1
|
Best A, Guth S, Boots M. The coevolution of parasite virulence and host investment in constitutive and induced defence. J Evol Biol 2025; 38:481-491. [PMID: 40078008 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voaf014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Given their ubiquity in nature and their importance to human and agricultural health, it is important to gain a better understanding of the drivers of the evolution of infectious disease. Across vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants, defence mechanisms can be expressed either constitutively (always present and costly) or induced (activated and potentially costly only upon infection). Theory has shown that this distinction has important implications to the evolution of defence due to differences in their impact on both individual fitness and the feedback of the population-level epidemiological outcomes such as prevalence. However, despite the fact that pathogens evolve in response to host immunity and that this can have important implications to the evolution of host defence, the implications of coevolution on constitutive and induced immunity have not been examined. Here we show theoretically how and when incorporating host-parasite coevolution between host defences and parasite growth strategies plays an important role in determining the optimum outcome. A key result is that whether the parasite affects host reproduction critically impacts host-parasite coevolution; when the parasite impacts fecundity, selection on the host is largely geared towards minimizing reproductive costs, through reducing investment in reproductively costly constitutive defence when the parasite prevalence is low, but also by investing in immunity to avoid infection or recover when prevalence is high. Our work emphasizes the importance of coevolution and epidemiological feedbacks to the coevolution of hosts and parasites and provides testable predictions of the determinants of constitutive verses induced defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Best
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Guth
- Integrative Biology, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mike Boots
- Integrative Biology, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stevens EJ, Li JD, Hector TE, Drew GC, Hoang K, Greenrod STE, Paterson S, King KC. Within-host competition causes pathogen molecular evolution and perpetual microbiota dysbiosis. THE ISME JOURNAL 2025; 19:wraf071. [PMID: 40244062 PMCID: PMC12066030 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wraf071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 03/31/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
Pathogens newly invading a host must compete with resident microbiota. This within-host microbial warfare could lead to more severe disease outcomes or constrain the evolution of virulence. By passaging a widespread pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) and a natural microbiota community across populations of nematode hosts, we show that the pathogen displaced microbiota and reduced species richness, but maintained its virulence across generations. Conversely, pathogen populations and microbiota passaged in isolation caused more host harm relative to their respective no-host controls. For the evolved pathogens, this increase in virulence was partly mediated by enhanced biofilm formation and expression of the global virulence regulator agr. Whole genome sequencing revealed shifts in the mode of selection from directional (on pathogens evolving in isolation) to fluctuating (on pathogens evolving in host microbiota). This approach also revealed that competitive interactions with the microbiota drove early pathogen genomic diversification. Metagenome sequencing of the passaged microbiota shows that evolution in pathogen-infected hosts caused a significant reduction in community stability (dysbiosis), along with restrictions on the co-existence of some species based on nutrient competition. Our study reveals how microbial competition during novel infection could determine the patterns and processes of evolution with major consequences for host health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Jingdi D Li
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias E Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia C Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Hoang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Samuel T E Greenrod
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frazier AN, Beck MR, Waldrip H, Koziel JA. Connecting the ruminant microbiome to climate change: insights from current ecological and evolutionary concepts. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1503315. [PMID: 39687868 PMCID: PMC11646987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1503315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruminant livestock provide meat, milk, wool, and other products required for human subsistence. Within the digestive tract of ruminant animals, the rumen houses a complex and diverse microbial ecosystem. These microbes generate many of the nutrients that are needed by the host animal for maintenance and production. However, enteric methane (CH4) is also produced during the final stage of anaerobic digestion. Growing public concern for global climate change has driven the agriculture sector to enhance its investigation into CH4 mitigation. Many CH4 mitigation methods have been explored, with varying outcomes. With the advent of new sequencing technologies, the host-microbe interactions that mediate fermentation processes have been examined to enhance ruminant enteric CH4 mitigation strategies. In this review, we describe current knowledge of the factors driving ruminant microbial assembly, how this relates to functionality, and how CH4 mitigation approaches influence ecological and evolutionary gradients. Through the current literature, we elucidated that many ecological and evolutionary properties are working in tandem in the assembly of ruminant microbes and in the functionality of these microbes in methanogenesis. Additionally, we provide a conceptual framework for future research wherein ecological and evolutionary dynamics account for CH4 mitigation in ruminant microbial composition. Thus, preparation of future research should incorporate this framework to address the roles ecology and evolution have in anthropogenic climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Nathan Frazier
- Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, TX, United States
| | - Matthew R. Beck
- Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, TX, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Heidi Waldrip
- Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, TX, United States
