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Xia Y, Xia C, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Dai R, Han C, Mao Z, Liu C, Chen C. Transcriptomic sex differences in postmortem brain samples from patients with psychiatric disorders. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadh9974. [PMID: 38781321 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh9974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders exhibit sex differences, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We analyzed transcriptomics data from 2160 postmortem adult prefrontal cortex brain samples from the PsychENCODE consortium in a sex-stratified study design. We compared transcriptomics data of postmortem brain samples from patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with transcriptomics data of postmortem control brains from individuals without a known history of psychiatric disease. We found that brain samples from females with SCZ, BD, and ASD showed a higher burden of transcriptomic dysfunction than did brain samples from males with these disorders. This observation was supported by the larger number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and a greater magnitude of gene expression changes observed in female versus male brain specimens. In addition, female patient brain samples showed greater overall connectivity dysfunction, defined by a higher proportion of gene coexpression modules with connectivity changes and higher connectivity burden, indicating a greater degree of gene coexpression variability. We identified several gene coexpression modules enriched in sex-biased DEGs and identified genes from a genome-wide association study that were involved in immune and synaptic functions across different brain cell types. We found a number of genes as hubs within these modules, including those encoding SCN2A, FGF14, and C3. Our results suggest that in the context of psychiatric diseases, males and females exhibit different degrees of transcriptomic dysfunction and implicate immune and synaptic-related pathways in these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xia
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cuihua Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rujia Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Cong Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhongzheng Mao
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
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Ransdell JL, Carrasquillo Y, Bosch MK, Mellor RL, Ornitz DM, Nerbonne JM. Loss of Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (iFGF14) Increases the Excitability of Mature Hippocampal and Cortical Pyramidal Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592532. [PMID: 38746081 PMCID: PMC11092765 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in FGF14 , which encodes intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (iFGF14), have been linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 27 (SCA27), a multisystem disorder associated with progressive deficits in motor coordination and cognitive function. Mice ( Fgf14 -/- ) lacking iFGF14 display similar phenotypes, and we have previously shown that the deficits in motor coordination reflect reduced excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, owing to the loss of iFGF14-mediated regulation of the voltage-dependence of inactivation of the fast transient component of the voltage-gated Na + (Nav) current, I NaT . Here, we present the results of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that loss of iFGF14 also attenuates the intrinsic excitability of mature hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons. Current-clamp recordings from adult mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute in vitro slices, however, revealed that repetitive firing rates were higher in Fgf14 -/- , than in wild type (WT), cells. In addition, the waveforms of individual action potentials were altered in Fgf14 -/- hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and the loss of iFGF14 reduced the time delay between the initiation of axonal and somal action potentials. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed that the loss of iFGF14 altered the voltage-dependence of activation, but not inactivation, of I NaT in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Similar effects of the loss of iFGF14 on firing properties were evident in current-clamp recordings from layer 5 visual cortical pyramidal neurons. Additional experiments demonstrated that the loss of iFGF14 does not alter the distribution of anti-Nav1.6 or anti-ankyrin G immunofluorescence labeling intensity along the axon initial segments (AIS) of mature hippocampal CA1 or layer 5 visual cortical pyramidal neurons in situ . Taken together, the results demonstrate that, in contrast with results reported for neonatal (rat) hippocampal pyramidal neurons in dissociated cell culture, the loss of iFGF14 does not disrupt AIS architecture or Nav1.6 localization/distribution along the AIS of mature hippocampal (or cortical) pyramidal neurons in situ .
