Isolation and biological activity of agrostophillinol from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves

The leaves of the kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) are commonly used in cuisine and folk medicine. The aim of this study was to isolate a bioactive compound in kaffir lime leaves and characterize its biological activity. The compound was isolated from a hexane fractional extract and identified as agrostophillinol. This is the first report of agrostophillinol isolated from kaffir lime leaves. In terms of cytotoxicity, agrostophillinol exhibited IC₅₀ values of 36.27 ± 7.30 and 53.44 ± 10.63 μg/mL against EoL-1 and HL60 cells, respectively. Agrostophillinol also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, significantly inhibiting IL-6 secretion.

Highly Modified Lanostane Triterpenes from Fruiting Bodies of the Basidiomycete Tomophagus sp

Thirty-one highly modified lanostanes (1-31), together with 19 known compounds (32-50), were isolated from fruiting bodies of the wood-rot basidiomycete Tomophagus sp. The structures were elucidated by analyses of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The present work demonstrates the high structural diversity of modified lanostane triterpenoids from Tomophagus. This paper also discusses structural revisions of several known derivatives. Some of the isolated compounds exhibited moderate antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (IC₅₀ 5.1-19 μM).

Determination of the Five Main Terpenoids in Different Tissues of Wolfiporia cocos

Wolfiporia cocos is a fungus containing triterpenoids and is widely used as an herbal medicine. However, it is unknown whether its main triterpenoid contents differ in different tissues. In this study, we identified dehydrotumulosic acid, polyporenic acid C, pachymic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid as the five main triterpenoids in W. cocos. We also systematically profiled the contents and distribution of these main triterpenoids in different tissues of W. cocos. High contents of all five triterpenoids were found in the surface layer of W. cocos. Intriguingly, we noted that the highest contents of the five triterpenoids were found in the surface layer of the sclerotium grown under pollution-controlled cultivation; the second-highest contents were found in the surface layer of the natural sclerotium. These results indicate that environmentally friendly cultivation of the sclerotium of W. cocos is a practical way to increase the productivity of W. cocos. In addition, our findings suggest that the triterpenoids may contribute to the pharmacological activity of W. cocos, and the surface layer of sclerotium in W. cocos might be a promising raw material for applications in health care and the development of functional medical products.

Hebecarposides A-K, antiproliferative lanostane-type triterpene glycosides from the leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia var. hebecarpa

Eleven previously undescribed lanostane-type triterpene glycosides, hebecarposides A-K, were isolated from the leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia var. hebecarpa (Ericaceae), along with two known analogues, lyonifolosides L and O. The structures of hebecarposides A-K were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods, and the absolute configuration of C-24 in hebecarposides A and E was determined to be S and R, respectively, by a Mo₂(OAc)₄-induced electronic circular dichroism method. This is the first report of the presence of lanostane-type triterpene glycosides in L. ovalifolia var. hebecarpa. All compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against five cancer cell lines, SMMC-7721, HL-60, SW480, MCF-7, and A-549, and a normal epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, and none of them showed general cytotoxity to the normal cell line BEAS-2B. Interestingly, hebecarposides C, D, G, and K selectively inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 and SMMC-7721 cell lines, and hebecarposides C and D showed significant anti-proliferative activities against A-549 cell lines than the positive control, cis-platin. In addition, hebecarposides C and H exhibited more potent anti-proliferative activities against MCF-7 than cis-platin.

Lanostane triterpenes from the mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum and their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase

Eighteen previously undescribed lanostane triterpenes and thirty known analogues were obtained from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma resinaceum. Resinacein C was isolated from a natural source for the first time. The structures of all the above compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparisons of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, in an in vitro assay, Resinacein C, ganoderic acid Y, lucialdehyde C, 7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z₃, 7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z, and lucidadiol showed strong inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase compared with the positive control drug acarbose. The structure-activity relationships of ganoderma triterpenes on α-glucosidase inhibition showed that the C-24/C-25 double bond is necessary for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Moreover, the carboxylic acid group at C-26 and the hydroxy group at C-15 play important roles in enhancing inhibitory effects of these triterpenes.

Lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma calidophilum

To search for active anti-cancer constituents in the fruiting body of Ganoderma calidophilum, we have successfully isolated four previously undescribed spiro-lactone lanostane triterpenoids (spiroganocalitones A-D), two previously undescribed lanostanoids (ganodecalones A and B) together with twenty-three known ones. The structures of the six previously undescribed compounds were elucidated based on 1D, 2D-NMR, and HRMS analyses. Ganoderone A showed moderate cytotoxic activity against K562, BEL7402, and SGC790 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 7.62, 6.28, and 3.55 μM, respectively.

Bioactive Seco-Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids from the Roots of Leplaea mayombensis

Fractionation of the ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the roots of Leplaea mayombensis afforded two new 3,4-seco-lanostane-type triterpenoids, leplaeric acids A and B (1, 2), the new lanostane-type triterpenoid leplaeric acid C (3), and six known natural products (5-10). Derivatization of the main constituent, 1, afforded the dimethyl ester 4, the monoamide 11, and diamide 12 for SAR studies. The structures of these compounds were established through spectroscopic methods, and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to confirm the relative configuration of compound 1. These lanostane derivatives are unique since they are the first C-21-oxygenated lanostanes isolated from plant sources. Preliminary biological assays against the MDA MB 231 breast cancer cell line showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, and 11 have modest cytotoxic activity. Compound 2 was the most active, with an IC₅₀ of 55 ± 7 μM. From these results, the amides (11, 12) derived from triterpenoid 1 were found to be less active than the derived esters (2, 4).

Antitubercular Activity of Mycelium-Associated Ganoderma Lanostanoids

In a continuation of our research into antitubercular lanostane triterpenoids from submerged cultures of Ganoderma species, three strains, Ganoderma orbiforme BCC 22325, Ganoderma sp. BCC 60695, and Ganoderma australe BCC 22314, have been investigated. Fourteen new lanostane triterpenoids, together with 35 known compounds, were isolated. Antitubercular activities of these mycelium-associated Ganoderma lanostanoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were evaluated. Taken together with the assay data of previously isolated compounds, structure-activity relationships of the antitubercular activity are proposed. Most importantly, 3β- and 15α-acetoxy groups were shown to be critical for antimycobacterial activity. The most potent compound was (24E)-3β,15α-diacetoxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (35).

Cardioprotective potential of a lanosteryl triterpene from Protorhus longifolia

CONTEXT

The current rapid increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events indicates a need for the discovery of more effective cardioprotective agents.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the cardioprotective potential of a lanosteryl triterpene from Protorhus longifolia (Benrh.) Engl. stem bark.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Spectroscopic data analysis was used to confirm the structure of methyl-3β-hydroxylanosta-9, 24-dien-21-oate (RA-3). The cardioprotective effect of RA-3 in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in hyperlipidemic rats was investigated. Rats were divided into the normal diet (ND) fed and high fat diet (HFD) fed groups. The HFD rats were further subdivided into three groups. The experimental group was orally administered with RA-3 (100 mg/kg) for 15 days. The rats were then injected with isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) to induce myocardial injury. At the end of the experiment, hearts and blood tissues were collected and used for histology and biochemical assays, respectively.

RESULTS

RA-3 exhibited a cardioprotective effect as it minimized myocardial injury in HFD rats. Few lesions of acute hyaline degeneration and reduced fat deposition were observed in the heart tissue of the triterpene pretreated rats. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was decreased in the blood of the RA-3 pretreated rats (44.1 mU/mL) compared to the untreated group (64.8 mU/mL). Increased glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity along with lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the triterpene pretreated animals (120.8 nmol/μL) than in the non-treated HFD fed rats (143.6 nmol/μL) were also observed.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The cardioprotective effect exhibited by RA-3 indicates its potential use in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and related health problems.