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giraud E, Fiette L, Melanitou E. Type 1 diabetes and parasite infection: An exploratory study in NOD mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308868. [PMID: 39436890 PMCID: PMC11495574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have long been suspected to influence the outcome of immune-related syndromes, particularly autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of pancreatic islets, causing high glycemia levels. Genetics is part of its aetiology, but environmental factors, particularly infectious microorganisms, also play a role. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites influence the outcome of T1D in mice and humans. We used nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop T1D, to investigate the influence of a parasitic infection, leishmaniasis. Leishmania amazonensis is an intracellular eukaryotic parasite that replicates predominantly in macrophages and is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The implication of Th1 immune responses in T1D and leishmaniasis led us to study this parasite in the NOD mouse model. We previously constructed osteopontin knockout mice with a NOD genetic background and demonstrated that this protein plays a role in the T1D phenotype. In addition, osteopontin (OPN) has been found to play a role in the immune response to various infectious microorganisms and to be implicated in other autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis in humans and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. We present herein data demonstrating the role of OPN in the response to Leishmania in NOD mice and the influence of this parasitic infection on T1D. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the environmental infectious component of the autoimmune response, including Th1 immunity, which is common to both T1D and leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Giraud
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Human Histopathology, and Animal Models Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Evie Melanitou
- Department of Parasites & Insect-Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kelly B, Izenour K, Zohdy S. Parasite–Host Coevolution. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:141-161. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-28818-0.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
|
6
|
Palacios-Marquez JJ, Guevara-Fiore P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:53. [PMID: 38100003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female's body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host's resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother's resources and regulating the immune system's responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Palacios-Marquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edificio Bio-1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, 72580, Puebla, CP, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malaguit JC, Mendoza VMP, Tubay JM, Mata MAE. Identifying patterning behavior in a plant infestation of insect pests. Math Biosci 2023:109032. [PMID: 37285930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a mechanistic model formulated as a system of reaction-diffusion equations (RDE) to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of a theoretical pest with a tillering host plant in a controlled rectangular plant field. Local perturbation analysis, a recently developed method of analysis for wave propagation, was utilized to determine patterning regimes resulting from the local and global behaviors of the slow and fast diffusing components of the RDE system, respectively. Turing analysis was done to show that the RDE system does not exhibit Turing patterns. With bug mortality as the bifurcation parameter, regions with oscillations and stable coexistence of the pest and tillers were identified. Numerical simulations illustrate the patterning regimes in 1D and 2D settings. The oscillations suggest that recurrences in pest infestation is possible. Moreover, simulations showed that patterns produced in the model are strongly influenced by the pests' homogeneous dynamics inside the controlled environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jcob C Malaguit
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Batong Malake, Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - Victoria May P Mendoza
- Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines.
| | - Jerrold M Tubay
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Batong Malake, Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - May Anne E Mata
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, 8000, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Emery SE, Klapwijk M, Sigvald R, Bommarco R, Lundin O. Cold winters drive consistent and spatially synchronous 8-year population cycles of cabbage stem flea beetle. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:594-605. [PMID: 36484622 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Population cycles have been observed in mammals as well as insects, but consistent population cycling has rarely been documented in agroecosystems and never for a beetle. We analysed the long-term population patterns of the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala in winter oilseed rape over 50 years. Psylliodes chrysocephala larval density from 3045 winter oilseed rape fields in southern Sweden showed strong 8-year population cycles in regional mean density. Fluctuations in larval density were synchronous over time across five subregional populations. Subregional mean environmental variables explained 90.6% of the synchrony in P. chrysocephala populations at the 7-11 year time-scale. The number of days below -10°C showed strong anti-phase coherence with larval densities in the 7-11 year time-scale, such that more cold days resulted in low larval densities. High levels of the North Atlantic Oscillation weather system are coherent and anti-phase with cold weather in Scania, Sweden. At the field-scale, later crop planting date and more cold winter days were associated with decreased overwintering larval density. Warmer autumn temperatures, resulting in greater larval accumulated degree days early in the season, increased overwintering larval density. Despite variation in environmental conditions and crop management, 8-year cycles persisted for cabbage stem flea beetle throughout the 50 years of data collection. Moran effects, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation weather patterns, are the primary drivers of this cycle and synchronicity. Insect pest data collected in commercial agriculture fields is an abundant source of long-term data. We show that an agricultural pest can have the same periodic population cycles observed in perennial and unmanaged ecosystems. This unexpected finding has implications for sustainable pest management in agriculture and shows the value of long-term pest monitoring projects as an additional source of time-series data to untangle the drivers of population cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Emery
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maartje Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Sigvald