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Steuer EL, Kemper LJ, Hlynialuk CJW, Leinonen-Wright K, Montonye ML, Lapcinski IP, Forster CL, Ashe KH, Liu P. Blocking Site-Specific Cleavage of Human Tau Delays Progression of Disease-Related Phenotypes in Genetically Matched Tau-Transgenic Mice Modeling Frontotemporal Dementia. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4737-4754. [PMID: 35508385 PMCID: PMC9186797 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0543-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have recently demonstrated that a caspase-2-mediated cleavage of human tau (htau) at asparate-314 (D314) is responsible for cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in mice modeling frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, these animal studies may be confounded by flaws in their model systems, such as endogenous functional gene disruption and inequivalent transgene expression. To avoid these weaknesses, we examined the pathogenic role of this site-specific htau cleavage in FTD using genetically matched htau targeted-insertion mouse lines: rT2 and rT3. Both male and female mice were included in this study. rT2 mice contain a single copy of the FTD-linked htau proline-to-leucine mutation at amino acid 301 (htau P301L), inserted into a neutral site to avoid dysregulation of host gene expression. The similarly constructed rT3 mice harbor an additional D314-to-glutamate (D314E) mutation that blocks htau cleavage. We demonstrate that htau transgene expression occurs primarily in the forebrain at similar levels in rT2 and rT3 mice. Importantly, expression of the cleavage-resistant D314E mutant delays transgene-induced tau accumulation in the postsynaptic density, brain atrophy, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and spatial memory impairment, without altering age-related progression of pathologic tau conformation and phosphorylation. Our comprehensive investigation of age-dependent disease phenotypes associated with the htau P301L variant in precisely engineered FTD-modeling mice unveils a transiently protective effect of blocking htau cleavage at D314. Findings of this study advance our understanding of the contribution of this tau cleavage to the pathogenesis of FTD, and aid the development of effective dementia-targeting therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A site-specific and caspase-2-mediated cleavage of human tau plays a pathologic role in dementia. In this study, we investigate the contribution of this cleavage to the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) using two genetically matched, tau-transgene targeted-insertion mouse lines that differ only by a cleavage-resistant mutation. The use of these mice avoids confounding effects associated with the random integration of tau transgenes to the mouse genome and allows us to comprehensively evaluate the impact of the tau cleavage on FTD phenotypes. Our data reveal that blocking this tau cleavage delays memory impairment and neurodegeneration of FTD-modeling mice. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying FTD and will facilitate the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Steuer
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- Department of Neurology
| | - Lisa J Kemper
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- Department of Neurology
| | | | | | | | - Ian P Lapcinski
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- Department of Neurology
| | - Colleen L Forster
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- UMN Academic Health Center Biological Materials Procurement Network, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Karen H Ashe
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- Department of Neurology
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
| | - Peng Liu
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care
- Department of Neurology
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Dvorak NM, Tapia CM, Singh AK, Baumgartner TJ, Wang P, Chen H, Wadsworth PA, Zhou J, Laezza F. Pharmacologically Targeting the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 Interaction Site on the Voltage-Gated Na + Channel 1.6 Enables Isoform-Selective Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413541. [PMID: 34948337 PMCID: PMC8708424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels are the primary molecular determinant of the action potential. Among the nine isoforms of the Nav channel α subunit that have been described (Nav1.1-Nav1.9), Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6 are the primary isoforms expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Crucially, these three CNS Nav channel isoforms display differential expression across neuronal cell types and diverge with respect to their subcellular distributions. Considering these differences in terms of their localization, the CNS Nav channel isoforms could represent promising targets for the development of targeted neuromodulators. However, current therapeutics that target Nav channels lack selectivity, which results in deleterious side effects due to modulation of off-target Nav channel isoforms. Among the structural components of the Nav channel α subunit that could be pharmacologically targeted to achieve isoform selectivity, the C-terminal domains (CTD) of Nav channels represent promising candidates on account of displaying appreciable amino acid sequence divergence that enables functionally unique protein–protein interactions (PPIs) with Nav channel auxiliary proteins. In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region of the mesocorticolimbic circuit, the PPI between the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel and its auxiliary protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is central to the generation of electrical outputs, underscoring its potential value as a site for targeted neuromodulation. Focusing on this PPI, we previously developed a peptidomimetic derived from residues of FGF14 that have an interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel. In this work, we show that whereas the compound displays dose-dependent effects on the activity of Nav1.6 channels in heterologous cells, the compound does not affect Nav1.1 or Nav1.2 channels at comparable concentrations. In addition, we show that the compound correspondingly modulates the action potential discharge and the transient Na+ of MSNs of the NAc. Overall, these results demonstrate that pharmacologically targeting the FGF14 interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel is a strategy to achieve isoform-selective modulation, and, more broadly, that sites on the CTDs of Nav channels interacted with by auxiliary proteins could represent candidates for the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Stertz L, Di Re J, Pei G, Fries GR, Mendez E, Li S, Smith-Callahan L, Raventos H, Tipo J, Cherukuru R, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Jia P, Laezza F, Walss-Bass C. Convergent genomic and pharmacological evidence of PI3K/GSK3 signaling alterations in neurons from schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:673-682. [PMID: 33288841 PMCID: PMC8027596 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) allow for the establishment of brain cellular models of