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Neville MC, Demerath EW, Hahn-Holbrook J, Hovey RC, Martin-Carli J, McGuire MA, Newton ER, Rasmussen KM, Rudolph MC, Raiten DJ. Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S11-S27. [PMID: 37173058 PMCID: PMC10232333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of Working Group 1 in the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to outline factors influencing biological processes governing human milk secretion and to evaluate our current knowledge of these processes. Many factors regulate mammary gland development in utero, during puberty, in pregnancy, through secretory activation, and at weaning. These factors include breast anatomy, breast vasculature, diet, and the lactating parent's hormonal milieu including estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone. We examine the effects of time of day and postpartum interval on milk secretion, along with the role and mechanisms of lactating parent-infant interactions on milk secretion and bonding, with particular attention to the actions of oxytocin on the mammary gland and the pleasure systems in the brain. We then consider the potential effects of clinical conditions including infection, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, cardiovascular health, inflammatory states, mastitis, and particularly, gestational diabetes and obesity. Although we know a great deal about the transporter systems by which zinc and calcium pass from the blood stream into milk, the interactions and cellular localization of transporters that carry substrates such as glucose, amino acids, copper, and the many other trace metals present in human milk across plasma and intracellular membranes require more research. We pose the question of how cultured mammary alveolar cells and animal models can help answer lingering questions about the mechanisms and regulation of human milk secretion. We raise questions about the role of the lactating parent and the infant microbiome and the immune system during breast development, secretion of immune molecules into milk, and protection of the breast from pathogens. Finally, we consider the effect of medications, recreational and illicit drugs, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on milk secretion and composition, emphasizing that this area needs much more research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Neville
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jayne Martin-Carli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Edward R Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen M Rasmussen
- Nancy Schlegel Meinig Professor of Maternal and Child Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Comparison of SOX2 and POU5F1 Gene Expression in Leukapheresis-Derived CD34+ Cells before and during Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044186. [PMID: 36835597 PMCID: PMC9962001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is an abundant source of both hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic stem cells. Embryonic, fetal and stem cells located in tissues (adipose tissue, skin, myocardium and dental pulp) express core transcription factors, including the SOX2, POU5F1 and NANOG gene responsible for regeneration, proliferation and differentiation into daughter cells. The aim of the study was to examine the expression of SOX2 and POU5F1 genes in CD34-positive peripheral blood stem cells (CD34+ PBSCs) and to analyze the influence of cell culture on the expression of SOX2 and POU5F1 genes. The study material consisted of bone marrow-derived stem cells isolated by using leukapheresis from 40 hematooncology patients. Cells obtained in this process were subject to cytometric analysis to determine the content of CD34+ cells. CD34-positive cell separation was conducted using MACS separation. Cell cultures were set, and RNA was isolated. Real-time PCR was conducted in order to evaluate the expression of SOX2 and POU5F1 genes and the obtained data were subject to statistical analysis. We identified the expression of SOX2 and POU5F1 genes in the examined cells and demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) change in their expression in cell cultures. Short-term cell cultures (<6 days) were associated with an increase in the expression of SOX2 and POU5F1 genes. Thus, short-term cultivation of transplanted stem cells could be used to induce pluripotency, leading to better therapeutic effects.
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3
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Gil-Kulik P, Leśniewski M, Bieńko K, Wójcik M, Więckowska M, Przywara D, Petniak A, Kondracka A, Świstowska M, Szymanowski R, Wilińska A, Wiliński M, Płachno BJ, Kostuch M, Rahnama-Hezavach M, Szuta M, Kwaśniewska A, Bogucka-Kocka A, Kocki J. Influence of Perinatal Factors on Gene Expression of IAPs Family and Main Factors of Pluripotency: OCT4 and SOX2 in Human Breast Milk Stem Cells-A Preliminary Report. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032476. [PMID: 36768802 PMCID: PMC9917041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their therapeutic potential, mesenchymal stem cells are the subject of intensive research on the use of their potential in the treatment of, among others, neurodegenerative diseases or immunological diseases. They are among the newest in the field of medicine. The presented study aimed to evaluate the expression of eight genes from the IAP family and the gene regulating IAP-XAF1-in stem cells derived from human milk, using the qPCR method. The relationships between the expression of genes under study and clinical data, such as maternal age, maternal BMI, week of pregnancy in which the delivery took place, bodyweight of the newborn, the number of pregnancies and deliveries, and the time elapsed since delivery, were also analyzed. The research was carried out on samples of human milk collected from 42 patients hospitalized in The Clinic of Obstetrics and Perinatology of the Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4, in Lublin. The conducted research confirmed the expression of the following genes in the tested material: NAIP, BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6, BIRC8, XIAP, XAF1, OCT4 and SOX2. Moreover, several dependencies of the expression of individual genes on the maternal BMI (BIRC5, XAF1 and NAIP), the time since childbirth (BIRC5, BIRC6, XAF1 and NAIP), the number of pregnancies and deliveries (BIRC2, BIRC5, BIRC6 and XAF1), the manner of delivery (XAF1 and OCT4), preterm labor (BIRC6 and NAIP) were demonstrated. Additionally, we found positive relationships between gene expression of BIRC7, BIRC8 and XAF1 and the main factors of pluripotency: SOX2 and OCT4. This work is the first to investigate the expression of genes from the IAPs family in mother's milk stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Leśniewski
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Bieńko
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wójcik
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Więckowska
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominika Przywara
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrianna Kondracka
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Staszica Str., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świstowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Szymanowski
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wilińska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wiliński
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marzena Kostuch
- Department of Neonatology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4, 8 Jaczewskiego St., 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama-Hezavach
- Chair and Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szuta
- Chair of Oral Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 4 Montelupich St., 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Kwaśniewska
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Staszica Str., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St., 20–093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwillowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Ahmadzai H, Tee LBG, Crowe A. Are active efflux transporters contributing to infant drug exposure via breastmilk? A longitudinal study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:487-499. [PMID: 36130042 PMCID: PMC9827846 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although most drugs are considered safe and compatible with breastfeeding, cases of toxic drug exposure have been reported. Active efflux transporters have been implicated as a mechanism in the transfer of drugs from mother to baby via breastmilk. Using breastmilk as a source of human mammary epithelial cells, this novel longitudinal study investigated the expression of four active transporters, namely, MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP in the lactating human breast. BCRP gene was found to be strongly overexpressed with levels peaking at 5 months postpartum, potentially indicating a time where a breastfed infant may be at risk of inadvertent exposure to BCRP substrates. Serum albumin, a major component of human breastmilk was increasingly downregulated as lactation progresses. Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase, an enzyme in breastmilk attributed to a reduced risk of gastroenteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritides, was downregulated. Lysozyme and fatty acid synthase are progressively upregulated. This study also shows that breastmilk-derived epithelial cells, when propagated in culture, exhibit characteristics significantly different to those derived directly from breastmilk. This serves to warn that in vitro studies are not a true representation of in vivo processes in the lactating breast; hence, application of in vitro data should be conducted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilai Ahmadzai
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia,Pharmacy DepartmentSir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlandsWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lisa B. G. Tee
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew Crowe
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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5