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Lundin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fefferman NH, Price CA, Stringham OC. Considering humans as habitat reveals evidence of successional disease ecology among human pathogens. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001770. [PMID: 36094962 PMCID: PMC9467372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization that ecological principles play an important role in infectious disease dynamics has led to a renaissance in epidemiological theory. Ideas from ecological succession theory have begun to inform an understanding of the relationship between the individual microbiome and health but have not yet been applied to investigate broader, population-level epidemiological dynamics. We consider human hosts as habitat and apply ideas from succession to immune memory and multi-pathogen dynamics in populations. We demonstrate that ecologically meaningful life history characteristics of pathogens and parasites, rather than epidemiological features alone, are likely to play a meaningful role in determining the age at which people have the greatest probability of being infected. Our results indicate the potential importance of microbiome succession in determining disease incidence and highlight the need to explore how pathogen life history traits and host ecology influence successional dynamics. We conclude by exploring some of the implications that inclusion of successional theory might have for understanding the ecology of diseases and their hosts. This study explores the analogy between ecological succession in terrestrial ecosystems and infections in a human-host landscape over time, showing how the ecosystem of long-term multi-pathogen dynamics within and among hosts may be a critical missing consideration in understanding epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina H. Fefferman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- National Institute of Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles A. Price
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Oliver C. Stringham
- Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tuerlings T, Buydens L, Smagghe G, Piot N. The impact of mass-flowering crops on bee pathogen dynamics. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:135-147. [PMID: 35586790 PMCID: PMC9108762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly two fifths of the Earth's land area is currently used for agriculture, substantially impacting the environment and ecosystems. Besides the direct impact through land use change, intensive agriculture can also have an indirect impact, for example by changing wildlife epidemiology. We review here the potential effects of mass-flowering crops (MFCs), which are rapidly expanding in global cropping area, on the epidemiology of known pathogens in bee pollinators. We bring together the fifty MFCs with largest global area harvested and give an overview of their pollination dependency as well as their impact on bee pollinators. When in bloom these crops provide an abundance of flowers, which can provide nutrition for bees and increase bee reproduction. After their short bloom peak, however, the fields turn into green deserts. These big changes in floral availability strongly affect the plant-pollinator network, which in turn affects the pathogen transmission network, mediated by shared flowers. We address this dual role of flowers provided by MFCs, serving as nutritional resources as well as pathogen transmission spots, and bring together the current knowledge to assess how MFCs could affect pathogen prevalence in bee pollinator communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure links 653, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure links 653, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ametrano CG, Lumbsch HT, Di Stefano I, Sangvichien E, Muggia L, Grewe F. Should we hail the Red King? Evolutionary consequences of a mutualistic lifestyle in genomes of lichenized ascomycetes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8471. [PMID: 35136549 PMCID: PMC8809443 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Red Queen dynamic is often brought into play for antagonistic relationships. However, the coevolutionary effects of mutualistic interactions, which predict slower evolution for interacting organisms (Red King), have been investigated to a lesser extent. Lichens are a stable, mutualistic relationship of fungi and cyanobacteria and/or algae, which originated several times independently during the evolution of fungi. Therefore, they represent a suitable system to investigate the coevolutionary effect of mutualism on the fungal genome. We measured substitution rates and selective pressure of about 2000 protein-coding genes (plus the rDNA region) in two different classes of Ascomycota, each consisting of closely related lineages of lichenized and non-lichenized fungi. Our results show that independent lichenized clades are characterized by significantly slower rates for both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. We hypothesize that this evolutionary pattern is connected to the lichen life cycle (longer generation time of lichenized fungi) rather than a result of different selection strengths, which is described as the main driver for the Red Kind dynamic. This first empirical evidence of slower evolution in lichens provides an important insight on how biotic cooperative interactions are able to shape the evolution of symbiotic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio G. Ametrano
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center and Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Science and EducationField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - H. Thorsten Lumbsch
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center and Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Science and EducationField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Isabel Di Stefano
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center and Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Science and EducationField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ek Sangvichien
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceRamkhamhaeng UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Felix Grewe
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center and Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Science and EducationField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rovenolt FH, Tate AT. The Impact of Coinfection Dynamics on Host Competition and Coexistence. Am Nat 2022; 199:91-107. [DOI: 10.1086/717180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Nagatani T, Tainaka KI. Effects of pest control on a food chain in patchy environment: Species-dependent activity range on multilayer graphs. Biosystems 2021; 206:104425. [PMID: 33865913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems on earth are strongly affected by human life. We pay attention to pest control in a patchy environment. To date, many authors have reported the indeterminacy in pest control. Most of these works have been studied in single-habitat systems. In the present article, however, we consider a food chain model (prey, predator and top predator) on five networks of patches, where node and link denote habitable patch and migration path, respectively. Each network includes three layers which represent the activity ranges of respective species. Reaction-migration equations are solved analytically and numerically. It is found the dynamics largely change depending on the geometry of networks. When removal rate of top predator is increased, the so-called "top-down effect" is commonly observed. In this case, the pest control will be successful, but extinction point of top predator largely differs on different networks. When removal rate of intermediate predator is increased, the responses of system become complicated. The responses differ not only for each patch but also for each geometry. Hence, the pest control on intermediate predators may fail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagatani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Tainaka
