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Efimova SS, Ostroumova OS. Modulation of the Dipole Potential of Model Lipid Membranes with Phytochemicals: Molecular Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Implications in Reconstituted Ion Channels. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:453. [PMID: 37103880 PMCID: PMC10141572 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and related compounds, have a wide range of useful pharmacological properties which cannot be ascribed to binding to a single peptide or protein target alone. Due to the relatively high lipophilicity of phytochemicals, the lipid membrane is thought to mediate their effects via changes in the properties of the lipid matrix, in particular, by modulating the transmembrane distribution of the electrical potential and, consequently, the formation and functioning of the ion channels reconstituted in the lipid bilayers. Therefore, biophysical studies on the interactions between plant metabolites and model lipid membranes are still of interest. This review represents an attempt to provide a critical analysis of a variety of studies on altering membranes and ion channels with phytochemicals via disturbing the potential drop at the membrane-aqueous solution interface. Critical structural motifs and functioning groups in the molecules of plant polyphenols (alkaloids and saponins are identified) and the possible mechanisms of dipole potential modulation with phytochemicals are discussed.
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Lim JS, Kyung SY, Jeon Y, Kim IS, Kwak JH, Kim HS. Anticancer effects of the HDAC inhibitor, 3β,6β‑dihydroxyurs‑12‑en‑27‑oic acid, in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells via the inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathways. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:43. [PMID: 36633143 PMCID: PMC9868892 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astilbe chinensis (A. chinensis) is a perennial herb that is used to treat chronic bronchitis and pain. The anticancer activity of 3β,6β‑dihydroxyurs‑12‑en‑27‑oic acid (ACT‑3), a major component isolated from A. chinensis, has not yet been investigated in detail. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory and anticancer activities of ACT‑3 compared with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in MCF‑7 human breast cancer cells. The purity of ACT‑3 was determined using high‑performance liquid chromatography. In the present study, the effects of ACT‑3 on anticancer effects of MCF‑7 cells were determined by measuring the level of apoptotic cell death and cell cycle regulator using flow cytometry analysis and western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of ACT‑3 on HDAC enzyme activity were measured using assay kits. ACT‑3 and SAHA increased the levels of acetylated histone H3 and reduced the levels of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in MCF‑7 cells. ACT‑3 significantly decreased the cell viability in a concentration‑dependent manner and induced different morphological changes at high concentrations. ACT‑3 and SAHA significantly inhibited the colony formation in MCF‑7 cells. ACT‑3 inhibited total HDAC activity in a dose‑dependent manner. ACT‑3 significantly reduced the expression levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin‑dependent kinase 4, and upregulated the expression levels of p21WAF1 and p53. A significant increase in the G1 phase cell population was observed in MCF‑7 cells and ACT‑3 induced apoptosis by reducing the ratio of B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)/Bcl‑2‑associated X (Bax) and releasing cleaved caspase 9. Additionally, ACT‑3 significantly increased autophagic cell death by inhibiting the serine‑threonine kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. Autophagy induction was confirmed via acridine orange staining. ACT‑3 significantly increased the pERK1/2 and p21 in MCF‑7 cells. Thus, the activated ERK pathway played an important role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via ERK‑dependent induction of p21 in MCF‑7 cells. These data indicated that ACT‑3 can be used as a promising anticancer agent to overcome the limitations and reduce the side effects of conventional anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seung Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kyung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Professor Hyung Sik Kim or Dr Jong Hwan Kwak, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea, E-mail:
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Professor Hyung Sik Kim or Dr Jong Hwan Kwak, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea, E-mail:
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Happi GM, Ntabo VK, Tcho AT, Wansi JD. Naturally occurring dimeric triterpenoids: Occurrence, chemistry and bioactivities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113242. [PMID: 35594948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes represent one of the most reported subclasses of specialized metabolites from the plant kingdom. They play a key role in the protection of plants and their metabolism in addition to displaying a high structural diversity and large scale of biological activities. The scaffold can undergo several reactions like oxidation or substitution at different positions of the skeleton leading to the formation of several types of compounds. More specifically, triterpene dimer is a small group of compounds found in nature (from plants precisely). Until 2021, the chemical and pharmacological works reported in the literature indicated the identification of 90 natural dimeric triterpenes and 11 synthetic derivatives from 19 plants species and very few of them have been biologically evaluated for their antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative or molluscicide activities. This review aims to compile the literature on the occurrence, chemistry and biological activities of the triterpenoid dimers. To attend this goal, a literature survey has been done in a number of online libraries including Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using keywords terpene, triterpene, dimer, celastroloid without language restriction. This paper provides the easiest access to the information on triterpene dimers for readers and researchers in view to enhancing the continuity of research works on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
