presence of laminin-332 in the invasive front of cSCC tumors and report a new Ras/TGF-β-dependent mechanism that promotes laminin-332 accumulation and cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Siljamäki
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pekka Rappu
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland; The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Centre Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland; The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Centre Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland; The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Centre Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jyrki Heino
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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2
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Rousselle P, Scoazec JY. Laminin 332 in cancer: When the extracellular matrix turns signals from cell anchorage to cell movement. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:149-165. [PMID: 31639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin 332 is crucial in the biology of epithelia. This large extracellular matrix protein consists of the heterotrimeric assembly of three subunits - α3, β3, and γ2 - and its multifunctionality relies on a number of extracellular proteolytic processing events. Laminin 332 is central to normal epithelium homeostasis by sustaining cell adhesion, polarity, proliferation, and differentiation. It also supports a major function in epithelial tissue formation, repair, and regeneration by buttressing cell migration and survival and basement membrane assembly. Interest in this protein increased after the discovery that its expression is perturbed in tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the established involvement of the laminin 332 γ2 chain in tumor invasiveness and discusses the role of its α3 and β3 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France.
| | - Jean Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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3
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Saggioro M, D'Angelo E, Bisogno G, Agostini M, Pozzobon M. Carcinoma and Sarcoma Microenvironment at a Glance: Where We Are. Front Oncol 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32195166 PMCID: PMC7063801 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components represent the multifaceted and dynamic environment that distinguishes each organ. Cancer is characterized by the dysregulation of the composition and structure of the tissues, giving rise to the tumor milieu. In this review, we focus on the microenvironmental analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), two different solid tumors. While a lot is known about CRC environment, for RMS, this aspect is mostly unexplored. Following the example of the more complete CRC microenvironmental characterization, we collected and organized data on RMS for a better awareness of how tissue remodeling affects disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saggioro
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo D'Angelo
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,NanoInspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria-CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,NanoInspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria-CORIS, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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4
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Sibin Melo KC, Correia MH, Svidzinski TIE, Hernandes L. Exocellular extract of Fusarium oxysporum, fungus free, is able to permeate and act selectively in skin. APMIS 2018; 126:418-427. [PMID: 29696718 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin is an important gateway for Fusarium infection in humans. Our hypothesis is that metabolites produced by Fusarium oxysporum should change the barrier structure to permeate the skin. Male Wistar rats received a topical application of a solution (0.05 mg/mL) of Fusarium metabolites. The animals were euthanized 3, 6, 12, 24 h after and the skin was processed for immunostaining by laminin and E-cadherin to investigate whether the Fusarium metabolites can break the barrier of healthy skin. Other techniques were employed: H&E to study the morphology; metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), TUNEL, and PCNA immunostaining to evaluate the inflammation, cell death, and proliferation, respectively. There was an inflammatory response mainly centered in the dermis. Qualitatively, the skin of the experimental group showed reduced E-cadherin and laminin immunostaining at 3, 12, and 24 h. Higher intensity staining by TUNEL at 3 h, and PCNA at 6, 12, and 24 h. There was intense MMP-9 activity at 6, 12, and 24 h. None of analyses revealed any changes in the epidermis. It was concluded that the fraction was able to permeate the skin and act selectively in dermis, inducing inflammatory response, increasing MMP-9 immunostaining, inducing apoptosis, and reducing E-cadherin and laminin immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Sibin Melo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Correia