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ebert D, Fields PD. Host-parasite co-evolution and its genomic signature. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:754-768. [PMID: 32860017 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies in diverse biological systems have indicated that host-parasite co-evolution is responsible for the extraordinary genetic diversity seen in some genomic regions, such as major histocompatibility (MHC) genes in jawed vertebrates and resistance genes in plants. This diversity is believed to evolve under balancing selection on hosts by parasites. However, the mechanisms that link the genomic signatures in these regions to the underlying co-evolutionary process are only slowly emerging. We still lack a clear picture of the co-evolutionary concepts and of the genetic basis of the co-evolving phenotypic traits in the interacting antagonists. Emerging genomic tools that provide new options for identifying underlying genes will contribute to a fuller understanding of the co-evolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Furubayashi T, Ueda K, Bansho Y, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Mizuuchi R, Ichihashi N. Emergence and diversification of a host-parasite RNA ecosystem through Darwinian evolution. eLife 2020; 9:e56038. [PMID: 32690137 PMCID: PMC7378860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In prebiotic evolution, molecular self-replicators are considered to develop into diverse, complex living organisms. The appearance of parasitic replicators is believed inevitable in this process. However, the role of parasitic replicators in prebiotic evolution remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated experimental coevolution of RNA self-replicators (host RNAs) and emerging parasitic replicators (parasitic RNAs) using an RNA-protein replication system we developed. During a long-term replication experiment, a clonal population of the host RNA turned into an evolving host-parasite ecosystem through the continuous emergence of new types of host and parasitic RNAs produced by replication errors. The host and parasitic RNAs diversified into at least two and three different lineages, respectively, and they exhibited evolutionary arms-race dynamics. The parasitic RNA accumulated unique mutations, thus adding a new genetic variation to the whole replicator ensemble. These results provide the first experimental evidence that the coevolutionary interplay between host-parasite molecules plays a key role in generating diversity and complexity in prebiotic molecular evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Furubayashi
- Laboratoire Gulliver, CNRS, ESPCI Paris,
PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kensuke Ueda
- Department of Life Science, Graduate
School of Arts and Science, The University of
TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yohsuke Bansho
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences,
Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial
Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Research Institute for Microbial
Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Ryo Mizuuchi
- Komaba Institute for Science, The
University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- JST,
PRESTOKawaguchiJapan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate
School of Arts and Science, The University of
TokyoTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences,
Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
- Komaba Institute for Science, The
University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Universal Biology Institute, The
University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I, Győri Z, Pusztahelyi T. The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2921. [PMID: 32117074 PMCID: PMC7029702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
How long do Red Queen dynamics survive under genetic drift? A comparative analysis of evolutionary and eco-evolutionary models. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 31931696 PMCID: PMC6958710 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red Queen dynamics are defined as long term co-evolutionary dynamics, often with oscillations of genotype abundances driven by fluctuating selection in host-parasite systems. Much of our current understanding of these dynamics is based on theoretical concepts explored in mathematical models that are mostly (i) deterministic, inferring an infinite population size and (ii) evolutionary, thus ecological interactions that change population sizes are excluded. Here, we recall the different mathematical approaches used in the current literature on Red Queen dynamics. We then compare models from game theory (evo) and classical theoretical ecology models (eco-evo), that are all derived from individual interactions and are thus intrinsically stochastic. We assess the influence of this stochasticity through the time to the first loss of a genotype within a host or parasite population. Results The time until the first genotype is lost (“extinction time”), is shorter when ecological dynamics, in the form of a changing population size, is considered. Furthermore, when individuals compete only locally with other individuals extinction is even faster. On the other hand, evolutionary models with a fixed population size and competition on the scale of the whole population prolong extinction and therefore stabilise the oscillations. The stabilising properties of intra-specific competitions become stronger when population size is increased and the deterministic part of the dynamics gain influence. In general, the loss of genotype diversity can be counteracted with mutations (or recombination), which then allow the populations to recurrently undergo negative frequency-dependent selection dynamics and selective sweeps. Conclusion Although the models we investigated are equal in their biological motivation and interpretation, they have diverging mathematical properties both in the derived deterministic dynamics and the derived stochastic dynamics. We find that models that do not consider intraspecific competition and that include ecological dynamics by letting the population size vary, lose genotypes – and thus Red Queen oscillations – faster than models with competition and a fixed population size.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Parasites directly and indirectly influence the important interactions among hosts such as competition and predation through modifications of behaviour, reproduction and survival. Such impacts can affect local biodiversity, relative abundance of host species and structuring of communities and ecosystems. Despite having a firm theoretical basis for the potential effects of parasites on ecosystems, there is a scarcity of experimental data to validate these hypotheses, making our inferences about this topic more circumstantial. To quantitatively test parasites' role in structuring host communities, we set up a controlled, multigenerational mesocosm experiment involving four sympatric freshwater crustacean species that share up to four parasite species. Mesocosms were assigned to either of two different treatments, low or high parasite exposure. We found that the trematode Maritrema poulini differentially influenced the population dynamics of these hosts. For example, survival and recruitment of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis were dramatically reduced compared to other host species, suggesting that parasites may affect their long-term persistence in the community. Relative abundances of crustacean species were influenced by parasites, demonstrating their role in host community structure. As parasites are ubiquitous across all communities and ecosystems, we suggest that the asymmetrical effects we observed are likely widespread structuring forces.