| | - Virginia Kien Ntabo
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Alain Tadjong Tcho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P. O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Tsepaeva OV, Nemtarev AV, Abdullin TI, Grigor'eva LR, Kuznetsova EV, Akhmadishina RA, Ziganshina LE, Cong HH, Mironov VF. Design, Synthesis, and Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity of Triphenylphosphonium Derivatives of the Triterpenoid Betulin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2232-2239. [PMID: 28782948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of new triphenylphosphonium (TPP) derivatives of the triterpenoid betulin (1, 3-lup-20(29)-ene-3β,28-diol) have been synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), vinblastine-resistant human breast cancer (MCF-7/Vinb), and human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells. The TPP moiety was applied as a carrier group through the acyl linker at the 28- or 3- and 28-positions of betulin to promote cellular and mitochondrial accumulation of the resultant compounds. A structure-activity relationship study has revealed the essential role of the TPP group in the biological properties of the betulin derivatives produced. The present results showed that a conjugate of betulin with TPP (3) enhanced antiproliferative activity toward vinblastine-resistant MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value as low as 0.045 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Tsepaeva
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Arbuzov Street 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Nemtarev
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Arbuzov Street 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Timur I Abdullin
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Leysan R Grigor'eva
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Kuznetsova
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Rezeda A Akhmadishina
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya E Ziganshina
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Hanh H Cong
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir F Mironov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Arbuzov Street 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University , Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
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Gualdani R, Cavalluzzi MM, Lentini G, Habtemariam S. The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Citrus Limonoids. Molecules 2016; 21:E1530. [PMID: 27845763 PMCID: PMC6273274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus limonoids (CLs) are a group of highly oxygenated terpenoid secondary metabolites found mostly in the seeds, fruits and peel tissues of citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, oranges, pumellos, grapefruits, bergamots, and mandarins. Represented by limonin, the aglycones and glycosides of CLs have shown to display numerous pharmacological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and insecticidal among others. In this review, the chemistry and pharmacology of CLs are systematically scrutinised through the use of medicinal chemistry tools and structure-activity relationship approach. Synthetic derivatives and other structurally-related limonoids from other sources are include in the analysis. With the focus on literature in the past decade, the chemical classification of CLs, their physico-chemical properties as drugs, their biosynthesis and enzymatic modifications, possible ways of enhancing their biological activities through structural modifications, their ligand efficiency metrics and systematic graphical radar plot analysis to assess their developability as drugs are among those discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gualdani
- Department of Chemistry "U. Shiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Charham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Borkova L, Jasikova L, Rehulka J, Frisonsova K, Urban M, Frydrych I, Popa I, Hajduch M, Dickinson NJ, Vlk M, Dzubak P, Sarek J. Synthesis of cytotoxic 2,2-difluoroderivatives of dihydrobetulinic acid and allobetulin and study of their impact on cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:482-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pentacyclic triterpene derivatives possessing polyhydroxyl ring A inhibit gram-positive bacteria growth by regulating metabolism and virulence genes expression. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:64-75. [PMID: 25794790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl group in ring A of pentacyclic triterpene is essential for antibacterial activity. Pentacyclic triterpenes bearing three hydroxyl groups in ring A were mainly found in plants and displayed significant antibacterial activity. However, no study reported how to obtain this type of compounds by chemical modification. In this study, twenty-five new pentacyclic triterpenes bearing polyhydroxyl ring A were synthesized from parental compounds ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). Here, we showed that most of these derivatives displayed a significantly increased activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to parental compounds in vitro. Some of these compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1-3-fold more potent than the positive controls. The structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that introducing two hydroxyl groups at positions C-1 and C-2 together with a small alkyl ester group at C-17 of UA and OA strongly enhanced growth-inhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial mechanism of the active derivatives was shown to be involved in regulating the expression of genes associated with peptidoglycan and respiratory metabolisms, as well as virulence factor in bacteria. The enhanced potency and unique mechanism of action of these new pentacyclic triterpenes make them a promising antibacterial agent for further studies.