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Terezinha I E Svidzinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Ruengeler E, Casazza A, Neilson LJ, Pulleine E, Santi A, Ismail S, Lilla S, Dhayade S, MacPherson IR, McNeish I, Ennis D, Ali H, Kugeratski FG, Al Khamici H, van den Biggelaar M, van den Berghe PV, Cloix C, McDonald L, Millan D, Hoyle A, Kuchnio A, Carmeliet P, Valenzuela SM, Blyth K, Yin H, Mazzone M, Norman JC, Zanivan S. Secreted CLIC3 drives cancer progression through its glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14206. [PMID: 28198360 PMCID: PMC5316871 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretome of cancer and stromal cells generates a microenvironment that contributes to tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis. Here we compare the secretome of human mammary normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We discover that the chloride intracellular channel protein 3 (CLIC3) is an abundant component of the CAF secretome. Secreted CLIC3 promotes invasive behaviour of endothelial cells to drive angiogenesis and increases invasiveness of cancer cells both in vivo and in 3D cell culture models, and this requires active transglutaminase-2 (TGM2). CLIC3 acts as a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that reduces TGM2 and regulates TGM2 binding to its cofactors. Finally, CLIC3 is also secreted by cancer cells, is abundant in the stromal and tumour compartments of aggressive ovarian cancers and its levels correlate with poor clinical outcome. This work reveals a previously undescribed invasive mechanism whereby the secretion of a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase drives angiogenesis and cancer progression by promoting TGM2-dependent invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Casazza
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | | | - Ellie Pulleine
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Alice Santi
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Iain R. MacPherson
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Darren Ennis
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Hala Ali
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Heba Al Khamici
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - David Millan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Aoisha Hoyle
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Anna Kuchnio
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
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6
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Liao CJ, Wu TI, Huang YH, Chang TC, Lai CH, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Lin KH. Glucose-regulated protein 58 modulates β-catenin protein stability in a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:555. [PMID: 25081282 PMCID: PMC4129111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer continues to threaten women's health worldwide, and the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (AD) is rising in the developed countries. Previously, we showed that glucose-regulated protein 58 (Grp58) served as an independent factor predictive of poor prognosis of patients with cervical AD. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of Grp58 in cervical carcinogenesis is currently unknown. METHODS DNA microarray and enrichment analysis were used to identify the pathways disrupted by knockdown of Grp58 expression. RESULTS Among the pathway identified, the WNT signaling pathway was one of those that were significantly associated with knockdown of Grp58 expression in HeLa cells. Our experiments showed that β-catenin, a critical effector of WNT signaling, was stabilized thereby accumulated in stable Grp58 knockdown cells. Membrane localization of β-catenin was observed in Grp58 knockdown, but not control cells. Using a transwell assay, we found that accumulated β-catenin induced by Grp58 knockdown or lithium chloride treatment inhibited the migration ability of HeLa cells. Furthermore, an inverse expression pattern of Grp58 and β-catenin was observed in cervical tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that β-catenin stability is negatively regulated by Grp58 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of Grp58 may be responsible for the loss of or decrease in membranous β-catenin expression in cervical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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7
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Campbell JJ, Hume RD, Watson CJ. Engineering Mammary Gland in Vitro Models for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1971-81. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Campbell
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Robert D. Hume
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
| | - Christine J. Watson
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
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8
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Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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9
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Clement AL, Moutinho TJ, Pins GD. Micropatterned dermal-epidermal regeneration matrices create functional niches that enhance epidermal morphogenesis. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9474-84. [PMID: 23958778 PMCID: PMC3818337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although tissue engineered skin substitutes have demonstrated some clinical success for the treatment of chronic wounds such as diabetic and venous ulcers, persistent graft take and stability remain concerns. Current bilayered skin substitutes lack the characteristic microtopography of the dermal-epidermal junction that gives skin enhanced mechanical stability and creates cellular microniches that differentially promote keratinocyte function to form skin appendages and enhance wound healing. We developed a novel micropatterned dermal-epidermal regeneration matrix (μDERM) which incorporates this complex topography and substantially enhances epidermal morphology. Here, we describe the use of this three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro culture model to systematically evaluate different topographical geometries and to determine their relationship to keratinocyte function. We identified three distinct keratinocyte functional niches: the proliferative niche (narrow geometries), the basement membrane protein synthesis niche (wide geometries) and the putative keratinocyte stem cell niche (narrow geometries and corners). Specifically, epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation is significantly (p<0.05) increased in 50 and 100 μm channels while laminin-332 deposition is significantly (p<0.05) increased in 400 μm channels compared to flat controls. Additionally, β1(bri)p63(+) keratinocytes, putative keratinocyte stem cells, preferentially cluster in channel geometries (similar to clustering observed in native skin) compared to a random distribution on flats. This study identifies specific target geometries to enhance skin regeneration and graft performance. Furthermore, these results suggest the importance of μDERM microtopography in designing the next generation of skin substitutes. Finally, we anticipate that 3-D organotypic cultures on μDERMS will provide a novel tissue engineered skin substitute for in vitro investigations of skin morphogenesis, wound healing and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Clement
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Thomas J. Moutinho
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - George D. Pins
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
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10
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Liu F, Korc M. Cdk4/6 inhibition induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances invasiveness in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2138-48. [PMID: 22869556 PMCID: PMC3752412 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 signaling pathway is commonly found in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we show that PD-0332991, a highly specific inhibitor for Cdk4 and Cdk6, exerted growth inhibitory effects on three human PDAC cell lines. Microarray analysis revealed that PD-0332991 downregulated cell-cycle-related genes, but upregulated genes implicated in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and pancreatic cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Moreover, PD-0332991 enhanced invasion in TGF-β-responsive PDAC cell lines that harbor a wild-type SMAD4 gene (COLO-357, PANC-1), but not in TGF-β-resistant AsPC-1 cells that harbor a mutated SMAD4. PD-0332991 also induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in COLO-357 and PANC-1, but not in AsPC-1 cells. Inhibition of CDK4/6 using shRNA mimicked the effects of PD-0332991 on EMT induction. Furthermore, PD-0332991 increased Smad transcriptional activity in luciferase readout assays and activated TGF-β signaling. SB-505124, an inhibitor of the type-I TGF-β receptor (TβRI) kinase, completely blocked EMT induction by PD-0332991. When combined with PD-0332991, SB-505124 inhibited the growth of COLO-357 and PANC-1 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that anti-Cdk4/6 therapy could induce EMT and enhance pancreatic cancer cell invasion by activating Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling, and that combining PD-0332991 and SB-505124 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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11
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Tang SN, Fu J, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. EGCG enhances the therapeutic potential of gemcitabine and CP690550 by inhibiting STAT3 signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31067. [PMID: 22348037 PMCID: PMC3278426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogene, which promotes cell survival, proliferation, motility and progression in cancer cells. Targeting STAT3 signaling may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for human cancers. Here, we examined the effects of epigallocathechin gallate (EGCG) on STAT3 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells, and assessed the therapeutic potential of EGCG with gemcitabine or JAK3 inhibitor CP690550 (Tasocitinib) for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by XTT assay and TUNEL staining, respectively. Gene and protein expressions were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results revealed that EGCG inhibited the expression of phospho and total JAK3 and STAT3, STAT3 transcription and activation, and the expression of STAT3-regulated genes, resulting in the inhibition of cell motility, migration and invasion, and the induction of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The inhibition of STAT3 enhanced the inhibitory effects of EGCG on cell motility and viability. Additionally, gemcitabine and CP690550 alone inhibited STAT3 target genes and synergized with EGCG to inhibit cell viability and induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusions/Significance Overall, these results suggest that EGCG suppresses the growth, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells, and induces apoptosis by interfering with the STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, EGCG further enhanced the therapeutic potential of gemcitabine and CP690550 against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ni Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Junsheng Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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García-Solano J, Conesa-Zamora P, Trujillo-Santos J, Torres-Moreno D, Mäkinen