Collapse
|
19
|
Techer MA, Rane RV, Grau ML, Roberts JMK, Sullivan ST, Liachko I, Childers AK, Evans JD, Mikheyev AS. Divergent evolutionary trajectories following speciation in two ectoparasitic honey bee mites. Commun Biol 2019; 2:357. [PMID: 31583288 PMCID: PMC6773775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecies host-parasite evolution is common, but how parasites evolve after speciating remains poorly understood. Shared evolutionary history and physiology may propel species along similar evolutionary trajectories whereas pursuing different strategies can reduce competition. We test these scenarios in the economically important association between honey bees and ectoparasitic mites by sequencing the genomes of the sister mite species Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsoni. These genomes were closely related, with 99.7% sequence identity. Among the 9,628 orthologous genes, 4.8% showed signs of positive selection in at least one species. Divergent selective trajectories were discovered in conserved chemosensory gene families (IGR, SNMP), and Halloween genes (CYP) involved in moulting and reproduction. However, there was little overlap in these gene sets and associated GO terms, indicating different selective regimes operating on each of the parasites. Based on our findings, we suggest that species-specific strategies may be needed to combat evolving parasite communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva A. Techer
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Rahul V. Rane
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross St, (GPO Box 1700), Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Miguel L. Grau
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - John M. K. Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross St, (GPO Box 1700), Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arakelyan M, Harutyunyan T, Aghayan SA, Carretero MA. Infection of parthenogenetic lizards by blood parasites does not support the "Red Queen hypothesis" but reveals the costs of sex. ZOOLOGY 2019; 136:125709. [PMID: 31539860 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sexual organisms should be better suited than asexual ones in a context of continuous evolution in response to opposite organisms in changing environments ("Red Queen" hypothesis of sex). However, sex also carries costs associated with the maintenance of males and mating (sex cost hypothesis). Here, both non-mutually excluding hypotheses are tested by analysing the infestation by haemogregarines of mixed communities of Darevskia rock lizards composed of parthenogens generated by hybridisation and their bisexual relatives. Prevalence and intensity were recorded from 339 adult lizards belonging to six species from five syntopic localities and analysed using Generalized Mixed-Models (GLMM). Both infestation parameters depended on host-size (like due to longer exposure with age), sex and, for intensity, species. Once accounting for locality and species, males were more parasitized than conspecific females with bisexual species, but no signal of reproductive mode itself on parasitization was recovered. Essentially, male-male interactions increased haemogregarine intensity while females either sexual or asexual had similar reproductive costs when in the same conditions. These findings deviate from the predictions from "Red Queen" dynamics while asymmetric gender costs are here confirmed. Thus, increased parasitization pressure on males adds to other costs, such as higher social interactions and lower fecundity, to explain why parthenogenetic lizards apparently prevail in the short-term evolutionary scale. How this is translated in the long-term requires further phylogenetic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arakelyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Tehmine Harutyunyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Sevak str 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Strotz LC, Simões M, Girard MG, Breitkreuz L, Kimmig J, Lieberman BS. Getting somewhere with the Red Queen: chasing a biologically modern definition of the hypothesis. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2017.0734. [PMID: 29720444 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Red Queen hypothesis (RQH) is both familiar and murky, with a scope and range that has broadened beyond its original focus. Although originally developed in the palaeontological arena, it now encompasses many evolutionary theories that champion biotic interactions as significant mechanisms for evolutionary change. As such it de-emphasizes the important role of abiotic drivers in evolution, even though such a role is frequently posited to be pivotal. Concomitant with this shift in focus, several studies challenged the validity of the RQH and downplayed its propriety. Herein, we examine in detail the assumptions that underpin the RQH in the hopes of furthering conceptual understanding and promoting appropriate application of the hypothesis. We identify issues and inconsistencies with the assumptions of the RQH, and propose a redefinition where the Red Queen's reign is restricted to certain types of biotic interactions and evolutionary patterns occurring at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Strotz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA .,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Marianna Simões
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Matthew G Girard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura Breitkreuz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Julien Kimmig
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Bruce S Lieberman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ashby B, Iritani R, Best A, White A, Boots M. Understanding the role of eco-evolutionary feedbacks in host-parasite coevolution. J Theor Biol 2019; 464:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Denton JA, Gokhale CS. Synthetic Mutualism and the Intervention Dilemma. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:E15. [PMID: 30696090 PMCID: PMC6463046 DOI: 10.3390/life9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems are complex networks of interacting individuals co-evolving with their environment. As such, changes to an interaction can influence the whole ecosystem. However, to predict the outcome of these changes, considerable understanding of processes driving the system is required. Synthetic biology provides powerful tools to aid this understanding, but these developments also allow us to change specific interactions. Of particular interest is the ecological importance of mutualism, a subset of cooperative interactions. Mutualism occurs when individuals of different species provide a reciprocal fitness benefit. We review available experimental techniques of synthetic biology focused on engineered synthetic mutualistic systems. Components of these systems have defined interactions that can be altered to model naturally occurring relationships. Integrations between experimental systems and theoretical models, each informing the use or development of the other, allow predictions to be made about the nature of complex relationships. The predictions range from stability of microbial communities in extreme environments to the collapse of ecosystems due to dangerous levels of human intervention. With such caveats, we evaluate the promise of synthetic biology from the perspective of ethics and laws regarding biological alterations, whether on Earth or beyond. Just because we are able to change something, should we?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai A Denton