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Pettit GR, Melody N, Hempenstall F, Chapuis JC, Groy TL, Williams L. Antineoplastic agents. 595. Structural modifications of betulin and the X-ray crystal structure of an unusual betulin amine dimer. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:863-72. [PMID: 24694263 PMCID: PMC4010298 DOI: 10.1021/np400947d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The lupane-type triterpene betulin (1) has been subjected to a series of structural modifications for the purpose of evaluating resultant cancer cell growth inhibitory activity. The reaction sequence 7→11→12 was especially noteworthy in providing a betulin-derived amine dimer. Other unexpected synthetic results included the 11 and 13/14→17 conversions, which yielded an imidazo derivative. X-ray crystal structures of dimer 12 and intermediate 25 are reported. All of the betulin modifications were examined for anticancer activity against the P388 murine and human cell lines. Significant cancer cell growth inhibition was found for 4, 8, 9, 15/16, 19, 20, 24, and 26, which further defines the utility of the betulin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Pettit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Noeleen Melody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Frank Hempenstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Jean-Charles Chapuis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Thomas L. Groy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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9
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Wang B, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y. Heterocyclic terpenes: linear furano- and pyrroloterpenoids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of furano- and pyrroloterpenoids covers the literature, 180 articles in all, published from January 2006 to December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Lishu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yinglei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou, China
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ríos JL, Andújar I, Recio MC, Giner RM. Lanostanoids from fungi: a group of potential anticancer compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2016-2044. [PMID: 23092389 DOI: 10.1021/np300412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lanostanes are a group of tetracyclic triterpenoids derived from lanosterol. They have relevant biological and pharmacological properties, such as their cytotoxic effects via induction of apoptosis. This review compiles the most relevant lanostanoids studied from 2000 to 2011, principally those isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other related fungi, such as Poria cocos, Laetiporus sulphureus, Inonotus obliquus, Antrodia camphorata, Daedalea dickinsii, and Elfvingia applanata, which have great potential as anticancer agents because of their cytotoxic or apoptotic effects. The compounds were selected on the basis of their proapoptotic mechanisms, through their ability to modify transcriptional activities via nuclear factors or genes and the activation or inhibition of pro- or antiapoptotic proteins; studies based only on their cytotoxicity were excluded from this review in the absence of complementary studies on their mechanisms of action. A total of 81 compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and other species from this genus are included, as well as 96 compounds isolated from other fungi, principally Poria cocos. Some of these compounds were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase, increase levels of p53 and Bax, or inhibit the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 or the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Other lanostanes have inhibitory effects on the growth of androgen prostate carcinoma through increasing the expression of p21, which activates the tumor suppressor protein p53, while other compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit topo II activity without affecting topo I. General considerations concerning the chemical structure-biological activities of these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia , Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Saponins are one of the most numerous and diverse groups of plant natural products. They serve a range of ecological roles including plant defence against disease and herbivores and possibly as allelopathic agents in competitive interactions between plants. Some saponins are also important pharmaceuticals, and the underexplored biodiversity of plant saponins is likely to prove to be a vital resource for future drug discovery. The biological activity of saponins is normally attributed to the amphipathic properties of these molecules, which consist of a hydrophobic triterpene or sterol backbone and a hydrophilic carbohydrate chain, although some saponins are known to have potent biological activities that are dependent on other aspects of their structure. This chapter will focus on the biological activity and the synthesis of some of the best-studied examples of plant saponins and on recent developments in the identification of the genes and enzymes responsible for saponin synthesis.