Cytotoxic Lanostanoids from Poria cocos

Six new and 16 known lanostanoids were isolated from the sclerotia of Poria cocos. The structures of the new isolates were elucidated to be 16α-hydroxy-3-oxo-24-methyllanosta-5,7,9(11),24(31)-tetraen-21-oic acid (1), 3β,16α,29-trihydroxy-24-methyllanosta-7,9(11),24(31)-trien-21-oic acid (2), 3β,16α,30-trihydroxy-24-methyllanosta-7,9(11),24(31)-trien-21-oic acid (3), 3β-acetoxy-16α,24β-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),25-trien-21-oic acid (4), 3β,16α-dihydroxy-7-oxo-24-methyllanosta-8,24(31)-dien-21-oic acid (5), and 3α,16α-dihydroxy-7-oxo-24-methyllanosta-8,24(31)-dien-21-oic acid (6), based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined using Mosher's method. The antiproliferative activity of the isolated compounds (except 3 and 4) was evaluated against four leukemic cell lines (Molt 4, CCRF-CEM, HL 60, and K562). Dehydropachymic acid (9), dehydroeburicoic acid (12), pachymic acid (14), and lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (20) exhibited an antiproliferative effect on the CCRF-CEM cancer cell line with IC₅₀ values of 2.7, 6.3, 4.9, and 13.1 μM, respectively. Both dehydropachymic acid (9) and dehydroeburicoic acid (12) showed antiproliferative effects against Molt 4 (IC₅₀ 13.8 and 14.3 μM) and HL 60 (IC₅₀ 7.3 and 6.0 μM) leukemic cell lines. Primary computational analysis using a chemical global positioning system for natural products (ChemGPS-NP) on the active lanostanoids from P. cocos suggested that targets other than topoisomerases may be involved in the antiproliferative activity.

Officimalonic acids A-H, lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis

Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis led to the isolation of eight 24-methyl-lanostane triterpenes named officimalonic acids A-H, along with one known lanostane triterpene. Their structures were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism. Officimalonic acid A represents a previously unknown triterpene type with a 24-methyl-7(8 → 9)abeo-lanostane skeleton, and all of the compounds possessed a malonate half-ester moiety at C-3. Anti-inflammatory assay revealed that officimalonic acids D, E, G, H, and fomitopsin A showed potent inhibitory effects (IC50 = 5.1-8.9 μM) on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Officimalonic acids E, G, H showed moderate cytotoxicity against H460, HepG2 and BGC-823 human cell lines.

Lanostane Triterpenes Isolated from Antrodia heteromorpha and Their Inhibitory Effects on RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis

Two new spiro-lanostane triterpenoids, antrolactones A and B (1 and 2), along with polyporenic acid C (3), were isolated from an EtOAc-soluble extract of Antrodia heteromorpha culture medium, and the chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated by application of NMR, MS, and ECD spectroscopic techniques. All isolated compounds exhibited inhibitory effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis.

Antitubercular Lanostane Triterpenes from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. BCC 16642

Sixteen new lanostane triterpenoids (1-16), together with 26 known compounds (17-42), were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. BCC 16642. Antitubercular activities of these Ganoderma lanostanoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were evaluated, and structure-activity relationships are proposed.

Neuroprotective and antioxidant lanostanoid triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum

Five new lanostanoid triterpenes were isolated from the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on 1D and 2D ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, in addition to high resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested in vitro for neuroprotective activities against 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and radical scavenging activities. As a result, compounds 2 and 5 exhibited potent neuroprotective activity against 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells with the lowest IC50 value (0.5 μM) while compounds 1, 3 and 4 possessed significant neuroprotective activity with IC50 value less than 10 μM. Additionally, all tested compounds 1-6 showed the comparable free radical scavenging activities with the standard drug trolox in both ABTS (+) and DPPH experiment.

Endophytic Diaporthe sp. LG23 Produces a Potent Antibacterial Tetracyclic Triterpenoid

A new lanostanoid, 19-nor-lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α,3β,12β,22S-tetraol (1), characterized by the presence of an aromatic B ring and hydroxylated at C-1, C-3, C-12, and C-22, was isolated from an endophytic fungus, Diaporthe sp. LG23, inhabiting leaves of the Chinese medicinal plant Mahonia fortunei. Six biosynthetically related known steroids were also isolated in parallel. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis in conjunction with the published data. Compound 1, an unusual fungus-derived 19-nor-lanostane tetracyclic triterpenoid with an aromatic B-ring system, exhibited pronounced antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, especially the clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as a human pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Our results reveal the potential of endophytes not only in conferring host fitness but also in contributing toward traditional host plant medicines.

Lanostane-type triterpenoids from Abies faxoniana and their DNA topoisomerase inhibitory activities

Nine lanostane-type triterpenoids were isolated from branches and leaves of Abies faxoniana, along with 10 known compounds. Two were isolated as inseparable mixtures of epimers at C-23 of the γ-lactone ring that had a lactol structure. The structures of the nine compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism (CD) data. The absolute configurations at the stereogenic centres of two of the known compounds were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. One compound showed cytotoxic activities against HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549 cells with IC50 values of 8.9, 7.6, and 4.2μM, respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for their effects on human DNA topoisomerases I and II. One was found to be a selective inhibitor of human topo II activity with an IC50 value of 53.5μM, which was comparable to that of the topo II inhibitor etoposide (IC50=49.6μM).