- Genomics and Regulatory Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Chaitanya S Gokhale
- Research Group for Theoretical models of Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24304 Plön, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pickett JA, Weston LA. Possibilities for rationally exploiting co-evolution in addressing resistance to insecticides, and beyond. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 151:18-24. [PMID: 30704708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain biorational chemical agents used against insect pests impact essential stages or processes in insect life cycles when applied for pest management. Development of resistance to these agents, while involving maintenance of the natural role of the chemical agent, frequently requires the evolution of a new chemical structure by the resistant organism. When considering the process of resistance development, one could theoretically consider biorational structural determination rather than the less predictable or feasible generation of a novel replacement insecticide. At first consideration, this process might exclude toxicants such as typical pest control agents and rather be a phenomenon reserved principally for signalling processes such as are fulfilled by pheromones and other semiochemicals. However, because there is a unique co-evolutionary relationship between chemical defence and the physiology of the antagonistic organism, this process can be further explored for potential to overcome resistance to toxins. Given further consideration, newly evolved chemical defences may rationally provide options for new resistance-defeating chemistry. This review therefore discusses the potential for overcoming insecticide resistance through targeted application of this approach. Potential for use of a similar approach to counteract fungicide and herbicide resistance is also considered. Furthermore, the possible applications of this approach to address drug or pharmaceutic resistance are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anzia EL, Rabajante JF. Antibiotic-driven escape of host in a parasite-induced Red Queen dynamics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180693. [PMID: 30839730 PMCID: PMC6170573 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Winnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide an opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host-parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (greater than 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Interrupted and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host-parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize the risk of further progression of parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jomar F. Rabajante
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Berdjeb L, Parada A, Needham DM, Fuhrman JA. Short-term dynamics and interactions of marine protist communities during the spring-summer transition. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1907-1917. [PMID: 29599520 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the short-term variability, by daily to weekly sampling, of protist assemblages from March to July in surface water of the San Pedro Ocean Time-series station (eastern North Pacific), by V4 Illumina sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. The sampling period encompassed a spring bloom followed by progression to summer conditions. Several protistan taxa displayed sharp increases and declines, with whole community Bray-Curtis dissimilarities of adjacent days being 66% in March and 40% in May. High initial abundance of parasitic Cercozoa Cryothecomonas longipes and Protaspis grandis coincided with a precipitous decline of blooming Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms, possibly suggesting their massive infection by these parasites; these cercozoans were hardly detectable afterwards. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated a limited predictability of community variability from environmental factors. This indicates that other factors are relevant in explaining changes in protist community composition at short temporal scales, such as interspecific relationships, stochastic processes, mixing with adjacent water, or advection of patches with different protist communities. Association network analysis revealed that interactions between the many parasitic OTUs and other taxa were overwhelmingly positive and suggest that although sometimes parasites may cause a crash of host populations, they may often follow their hosts and do not regularly cause enough mortality to potentially create negative correlations at the daily to weekly time scales we studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyria Berdjeb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alma Parada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bonachela JA, Wortel MT, Stenseth NC. Eco-evolutionary Red Queen dynamics regulate biodiversity in a metabolite-driven microbial system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17655. [PMID: 29247226 PMCID: PMC5732168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Red Queen Hypothesis proposes that perpetual co-evolution among organisms can result from purely biotic drivers. After more than four decades, there is no satisfactory understanding as to which mechanisms trigger Red Queen dynamics or their implications for ecosystem features such as biodiversity. One reason for such a knowledge gap is that typical models are complicated theories where limit cycles represent an idealized Red Queen, and therefore cannot be used to devise experimental setups. Here, we bridge this gap by introducing a simple model for microbial systems able to show Red Queen dynamics. We explore diverse biotic sources that can drive the emergence of the Red Queen and that have the potential to be found in nature or to be replicated in the laboratory. Our model enables an analytical understanding of how Red Queen dynamics emerge in our setup, and the translation of model terms and phenomenology into general underlying mechanisms. We observe, for example, that in our system the Red Queen offers opportunities for the increase of biodiversity by facilitating challenging conditions for intraspecific dominance, whereas stasis tends to homogenize the system. Our results can be used to design and engineer experimental microbial systems showing Red Queen dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Bonachela
- Marine Population Modeling Group, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XH, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, 14 College Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Meike T Wortel
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stochasticity in the Parasite-Driven Trait Evolution of Competing Species Masks the Distinctive Consequences of Distance Metrics. Processes (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/pr5040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