MJ, Pérez-Guillermo M. Immunohistochemical expression profile of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin-5γ2 chain, and SMAD4 in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:1094-102. [PMID: 22209340 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of cell adhesion molecules in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma is still unknown. The immunostaining patterns of β-catenin, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, laminin 5γ2, and SMAD4 and their relationship to survival were studied in different tumor areas, namely, tumor center and invasive front, the latter comprising tumor bud and non-tumor bud clusters, as described in a previous study of 66 serrated adenocarcinomas and matched conventional carcinomas. Compared with conventional carcinomas, serrated adenocarcinomas showed significantly reduced nuclear β-catenin, membranous E-cadherin, and nuclear SMAD4 but an increased cytoplasmic expression of laminin-5γ2 at the invasive front that was particularly pronounced in the tumor buds. E-cadherin loss at the invasive front was identified as an independent prognostic factor for a poorer outcome in serrated adenocarcinoma. Serrated adenocarcinoma shows a distinct immunohistochemical profile at the invasive front compared with conventional carcinoma, which may account for its less favorable outcome. The lower frequency of nuclear β-catenin in SAC, especially in right-sided tumors, suggests that molecular mechanisms other than the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway may have a role in tumor bud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology. Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell (HUSMR), 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Wei W, Barron PD, Rheinwald JG. Modulation of TGF-β-inducible hypermotility by EGF and other factors in human prostate epithelial cells and keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:841-55. [PMID: 21042878 PMCID: PMC3568941 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes migrating from a wound edge or initiating malignant invasion greatly increase their expression of the basement membrane protein Laminin-322 (Lam332). In culture, keratinocytes initiate sustained directional hypermotility when plated onto an incompletely processed form of Lam332 (Lam332') or when treated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), an inducer of Lam332 expression. The development and tissue architecture of stratified squamous and prostate epithelia are very different, yet the basal cells of both express p63, α6β4 integrin, and Lam332. Keratinocytes and prostate epithelial cells grow well in nutritionally optimized culture media with pituitary extract and certain mitogens. We report that prostate epithelial cells display hypermotility responses indistinguishable from those of keratinocytes. Several culture medium variables attenuated TGF-β-induced hypermotility, including Ca(++), serum, and some pituitary extract preparations, without impairing growth, TGF-β growth inhibition, or hypermotility on Lam322'. Distinct from its role as a mitogen, EGF proved to be a required cofactor for TGF-β-induced hypermotility and could not be replaced by HGF or KGF. Prostate epithelial cells have a short replicative lifespan, restricted both by p16(INK4A) and telomere-related mechanisms. We immortalized the normal prostate epithelial cell line HPrE-1 by transduction to express bmi1 and TERT. Prostate epithelial cells lose expression of p63, β4 integrin, and Lam332 when they transform to invasive carcinoma. In contrast, HPrE-1/bmi1/TERT cells retained expression of these proteins and normal TGF-β signaling and hypermotility for >100 doublings. Thus, keratinocytes and prostate epithelial cells possess common hypermotility and senescence mechanisms and immortalized prostate cell lines can be engineered using defined methods to yield cells retaining normal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, 250012
| | - Patricia D. Barron
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James G. Rheinwald
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Upregulates Laminin-332 Expression during A431 Cell Colony Dispersal. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20862207 PMCID: PMC2938436 DOI: 10.1155/2010/107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that affects various biological functions, such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, wound healing, and tumor invasion through LPA receptors. Previously, we reported that LPA induces A431 colony dispersal, accompanied by disruption of cell-cell contacts and cell migration. However, it remains unclear how LPA affects cell migration and gene expression during A431 colony dispersal. In this paper, we performed cDNA microarray analysis to investigate this question by comparing gene expression between untreated and LPA-treated A431 cells. Interestingly, these results revealed that LPA treatment upregulates several TGF-β1 target genes, including laminin-332 (Ln-332) components (α3, β3, and γ2 chains). Western blot analysis also showed that LPA increased phosphorylation of Smad2, an event that is carried out by TGF-β1 interactions. Among the genes upregulated, we further addressed the role of Ln-332. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the transcriptional upregulation of all α3, β3, and γ2 chains of Ln-332 by LPA, corresponding to the protein level increases revealed by western blot. Further, the addition of anti-Ln-332 antibody prevented LPA-treated A431 colonies from dispersing. Taken together, our results suggest that LPA-induced Ln-332 plays a significant role in migration of individual cells from A431 colonies.