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Mandal A, Ghosh S, Bothra AK, Nanda AK, Ghosh P. Synthesis of friedelan triterpenoid analogs with DNA topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity and their molecular docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gong W, Jiang Z, Sun P, Li L, Jin Y, Shao L, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhang H, Tang H, Chen Y, Yi Y, Zhang D. Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Esculentoside A and Its Aglycone Phytolaccagenin, and Evaluation of Their Haemolytic Activity and Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1833-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Sheng H, Sun H. Synthesis, biology and clinical significance of pentacyclic triterpenes: a multi-target approach to prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:543-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Qin B, Eagles J, Mellon FA, Mylona P, Peña-Rodriguez L, Osbourn AE. High throughput screening of mutants of oat that are defective in triterpene synthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1245-1252. [PMID: 20557911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are a large and diverse group of plant natural products that have important functions in plant protection and food quality, and a range of pharmaceutical and other applications. Like sterols, they are synthesised from mevalonate via the isoprenoid pathway, the two pathways diverging after 2,3-oxidosqualene. During triterpene synthesis 2,3-oxidosqualene is cyclised to one of a number of potential products, the most common of these being the pentacyclic triterpene beta-amyrin. Plants often produce complex mixtures of conjugated triterpene glycosides which may be derived from a single triterpene skeleton. The delineation, functional analysis and exploitation of triterpene pathways in plants therefore represent a substantial challenge. Here we have carried out high throughput screening to identify mutants of diploid oat (Avena strigosa) that are blocked in the early steps of triterpene synthesis. We also show that mutants that are affected in the first committed step in synthesis of beta-amyrin-derived triterpenes, and so are unable to cyclise 2,3-oxidosqualene to beta-amyrin (sad1 mutants), accumulate elevated levels of primary sterols. The major differences were in Delta-7-campesterol and Delta-7-avenasterol, which both increased several fold relative to wild-type levels. This is presumably due to accumulation of squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene and consequent feedback into the sterol pathway, and is consistent with previous reports in which specific oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors and elicitors of triterpene biosynthesis were shown to have inverse effects on the flux through the sterol and triterpene pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Wang JL, Li YB, Liu RM, Zhong JJ. A new ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2010; 12:727-730. [PMID: 20706913 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2010.493506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new ganoderic acid (GA), 7-O-ethyl ganoderic acid O (GA-O) (1), together with two known compounds, GA-T (2) and GA-Me (3), was isolated and purified from fermented mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. The structure of the new triterpenoid was elucidated on the basis of the interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data (HR-MS, IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR) as 3 alpha,15 alpha,22-triacetoxy-7 alpha-ethoxy-5 alpha-lanost-8,24E-dien-26-oic acid. The new compound was found to contain a rare ethoxyl group at C-7. In addition, its cytotoxicity against 95D and HeLa human cancer cell lines was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kuo RY, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1321-44. [PMID: 19779642 DOI: 10.1039/b810774m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reen-Yen Kuo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA
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Deng W, Sun HX, Chen FY, Yao ML. Immunomodulatory Activity of 3β,6β-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic Acid in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1243-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Domingo V, Arteaga JF, Quílez del Moral JF, Barrero AF. Unusually cyclized triterpenes: occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:115-34. [PMID: 19374125 DOI: 10.1039/b801470c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic origin of most of triterpenes lies in cascade cyclizations and rearrangements of the acyclic precursors squalene (S) and 2,3-oxidosqualene (OS), processes leading to tetra- and pentacyclic triterpene skeleta. Apart from these, a number of triterpenoid structures derived from cyclization processes, that are different from those leading to tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenes, are also found in Nature. We have defined these processes as unusual cyclizations, and grouped them in three blocks, namely, incomplete cyclizations of the corresponding S-derived precursors, cyclizations of S or OS towards polycyclic triterpenes and subsequent cleavage of the preformed ring systems, and two independent cyclizations of the S- or OS-derived precursor. Apart from the molecules obtained from intact organisms, we will also consider the compounds obtained from in vitro cyclizations promoted by enzyme systems. After establishing which compounds could unambiguously be grouped under the term 'unusually cyclized triterpenes', this review moves on to the advances achieved in this kind of structure during the last ten years. These advances are presented in three parts. The first one presents the structure and biological properties of the unusual triterpenes reported in the last decade. The second part considers the main biosynthetic pathways which justify the formation of these triterpenes from their corresponding acyclic precursors. Finally, we look at the achievements made in different synthetic strategies directed at some of these molecules. One hundred and twenty-three references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Tu J, Sun HX, Ye YP. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of triterpenoid fractions from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:266-271. [PMID: 18692123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vivo antitumor potential of the triterpenoid fraction from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis (Saxifragaceae) (Saxifragaceae) (ATF) and to elucidate its immunological mechanisms by determining its effects on the growth of mouse transplanted tumors and the immune response in naïve and tumor-bearing mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice inoculated with mouse tumor cell lines were treated per os with ATF at the doses of 20, 40, 60 mg/kg for 10 days. The effects of ATF on the growth of transplantable tumor, splenocyte proliferation, the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) from splenocytes in tumor-bearing mice were measured. Meanwhile, the effects of ATF on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and the sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-induced antibody response in naïve mice were also studied. RESULTS ATF could not only significantly inhibit the growth of mice transplantable tumor, but also remarkably increase splenocytes proliferation, NK cells activity, and the level of IL-2 secreted by splenocytes in tumor-bearing mice, promote the DTH reaction and enhance anti-SRBC antibody level in naïve mice, which indicated that the ATF could improve both specific and non-specific cellular and humoral immune response. CONCLUSIONS The antitumor activity of ATF might be achieved by improving immune response, and ATF could act as antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
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Sun HX, Peng XY. Protective effect of triterpenoid fractions from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in tumor-bearing mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:312-317. [PMID: 18692125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study were to investigate the protective effect of the triterpenoid fractions from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis (Saxifragaceae) (ATF) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced toxicity in tumor-bearing mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice inoculated with mouse sarcoma S180 cells were treated with saline or CTX alone, or co-treated with CTX and ATF. The blood, femur bone, and serum samples were collected for determination of the haematological and biochemical parameters and splenocytes were for assay of proliferation, the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). RESULTS ATF significantly increased the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count and bone marrow cellularity (BMC) in CTX-treated S180-bearing mice. Increase of aspartate transanimase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine in the serum of CTX-treated mice was significantly reversed by ATF. The lowered levels of splenocytes proliferation, NK cells activity, and IL-2 production from splenocytes in S180-bearing mice after CTX treatment were also increased by ATF administration. CONCLUSIONS ATF provides significant protection against CTX-induced hematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, and might be helpful in abrogation of CTX-induced toxicity during the chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
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Kirby J, Romanini DW, Paradise EM, Keasling JD. Engineering triterpene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae-β-amyrin synthase from Artemisia annua. FEBS J 2008; 275:1852-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang YB, Peng XY, Sun HX. A New Cytotoxic, Apoptosis-Inducing Triterpenoid from the Rhizomes ofAstilbe chinensis. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:189-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Morzycki JW, López Y, Płoszyńska J, Santillan R, Siergiejczyk L, Sobkowiak A. Electrooxidation of tigogenin acetate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lagisetti C, Urbansky M, Coates RM. The dioxanone approach to (2S,3R)-2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate and 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, and various MEP analogues. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9886-95. [PMID: 18020362 DOI: 10.1021/jo0711900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of the non-mevalonate pathway intermediates 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and 2-C-methylerythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-2,4-cycloPP), as well as the parent tetrol 2-C-methylerythritol, in enantiopure form from (2S,4R)-cis-2-phenyl-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-1,3-dioxan-5-one are reported. The 2S configuration of the C-methyl group was installed by highly axial-face selective addition of CH3MgBr (20:1) to the chiral dioxanone carbonyl group. Primary selective mono-phosphorylation and 2,4-bis-phosphorylation, followed by desilation and hydrogenolysis to the free mono- and diphosphates, and, in the latter case, cyclization to form the eight-membered phosphoryl anhydride, afforded MEP and ME-2,4-cycloPP in good yields. The C2 epimeric analogues, 2-C-methylthreitol and its 4-phosphate, were accessed by LiAlH4 reduction of the cis,cis epoxide of (2S,4R)-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-5-methylene-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane, primary-selective phosphorylation, and cleavage of the silyl, benzylidene, and benzyl protecting groups. Regioselective cleavage of the acetal ring of 1,3-benzylidene 2-C-methylerythritol silyl ether by ozonolysis afforded a 1,2,3-triol 3-monobenzoate intermediate that was converted to the novel amino sugar, 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-C-methylerythritol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandraiah Lagisetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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