psychiatric disorders that account for a patient's genetic background. Here, we conducted an RNA-sequencing profiling study of hiPSC-derived cell lines from schizophrenia (SCZ) subjects, most of which are from a multiplex family, from the population isolate of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. hiPSCs, neural precursor cells, and cortical neurons derived from six healthy controls and seven SCZ subjects were generated using standard methodology. Transcriptome from these cells was obtained using Illumina HiSeq 2500, and differential expression analyses were performed using DESeq2 (|fold change|>1.5 and false discovery rate < 0.3), in patients compared to controls. We identified 454 differentially expressed genes in hiPSC-derived neurons, enriched in pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (PI3K/GSK3) signaling, with serum-glucocorticoid kinase 1 (SGK1), an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, as part of this pathway. We further found that pharmacological inhibition of downstream effectors of the PI3K/GSK3 pathway, SGK1 and GSK3, induced alterations in levels of neurite markers βIII tubulin and fibroblast growth factor 12, with differential effects in patients compared to controls. While demonstrating the utility of hiPSCs derived from multiplex families to identify significant cell-specific gene network alterations in SCZ, these studies support a role for disruption of PI3K/GSK3 signaling as a risk factor for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stertz
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Di Re
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel R Fries
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily Mendez
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shenglan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Smith-Callahan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Henriette Raventos
- Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Jerricho Tipo
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Cherukuru
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Alshammari TK. The Ketamine Antidepressant Story: New Insights. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235777. [PMID: 33297563 PMCID: PMC7730956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a versatile agent primarily utilized as a dissociative anesthetic, which acts by blocking the excitatory receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA). It functions to inhibit the current of both Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels, thus preventing serotonin and dopamine reuptake. Studies have indicated that administering a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieves depression rapidly and that the effect is sustained. For decades antidepressant agents were based on the monoamine theory. Although ketamine may not be the golden antidepressant, it has opened new avenues toward mechanisms involved in the pathology of treatment-resistant depression and achieving rapid antidepressant effects. Thus, preclinical studies focusing on deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in the antidepressant action of ketamine will assist in the development of a new antidepressant. This review was conducted to elucidate the emerging pathways that can explain the complex dose-dependent mechanisms achieved by administering ketamine to treat major depressive disorders. Special attention was paid to reviewing the literature on hydroxynorketamines, which are ketamine metabolites that have recently attracted attention in the context of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani K Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2475, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Talaei A, Farkhondeh T, Forouzanfar F. Fibroblast Growth Factor: Promising Target for Schizophrenia. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1344-1353. [PMID: 32598256 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200628114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental disorders around the world. It is characterized by neuroanatomical or biochemical changes. The role of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) system in schizophrenia has received considerable attention in recent years. Various changes in the gene expression and/or level of FGFs have been implicated in the etiology, symptoms and progression of schizophrenia. For example, studies have substantiated an interaction between FGFs and the signaling pathway of dopamine receptors. To understand the role of this system in schizophrenia, the databases of Open Access Journals, Web of Science, PubMed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO), and Google Scholar with keywords including fibroblast growth factors, dopamine, schizophrenia, psychosis, along with neurotrophic were searched. In conclusion, the FGF family represent molecular candidates as new drug targets and treatment targets for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Singh AK, Wadsworth PA, Tapia CM, Aceto G, Ali SR, Chen H, D'Ascenzo M, Zhou J, Laezza F. Mapping of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex interface reveals FLPK as a functionally active peptide modulating excitability. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14505. [PMID: 32671946 PMCID: PMC7363588 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel complex is comprised of pore-forming α subunits (Nav1.1-1.9) and accessory regulatory proteins such as the intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). The cytosolic Nav1.6 C-terminal tail binds directly to FGF14 and this interaction modifies Nav1.6-mediated currents with effects on intrinsic excitability in the brain. Previous studies have identified the FGF14V160 residue within the FGF14 core domain as a hotspot for the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex formation. Here, we used three short amino acid peptides around FGF14V160 to probe for the FGF14 interaction with the Nav1.6 C-terminal tail and to evaluate the activity of the peptide on Nav1.6-mediated currents. In silico docking predicts FLPK to bind to FGF14V160 with the expectation of interfering with the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex formation, a phenotype that was confirmed by the split-luciferase assay (LCA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology studies demonstrate that FLPK is able to prevent previously reported FGF14-dependent phenotypes of Nav1.6 currents, but that its activity requires the FGF14 N-terminal tail, a domain that has been shown to contribute to Nav1.6 inactivation independently from the FGF14 core domain. In medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens, where both FGF14 and Nav1.6 are abundantly expressed, FLPK significantly increased firing frequency by a mechanism consistent with the ability of the tetrapeptide to interfere with Nav1.6 inactivation and potentiate persistent Na+ currents. Taken together, these results indicate that FLPK might serve as a probe for characterizing molecular determinants of neuronal excitability and a peptide scaffold to develop allosteric modulators of Nav channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Paul A. Wadsworth