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Cho YE, Vorn R, Chimenti M, Crouch K, Shaoshuai C, Narayanaswamy J, Harken A, Schmidt R, Gill J, Lee H. Extracellular vesicle miRNAs in breast milk of obese mothers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:976886. [PMID: 36313069 PMCID: PMC9597365 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.976886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk has abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological molecules (cargo), including miRNAs. EVs are not degraded in the gastrointestinal system and circulation; thus, breast milk EVs (bEVs) are expected to interact with other organs in breastfed infants and modify the gene expression of recipient cells using miRNAs. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is a critical factor influencing the composition of breast milk. Thus, in mothers with obesity, miRNAs in bEVs can be altered, which might be associated with adverse health outcomes in infants. In this study, we examined 798 miRNAs to determine which miRNAs are altered in the bEVs of mothers with obesity and their potential impact on breastfed infants. Methods We recruited healthy nursing mothers who were either of normal weight (BMI < 25) or with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) based on their pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivered a singleton baby in the prior 6 months. EVs were isolated from breast milk with ultracentrifugation. bEV characteristics were examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging of EV markers. A total of 798 miRNAs were screened using a NanoString human miRNA panel to find differentially expressed miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity compared to mothers of normal weight. Results We included 65 nursing mothers: 47 of normal weight and 18 with obesity based on pre-pregnancy BMI. After bEV isolation, we confirmed the expression of various EV markers. Out of 37 EV markers, CD326 (EpCaM) was the most highly expressed in bEVs. The most abundant miRNAs in bEVs include miR-30b-5p, miR-4454, miR-494-3p, and let-7 miRNAs. Target genes of the top 10 miRNAs were associated with cancer, prolactin pathway, EGFR, ErbB, and FoxO signaling pathway. In bEVs of mothers with obesity, 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05 cut-off), which include miR-575, miR-630, miR-642a-3p, and miR-652-5p. These miRNAs and their target genes were associated with neurological diseases and psychological disorders. Conclusion In this study, we characterized bEVs and demonstrated altered miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity and identified the pathways of their potential target genes. Our findings will provide insight for future studies investigating the role of bEVs in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Cho
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Young-Eun Cho,
| | - Rany Vorn
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Chimenti
- College of Medicine The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Keith Crouch
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Chen Shaoshuai
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Alaria Harken
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Reegan Schmidt
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jessica Gill
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hyangkyu Lee
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Doerfler R, Melamed JR, Whitehead KA. The Effect of Infant Gastric Digestion on Human Maternal Milk Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200090. [PMID: 35984112 PMCID: PMC9532377 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Human breast milk contains a variety of cell types that have potential roles in infant immunity and development. One challenge associates with defining the purpose(s) of milk cells in the infant is a poor understanding of the effect of digestion on cell fate. METHODS AND RESULTS This study first demonstrates that milk cell death occurs after gastric digestion in mice. Then flow cytometry and RT-PCR are used to understand the mechanism of human milk cell death and quantify live cell types before and after simulated gastric digestion. This study finds that digestion in simulated gastric fluid for 30 min reduces cell viability from 72% to 27%, with most cell death is caused by the acidic pH. The primary mechanism of cell death is caspase-mediated apoptosis. The non-cellular components of milk offer only mild protection against cell death from stomach acid. CONCLUSIONS Gastric digestion does not select for a specific resilient cell population to survive-most cell types die in equal proportions in the gastric environment. Taken together, these results provide a foundation with which to understand the fate of human breast milk cells in the infant's intestine and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Doerfler
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
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Wu J, Jin YY, Li Y, Li J, Xu J, Wu SM, Chen TX. Dynamic change, influencing factors, and clinical impact of cellular components in human breast milk. Pediatr Res 2022; 93:1765-1771. [PMID: 36151297 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous cellular components have been well demonstrated in human breast milk. However, little is known about their dynamic change, influencing factors, and potential clinical impacts on infants. METHODS Sixty and forty-five healthy mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the colostrum group and mature milk group, respectively. Participants' demographic and clinical information were collected by questionnaires, and the infants were followed up until 6 months after birth through telephone interview. Colostrum and mature milk were collected, and the percentage of various cell components were determined by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The results showed that, the total cell numbers, and the percentages of some stem cells, including CD34+, CD117+, CD133+, CD90+, CD105+, and CD146+ cells, were different in colostrum and mature milk. Besides, participants' characteristics had influence on the cellular components. Finally, high-CD34+ cells in colostrum, as well as the high-CD133+ cells and low-CD105+ cells in mature milk were associated with a significantly increased risk of infantile eczema within their first 3 months after birth. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed a dynamic change of cellular components, identified some of their influencing factors and their potential clinical impacts on infantile eczema, which helps to better understand the cellular components in human breast milk. IMPACT Some stem cell markers were dynamically changed in human colostrum and mature milk. Different cellular components were shown to be influenced by different participants' characteristics. High percentage of CD34+ cells in colostrum, as well as high percentage of CD133+ cells and low percentage of CD105+ cells in mature milk, were associated with a significantly increased risk of infantile eczema within their first 3 months after birth. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the clinical impacts of stem cells on infantile diseases, which helps to give a better understanding of human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Division of Immunology, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Allergy/Immunology Innovation Team, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jin
- Allergy/Immunology Innovation Team, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Division of Immunology, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Mei Wu
- Division of Immunology, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Xin Chen
- Division of Immunology, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Allergy/Immunology Innovation Team, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Kumbhare SV, Jones WD, Fast S, Bonner C, Jong G‘, Van Domselaar G, Graham M, Narvey M, Azad MB. Source of human milk (mother or donor) is more important than fortifier type (human or bovine) in shaping the preterm infant microbiome. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100712. [PMID: 36029771 PMCID: PMC9512671 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Milk fortifiers help meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants receiving their mother’s own milk (MOM) or donor human milk. We conducted a randomized clinical trial (NCT03214822) in 30 very low birth weight premature neonates comparing bovine-derived human milk fortifier (BHMF) versus human-derived fortifier (H2MF). We found that fortifier type does not affect the overall microbiome, although H2MF infants were less often colonized by an unclassified member of Clostridiales Family XI. Secondary analyses show that MOM intake is strongly associated with weight gain and microbiota composition, including Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Propionibacterium enrichment. Finally, we show that while oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes) is not affected by fortifier type or MOM intake, fecal calprotectin is higher in H2MF infants and lower in those consuming more MOM. Overall, the source of human milk (mother versus donor) appears more important than the type of milk fortifier (human versus bovine) in shaping preterm infant gut microbiota. Milk fortifier type (human versus bovine) has little impact on the preterm microbiome Milk source (mother versus donor) is strongly associated with microbiome composition Feeding mother’s own milk is linked to better weight gain and less gut inflammation
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Evaluation of the Impact of Pregnancy-Associated Factors on the Quality of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Using SOX2 Gene Expression as a Marker. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147630. [PMID: 35886978 PMCID: PMC9317592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a recognized pluripotent transcription factor involved in stem cell homeostasis, self-renewal and reprogramming. It belongs to, one of the SRY-related HMG-box (SOX) family of transcription factors, taking part in the regulation of embryonic development and determination of cell fate. Among other functions, SOX2 promotes proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, cancer stemness, and drug resistance. SOX2 interacts with other transcription factors in multiple signaling pathways to control growth and survival. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a parturient’s age, umbilical cord blood pH and length of pregnancy on the quality of stem cells derived from Wharton’s jelly (WJSC) by looking at birth weight and using SOX2 gene expression as a marker. Using qPCR the authors, evaluated the expression of SOX2 in WJSC acquired from the umbilical cords of 30 women right after the delivery. The results showed a significant correlation between the birth weight and the expression of SOX2 in WJSC in relation to maternal age, umbilical cord blood pH, and the length of pregnancy. The authors observed that the younger the woman and the lower the umbilical cord blood pH, the earlier the delivery occurs, the lower the birth weight and the higher SOX2 gene expression in WJSC. In research studies and clinical applications of regenerative medicine utilizing mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton’s Jelly of the umbilical cord, assessment of maternal and embryonic factors influencing the quality of cells is critical.