29
|
Schenk H, Traulsen A, Gokhale CS. Chaotic provinces in the kingdom of the Red Queen. J Theor Biol 2017; 431:1-10. [PMID: 28757073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between parasites and their hosts is found in all kinds of species and plays an important role in understanding the principles of evolution and coevolution. Usually, the different genotypes of hosts and parasites oscillate in their abundances. The well-established theory of oscillatory Red Queen dynamics proposes an ongoing change in frequencies of the different types within each species. So far, it is unclear under what conditions Red Queen dynamics persists, especially when the number of types per species increases. Some models show that with many types of hosts and parasites or more species chaotic dynamics occur. In our analysis, an arbitrary number of types within two species are examined in a deterministic framework with constant or changing population size and very simple interactions. This general framework allows for analytical solutions for internal fixed points and their stability. The numerical analysis shows that for two species, once more than two types are considered per species, irregular dynamics in their frequencies can be observed in the long run. The nature of the dynamics depends strongly on the initial configuration of the system; the usual regular Red Queen oscillations are only observed when all types initially have similar abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schenk
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann Str-2, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann Str-2, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Chaitanya S Gokhale
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann Str-2, Plön, 24306, Germany; New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A generalized population dynamics model for reproductive interference with absolute density dependence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1996. [PMID: 28515417 PMCID: PMC5435698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific mating interactions, or reproductive interference, can affect population dynamics, species distribution and abundance. Previous population dynamics models have assumed that the impact of frequency-dependent reproductive interference depends on the relative abundances of species. However, this assumption could be an oversimplification inappropriate for making quantitative predictions. Therefore, a more general model to forecast population dynamics in the presence of reproductive interference is required. Here we developed a population dynamics model to describe the absolute density dependence of reproductive interference, which appears likely when encounter rate between individuals is important. Our model (i) can produce diverse shapes of isoclines depending on parameter values and (ii) predicts weaker reproductive interference when absolute density is low. These novel characteristics can create conditions where coexistence is stable and independent from the initial conditions. We assessed the utility of our model in an empirical study using an experimental pair of seed beetle species, Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis. Reproductive interference became stronger with increasing total beetle density even when the frequencies of the two species were kept constant. Our model described the effects of absolute density and showed a better fit to the empirical data than the existing model overall.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cortez MJV, Rabajante JF, Tubay JM, Babierra AL. From epigenetic landscape to phenotypic fitness landscape: Evolutionary effect of pathogens on host traits. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:245-254. [PMID: 28408285 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape illustrates how cells differentiate through the control of gene regulatory networks. Numerous studies have investigated epigenetic gene regulation but there are limited studies on how the epigenetic landscape and the presence of pathogens influence the evolution of host traits. Here, we formulate a multistable decision-switch model involving several phenotypes with the antagonistic influence of parasitism. As expected, pathogens can drive dominant (common) phenotypes to become inferior through negative frequency-dependent selection. Furthermore, novel predictions of our model show that parasitism can steer the dynamics of phenotype specification from multistable equilibrium convergence to oscillations. This oscillatory behavior could explain pathogen-mediated epimutations and excessive phenotypic plasticity. The Red Queen dynamics also occur in certain parameter space of the model, which demonstrates winnerless cyclic phenotype-switching in hosts and in pathogens. The results of our simulations elucidate the association between the epigenetic and phenotypic fitness landscapes and how parasitism facilitates non-genetic phenotypic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jayson V Cortez
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Jomar F Rabajante
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Jerrold M Tubay
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Ariel L Babierra
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Padhi A, Shen B, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Liu GE, Ma L. Ruminant-specific multiple duplication events of PRDM9 before speciation. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:79. [PMID: 28292260 PMCID: PMC5351255 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms of speciation genes in sexually reproducing organisms would provide important insights into mammalian reproduction and fitness. PRDM9, a widely known speciation gene, has recently gained attention for its important role in meiotic recombination and hybrid incompatibility. Despite the fact that PRDM9 is a key regulator of recombination and plays a dominant role in hybrid incompatibility, little is known about the underlying genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that generated multiple copies of PRDM9 in many metazoan lineages. Results The present study reports (1) evidence of ruminant-specific multiple gene duplication events, which likely have had occurred after the ancestral ruminant population diverged from its most recent common ancestor and before the ruminant speciation events, (2) presence of three copies of PRDM9, one copy (lineages I) in chromosome 1 (chr1) and two copies (lineages II & III) in chromosome X (chrX), thus indicating the possibility of ancient inter- and intra-chromosomal unequal crossing over and gene conversion events, (3) while lineages I and II are characterized by the presence of variable tandemly repeated C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) arrays, lineage III lost these arrays, and (4) C2H2 ZFs of lineages I and II, particularly the amino acid residues located at positions −1, 3, and 6 have evolved under strong positive selection. Conclusions Our results demonstrated two gene duplication events of PRDM9 in ruminants: an inter-chromosomal duplication that occurred between chr1 and chrX, and an intra-chromosomal X-linked duplication, which resulted in two additional copies of PRDM9 in ruminants. The observation of such duplication between chrX and chr1 is rare and may possibly have happened due to unequal crossing-over millions of years ago when sex chromosomes were independently derived from a pair of ancestral autosomes. Two copies (lineages I & II) are characterized by the presence of variable sized tandem-repeated C2H2 ZFs and evolved under strong positive selection and concerted evolution, supporting the notion of well-established Red Queen hypothesis. Collectively, gene duplication, concerted evolution, and positive selection are the likely driving forces for the expansion of ruminant PRDM9 sub-family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0892-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Padhi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Botong Shen