In vivo antihyperglycemic activity of a lanosteryl triterpene from Protorhus longifolia

Control of postprandial hyperglycemia is crucial in the management of diabetes mellitus. Despite the use of the current hypoglycemic drugs, incidence of diabetes and related diseases continue to increase. This study aimed at evaluating the in vivo antihyperglycemic activity of methyl-3β-hydroxylanosta-9,24-dien-21-oate (RA-3), a lanosteryl triterpene isolated, and characterized from Protorhus longifolia stem bark. Spectroscopic data analysis was used to establish and verify the structure of the triterpene. The antihyperglycemic activity of the triterpene was evaluated in an STZ-induced diabetes rat model. The experimental animals were orally administered with RA-3 (100 mg/kg body weight) daily for 14 days. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed. The animals were euthanized and biochemical analysis of antioxidant status, some glycolytic enzymes and glycogen content were conducted on serum and liver samples, respectively. RA-3 exhibited hypoglycemic activity by reducing blood glucose levels by 37%. The triterpene also improved glucose tolerance in the diabetic rats. Relatively higher hepatic glycogen content, hexokinase and glucokinase activity with a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity were observed in the triterpene-treated diabetic group when compared with the diabetic control group. The triterpene treatment further increased antioxidant status of the diabetic animals; increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were observed along with a decrease in malondialdehyde content. The results indicate potential pharmaceutical effects of lanosteryl triterpene in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Four lanostane-type triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus

Two new 3,4-seco-lanostane-type triterpenes, named as 15α-hydroxy-3,4-seco-lanosta-4(28),8,24-triene-3,21-dioic acid (1), 5α-hydroxy-3,4-seco-lanosta-4(28),8,24-triene-3,21-dioic acid 3-methyl ester (2), and one new lanostane triterpene 15α-acetoxylhydroxytrametenolic acid (3) together with a known one versisponic acid D (4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison with reported data. All four compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines; however, none exhibited inhibitory effects.

Three new lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma tropicum

Three new lanostanoid triterpenes--ganotropic acid (1), 3β,7β,15α,24-tetra- hydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid (2) and 3β,7β,15α,28-tetrahydroxy-11,23- dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (3)--were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Ganoderma tropicum. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as HR-EI-MS data.

Lanostanoids with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from the mushroom Haddowia longipes

Nine lanostanoids, together with nine known ones, were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Haddowia longipes. Their structures were elucidated as 11-oxo-ganoderiol D, lanosta-8-en-7,11-dioxo-3β-acetyloxy-24,25,26-trihydroxy, lanosta-8-en-7-oxo-3β-acetyloxy-11β,24,25,26-tetrahydroxy, lanosta-7,9(11)-dien-3β-acetyloxy-24,25,26-trihydroxy, lanosta-7,9(11)-dien-3β-acetyloxy-24,26-dihydroxy-25-methoxy, 11-oxo-lucidadiol, 11β-hydroxy-lucidadiol, lucidone H and lanosta-7,9(11),24E-trien-3β-acetyloxy-26,27-dihydroxy by analysing their 1D/2D NMR and MS spectra. In addition, bioassays of inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of all compounds showed that thirteen compounds possessed inhibitory activity against AChE with the percentage inhibition ranging from 10.3% to 42.1% when tested at 100 μM.

Terpenoids with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the submerged culture of Inonotus obliquus

Lanostane-type triterpenoids, inotolactones A and B, a drimane-type sesquiterpenoid, inotolactone C, and five known terpenoids 6β-hydroxy-trans-dihydroconfertifolin, inotodiol, 3β,22-dihydroxyanosta-7,9(11),24-triene, 3β-hydroxycinnamolide, and 17-hydroxy-ent-atisan-19-oic acid, were isolated from the submerged culture of chaga mushroom, Inonotus obliquus. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods, including MS and NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic techniques. Inotolactones A and B, examples of lanostane-type triterpenoids bearing α,β-dimethyl, α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone side chains, exhibited more potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities than the positive control acarbose. This finding might be related to the anti-hyperglycemic properties of the fungus and to its popular role as a diabetes treatment. In addition, a drimane-type sesquiterpenoid and an atisane-type diterpenoid were isolated from I. obliquus.