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Gleeson JP, Chaudhary N, Fein KC, Doerfler R, Hredzak-Showalter P, Whitehead KA. Profiling of mature-stage human breast milk cells identifies six unique lactocyte subpopulations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6865. [PMID: 35767604 PMCID: PMC9242445 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is chock-full of nutrients, immunological factors, and cells that aid infant development. Maternal cells are the least studied breast milk component, and their unique properties are difficult to identify using traditional techniques. Here, we characterized the cells in mature-stage breast milk from healthy donors at the protein, gene, and transcriptome levels. Holistic analysis of flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and single-cell RNA sequencing data identified the predominant cell population as epithelial with smaller populations of macrophages and T cells. Two percent of epithelial cells expressed four stem cell markers: SOX2, TRA-1-60, NANOG, and SSEA4. Furthermore, milk contained six distinct epithelial lactocyte subpopulations, including three previously unidentified subpopulations programmed toward mucosal defense and intestinal development. Pseudotime analysis delineated the differentiation pathways of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data define healthy human maternal breast milk cells and provide a basis for their application in maternal and infant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Gleeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Namit Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katherine C. Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rose Doerfler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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11
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Dave A, Nekritz E, Charytonowicz D, Beaumont M, Smith M, Beaumont K, Silva J, Sebra R. Integration of Single-Cell Transcriptomics With a High Throughput Functional Screening Assay to Resolve Cell Type, Growth Kinetics, and Stemness Heterogeneity Within the Comma-1D Cell Line. Front Genet 2022; 13:894597. [PMID: 36630696 PMCID: PMC9237515 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.894597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are one of the most frequently implemented model systems in life sciences research as they provide reproducible high throughput testing. Differentiation of cell cultures varies by line and, in some cases, can result in functional modifications within a population. Although research is increasingly dependent on these in vitro model systems, the heterogeneity within cell lines has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we have leveraged high throughput single-cell assays to investigate the Comma-1D mouse cell line that is known to differentiate in culture. Using scRNASeq and custom single-cell phenotype assays, we resolve the clonal heterogeneity within the referenced cell line on the genomic and functional level. We performed a cohesive analysis of the transcriptome of 5,195 sequenced cells, of which 85.3% of the total reads successfully mapped to the mm10-3.0.0 reference genome. Across multiple gene expression analysis pipelines, both luminal and myoepithelial lineages were observed. Deep differential gene expression analysis revealed eight subclusters identified as luminal progenitor, luminal differentiated, myoepithelial differentiated, and fibroblast subpopulations-suggesting functional clustering within each lineage. Gene expression of published mammary stem cell (MaSC) markers Epcam, Cd49f, and Sca-1 was detected across the population, with 116 (2.23%) sequenced cells expressing all three markers. To gain insight into functional heterogeneity, cells with patterned MaSC marker expression were isolated and phenotypically investigated through a custom single-cell high throughput assay. The comparison of growth kinetics demonstrates functional heterogeneity within each cell cluster while also illustrating significant limitations in current cell isolation methods. We outlined the upstream use of our novel automated cell identification platform-to be used prior to single-cell culture-for reduced cell stress and improved rare cell identification and capture. Through compounding single-cell pipelines, we better reveal the heterogeneity within Comma-1D to identify subpopulations with specific functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Dave
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erin Nekritz
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melissa Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kristin Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jose Silva
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,Sema4, A Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Robert Sebra,
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12
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Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, Alshaer W, Hasan H, Albakri KA, Alkhafaji E, Issa NN, Al-Holy MA, Abderrahman SM, Abdallah AM, Mohamud R. Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061219. [PMID: 35740242 PMCID: PMC9219990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant's early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Khaled A. Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Enas Alkhafaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Nada N. Issa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Murad A. Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Salim M. Abderrahman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Atiyeh M. Abdallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
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13
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Nyquist SK, Gao P, Haining TKJ, Retchin MR, Golan Y, Drake RS, Kolb K, Mead BE, Ahituv N, Martinez ME, Shalek AK, Berger B, Goods BA. Cellular and transcriptional diversity over the course of human lactation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121720119. [PMID: 35377806 PMCID: PMC9169737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121720119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (hBM) is a dynamic fluid that contains millions of cells, but their identities and phenotypic properties are poorly understood. We generated and analyzed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to characterize the transcriptomes of cells from hBM across lactational time from 3 to 632 d postpartum in 15 donors. We found that the majority of cells in hBM are lactocytes, a specialized epithelial subset, and that cell-type frequencies shift over the course of lactation, yielding greater epithelial diversity at later points. Analysis of lactocytes reveals a continuum of cell states characterized by transcriptional changes in hormone-, growth factor-, and milk production-related pathways. Generalized additive models suggest that one subcluster, LC1 epithelial cells, increases as a function of time postpartum, daycare attendance, and the use of hormonal birth control. We identify several subclusters of macrophages in hBM that are enriched for tolerogenic functions, possibly playing a role in protecting the mammary gland during lactation. Our description of the cellular components of breast milk, their association with maternal–infant dyad metadata, and our quantification of alterations at the gene and pathway levels provide a detailed longitudinal picture of hBM cells across lactational time. This work paves the way for future investigations of how a potential division of cellular labor and differential hormone regulation might be leveraged therapeutically to support healthy lactation and potentially aid in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Nyquist
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Patricia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Tessa K. J. Haining
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michael R. Retchin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Riley S. Drake
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kellie Kolb
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Benjamin E. Mead
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Health Science & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- Thayer School of Engineering, Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
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14
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Lokossou GAG, Kouakanou L, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849012. [PMID: 35450064 PMCID: PMC9016618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien A. G. Lokossou
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Department Human Biology Engineering, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Millen S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:867147. [PMID: 35360738 PMCID: PMC8962517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.867147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is recommended by the World Health Organization for at least 6 months up to 2 years of age, and breast milk protects against several diseases and infections. Intriguingly, few viruses are transmitted via breastfeeding including Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is a highly oncogenic yet neglected retrovirus, which primarily infects CD4+ T-cells in vivo and causes incurable diseases like HTLV-1-associated inflammatory conditions or Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) after lifelong viral persistence. Worldwide, at least 5–10 million people are HTLV-1-infected and most of them are unaware of their infection posing the risk of silent transmissions. HTLV-1 is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk, which constitutes the major route of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Risk of transmission increases with the duration of breastfeeding, however, abstinence from breastfeeding as it is recommended in some endemic countries is not an option in resource-limited settings or underrepresented areas and populations. Despite significant progress in understanding details of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, it is still not fully understood, which cells in which organs get infected via the oral route, how these cells get infected, how breast milk affects this route of infection and how to inhibit oral transmission despite breastfeeding, which is an urgent need especially in underrepresented areas of the world. Here, we review these questions and provide an outlook how future research could help to uncover prevention strategies that might ultimately allow infants to benefit from breastfeeding while reducing the risk of HTLV-1 transmission.
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16
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Panera N, Mandato C, Crudele A, Bertrando S, Vajro P, Alisi A. Genetics, epigenetics and transgenerational transmission of obesity in children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006008. [PMID: 36452324 PMCID: PMC9704419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high-calorie foods have caused a relentless increase of overweight and obesity prevalence at all ages. Its presently epidemic proportion is disquieting due to the tight relationship of obesity with metabolic syndrome and several other comorbidities which do call for urgent workarounds. The usual ineffectiveness of present therapies and failure of prevention campaigns triggered overtime a number of research studies which have unveiled some relevant aspects of obesity genetic and epigenetic inheritable profiles. These findings are revealing extremely precious mainly to serve as a likely extra arrow to allow the clinician's bow to achieve still hitherto unmet preventive goals. Evidence now exists that maternal obesity/overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation convincingly appears associated with several disorders in the offspring independently of the transmission of a purely genetic predisposition. Even the pre-conception direct exposure of either father or mother gametes to environmental factors can reprogram the epigenetic architecture of cells. Such phenomena lie behind the transfer of the obesity susceptibility to future generations through a mechanism of epigenetic inheritance. Moreover, a growing number of studies suggests that several environmental factors such as maternal malnutrition, hypoxia, and exposure to excess hormones and endocrine disruptors during pregnancy and the early postnatal period may play critical roles in programming childhood adipose tissue and obesity. A deeper understanding of how inherited genetics and epigenetics may generate an obesogenic environment at pediatric age might strengthen our knowledge about pathogenetic mechanisms and improve the clinical management of patients. Therefore, in this narrative review, we attempt to provide a general overview of the contribution of heritable genetic and epigenetic patterns to the obesity susceptibility in children, placing a particular emphasis on the mother-child dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Panera
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mandato
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Alisi, ; Claudia Mandato,
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bertrando
- Pediatrics Clinic, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salermo, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Alisi, ; Claudia Mandato,
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17
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Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: A comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08335. [PMID: 34825075 PMCID: PMC8605299 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breastmilk is considered the gold standard of infant nutrition. Many mothers have difficulty with breastfeeding and over 50% of women stop due to perceived low production. Aims and methods Our study compared gene expression in 8 samples of low and high producers of milk. All subjects were administered GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires. Low-producers were all found to have more depression and anxiety compared to high-producers. Results We did not find significant differences between gene expression between low and high milk producers. Only 5 of 8 samples contained a significant number of human cells. We did find differences in the amount of various bacterial populations. Conclusion Our results indicate that gene expression in breastmilk is complicated by collection methods. We recommend that even though some women produced less than 600 ml of milk over a 24-hour period of time, due to the nature of the bacteria found in milk they try to breastfeed as much as they can for the health benefits of their infants. the rich bacterial diversity in all patients including the low producers strongly suggests that even women producing lesser quantities of milk confer their children numerous benefits by breastfeeding them.