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15
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Zboralski D, Warscheid B, Klein-Scory S, Malas MB, Becker H, Böckmann M, Meyer HE, Schmiegel W, Simon-Assmann P, Schwarte-Waldhoff I. Uncoupled responses of Smad4-deficient cancer cells to TNFalpha result in secretion of monomeric laminin-gamma2. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:65. [PMID: 20307265 PMCID: PMC2853515 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional loss of the tumor suppressor Smad4 is involved in pancreatic and colorectal carcinogenesis and has been associated with the acquisition of invasiveness. We have previously demonstrated that the heterotrimeric basement membrane protein laminin-332 is a Smad4 target. Namely, Smad4 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator of all three genes encoding laminin-332; its loss is thus implicated in the reduced or discontinuous deposition of the heterotrimeric basement membrane molecule as evident in carcinomas. Uncoupled expression of laminin genes, on the other hand, namely overexpression of the laminin-gamma2 chain is an impressive marker at invasive edges of carcinomas where tumor cells are maximally exposed to signals from stromal cell types like macrophages. As Smad4 is characterized as an integrator of multiple extracellular stimuli in a strongly contextual manner, we asked if loss of Smad4 may also be involved in uncoupled expression of laminin genes in response to altered environmental stimuli. Here, we address Smad4 dependent effects of the prominent inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha on tumor cells. RESULTS Smad4-reconstituted colon carcinoma cells like adenoma cells respond to TNFalpha with an increased expression of all three chains encoding laminin-332; coincubation with TGFbeta and TNFalpha leads to synergistic induction and to the secretion of large amounts of the heterotrimer. In contrast, in Smad4-deficient cells TNFalpha can induce expression of the gamma2 and beta3 but not the alpha3 chain. Surprisingly, this uncoupled induction of laminin-332 chains in Smad4-negative cells rather than causing intracellular accumulation is followed by the release of gamma2 into the medium, either in a monomeric form or in complexes with as yet unknown proteins. Soluble gamma2 is associated with increased cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Smad4 may lead to uncoupled induction of laminin-gamma2 in response to TNFalpha and may therefore represent one of the mechanisms which underlie accumulation of laminin-gamma2 at the invasive margin of a tumor. The finding, that gamma2 is secreted from tumor cells in significant amounts and is associated with increased cell migration may pave the way for further investigation to better understand its functional relevance for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zboralski
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein-Scory
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Bassel Malas
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Becker
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Böckmann
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolff Schmiegel
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Abtlg. Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patricia Simon-Assmann
- Inserm, U682, Strasbourg, F-67200 France; Univ Strasbourg, UMR-S682, Strasbourg, F-67081 France
| | - Irmgard Schwarte-Waldhoff
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Peddareddigari VG, Wang D, DuBois RN. The tumor microenvironment in colorectal carcinogenesis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2010; 3:149-66. [PMID: 21209781 PMCID: PMC2990487 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Therapeutic developments in the past decade have extended life expectancy in patients with metastatic disease. However, metastatic colorectal cancers remain incurable. Numerous agents that were demonstrated to have significant antitumor activity in experimental models translated into disappointing results in extending patient survival. This has resulted in more attention being focused on the contribution of tumor microenvironment to the progression of a number of solid tumors including colorectal cancer. A more complete understanding of interactions between tumor epithelial cells and their stromal elements will enhance therapeutic options and improve clinical outcome. Here we will review the role of various stromal components in colorectal carcinogenesis and discuss the potential of targeting these components for the development of future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay G. Peddareddigari
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 118, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009 USA
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17