Two New 24-Isopropenyl-lanostanoids from Tillandsia brachycaulos

The leaves of Tillandsia brachycaulos afforded two novel tetracyclic triterpenoids identified as (24S)-24-isopropenyl-29-nor-5α-lanosta-7-en-3β-ol (1) and (24S)-24-isopropenyl-29-nor- 5α-lanosta-7-en-3-one (2), in addition to the known isopimaric acid (3) and chlorogenic acid (4). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, including homo- and heteronuclear correlation NMR experiments (COSY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC) and by comparison with data in the literature. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities were studied. The compounds did not show significant activity.

Hepatoprotective effects of triterpenoids from Ganoderma cochlear

Two novel trinorlanostanes, cochlates A and B (1 and 2), with a 3,4-seco-9,10-seco-9,19-cyclo skeleton, as well as six new triterpenoids, fornicatins D-F (3-5) and ganodercochlearins A-C (6-8), together with five known triterpenoids (9-13), were obtained from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. The structural elucidation was achieved by interpretation of spectroscopic data, and compounds 2 and 7a were further characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Fornicatins A, D, and F (10, 3, and 5) and fredelin (13) lowered the ALT and AST levels in HepG2 cells treated with H2O2, suggesting that they could display in vivo hepatoprotective activities.

Chemical and pharmacological investigation of the stem bark of Synadenium grantii

Based on the fact that Synadenium grantii is used in folk medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers and inflammatory diseases, this work describes its chemical and pharmacological properties. Pharmacological investigation of the crude bark extract showed a high antioxidant activity over several scavenger systems, such as 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)• +, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl•, O2 • - , and HOCl, as well as an enzymatic system with human myeloperoxidase and an ex vivo hemolysis system. Furthermore, the oral administration of the crude bark extract was able to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as effectively as ibuprofen. These biological activities may be associated with the presence of flavonoids and terpenes, as revealed by HPLC and NMR analyses of the crude stem bark extract. The phytochemical investigations in this study resulted in the isolation of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol for the first time, while euphol and lanosterol were also isolated.

Lanostane triterpenoids from the mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare

In our continuing search for structurally interesting and bioactive metabolites from Korean wild mushrooms, bioassay-guided fractionation and a chemical investigation of the MeOH extracts of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare resulted in the isolation of four new lanostane triterpenoids (1-4), together with 11 known compounds (5-15). The structures of 1-5 were determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The absolute configuration of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl group as a side chain in 1 and 2 was determined by the alkaline methanolysis method. The full NMR data assignment of the known compound fasciculol G (5) is reported for the first time. Compounds 1-15 were tested for their antiproliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15) and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in a lipopolysaccharide-activated murine microglial cell line.

Anti-inflammatory lanostanoids and lactone derivatives from Antrodia camphorata

Four new lanostanoids, ethyl lucidenate A (1), ethyl lucidenate F (2), 15-O-acetylganolucidate A (3), and 3,11,15,23-tetraoxo-27ξ-lanosta-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (4), and two new lactone derivatives, 5-hydroxy-5-(methoxymethyl)-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one (5) and 3-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)propanoic acid (6), together with four known compounds, 11α-hydroxy-3,7-dioxolanost-8,24(E)-dien-26- oic acid (7), 3,7,11-trioxo-5α-lanosta-8,24(E)-dien-26-oic acid (8), methyl 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5α-lanost-8-en-26-oate (9), and ethyl 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5α-lanost-8-en-26-oate (10), were characterized from Antrodia camphorata. The structures of these new compounds were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Ten components were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by examining their effect on LPS-iNOS-dependent NO production in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Among them, compounds 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 significantly suppressed the NO concentration in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values ≤ 10 μM.

Three new lanostanoid triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum

Three new lanostanoid triterpenes, 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (1), 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (2), and 3β,15β-dihydroxy-7,11,23-trioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (3) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS. The bioassay of inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of these isolates was evaluated and compound 2 exhibited definite inhibitory activity against AChE.