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18
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Fanni D, Gerosa C, Loddo C, Castagnola M, Fanos V, Zaffanello M, Faa G. Stem/progenitor cells in fetuses and newborns: overview of immunohistochemical markers. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 34219203 PMCID: PMC8255250 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microanatomy of the vast majority of human organs at birth is characterized by marked differences as compared to adult organs, regarding their architecture and the cell types detectable at histology. In preterm neonates, these differences are even more evident, due to the lower level of organ maturation and to ongoing cell differentiation. One of the most remarkable finding in preterm tissues is the presence of huge amounts of stem/progenitor cells in multiple organs, including kidney, brain, heart, adrenals, and lungs. In other organs, such as liver, the completely different burden of cell types in preterm infants is mainly related to the different function of the liver during gestation, mainly focused on hematopoiesis, a function that is taken by bone marrow after birth. Our preliminary studies showed that the antigens expressed by stem/progenitors differ significantly from one organ to the next. Moreover, within each developing human tissue, reactivity for different stem cell markers also changes during gestation, according with the multiple differentiation steps encountered by each progenitor during development. A better knowledge of stem/progenitor cells of preterms will allow neonatologists to boost preterm organ maturation, favoring the differentiation of the multiple cells types that characterize each organ in at term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fanni
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
| | - C Gerosa
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
| | - C Loddo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Castagnola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - V Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Piazzale Stefani, 1, I-37126, Verona, Italy.
| | - G Faa
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
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19
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Hase K, Stahmer L, Shammas H, Peter C, Bohnhorst B, Das AM. Analysis of Sirtuin 1 and Sirtuin 3 at Enzyme and Protein Levels in Human Breast Milk during the Neonatal Period. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060348. [PMID: 34072556 PMCID: PMC8229955 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast feeding is regarded as the preferred nutrition modality for children during the first few months of life. It not only furthers growth and development but also is supposed to impact later life. The first 1000 days are regarded as a critical window for development, even beyond infancy. The physiological basis underlying this beneficial effect is not clear. Sirtuins are important regulatory proteins of metabolism and are supposed to play a critical role in ageing and longevity as well as in diseases. In the present study, we developed novel methods to assay sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 at enzyme activity (via fluorometry) and protein levels (by Western blot) in the aqueous phase and in the cell pellet of human breast milk and assessed the impact of ongoing lactation during the neonatal period. Sirtuin activities in the aqueous phase were negatively correlated with the duration of lactation in the neonatal period. There was no correlation of sirtuin activities in the cell pellet with the duration of lactation. The amounts of sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 measured by Western blot were negatively correlated with the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hase
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney-, Liver- and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (L.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Laura Stahmer
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney-, Liver- and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (L.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Hadeel Shammas
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney-, Liver- and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (L.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Corinna Peter
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Bettina Bohnhorst
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Anibh Martin Das
- Clinic for Pediatric Kidney-, Liver- and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (L.S.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-3273 (ext. 3220)
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20
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Galante L, Reynolds CM, Milan AM, Alexander T, Bloomfield FH, Jiang Y, Asadi S, Muelbert M, Cameron-Smith D, Pundir S, Vickers MH. Metabolic Hormone Profiles in Breast Milk From Mothers of Moderate-Late Preterm Infants Are Associated With Growth From Birth to 4 Months in a Sex-Specific Manner. Front Nutr 2021; 8:641227. [PMID: 34124118 PMCID: PMC8193224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.641227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differing environmental conditions experienced by mother-infant dyads may influence composition of the milk received by the infant. As a consequence, diverse milk compositional profiles may contribute to different postnatal outcomes, especially in infants facing adverse perinatal environments. We investigated whether variability in milk concentrations of key metabolic hormones is associated with different growth outcomes in infants born preterm, a perinatal complication known to impact on infant growth. Methods: Human milk samples were collected from 169 mothers of 191 infants enrolled in the DIAMOND trial, a randomized trial of nutrition for moderate-late preterm infants, at 5 and 10 days postpartum and again at 4 months' corrected age and analyzed for leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Infant weight and body composition were measured at birth, discharge and 4 months' corrected age. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine correlations between milk hormone concentrations, weight z-scores and body composition at discharge and 4 months' corrected age, and weight gain from birth to 4 months' corrected age. Sex-specific interactions were examined. Results: Higher milk IGF-1 concentrations on day 5 after birth were associated with greater infant fat-free mass at 4 months' corrected age. Milk IGF-1 concentrations at 4 months were positively associated with fat mass and fat-free mass at 4 months in boys but not girls. Milk leptin concentrations on day 5 after birth were positively associated with fat mass at discharge from hospital, but negatively associated with fat mass at 4 months' corrected age. No significant association was found for milk adiponectin concentrations. Conclusion: Milk IGF-1 and leptin concentrations in mothers of moderate-late preterm babies are associated with different growth and body composition through to 4 months' corrected age and these associations are often different in boys and girls. The sex-specific effects of nutrient and hormone exposure during early life in preterm infants warrants further investigation to optimize the nutritional care these infants receive, particularly in hospital, where the same nutrition is provided to boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Galante
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Institute of Food and Health, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Amber M Milan
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tanith Alexander
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Neonatal Unit, Kidz First, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Yannan Jiang
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharin Asadi
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mariana Muelbert
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shikha Pundir
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Breast milk (BM) is a peculiar fluid owing unique properties and resulting the ideal food during early neonatal period. As widely known, it can improve the outcome of both neonate and lactating mother, influencing their whole life. BM is characterized by several beneficial components; among these, a great role is played by BM own and specific microbiome, deeply investigated in many studies. Moreover, the use of metabolomics in BM analysis allowed a better characterization of its metabolic pathways that vary according to lactation stage and neonatal gestational age. The aim of this review is to describe growth factors, cytokines, immunity mediators, and stem cells (SCs) contained in BM and investigate their functions and effects on neonatal outcome, especially focusing on immuno- and neurodevelopment. RECENT FINDINGS We evaluated recent and updated literature on this field. The article that we analyzed to write this review have been found in MEDLINE using breast milk-derived stem cells, biofactors, growth factors, breastfeeding-related outcomes, neurodevelopment, and neonatal immunological system as keywords. Discovering and characterizing BM components could result very useful to clarify the pathophysiology of their influence on neonatal growth and even to improve artificial formulations' composition. Moreover, since SCs abilities and their involvement in the development of several diseases, they could help to discover specific targets for new therapies. It could be useful to characterize BM-derived SC markers, properties, and variations during lactation stages, to understand their potential role in therapeutic applications, since they could be noninvasively isolated from BM. More studies will help to describe more in detail the characteristics of mother-to-child communication through breastfeeding and its potential role in the next future.
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22
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Proteomic analysis of hypoxia and non-hypoxia secretome mesenchymal stem-like cells from human breastmilk. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4399-4407. [PMID: 34354424 PMCID: PMC8324926 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breastmilk contains proteins and cells which have stem cell properties. The human breastmilk stem cell mimick mesenchymal stem cells and expresses pluripotency genes. The protein level of breastmilk is high in colostrum and gradually subsides in the first year of lactation. The mesenchymal stem cells from breastmilk can be an alternative source of stem cells that can potentially affect cardiovascular therapy. This study aimed to identify the proteomic analysis of secretome mesenchymal stem-like cells under hypoxia compared to non-hypoxia from human breastmilk stem cells. Material and methods The human breastmilk was collected from six healthy breastfeeding women and transported to the laboratory under aseptic conditions. The breastmilk cells were isolated then cultured. After 72 h, the human breastmilk stem cells reached confluence then cleaned up and isolated in serum-free media (spheroid) to allow serial passaging every 48 h. The acquisition stem cell was made with flow cytometry. The cells were divided into hBSC secretomes under hypoxia (A) and non-hypoxia (B) and analyzed for LC-MS to identify the peptide structure. Results The human breastmilk cells contained several mesenchymal stem-like cells in density 2.4 × 106 cell/mL for hypoxia and 2 × 106 cell/mL for non-hypoxia conditions. The human breastmilk stem cell surface markers derived from the third cell passage process were 93.77% for CD44, 98.69% for CD73, 88.45% for CD90, and 96.30% for CD105. The protein level of secretome mesenchymal stem -like cells under hypoxia was measured at 5.56 μg/mL and 4.28 μg/mL for non-hypoxia. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 130 and 59 peptides from hypoxia and non-hypoxia of the human breastmilk stem cell secretome sequentially. Some important proteomics structures were found in the hypoxic human breastmilk stem cell secretome, such as transforming growth factor-β, VE-cadherin, and caspase. Conclusion The human breastmilk cells contain mesenchymal stem-like cells and a high concentration of CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 as surface markers at third passage culture. The hypoxic hBSC secretome produces a higher protein level compare to non-hypoxia. The transforming growth factor -β was found in the hypoxic hBSC secretome as a modulator of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.