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- M.D.‐Ph.D. Combined Degree ProgramUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate ProgramUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Cynthia M. Tapia
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- NIEHS Environmental Toxicology Training ProgramUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe Aceto
- Institute of Human PhysiologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. GemelliIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Syed R. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Marcello D'Ascenzo
- Institute of Human PhysiologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. GemelliIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Center for Addiction ResearchUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
- Center for Addiction ResearchUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
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9
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Paucar M, Lundin J, Alshammari T, Bergendal Å, Lindefeldt M, Alshammari M, Solders G, Di Re J, Savitcheva I, Granberg T, Laezza F, Iwarsson E, Svenningsson P. Broader phenotypic traits and widespread brain hypometabolism in spinocerebellar ataxia 27. J Intern Med 2020; 288:103-115. [PMID: 32112487 PMCID: PMC10123866 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize a Swedish family with members affected by spinocerebellar ataxia 27 (SCA27), a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Despite normal structural neuroimaging, psychiatric manifestations and intellectual disability are part of the SCA27 phenotype raising the need for functional neuroimaging. Here, we used clinical assessments, structural and functional neuroimaging to characterize these new SCA27 patients. Since one patient presents with a psychotic disorder, an exploratory study of markers of schizophrenia associated with GABAergic neurotransmission was performed in fgf14-/- mice, a preclinical model that replicates motor and learning deficits of SCA27. METHODS A comprehensive characterization that included clinical assessments, cognitive tests, structural neuroimaging studies, brain metabolism with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET ([18F] FDG PET) and genetic analyses was performed. Brains of fgf14-/- mice were studied with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Nine patients had ataxia, and all affected patients harboured an interstitial deletion of chromosome 13q33.1 encompassing the entire FGF14 and integrin subunit beta like 1 (ITGBL1) genes. New features for SCA27 were identified: congenital onset, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and widespread hypometabolism that affected the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in all patients. Hypometabolism in the PFC was far more pronounced in a SCA27 patient with psychosis. Reduced expression of VGAT was found in the mPFC of fgf14-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This is the second largest SCA27 family identified to date. We provide new clinical and preclinical evidence for a significant psychiatric component in SCA27, strengthening the hypothesis of FGF14 as an important modulator of psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paucar
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lundin
- Department of, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Å Bergendal
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lindefeldt
- Department of, Pediatric Neurology, Astrid Lindgren's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Solders
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurophysiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Di Re
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - I Savitcheva
- Departments of, Department of, Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Granberg
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Iwarsson
- Department of, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Svenningsson
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Jaworski T. Control of neuronal excitability by GSK-3beta: Epilepsy and beyond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118745. [PMID: 32450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3β) is an enzyme with a variety of cellular functions in addition to the regulation of glycogen metabolism. In the central nervous system, different intracellular signaling pathways converge on GSK-3β through a cascade of phosphorylation events that ultimately control a broad range of neuronal functions in the development and adulthood. In mice, genetically removing or increasing GSK-3β cause distinct functional and structural neuronal phenotypes and consequently affect cognition. Precise control of GSK-3β activity is important for such processes as neuronal migration, development of neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and gene expression. Altered GSK-3β activity contributes to aberrant plasticity within neuronal circuits leading to neurological, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutically targeting GSK-3β can restore the aberrant plasticity of neuronal networks at least in animal models of these diseases. Although the complete repertoire of GSK-3β neuronal substrates has not been defined, emerging evidence shows that different ion channels and their accessory proteins controlling excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission are regulated by GSK-3β, thereby supporting mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in cognition. Dysregulation of ion channel function by defective GSK-3β activity sustains abnormal excitability in the development of epilepsy and other GSK-3β-linked human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jaworski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Zhao D, Zheng H, Greasley A, Ling F, Zhou Q, Wang B, Ni T, Topiwala I, Zhu C, Mele T, Liu K, Zheng X. The role of miR-711 in cardiac cells in response to oxidative stress and its biogenesis: a study on H9C2 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:26. [PMID: 32308692 PMCID: PMC7146913 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress results in cell apoptosis/death and plays a detrimental role in disease development and progression. Stressors alter the miRNA expression profile and miRNAs play a role in the cell response to stress. We previously showed that miR-711 is significantly over-expressed in extended cold ischemia reperfusion injured hearts in heart transplant. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-711 in cardiac cell damage in response to oxidative stress and how miR-711 is regulated. Methods Rat cardiac cell line H9c2 cells were cultured and exposed to oxidative conditions (Antimycin A (AA), H2O2, CoCl2, or cold hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)) in vitro. H9c2 cells were transfected with miR-711 mimics, miR-711 inhibitors, or small interference RNA, using transfection reagents. The expression of miR-711 was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell apoptosis/death was detected by flow cytometry and an IncuCyte system. Mitochondrial damage was detected by measuring the mitochondria membrane potential by flow cytometry. Gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR at the mRNA level and Western blotting and immunocytochemistry staining at the protein level. Results We found that miR-711 was significantly up-regulated in cells treated with H2O2, AA, CoCl2, and cold H/R. Over-expression of miR-711 increased cell apoptosis/death induced by AA and H/R whereas cell death was reduced by miR-711 inhibitors. MiR-711 induced cell death through negative regulation of angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1), fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1C (Cacna1c) genes. Both knockdown of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and inactivation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFКB) pathway inhibited over-expression of miR-711. Conclusion Oxidative stress increases the expression of miR-711. Over-expression of miR-711 induces cell apoptosis/death. HIF-1α and NFКB regulate miR-711 in H9c2 cells during oxidative stress. miR-711 is a new target for preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhao
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041 China.,2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada.,3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong China
| | - Hao Zheng
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Adam Greasley
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Fengjun Ling
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Qinfeng Zhou
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanking University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu China
| | - Bowen Wang
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Tiffany Ni
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Ishita Topiwala
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Cuilin Zhu
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041 China.,2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Tina Mele
- 5Department of Surgery, Western University, Ontario, London Canada
| | - Kexiang Liu
- 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041 China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario Canada.,5Department of Surgery, Western University, Ontario, London Canada.,6London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario Canada.,7Department of Oncology, Western University, Ontario, London Canada.,8Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, London Canada
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12
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Changes in the Fluorescence Tracking of NaV1.6 Protein Expression in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J Autistic Mouse Model. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4893103. [PMID: 31933626 PMCID: PMC6942885 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4893103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation in neurons, is a critical determinant of neuronal excitability. Growing evidence indicates that appropriate recruitment of the AIS macrocomplex is essential for synchronized firing. However, disruption of the AIS structure is linked to the etiology of multiple disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition characterized by deficits in social communication, stereotyped behaviors, and very limited interests. To date, a complete understanding of the molecular components that underlie the AIS in ASD has remained elusive. In this research, we examined the AIS structure in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mouse model (BTBR), a valid model that exhibits behavioral, electrical, and molecular features of autism, and compared this to the C57BL/6J wild-type control mouse. Using Western blot studies and high-resolution confocal microscopy in the prefrontal frontal cortex (PFC), our data indicate disrupted expression of different isoforms of the voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) at the AIS, whereas other components of AIS such as ankyrin-G and fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) and contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr) in BTBR were comparable to those in wild-type control mice. A Western blot assay showed that BTBR mice exhibited a marked increase in different sodium channel isoforms in the PFC compared to wild-type mice. Our results provide potential evidence for previously undescribed mechanisms that may play a role in the pathogenesis of autistic-like phenotypes in BTBR mice.
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13
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Wadsworth PA, Folorunso O, Nguyen N, Singh AK, D'Amico D, Powell RT, Brunell D, Allen J, Stephan C, Laezza F. High-throughput screening against protein:protein interaction interfaces reveals anti-cancer therapeutics as potent modulators of the voltage-gated Na + channel complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16890. [PMID: 31729429 PMCID: PMC6858373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channelopathies can be ascribed to subtle changes in the Nav macromolecular complex. Fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is a functionally relevant component of the Nav1.6 channel complex, a causative link to spinocerebellar ataxia 27 (SCA27) and an emerging risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet, how this protein:channel complex is regulated in the cell is still poorly understood. To search for key cellular pathways upstream of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex, we have developed, miniaturized and optimized an in-cell assay in 384-well plates by stably reconstituting the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex using the split-luciferase complementation assay. We then conducted a high-throughput screening (HTS) of 267 FDA-approved compounds targeting known mediators of cellular signaling. Of the 65 hits initially detected, 24 were excluded based on counter-screening and cellular toxicity. Based on target analysis, potency and dose-response relationships, 5 compounds were subsequently repurchased for validation and confirmed as hits. Among those, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lestaurtinib was highest ranked, exhibiting submicromolar inhibition of FGF14:Nav1.6 assembly. While providing evidence for a robust in-cell HTS platform that can be adapted to search for any channelopathy-associated regulatory proteins, these results lay the potential groundwork for repurposing cancer drugs for neuropsychopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wadsworth
- MD/PhD Combined Degree Program and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Oluwarotimi Folorunso
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- HTS Screening Core, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Health Science Center: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aditya K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Reid T Powell
- HTS Screening Core, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Health Science Center: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Brunell
- HTS Screening Core, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Health Science Center: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Allen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA
| | - Clifford Stephan
- HTS Screening Core, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Health Science Center: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA.