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The role of the basement membrane as a modulator of intestinal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:175-206. [PMID: 21075345 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal development is a process of continuous dynamic bidirectional crosstalk between epithelial and underlying mesenchymal cells. This crosstalk is mediated by well-dissected signaling pathways. Another crucial actor in the epithelio-mesenchymal interactions is the stromal microenvironment, which is composed of extracellular matrix molecules. Among them, the basement membrane (BM) molecules are secreted by the epithelium and mesenchyme in a complementary manner. These molecules signal back to the cells via the integrins or other specific receptors. In this review, we mainly focus on the BM molecules, particularly laminins. The major BM molecules are organized in a complex molecular network, which is highly variable among organs. Cell culture, coculture, and grafting models have been of great interest in understanding the importance of these molecules. Mouse gene ablation of laminin chains are interesting models, which often lead to embryonic death and are frequently accompanied by compensatory processes. Overall, the BM molecules have a crucial role in the careful maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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18
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Buchholz M, Gress TM. Molecular changes in pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1487-97. [PMID: 19828010 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As with many human malignancies, pancreatic cancer is a complex genetic disorder. Several thousand disease-associated alterations on the DNA, mRNA, miRNA and protein levels have been reported to date. Some of these alterations, including a number of gatekeeper mutations, which are of pre-eminent importance for the onset and progression of the disease, have been extensively studied in primary tissues, in vitro experiments and transgenic mouse models. For the vast majority of alterations, however, data about the functional significance are lacking. The situation is complicated by the fact that no certainty exists concerning the identity of the cells that originally undergo malignant transformation nor about the precise nature and fate of premalignant lesions that are observed in pancreatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Buchholz
- Klinik f. Innere Medizin, SP Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Baldingerstrasse 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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19
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Simon-Assmann P, Bolcato-Bellemin AL, Klein A, Kedinger M. Tissue recombinants to study extracellular matrix targeting to basement membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 522:309-318. [PMID: 19247609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-413-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several techniques have been used to study the expression of basement membranes molecules but none of them allow distinguishing the cellular origin of the deposition of a single molecule at the subepithelial basement membrane. For this purpose, we designed an experimental model using recombinants between chick and mouse embryonic intestines. Following constructions of interspecies endodermal/mesenchymal associations in culture, developmental growth was achieved by in vivo transplantation in the chick embryo. Immunocytochemistry, using species-specific antibodies recognizing either chick or mouse basement membrane molecules, was then performed on cryosections made through the developed hybrid intestines.The use of this experimental design permits determination of the precise expression/secretion in the intestinal basement membrane region of the individual constituents: interestingly some of them are strictly of epithelial or of mesenchymal origin, while others are of dual origin. Furthermore, we could show that each of these molecules is expressed in a peculiar development-dependent pattern. Such interspecies as well as heterotopic recombinants (from different levels of the gastrointestinal tract) can also be used successfully to approach the regulation of the expression of functional markers, i.e., digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Simon-Assmann
- Inserm U682, Development and Physiopathology of the Intestine and Pancreas, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Tripathi M, Nandana S, Yamashita H, Ganesan R, Kirchhofer D, Quaranta V. Laminin-332 is a substrate for hepsin, a protease associated with prostate cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30576-84. [PMID: 18784072 PMCID: PMC2576550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802312200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepsin, a cell surface protease, is widely reported to be overexpressed in more than 90% of human prostate tumors. Hepsin expression correlates with tumor progression, making it a significant marker and target for prostate cancer. Recently, it was reported that in a prostate cancer mouse model, hepsin up-regulation in tumor tissue promotes progression and metastasis. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely uncharacterized. Hepsin transgenic mice displayed reduced laminin-332 (Ln-332) expression in prostate tumors. This is an intriguing cue, since proteolytic processing of extracellular matrix macromolecules, such as Ln-332, is believed to be involved in cancer progression, and Ln-332 expression is lost during human prostate cancer progression. In this study, we provide the first direct evidence that hepsin cleaves Ln-332. Cleavage is specific, since it is both inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by a hepsin inhibitor (Kunitz domain-1) and does not occur when catalytically inactive hepsin is used. By Western blotting and mass spectrometry, we determined that hepsin cleaves the beta3 chain of Ln-332. N-terminal sequencing identified the cleavage site at beta3 Arg(245), in a sequence context (SQLR(245) LQGSCFC) conserved among species and in remarkable agreement with reported consensus target sequences for hepsin activity. In vitro cell migration assays showed that hepsin-cleaved Ln-332 enhanced motility of DU145 prostate cancer cells, which was inhibited by Kunitz domain-1. Further, hepsin-overexpressing LNCaP prostate cancer cells also exhibited increased migration on Ln-332. Direct cleavage of Ln-332 may be one mechanism by which hepsin promotes prostate tumor progression and metastasis, possibly by up-regulating prostate cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Tripathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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21
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease and notoriously difficult to treat. Only a small proportion is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced disease has only modest effect with substantial toxicity. Clearly there is a need for the continual development of novel therapeutic agents to improve the current situation. Improvement of our understanding of the disease has generated a large number of studies on biological approaches targeting the molecular abnormalities of pancreatic cancer, including gene therapy and signal transduction inhibition, antiangiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, oncolytic viral therapy and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of these approaches, both investigated in the laboratories and in subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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22
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Zboralski D, Böckmann M, Zapatka M, Hoppe S, Schöneck A, Hahn SA, Schmiegel W, Schwarte-Waldhoff I. Divergent mechanisms underlie Smad4-mediated positive regulation of the three genes encoding the basement membrane component laminin-332 (laminin-5). BMC Cancer 2008; 8:215. [PMID: 18664273 PMCID: PMC2525660 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional inactivation of the tumor suppressor Smad4 in colorectal and pancreatic carcinogenesis occurs coincident with the transition to invasive growth. Breaking the basement membrane (BM) barrier, a prerequisite for invasive growth, can be due to tumor induced proteolytic tissue remodeling or to reduced synthesis of BM molecules by incipient tumor cells. Laminin-332 (laminin-5), a heterotrimeric BM component composed of alpha 3-, beta 3- and gamma 2-chains, has recently been identified as a target structure of Smad4 and represents the first example for expression control of an essential BM component by a tumor and invasion suppressor. Biochemically Smad4 is a transmitter of signals of the TGFbeta superfamily of cytokines. We have reported previously, that Smad4 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator of constitutive and of TGFbeta-induced transcription of all three genes encoding Laminin-332, LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2. METHODS Promoter-reporter constructs harboring 4 kb upstream regions, each of the three genes encoding Laminin-322 as well as deletion and mutations constructs were established. Promoter activities and TGFbeta induction were assayed through transient transfections in Smad4-negative human cancer cells and their stable Smad4-positive derivatives. Functionally relevant binding sites were subsequently confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Herein, we report that Smad4 mediates transcriptional regulation through three different mechanisms, namely through Smad4 binding to a functional SBE site exclusively in the LAMA3 promoter, Smad4 binding to AP1 (and Sp1) sites presumably via interaction with AP1 family components and lastly a Smad4 impact on transcription of AP1 factors. Whereas Smad4 is essential for positive regulation of all three genes, the molecular mechanisms are significantly divergent between the LAMA3 promoter as compared to the LAMB3 and LAMC2 promoters. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that this divergence in modular regulation of the three promoters may lay the ground for uncoupled regulation of Laminin-332 in Smad4-deficient tumor cells in response to stromally expressed cytokines acting on budding tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zboralski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Böckmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoppe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Schöneck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Oncology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolff Schmiegel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irmgard Schwarte-Waldhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Giroux V, Lemay F, Bernatchez G, Robitaille Y, Carrier JC. Estrogen receptor beta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:303-311. [PMID: 18464259 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that estradiol replacement therapy reduces colon cancer risk in 'post'menopausal women. In colon epithelial cells, the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is the predominant ER subtype and is thought to mediate the genomic effect of estrogens. The first aim of this study was to investigate the