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Key Words
- AFP, Alpha-Fetoprotein
- ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate
- BD, Becton Dickinson
- BMPR-II, Bone morphogenetic protein type II
- BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin
- EHD3, EH Domain-containing Protein 3
- FACS, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
- FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum
- HIF-1α, Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α
- Hypoxia
- IGF1, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
- LALBA, α-Lactalbumin
- LC-MS
- LC-MS, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- LF, Lactoferrin
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MPS, Multi Proliferative Supplement
- MPZL1, Myelin Protein Zero-like Protein 1
- MSC, Mesenchymal Stem Cell
- Mesenchymal stem-like cell
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered Saline
- SDS, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
- SMA, Smooth Muscle Actin
- SMAD, Signals Mothers Against the Decapentaplegic
- Secretome
- TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor-Beta
- VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- cDNA, complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- hBSC
- hBSC, Human Breastmilk Stem Cell
- mRNA, messenger Ribonucleic Acid
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23
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Martin Carli JF, Trahan GD, Rudolph MC. Resolving Human Lactation Heterogeneity Using Single Milk-Derived Cells, a Resource at the Ready. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:3-8. [PMID: 34097179 PMCID: PMC8956113 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of human milk-derived cells (HMDCs) makes highly detailed analyses of the biology of human lactation possible. We explore this powerful application as an exciting tool to inspect the cellular composition of human milk. We point out some important challenges unique to this approach and highlight the importance of collaborations between biologists and well-trained bioinformaticians to utilize these data to their maximum potential. We extend this focus by discussing the first two such studies that describe HMDCs via scRNAseq and a variety of important questions in the field that warrant attention through further research. The stage is set to apply scRNAseq in human lactation biology, potentially leading to new insights regarding the molecular and cellular diversity of human secretory mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Martin Carli
- Section of Nutrition, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - G Devon Trahan
- Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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Crnko S, Schutte H, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG, van Laake LW. Minimally Invasive Ways of Determining Circadian Rhythms in Humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:7-20. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm exerts a critical role in mammalian health and disease. A malfunctioning circadian clock can be a consequence, as well as the cause of several pathophysiologies. Clinical therapies and research may also be influenced by the clock. Since the most suitable manner of revealing this rhythm in humans is not yet established, we discuss existing methods and seek to determine the most feasible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Crnko
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Schutte
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W. van Laake
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Ghosh A. Breast Milk Stem Cell Survival in Neonate's Gut, Entery into Neonate Circulation and Adaption by the Body. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:98-101. [PMID: 31702516 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666191107095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell exchange during pregnancy is thought to remain chimeras for life. Few studies recently revealed that maternal transfer of viable stem cells to the offspring continues even after birth during breastfeeding. Some of these stem cells are likely to be integrated into different organs (brain, blood, kidneys, and pancreas) including neurons and insulin-producing cells in the pancreas to become functional cells. This finding opens a new avenue for research on therapeutic uses of breast milk- derived stem cells. Recently Dr. Foteini Hassiotou used glowing mice, which were genetically modified to express a gene called tdTomato that causes cells to appear red under fluorescence light. These mice were mated, and their babies were swapped with the pups of another, unmodified mother mouse. The new pups suckled the modified mouse and, as a result, obtained glowing red stem cells from breast milk. The study has never been replicated in humans, so it is not clear yet if the findings apply to humans as in the case of mice. However, the results of the study are the jumping-off points for future research on human breast milk stem cells and their possible application in stem cell therapies. Additional studies are necessary to understand the passage of human breast milk stem cells through the neonate's GI tract, and passage to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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26
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Ozkan H, Tuzun F, Taheri S, Korhan P, Akokay P, Yılmaz O, Duman N, Özer E, Tufan E, Kumral A, Özkul Y. Epigenetic Programming Through Breast Milk and Its Impact on Milk-Siblings Mating. Front Genet 2020; 11:569232. [PMID: 33133155 PMCID: PMC7565666 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.569232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epigenetic effects of transmission of certain regulatory molecules, such as miRNAs, through maternal milk on future generations, are still unknown and have not been fully understood yet. We hypothesized that breastfeeding regularly by adoptive-mother may cause transmission of miRNAs as epigenetic regulating factors to the infant, and the marriage of milk-siblings may cause various pathologies in the future generations. Results A cross-fostering model using a/a and Avy/a mice had been established. F2 milk-sibling and F2 control groups were obtained from mating of milk-siblings or unrelated mice. Randomized selected animals in the both F2 groups were sacrificed for miRNA expression studies and the remainings were followed for phenotypic changes (coat color, obesity, hyperglycemia, liver pathology, and life span). The lifespan in the F2 milk-sibling group was shorter than the control group (387 vs 590 days, p = 0.011) and they were more obese during the aging period. Histopathological examination of liver tissues revealed abnormal findings in F2 milk-sibling group. In order to understand the epigenetic mechanisms leading to these phenotypic changes, we analyzed miRNA expression differences between offspring of milk-sibling and control matings and focused on the signaling pathways regulating lifespan and metabolism. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with pathways regulating metabolism, survival, and cancer development such as the PI3K-Akt, ErbB, mTOR, and MAPK, insulin signaling pathways. We further analyzed the expression patterns of miR-186-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-345-5p, and miR-34c-5p and their candidate target genes Mapk8, Gsk3b, and Ppargc1a in ovarian and liver tissues. Conclusion Our findings support for the first time that the factors modifying the epigenetic mechanisms may be transmitted by breast milk and these epigenetic interactions may be transferred transgenerationally. Results also suggested hereditary epigenetic effects of cross-fostering on future generations and the impact of mother-infant dyad on epigenetic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ozkan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Tuzun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Erciyes University's Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell (Genkok), Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Peyda Korhan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Akokay
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, İzmir Kavram University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Osman Yılmaz
- The Experimental Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nuray Duman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Erdener Özer
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Tufan
- Erciyes University's Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell (Genkok), Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kumral
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkul
- Erciyes University's Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell (Genkok), Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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27
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The isolation and culture of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) breast milk cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:430-434. [PMID: 32719986 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Goudarzi N, Shabani R, Ebrahimi M, Baghestani A, Dehdashtian E, Vahabzadeh G, Soleimani M, Moradi F, Katebi M. Comparative phenotypic characterization of human colostrum and breast milk-derived stem cells. Hum Cell 2020; 33:308-317. [PMID: 31975030 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a diverse population of stem cells in human breast milk that can be employed for therapeutic purposes as a reservoir of cells. The current study mainly aimed to determine the nature markers expressing on stem cells. For this aim, the expression of embryonic stem cell markers, as well as the expression of endothelial, mesenchymal, neural, and hematopoietic markers were evaluated by the flow cytometry analysis in fresh colostrum, breast milk, and cultured colostrum samples. The results showed that the embryonic (OCT4, SOX2, HLA-DR), hematopoietic (CD33, CD45, CD117), neural (CD133, Nestin), and mesenchymal (CD44, SCA1) stem cell markers present in colostrum had higher expression in comparison with their counterpart markers in fresh breast milk. The expression markers of stem cells in colostrum following a 2-week culture period were significantly increased compared with their counterpart markers in colostrum before the culture process. In the culture of breastmilk, cells were not observed adherent cells and colonies. Our findings form flow cytometry and cell culture suggest that the lactation stage could be one of the factors influencing the stem cell population and, consequently, the cultivation of breastmilk cells. The present study indicates that colostrum is a tremendous source of stem cells that could be applied in cell-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Goudarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, End of North Banihashem, West Resalat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Baghestani
- Department of Anatomy, Scholar Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehdashtian
- Department of Anatomy, Scholar Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoure Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, East Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Chamran Boulevard, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.
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29
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Pacheco CMR, Ferreira PE, Saçaki CS, Tannous LA, Zotarelli-Filho IJ, Guarita-Souza LC, de Carvalho KAT. In vitro differentiation capacity of human breastmilk stem cells: A systematic review. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1005-1019. [PMID: 31768226 PMCID: PMC6851011 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent cells that have the ability to generate cells from a cell line or in other cell types from different tissues but from the same origin. Although those cells have more limited differentiation capacity than embryonic stem cells, they are easily obtained from somatic tissue and can be grown in large quantities. This characteristic of undifferentiated stem cells differentiating into different cell lines arouses strategies in regenerative medicine for the treatment of different diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases.
AIM To evaluate the cell differentiation capacity of human breastmilk stem cells for the three germ layers by a systematic review.
METHODS The searched databases were PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, and COCHRANE LIBRARY, published between 2007 and 2018 in the English language. All were in vitro studies for analysis of the "cell differentiation potential" in the literature using the keywords “human breastmilk,” “stem cells,” and keywords combined with the Boolean operator “NOT” were used to exclude those articles that had the word “CANCER” and their respective synonyms, which were previously consulted according to medical subject heading terms. PRISMA 2009 guidelines were followed in this study.
RESULTS A total of 315 titles and abstracts of articles were examined. From these, 21 were in common with more than one database, leaving 294 articles for analysis. Of that total, five publications met the inclusion criteria. When analyzing the publications, it was demonstrated that human breastmilk stem cells have a high cellular plasticity, exhibiting the ability to generate cells of all three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, demonstrating their stemness. Those cells expressed the genes, TRA-1-60/81, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and NANOG, of which NANOG, a critical regulator for self-renewal and maintenance, was the most highly expressed. Those cells have the ability to differentiate in vitro into adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons as well hepatocytes, β-pancreatic cells, and cardiomyocytes.