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14
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Factors other than hTau overexpression that contribute to tauopathy-like phenotype in rTg4510 mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2479. [PMID: 31171783 PMCID: PMC6554306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tauopathy-like phenotype observed in the rTg4510 mouse line, in which human tauP301L expression specifically within the forebrain can be temporally controlled, has largely been attributed to high overexpression of mutant human tau in the forebrain region. Unexpectedly, we found that in a different mouse line with a targeted-insertion of the same transgene driven by the same tetracycline-TransActivator (tTA) allele, but with even higher overexpression of tauP301L than rTg4510, atrophy and tau histopathology are delayed, and a different behavioral profile is observed. This suggests that it is not overexpression of mutant human tau alone that contributes to the phenotype in rTg4510 mice. Furthermore we show that the tauopathy-like phenotype seen in rTg4510 requires a ~70-copy tau-transgene insertion in a 244 kb deletion in Fgf14, a ~7-copy tTA-transgene insertion in a 508 kb deletion that disrupts another five genes, in addition to high transgene overexpression. We propose that these additional effects need to be accounted for in any studies using rTg4510.
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15
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Sex-Specific Proteomic Changes Induced by Genetic Deletion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (FGF14), a Regulator of Neuronal Ion Channels. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7010005. [PMID: 30678040 PMCID: PMC6473632 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is a member of the intracellular FGFs, which is a group of proteins involved in neuronal ion channel regulation and synaptic transmission. We previously demonstrated that male Fgf14−/− mice recapitulate the salient endophenotypes of synaptic dysfunction and behaviors that are associated with schizophrenia (SZ). As the underlying etiology of SZ and its sex-specific onset remain elusive, the Fgf14−/− model may provide a valuable tool to interrogate pathways related to disease mechanisms. Here, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics to identify enriched pathways in both male and female hippocampi from Fgf14+/+ and Fgf14−/− mice. We discovered that all of the differentially expressed proteins measured in Fgf14−/− animals, relative to their same-sex wildtype counterparts, are associated with SZ based on genome-wide association data. In addition, measured changes in the proteome were predominantly sex-specific, with the male Fgf14−/− mice distinctly enriched for pathways associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In the male Fgf14−/− mouse, we found molecular characteristics that, in part, may explain a previously described neurotransmission and behavioral phenotype. This includes decreased levels of ALDH1A1 and protein kinase A (PRKAR2B). ALDH1A1 has been shown to mediate an alternative pathway for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, while PRKAR2B is essential for dopamine 2 receptor signaling, which is the basis of current antipsychotics. Collectively, our results provide new insights in the role of FGF14 and support the use of the Fgf14−/− mouse as a useful preclinical model of SZ for generating hypotheses on disease mechanisms, sex-specific manifestation, and therapy.
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16
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Umezawa M, Onoda A, Korshunova I, Jensen ACØ, Koponen IK, Jensen KA, Khodosevich K, Vogel U, Hougaard KS. Maternal inhalation of carbon black nanoparticles induces neurodevelopmental changes in mouse offspring. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:36. [PMID: 30201004 PMCID: PMC6131790 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanoparticles are smaller than 100 nm and designed to improve or creating even new physico-chemical properties. Consequently, toxicological properties of materials may change as size reaches the nm size-range. We examined outcomes related to the central nervous system in the offspring following maternal inhalation exposure to nanosized carbon black particles (Printex 90). Methods Time-mated mice (NMRI) were exposed by inhalation, for 45 min/day to 0, 4.6 or 37 mg/m3 aerosolized carbon black on gestation days 4–18, i.e. for a total of 15 days. Outcomes included maternal lung inflammation (differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Saa3 mRNA expression in lung tissue), offspring neurohistopathology and behaviour in the open field test. Results Carbon black exposure did not cause lung inflammation in the exposed females, measured 11 or 28–29 days post-exposure. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression levels were dose-dependently increased in astrocytes around blood vessels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in six weeks old offspring, indicative of reactive astrogliosis. Also enlarged lysosomal granules were observed in brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) in the prenatally exposed offspring. The number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons and the expression levels of parvalbumin were decreased in the motor and prefrontal cortices at weaning and 120 days of age in the prenatally exposed offspring. In the open field test, behaviour was dose-dependently altered following maternal exposure to Printex 90, at 90 days of age. Prenatally exposed female offspring moved a longer total distance, and especially males spent significantly longer time in the central zone of the maze. In the offspring, the described effects were long-lasting as they were present at all time points investigated. Conclusion The present study reports for the first time that maternal inhalation exposure to Printex 90 carbon black induced dose-dependent denaturation of PVM and reactive astrocytes, similarly to the findings observed following maternal exposure to Printex 90 by airway instillation. Of note, some of the observed effects have striking similarities with those observed in mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0272-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Umezawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuto Onoda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Irina Korshunova