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jicai Jiang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Host and Parasite Evolution in a Tangled Bank. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:863-873. [PMID: 27599631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Most hosts and parasites exist in diverse communities wherein they interact with other species, spanning the parasite-mutualist continuum. These additional interactions have the potential to impose selection on hosts and parasites and influence the patterns and processes of their evolution. Yet, host-parasite interactions are almost exclusively studied in species pairs. A wave of new research has incorporated a multispecies community context, showing that additional ecological interactions can alter components of host and parasite fitness, as well as interaction specificity and virulence. Here, we synthesize these findings to assess the effects of increased species diversity on the patterns and processes of host and parasite evolution. We argue that our understanding of host-parasite interactions would benefit from a richer biotic perspective.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bansho Y, Furubayashi T, Ichihashi N, Yomo T. Host-parasite oscillation dynamics and evolution in a compartmentalized RNA replication system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4045-50. [PMID: 27035976 PMCID: PMC4839452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524404113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, various cellular functions have been reconstituted in vitro such as self-replication systems using DNA, RNA, and proteins. The next important challenges include the reconstitution of the interactive networks of self-replicating species and investigating how such interactions generate complex ecological behaviors observed in nature. Here, we synthesized a simple replication system composed of two self-replicating host and parasitic RNA species. We found that the parasitic RNA eradicates the host RNA under bulk conditions; however, when the system is compartmentalized, a continuous oscillation pattern in the population dynamics of the two RNAs emerges. The oscillation pattern changed as replication proceeded mainly owing to the evolution of the host RNA. These results demonstrate that a cell-like compartment plays an important role in host-parasite ecological dynamics and suggest that the origin of the host-parasite coevolution might date back to the very early stages of the evolution of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Bansho
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Taro Furubayashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rabajante JF, Tubay JM, Ito H, Uehara T, Kakishima S, Morita S, Yoshimura J, Ebert D. Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501548. [PMID: 26973878 PMCID: PMC4783124 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between hosts and parasites have been hypothesized to cause winnerless coevolution, called Red Queen dynamics. The canonical Red Queen dynamics assume that all interacting genotypes of hosts and parasites undergo cyclic changes in abundance through negative frequency-dependent selection, which means that any genotype could become frequent at some stage. However, this prediction cannot explain why many rare genotypes stay rare in natural host-parasite systems. To investigate this, we build a mathematical model involving multihost and multiparasite genotypes. In a deterministic and controlled environment, Red Queen dynamics occur between two genotypes undergoing cyclic dominance changes, whereas the rest of the genotypes remain subordinate for long periods of time in phase-locked synchronized dynamics with low amplitude. However, introduction of stochastic noise in the model might allow the subordinate cyclic host and parasite types to replace dominant cyclic types as new players in the Red Queen dynamics. The factors that influence such evolutionary switching are interhost competition, specificity of parasitism, and degree of stochastic noise. Our model can explain, for the first time, the persistence of rare, hardly cycling genotypes in populations (for example, marine microbial communities) undergoing host-parasite coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomar F. Rabajante
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Jerrold M. Tubay
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Preschool Education, Nagoya College, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Asymmetric ecological conditions favor Red-Queen type of continued evolution over stasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1847-52. [PMID: 26831108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525395113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four decades ago, Leigh Van Valen presented the Red Queen's hypothesis to account for evolution of species within a multispecies ecological community [Van Valen L (1973) Evol Theory 1(1):1-30]. The overall conclusion of Van Valen's analysis was that evolution would continue even in the absence of abiotic perturbations. Stenseth and Maynard Smith presented in 1984 [Stenseth NC, Maynard Smith J (1984) Evolution 38(4):870-880] a model for the Red Queen's hypothesis showing that both Red-Queen type of continuous evolution and stasis could result from a model with biotically driven evolution. However, although that contribution demonstrated that both evolutionary outcomes were possible, it did not identify which ecological conditions would lead to each of these evolutionary outcomes. Here, we provide, using a simple, yet general population-biologically founded eco-evolutionary model, such analytically derived conditions: Stasis will predominantly emerge whenever the ecological system contains only symmetric ecological interactions, whereas both Red-Queen and stasis type of evolution may result if the ecological interactions are asymmetrical, and more likely so with increasing degree of asymmetry in the ecological system (i.e., the more trophic interactions, host-pathogen interactions, and the like there are [i.e., +/- type of ecological interactions as well as asymmetric competitive (-/-) and mutualistic (+/+) ecological interactions]). In the special case of no between-generational genetic variance, our results also predict dynamics within these types of purely ecological systems.
Collapse
|