consequence of ERbeta deficiency on intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. Furthermore, to explore the biological mechanisms by which estrogens may influence the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, we performed gene expression profiles in colonocytes from ovariectomized wild-type (WT) vs. ERbeta(-/-) mice, treated with estradiol (E(2)) or vehicle. Specifically in female, ERbeta deficiency was found to be associated with higher adenoma multiplicity in the small intestine, but not in the colon. Furthermore, tumors from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) female mice were on average significantly larger than those from control Apc(Min/+) mice. Higher steady-state proliferation in epithelial cells of the jejunum and colon from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) vs. Apc(Min/+) female mice was confirmed by BrdU incorporation assay. Interestingly, functional categorization of microarray results revealed the TGFbeta signaling pathway to be modulated in colonocytes, especially for the WT + E(2) vs. WT + Vehicle and the ERbeta(-/-) + E(2) vs. WT + E(2) comparisons. Using quantitative PCR analysis, we observed transcripts from ligands of the TGFbeta pathway to be upregulated in colonocytes from E(2)-treated WT and ERbeta(-/-) mice and downregulated in ERbeta-deficient mice, mostly in an E(2)-independent manner. Therefore, our results demonstrate that ERbeta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis and suggest that modulation of the TGFbeta signaling pathway could contribute to the protective role of estrogens on intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giroux
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lemay
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gérald Bernatchez
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yolaine Robitaille
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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24
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Klein-Scory S, Zapatka M, Eilert-Micus C, Hoppe S, Schwarz E, Schmiegel W, Hahn SA, Schwarte-Waldhoff I. High-level inducible Smad4-reexpression in the cervical cancer cell line C4-II is associated with a gene expression profile that predicts a preferential role of Smad4 in extracellular matrix composition. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:209. [PMID: 17997817 PMCID: PMC2186346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smad4 is a tumour suppressor frequently inactivated in pancreatic and colorectal cancers. We have recently reported loss of Smad4 in every fourth carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Smad4 transmits signals from the TGF-β superfamily of cytokines and functions as a versatile transcriptional co-modulator. The prevailing view suggests that the tumour suppressor function of Smad4 primarily resides in its capability to mediate TGF-β growth inhibitory responses. However, accumulating evidence indicates, that the acquisition of TGF-β resistance and loss of Smad4 may be independent events in the carcinogenic process. Through inducible reexpression of Smad4 in cervical cancer cells we wished to shed more light on this issue and to identify target genes implicated in Smad4 dependent tumor suppression. Methods Smad4-deficient human C4-II cervical carcinoma cells were used to establish inducible Smad4 reexpression using the commercial Tet-on™ system (Clontech). The impact of Smad4 reexpression on cell growth was analysed in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional responses were assessed through profiling on cDNA macroarrays (Clontech) and validated through Northern blotting. Results Clones were obtained that express Smad4 at widely varying levels from approximately physiological to 50-fold overexpression. Smad4-mediated tumour suppression in vivo was apparent at physiological expression levels as well as in Smad4 overexpressing clones. Smad4 reexpression in a dose-dependent manner was associated with transcriptional induction of the extracellular matrix-associated genes, BigH3, fibronectin and PAI-1, in response to TGF-β. Smad4-dependent regulation of these secreted Smad4 targets is not restricted to cervical carcinoma cells and was confirmed in pancreatic carcinoma cells reexpressing Smad4 after retroviral transduction and in a stable Smad4 knockdown model. On the other hand, the classical cell cycle-associated TGF-β target genes, c-myc, p21 and p15, remained unaltered. Conclusion Our results show that Smad4-mediated tumour suppression in cervical cancer cells is not due to restoration of TGF-β growth inhibitory responses. Rather, tumour cell-ECM interactions may be more relevant for Smad4-mediated tumour suppression. C4-II cells with a high level inducible Smad4 expression may serve as a model to indicate further Smad4 targets responsive to diverse environmental stimuli operative in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Klein-Scory
- Department of Internal Medicine, IMBL, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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25
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Aspinall-O'Dea M, Costello E. The pancreatic cancer proteome - recent advances and future promise. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1066-79. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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