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Alexander C Ø Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. .,Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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17
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Hoxha E, Marcinnò A, Montarolo F, Masante L, Balbo I, Ravera F, Laezza F, Tempia F. Emerging roles of Fgf14 in behavioral control. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:257-265. [PMID: 30189289 PMCID: PMC10082543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual disturbances, and aggressivity are a major social problem. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of these behaviors are largely unknown. FGF14, which is an intracellular protein controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, has been implied in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Mice with Fgf14 deletion show blunted responses to drugs of abuse. By behavioral tests we show that male Fgf14 knockout mice have a marked reduction of several behaviors including aggressivity and sexual behavior. Other behaviors driven by spontaneous initiative like burying novel objects and spontaneous digging and climbing are also reduced in Fgf14 knockout mice. These deficits cannot be attributed to a generalized decrease of activity levels, because in the open field test Fgf14 knockout mice have the same spontaneous locomotion as wild types and increased rearing. Our results show that Fgf14 is important to preserve a set of behaviors and suggest that fine tuning of neuronal function by Fgf14 is an important mechanism of control for such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Linda Masante
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ravera
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy; National Neuroscience Institute (Italy), Corso Massimo D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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18
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O’Tuathaigh CMP, Mathur N, O’Callaghan MJ, MacIntyre L, Harvey R, Lai D, Waddington JL, Pickard BS, Watson DG, Moran PM. Specialized Information Processing Deficits and Distinct Metabolomic Profiles Following TM-Domain Disruption of Nrg1. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1100-1113. [PMID: 28338897 PMCID: PMC5581893 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although there is considerable genetic and pathologic evidence for an association between neuregulin 1 (NRG1) dysregulation and schizophrenia, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Mutant mice containing disruption of the transmembrane (TM) domain of the NRG1 gene constitute a heuristic model for dysregulation of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in schizophrenia. The present study focused on hitherto uncharacterized information processing phenotypes in this mutant line. Using a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we also quantified levels of unique metabolites in brain. Across 2 different sites and protocols, Nrg1 mutants demonstrated deficits in prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating, that is, disrupted in schizophrenia; these deficits were partially reversed by acute treatment with second, but not first-, generation antipsychotic drugs. However, Nrg1 mutants did not show a specific deficit in latent inhibition, a measure of selective attention that is also disrupted in schizophrenia. In contrast, in a "what-where-when" object recognition memory task, Nrg1 mutants displayed sex-specific (males only) disruption of "what-when" performance, indicative of impaired temporal aspects of episodic memory. Differential metabolomic profiling revealed that these behavioral phenotypes were accompanied, most prominently, by alterations in lipid metabolism pathways. This study is the first to associate these novel physiological mechanisms, previously independently identified as being abnormal in schizophrenia, with disruption of NRG1 function. These data suggest novel mechanisms by which compromised neuregulin function from birth might lead to schizophrenia-relevant behavioral changes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naina Mathur
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lynsey MacIntyre
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Lai
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Neurochemical arguments for the use of dopamine D 4 receptor stimulation to improve cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Hsu WCJ, Wildburger NC, Haidacher SJ, Nenov MN, Folorunso O, Singh AK, Chesson BC, Franklin WF, Cortez I, Sadygov RG, Dineley KT, Rudra JS, Taglialatela G, Lichti CF, Denner L, Laezza F. PPARgamma agonists rescue increased phosphorylation of FGF14 at S226 in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:1-17. [PMID: 28522250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in animal models of Aβ-pathology can be ameliorated by treatments with the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone (RSG). Previously, we demonstrated that in the Tg2576 animal model of AD, RSG treatment rescued cognitive deficits and reduced aberrant activity of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an area critical for memory formation. METHODS We used a combination of mass spectrometry, confocal imaging, electrophysiology and split-luciferase assay and in vitro phosphorylation and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Using an unbiased, quantitative nano-LC-MS/MS screening, we searched for potential molecular targets of the RSG-dependent rescue of DG granule neurons. We found that S226 phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), an accessory protein of the voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels required for neuronal firing, was reduced in Tg2576 mice upon treatment with RSG. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed that the Tg2576 condition decreased PanNav channels at the AIS of the DG, and that RSG treatment of Tg2576 mice reversed the reduction in PanNav channels. Analysis from previously published data sets identified correlative changes in action potential kinetics in RSG-treated T2576 compared to untreated and wildtype controls. In vitro phosphorylation and mass spectrometry confirmed that the multifunctional kinase GSK-3β, a downstream target of insulin signaling highly implicated in AD, phosphorylated FGF14 at S226. Assembly of the FGF14:Nav1.6 channel complex and functional regulation of Nav1.6-mediated currents by FGF14 was impaired by a phosphosilent S226A mutation. Bioinformatics pathway analysis of mass spectrometry and biochemistry data revealed a highly interconnected network encompassing PPARγ, FGF14, SCN8A (Nav 1.6), and the kinases GSK-3 β, casein kinase 2β, and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS These results identify FGF14 as a potential PPARγ-sensitive target controlling Aβ-induced dysfunctions of neuronal activity in the DG underlying memory loss in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun J Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; M.D./Ph.D. Combined Degree Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sigmund J Haidacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Oluwarotimi Folorunso
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Aditya K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Brent C Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Whitney F Franklin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ibdanelo Cortez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jay S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Larry Denner
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Di Re J, Wadsworth PA, Laezza F. Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14: Emerging Risk Factor for Brain Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:103. [PMID: 28469558 PMCID: PMC5396478 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The finely tuned regulation of neuronal firing relies on the integrity of ion channel macromolecular complexes. Minimal disturbances of these tightly regulated networks can lead to persistent maladaptive plasticity of brain circuitry. The intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) belongs to the nexus of proteins interacting with voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels at the axonal initial segment. Through isoform-specific interactions with the intracellular C-terminal tail of neuronal Nav channels (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6), FGF14 controls channel gating, axonal targeting and phosphorylation in neurons effecting excitability. FGF14 has been also involved in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurogenesis in the cortico-mesolimbic circuit with cognitive and affective behavioral outcomes. In translational studies, interest in FGF14 continues to rise with a growing list of associative links to diseases of the cognitive and affective domains such as neurodegeneration, depression, anxiety, addictive behaviors and recently schizophrenia, suggesting its role as a converging node in the etiology of complex brain disorders. Yet, a full understanding of FGF14 function in neurons is far from being complete and likely to involve other functions unrelated to the direct regulation of Nav channels. The goal of this Mini Review article is to provide a summary of studies on the emerging role of FGF14 in complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Di Re
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul A Wadsworth
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
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22
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Wang X, Tang H, Wei EQ, Wang Z, Yang J, Yang R, Wang S, Zhang Y, Pitt GS, Zhang H, Wang C. Conditional knockout of Fgf13 in murine hearts increases arrhythmia susceptibility and reveals novel ion channel modulatory roles. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 104:63-74. [PMID: 28119060 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular fibroblast growth factors (iFGF/FHFs) bind directly to cardiac voltage gated Na+ channels, and modulate their function. Mutations that affect iFGF/FHF-Na+ channel interaction are associated with arrhythmia syndromes. Although suspected to modulate other ionic currents, such as Ca2+ channels based on acute knockdown experiments in isolated cardiomyocytes, the in vivo consequences of iFGF/FHF gene ablation on cardiac electrical activity are still unknown. We generated inducible, cardiomyocyte-restricted Fgf13 knockout mice to determine the resultant effects of Fgf13 gene ablation. Patch clamp recordings from ventricular myocytes isolated from Fgf13 knockout mice showed a ~25% reduction in peak Na+ channel current density and a hyperpolarizing shift in steady-state inactivation. Electrocardiograms on Fgf13 knockout mice showed a prolonged QRS duration. The Na+ channel blocker flecainide further prolonged QRS duration and triggered ventricular tachyarrhythmias only in Fgf13 knockout mice, suggesting that arrhythmia vulnerability resulted, at least in part, from a loss of functioning Na+ channels. Consistent with these effects on Na+ channels, action potentials in Fgf13 knockout mice, compared to Cre control mice, exhibited slower upstrokes and reduced amplitude, but unexpectedly had longer durations. We investigated candidate sources of the prolonged action potential durations in myocytes from Fgf13 knockout mice and found a reduction of the transient outward K+ current (Ito). Fgf13 knockout did not alter whole-cell protein levels of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, the Ito pore-forming subunits, but did decrease Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 at the sarcolemma. No changes were seen in the sustained outward K+ current or voltage-gated Ca2+ current, other candidate contributors to the increased action potential duration. These results implicate that FGF13 is a critical cardiac Na+ channel modulator and Fgf13 knockout mice have increased arrhythmia susceptibility in the setting of Na+ channel blockade. The unanticipated effect on Ito revealed new FGF13 properties and the unexpected lack of an effect on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels highlight potential compensatory changes in vivo not readily revealed with acute Fgf13 knockdown in cultured cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - He Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Eric Q Wei
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Department of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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