CONCLUSION Although the literature has been scarce, the pluripotentiality of these cells represents great potential for tissue engineering and cellular therapy. Further studies for safe clinical translation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria Ribeiro Pacheco
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Department, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Child and Adolescent Health Research and Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Curitiba 80.240-020, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Priscila Elias Ferreira
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Department, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Child and Adolescent Health Research and Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Curitiba 80.240-020, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayuri Saçaki
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Department, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Child and Adolescent Health Research and Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Curitiba 80.240-020, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luana Alves Tannous
- PUCPR-Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, CCBS, Curitiba 80.215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idiberto José Zotarelli-Filho
- Post Graduate and Continuing Education (Unipos), Department of Scientific Production, São José do Rio Preto 15.020-040, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Department, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Child and Adolescent Health Research and Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Curitiba 80.240-020, Paraná, Brazil
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30
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Tripathy S, Singh S, Das SK. Potential of breastmilk in stem cell research. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:467-488. [PMID: 31606767 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breastmilk is a dynamic, multi-faceted, and complex fluid containing a plethora of biochemical and cellular components that execute developmental effects or differentiation program, providing nourishment and immunity to newborns. Recently, it was reported that breastmilk contains a heterogeneous population of naïve cells, including pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. The stem cells derived from breastmilk possess immune privilege and non-tumorigenic properties. Thus, breastmilk may represent an ideal source of stem cells collected by non-perceive procedure than other available sources. Thus, this "maternally originating natural regenerative medicine" may have innumerable applications in clinical biology, cosmetics, and pharmacokinetics. This review describes the efficient integrated cellular system of mammary glands, the impressive stem cell hierarchy of breastmilk, and their possible implications in translational research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Tripathy
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India.
| | - Shikha Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
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31
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Li S, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Jiang S, Yang Y, Cao Y. Characterization of Stem Cells and Immune Cells in Preterm and Term Mother's Milk. J Hum Lact 2019; 35:528-534. [PMID: 31026180 DOI: 10.1177/0890334419838986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is known to be rich in cellular components, including stem cells and immune cells. However, the dynamics of these cellular components at different lactation stages, and the differences between milk for preterm and term infants, are poorly understood. RESEARCH AIM To identify changes in the cellular components of human milk at different lactation stages, and to explore the associations of these changes with maternal and infant characteristics. METHODS Forty mothers of newborns of different gestational ages were enrolled. Colostrum, transitional, and mature milk samples were collected. Stem cell and immune cell molecule markers were detected using flow cytometry. Pluripotent genes (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, and KLF4) were detected via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Human milk contained some stem cells but more immune cells. The percentages of hemopoietic stem cells were significantly higher in mature milk than in colostrum, and the percentages of total immune cells were lower in mature milk than in colostrum. The percentages of hemopoietic stem cells in colostrum and transitional milk were influenced by gestational age. Some minor differences in the cell composition of human milk could be explained by maternal body mass index, the mode of delivery, and parity. CONCLUSION Our results again confirmed that human milk contains stem cells. Additionally, the percentages of hemopoietic stem cells and major immune cells changed dynamically at different lactation stages and were associated with gestational age at delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- 2 NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,3 Pediatric Institute, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cao
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Păduraru L, Zonda GI, Avasiloaiei AL, Moscalu M, Dimitriu DC, Stamatin M. Influence of refrigeration or freezing on human milk macronutrients and energy content in early lactation: Results from a tertiary centre survey. Paediatr Child Health 2019; 24:250-257. [PMID: 31239814 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonates with severe conditions that cannot be breastfed should receive fresh or preserved expressed human milk in addition to parenteral nutrition. Objective To identify the time during lactation when the macronutrients provide maximum energy and evaluate the effect of refrigeration and freezing. Methods We analyzed the composition of fresh milk, refrigerated at +4°C and frozen at -20°C, expressed by mothers of 60 preterm and 30 term infants from a level III maternity, in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk. Results In fresh milk, the protein level constantly decreases during lactation, with a significant difference after 3 weeks of lactation. Preterm milk of day 21 and day 30 had significantly lower protein than term milk (1.27 versus 1.43 g/dL, P=0.015 and 1.13 versus 1.28 g/dL, P=0.001). Refrigeration for 72 hours of term milk decreased protein content less than freezing. Preterm colostrum has significantly less protein after 48 hours of refrigeration or freezing. Preterm milk from day 60 lost carbohydrates if refrigerated 72 hours or frozen for 2 months. Lipids in preterm colostrum decrease after 8 weeks of freezing. Refrigeration for up to 72 hours did not change significantly the energy value of colostrum or transitional milk. Freezing preterm milk more than 2 weeks leads to significant loss of energy. Conclusions Milk frozen for more than 2 weeks contains less protein and energy than milk refrigerated for up to 72 hours. In the absence of milk bank access, in common settings, short-term refrigeration is preferable to long-term freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminița Păduraru
- Department of Mother and Child Care, Division of Neonatology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
| | - Gabriela Ildikó Zonda
- Department of Mother and Child Care, Division of Neonatology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
| | - Andreea-Luciana Avasiloaiei
- Department of Mother and Child Care, Division of Neonatology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Division of Informatics and Medical Statistics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
| | - Daniela Cristina Dimitriu
- Department of Morphological Sciences 2, Division of Biochemistry, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
| | - Maria Stamatin
- Department of Mother and Child Care, Division of Neonatology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Iași, România
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Ninkina N, Kukharsky MS, Hewitt MV, Lysikova EA, Skuratovska LN, Deykin AV, Buchman VL. Stem cells in human breast milk. Hum Cell 2019; 32:223-230. [PMID: 30972555 PMCID: PMC6570695 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that breast milk contains a population of cells displaying many of the properties typical of stem cells. This review outlines progress made in this newly emerging field of stem cell biology and provides an analysis of the available data on purification, propagation and differentiation of certain types of progenitor cells from breast milk. The possible fates of breast milk cells, including microchimerism caused by their transmission to the distant organs of the infant, are also discussed. Unique properties of breast milk-derived stem cells, such as their unusually low tumorigenic potential and their negligible ability to form teratomas, are highlighted as obvious advantages for using these cells in regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ninkina
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation.
- Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Michail S Kukharsky
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova str 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Hewitt
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Lysikova
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Larissa N Skuratovska
- The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str., 34/5, Moscow, 19334, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- Institute of Physiology Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severnyj Proezd, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
- Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK
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Abstract
Breastfeeding is indeed the foundation for life and gives growing children a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential. There are considerable studies on the role of maternal contribution to human milk components. It would be very important and interesting to explore the existence of a paternal contribution into the composition of human milk. Proceeding on this track, there is an abundant evidence that supports the hypothesis of paternal contribution in human milk composition. This evidence could be strengthened by the fact that a small population of the fetal cells migrate during pregnancy and stay for long time in the maternal body. This phenomenon is known as microchimerism. It has been well documented that some of these cells are of mature immunological and hematopoietic stem cells character. As the fetal parts contain 50% from each parent, any fetal parts in the maternal body (i.e., fetal microchimerism) should contain paternal components as well. The paternal genetic material is more responsible for the determination of the fetal sex (female XX or male XY). The variations in maternal human milk component that was clearly understood as related to child sex will substantially provide a solid basis for the investigation of the new hypothesis. In this short report, we conclude by briefly foregrounding the proposed role for paternal contribution on human milk composition for consideration and suggesting new directions for future research that would shed light on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zainab Taha
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ishag Adam
- Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Pipino C, Mandatori D, Buccella F, Lanuti P, Preziuso A, Castellani F, Grotta L, Di Tomo P, Marchetti S, Di Pietro N, Cichelli A, Pandolfi A, Martino G. Identification and Characterization of a Stem Cell-Like Population in Bovine Milk: A Potential New Source for Regenerative Medicine in Veterinary. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1587-1597. [PMID: 30142991 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a complex fluid required for development, nutrition and immunological protection to the newborn offspring. Interestingly, latest finding proved the presence of novel stem cell population in human milk with multilineage differentiation potential. Given that little is known about cellular milk content in other mammalian species such as bovine, the purpose of our study was to isolate and characterize a potential stem cell-like population in bovine milk. In detail, we first analyzed the phenotype of the isolated cells able to grow in plastic adherence and then their capability to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Bovine milk stem cells (bMSCs) resulted plastic adherent and showed a heterogeneous population with epithelial and spindle-shaped cells. Successively, their immunophenotype indicated that bovine milk cells were positive for the typical epithelial markers E-cadherin, cytokeratin-14, cytokeratin-18, and smooth muscle actin. Notably, a subset (30%-40%), constantly observed in purified milk cells, showed the typical mesenchymal surface antigens CD90, CD73, and CD105. Furthermore, the same percentage of bMSCs expressing CD90, CD73, and CD105 presented the stemness markers SOX2 and OCT4 translocated in their nuclei. Finally, our data showed that bMSCs were able to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocytes. In addition, the flow cytometry analysis revealed the presence of a subpopulation of events characterized by typical extracellular vesicles (EVs, size 0.1-1 μm), which did not contain nuclei and were positive for the same markers identified on the surface of bMSCs (CD73, CD90, and CD105), and thus might be considered milk cell-derived EVs. In conclusion, our data suggest that bovine milk is an easily available source of multipotent stem cells able to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. These features can open new possibilities for development biology and regenerative medicine in veterinary area to improving animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pipino
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domitilla Mandatori
- 2 Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Flavia Buccella
- 3 Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- 2 Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Preziuso
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Castellani
- 3 Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- 3 Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Pamela Di Tomo
- 2 Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Marchetti
- 3 Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Natalia Di Pietro
- 2 Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara , Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (Ce.S.I.-MeT), StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- 3 Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
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Expression of Granulisyn, Perforin and Granzymes in Human Milk over Lactation and in the Case of Maternal Infection. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091230. [PMID: 30181507 PMCID: PMC6163887 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk has been previously found to contain various types of leukocytes however specific characteristics of these cells, such as whether they contain cytolytic antimicrobial proteins that may induce pathogen directed cell death, are unknown. This project aims to examine the presence and localization of immune proteins such as perforin, granulysin and granzymes in human milk cells at the protein and mRNA level. Genes encoding these proteins were confirmed in human milk cell samples, which were particularly enriched in early milk and in the case of maternal infection. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to investigate the co-expression of these proteins with pan-immune cell marker CD45 and epithelial marker EPCAM. Co-expression of antimicrobial proteins was found predominantly in CD45 positive cells, also increasing in the case of maternal infection. Our study suggests that human milk contains cells that carry hallmarks of activated or memory T-cells which are enriched early in lactation and in the case of maternal infection. Presence and prevalence of these cells in human milk may indicate a role in the protection of the maternal breast or for delivery to the vulnerable infant.
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38
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Histology and Transcriptome Profiles of the Mammary Gland across Critical Windows of Development in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:149-163. [PMID: 29956080 PMCID: PMC6103804 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast development occurs through well-defined stages representing 'windows of susceptibility' to adverse environmental exposures that potentially modify breast cancer risk. Systematic characterization of morphology and transcriptome during normal breast development lays the foundation of our understanding of cancer etiology. We examined mammary glands in female Sprague Dawley rats across six developmental stages - pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal, pubertal, lactation, adult parous and adult nulliparous. We investigated histology by Hematoxylin and Eosin and Mallory's Trichrome stain, proliferative and apoptotic rate by immunohistochemistry and whole-transcriptome by microarrays. We identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent developmental stages by linear models, underlying pathways by gene ontology analysis and gene networks and hubs active across developmental stages by coexpression network analysis. Mammary gland development was associated with large-scale changes in the transcriptome; particularly from pre-pubertal to peri-pubertal period and the lactation period were characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression with unique biological functions such as immune processes during pre-pubertal development and cholesterol biosynthesis during lactation. These changes were reflective of the shift in mammary gland histology, from a rudimentary organ during early stages to a secretory organ during lactation followed by regression with age. Hub genes within mammary gene networks included metabolic genes such as Pparg during the pre-pubertal stage and tight junction-related genes claudins and occludins in lactating mammary glands. Transcriptome profile paired with histology enhanced our understanding of mammary development, which is fundamental in understanding the etiologic mechanism of breast cancer, especially pertaining to windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures that may alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Garcia-Rodenas CL, De Castro CA, Jenni R, Thakkar SK, Beauport L, Tolsa JF, Fischer-Fumeaux CJ, Affolter M. Temporal changes of major protein concentrations in preterm and term human milk. A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1844-1852. [PMID: 30093147 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins are major contributors to the beneficial effects of human milk (HM) on preterm infant health and development. Alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin and caseins represent approximately 85% of the total HM protein. The temporal changes of these proteins in preterm (PT) HM and its comparison with term (T) HM is poorly characterized. AIMS To quantify and compare the temporal changes of the major proteins in PT HM and T HM. METHODS HM was collected for 4 months postpartum at 12 time points for PT HM (gestational age 28 0/7-32 6/7 weeks; 280 samples) and for 2 months postpartum at 8 time points for T HM (gestational age 37 0/7-41 6/7 weeks; 220 samples). Proteins were measured with a micro-fluidic LabChip system. RESULTS Casein, alpha-lactalbumin and lactoferrin decreased with advancing stages of lactation in PT and T HM, whereas serum albumin remained stable. Only marginal differences between PT and T HM were observed for alpha-lactalbumin during postpartum weeks 3-5 and for serum albumin at the first week. However, a comparison of HM provided to preterm and term infants at the same postmenstrual ages revealed that alpha-lactalbumin contents were significantly lower in PT HM than in T HM during the 39-48 postmenstrual weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study provides comprehensive information of the longitudinal changes of major proteins in PT and T HM, and suggests limited availability of alpha-lactalbumin, a nutritionally important protein, in breastfed PT infants after reaching the term corrected age. This information may be important to optimize HM protein fortification, although its biological relevance needs to be confirmed by intervention studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02052245), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02052245.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosemarie Jenni
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sagar K Thakkar
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lydie Beauport
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Tolsa
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline J Fischer-Fumeaux
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Affolter
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Köstlin N, Schoetensack C, Schwarz J, Spring B, Marmé A, Goelz R, Brodbeck G, Poets CF, Gille C. Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (GR-MDSC) in Breast Milk (BM); GR-MDSC Accumulate in Human BM and Modulate T-Cell and Monocyte Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1098. [PMID: 29868036 PMCID: PMC5966528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial bacterial infections (NBI) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are among the main reasons for death in preterm infants. Both are often caused by bacteria coming from the infected infant’s gut and feeding with breast milk (BM) seems beneficial in their pathogenesis. However, mechanisms causing the protective effect of BM are only incompletely understood. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are myeloid cells with suppressive activity on other immune cells, recently described to play a role in mediating maternal–fetal tolerance during pregnancy and immune adaptation in newborns. Until now, nothing is known about occurrence and function of MDSC in BM. We analyzed MDSC in BM and peripheral blood of breastfeeding mothers and found that granulocytic MDSC, but not monocytic MDSC, accumulate in BM, exhibit an activated phenotype and increased suppressive activity and modulate TLR-expression on monocytes. Furthermore, we found that the lactotrophic hormones prolactin and oxytocin do not induce MDSC from peripheral blood. This is the first study to describe MDSC with immune-modulatory properties in human BM. Our results point toward a role for MDSC in local immune modulation in the gut possibly protecting infants from NBI and NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Köstlin
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Schoetensack
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marmé
- Private Practice in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rangmar Goelz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Brodbeck
- Department of Hematology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Molès JP, Tuaillon E, Kankasa C, Bedin AS, Nagot N, Marchant A, McDermid JM, Van de Perre P. Breastmilk cell trafficking induces microchimerism-mediated immune system maturation in the infant. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:133-143. [PMID: 29197124 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of life confers an important benefit in terms of child mortality and severe morbidity. Intestinal permeability to ingested macromolecules and immunoglobulins is limited to the first days of human life. These exchanges cease in the very early post-partum period but may increase beyond the neonatal period in response to local inflammation or introduction of a weaning food. From animal- and limited human-based observations, compelling evidence points out to breastmilk cells also trafficking from mother to infant mucosal tissues and participating to the maternal microchimerism. The precise nature of breastmilk cells that are involved is presently not known but likely includes progenitor/stem cells-representing up to 6% of breastmilk cells-with possible contribution of mature immune cells. Stem cell microchimerism may induce tolerance to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMAs), breastfeeding generating regulatory T cells (Treg ) that suppress antimaternal immunity. Therefore, in complement to pregnancy-induced microchimerism, breastfeeding-induced microchimerism may be pivotal in infant immune development, intestinal tissue repair/growth and protection against infectious diseases. As a continuum of the gestational period, the neonatal gut may be considered as a temporary, but important developmental extension of the role played by the placenta during intrauterine life; breastmilk playing the role of maternal blood by delivering maternal soluble factors (macromolecules, Ig, cytokines) and immunologically active milk cells. A better understanding of breastfeeding-induced maternal microchimerism would provide further evidence in support of public health messages that reinforce the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Bacteriology-Virology and Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Bacteriology-Virology and Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joann M McDermid
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Bacteriology-Virology and Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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42
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Gridneva Z, Rea A, Hepworth AR, Ward LC, Lai CT, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation. Nutrients 2018; 10:E45. [PMID: 29303992 PMCID: PMC5793273 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been implicated in the establishment of infant appetite regulation, feeding patterns and body composition (BC). A holistic approach is required to elucidate relationships between infant and maternal BC and contributing factors, such as breastfeeding parameters. Associations between maternal and breastfed term infant BC (n = 20) and feeding parameters during first 12 months of lactation were investigated. BC was measured at 2, 5, 9 and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (US; infants only) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants and mothers). 24-h milk intake (MI) and feeding frequency (FFQ) were measured. Higher FFQ was associated with larger 24-h MI (p ≤ 0.003). Higher 24-h MI was associated with larger infant fat mass (FM) (US: p ≤ 0.002), greater percentage FM (US: p ≤ 0.008), greater FM index (FMI) (US: p ≤ 0.001) and lower fat-free mass index (FFMI) (US: p = 0.015). Lower FFQ was associated with both larger FFM (US: p ≤ 0.001) and FFMI (US: p < 0.001). Greater maternal adiposity was associated with smaller infant FFM measured with US (BMI: p < 0.010; %FM: p = 0.004; FMI: p < 0.011). Maternal BC was not associated with FFQ or 24-h MI. These results reinforce that early life is a critical window for infant programming and that breastfeeding may influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Alethea Rea
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anna R Hepworth
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ching T Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Demers-Mathieu V, Underwood MA, Beverly RL, Dallas DC. Survival of Immunoglobulins from Human Milk to Preterm Infant Gastric Samples at 1, 2, and 3 h Postprandial. Neonatology 2018; 114:242-250. [PMID: 29940583 PMCID: PMC6217945 DOI: 10.1159/000489387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk immunoglobulins (Ig) are an important support for the naïve infant immune system; yet the extent to which these proteins survive within the infant digestive tract, particularly for preterm infants, is poorly studied. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate the survival of human milk Igs in the preterm stomach across postprandial time. METHODS Human milk and infant gastric samples were collected from 11 preterm (23-32 weeks gestational age) mother-infant pairs within 7-98 days postnatal age. Preterm gastric samples were collected 1, 2, and 3 h after the beginning of the feeding. Samples were analyzed for concentration of total IgA (secretory IgA [SIgA]/IgA), total secretory component (SC/SIgA/SIgM), total IgM (SIgM/IgM), and IgG via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ig-chain fragment peptides were determined using peptidomic analysis. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests was applied. RESULTS Concentrations of total IgA were lower in the gastric contents at 3 h postprandial compared with human milk and gastric contents at 1 and 2 h. Human milk SC/SIgA/SIgM, IgG, and total IgM concentrations remained stable in the preterm stomach across postprandial time. Peptide counts from the Ig alpha-chain and the Ig gamma-chain increased in gastric contents from 1 to 2 h postprandial. Peptide counts from the human milk Ig-chain, Ig-chain, and SC were stable across postprandial time. These peptides from Ig-chains were not present in human milk but were released in the stomach due to their partial degradation. CONCLUSIONS Human milk total SC (SIgA/SC/SIgM), total IgM, and IgG survived mostly intact through the preterm infant stomach, while total IgA was -partially digested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert L Beverly
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Witkowska-Zimny M, Kaminska-El-Hassan E. Cells of human breast milk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:11. [PMID: 28717367 PMCID: PMC5508878 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a complex fluid that has developed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of infants. In addition to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other biologically active components, breast milk contains a diverse microbiome that is presumed to colonize the infant gastrointestinal tract and a heterogeneous population of cells with unclear physiological roles and health implications. Noteworthy cellular components of breast milk include progenitor/stem cells. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of breast milk cells, including leukocytes, epithelial cells, stem cells and potentially probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kaminska-El-Hassan
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Briere CE, Jensen T, McGrath JM, Young EE, Finck C. Stem-Like Cell Characteristics from Breast Milk of Mothers with Preterm Infants as Compared to Mothers with Term Infants. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:174-179. [PMID: 28277748 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast milk stem cells are hypothesized to be involved in infant health and development. Our research team is the first known team to enroll mothers of hospitalized preterm infants during the first few weeks of lactation and compare stem cell phenotypes and gene expression to mothers of healthy full-term infants. SETTINGS Participants were recruited from a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (preterm dyads) and the community (full-term dyads) in the northeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS Mothers of hospitalized preterm infants (<37 weeks gestational age at birth) and mothers of healthy full-term infants (>39 weeks gestational age at birth). RESULTS Breast milk stem-like cell populations were identified in both preterm and full-term breast milk samples. The data suggest variability in the proportion of stem cell phenotypes present, as well as statistically significant differential expression (both over- and underexpression) of stem cell-specific genetic markers when comparing mothers' milk for preterm and full-term births. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that (1) stem cells are present in preterm breast milk; (2) differential expression of stem cell-specific markers can be detected in preterm and full-term breast milk samples; and (3) the percentage of cells expressing the various stem cell-specific markers differs when preterm and full-term breast milk samples are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie-Ellen Briere
- 1 Department of Nursing Research, Connecticut Children's Medical Center , Hartford, Connecticut.,2 School of Nursing, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Todd Jensen
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jacqueline M McGrath
- 1 Department of Nursing Research, Connecticut Children's Medical Center , Hartford, Connecticut.,2 School of Nursing, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Erin E Young
- 2 School of Nursing, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut.,4 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,5 Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Christine Finck
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut.,6 Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center , Hartford, Connecticut
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Kugananthan S, Gridneva Z, Lai CT, Hepworth AR, Mark PJ, Kakulas F, Geddes DT. Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk. Nutrients 2017; 9:E252. [PMID: 28282925 PMCID: PMC5372915 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambavi Kugananthan
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ching T Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anna R Hepworth
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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Donor Human Milk Update: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Priorities for Research and Practice. J Pediatr 2017; 180:15-21. [PMID: 27773337 PMCID: PMC5183469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of breast milk are well described, yet the mechanistic details related to how breast milk protects against acute and chronic diseases and optimizes neurodevelopment remain largely unknown. Recently, breast milk was found to contain stem cells that are thought to be involved in infant development. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to synthesize all available research involving the characterization of breast milk stem cells to provide a basis of understanding for what is known and what still needs further exploration. METHODS/SEARCH STRATEGY The literature search was conducted between August and October 2015 using the CINAHL, PubMed, and reference list searching. Nine studies addressed characterization of human breast milk stem cells. FINDINGS/RESULTS Five research teams in 4 countries have published studies on breast milk stem cells. Current research has focused on characterizing stem cells in full-term breast milk. The amount, phenotype, and expression of breast milk stem cells are known to vary between mothers, and they have been able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers (expressing pluripotent characteristics). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE There is much to learn about breast milk stem cells. Given the potential impact of this research, healthcare professionals should be aware of their presence and ongoing research to determine benefits for infants. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Extensive research is needed to further characterize stem cells in breast milk (full-term and preterm), throughout the stages of lactation, and most importantly, their role in the health of infants, and potential for use in regenerative therapies.
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Abd Allah SH, Shalaby SM, El-Shal AS, El Nabtety SM, Khamis T, Abd El Rhman SA, Ghareb MA, Kelani HM. Breast milk MSCs: An explanation of tissue growth and maturation of offspring. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:935-942. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somia H. Abd Allah
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Sally M. Shalaby
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Amal S. El-Shal
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Sameh M. El Nabtety
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Shimaa A. Abd El Rhman
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghareb
- Gynecology & Obestetric Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Hesham M. Kelani
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
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Liu XH. [Research advances in breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:921-925. [PMID: 27751204 PMCID: PMC7389531 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk is the most natural and ideal food for the baby. Breastfeeding provides benefits for maternal and child health, child immune function, growth and development, and society. The operation of human milk bank and the use of donor human milk undoubtedly provides a new way of nutrition support for the preterm infants without their own mother's milk and a new kind of treatment for other diseases. Present research on the composition of breast milk focuses on the variety and quantity of proteins, bioactive substances, probiotics and cell population.Future research may focus on the bioactive substances, the mechanism of regulation and effect of cell population, the application of probiotics and the clinical application of donor human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hong Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutriology, Guangzhou Maternal and Child Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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