[A new 3, 4-seco-lanostane triterpenoid from a marine-derived fungus Ascotricha sp. ZJ-M-5]

To study the secondary metabolites of a marine-derived fungus Ascotricha sp. ZJ-M-5, several chromatographic methods including macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20 were used to isolate the compounds, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods. Ten compounds were obtained and identified as ascotrichic acid B (1), (3R)-6-hydroxymellein (2), beta-carboline (3), (22E, 24R)-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (4), (22E, 24R)-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 9alpha-tetraol (5), cyclo (Leu-Pro) (6), cyclo (Ile-Leu) (7), cyclo (Pro-Val) (8), cyclo (Pro-Gly) (9), and cyclo (Hpro-Ala) (10). Among them, compound 1 is a new 3, 4-seco-lanostane triterpenoid which has been isolated from the filamentous fungi for the first time, and compounds 2-10 are firstly isolated from Ascotricha genus.

Five new 3,4-seco-lanostane-type triterpenoids with antiproliferative activity in human leukemia cells isolated from the roots of Kadsura coccinea

Five new 3,4-seco-lanostane-type triterpenoids, seco-coccinic acids G-K (1-5), and a known compound, seco-coccinic F, were isolated from the roots of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Sm. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 2D-NMR and HR-MS techniques. The cell growth inhibitory effects of these compounds were assayed in human leukemia HL-60 cells, and it was found that 1, 5, and 6 showed antiproliferative effects with GI₅₀ values of 28.4, 15.2, and 16.6 µM, respectively.

HILIC quantification of oenotheralanosterol A and B from Oenothera biennis and their suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α expression in mouse macrophages

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a wild medicinal herb of Central American origin that is now globally widespread. Its traditional uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and premenopausal pain both of which have an inflammatory component. The present study demonstrates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of three Oenothera biennis compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Oenotheralanosterol A and B (Oen-A & Oen-B) along with gallic acid (GA) were isolated and characterized using column chromatography and NMR. The compounds were tested with LPS stimulated peritoneal mouse macrophages assaying for suppression of IL-6, TNF-α and NO synthesis. An HILIC method for the simultaneous quantitation of GA, Oen-A, and Oen-B in Oenothera biennis plant material was also developed as a means of monitoring quality of plant material.

RESULTS

Significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 by GA, Oen-A and Oen-B was observed (p<0.05). Inhibition was concentration dependent and no synergistic or antagonistic effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines was found when used in combination (1:1) (p>0.05). The HILIC analysis method was validated using Oenothera biennis root.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory activity of Oenothera biennis root compounds and supports its traditional use in arthritis management. Active anti-inflammatory compounds were identified and quantified by the HILIC method.

[Triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus protect mice against oxidative damage induced by CCl4]

To investigate the effects of lanosterol (1), inotodiol (2) and trametenolic acid (3) from Inonotus obliquus against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 in mice, 1, 2 and 3 (20, 10 and 5 mg x kg(-1)) were respectively administered to mice, once a day for 3 days. Then the mice were induced to oxidative damage by CCl4 on the third day 30 min after the administration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reductive glutathione (GSH) in serum and liver homogenate were determined. And the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in serum were detected. The results showed that treatment with compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly increase the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX in serum and liver homogenate. Furthermore, the content of GSH in serum and liver homogenate increased and MDA content decreased markedly. In addition, compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly inhibit the activities of ALT and AST in serum, and decrease the IL-6 concentration in serum remarkably. So, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect mice against oxidative stress injury induced by CCl4. Furthermore, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect cells from damage through inhibition on ALT, AST and the expression of IL-6.

Rapid isolation and purification of inotodiol and trametenolic acid from Inonotus obliquus by high-speed counter-current chromatography with evaporative light scatting detection

INTRODUCTION

In Eastern Europe, especially Russia, the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus has been used as a folk medicine for cancer since the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Inotodiol and trametenolic acid are considered to be the main bioactive compounds of the fruiting body of the mushroom. These compounds show various biological activities, including anti-tumour, anti-viral, hypoglycaemic, anti-oxidant and cyto-protective. However, effective methods for isolating and purifying inotodiol and trametenolic acid from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus are not currently available.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a suitable preparative method in order to isolate inotodiol and trametenolic acid from a complex Inonotus obliquus extract by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC).

METHODOLOGY

Inotodiol and trametenolic acid were rapidly isolated and purified from the chloroform extract of Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) by HSCCC with evaporative light scatting detection (ELSD). The purity of the obtained target compounds was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ELSD. The structures of the two compounds were identified by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

RESULT

The target compounds were finally isolated and purified with a solvent system of hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (1:0.4:1:0.4, v/v/v/v). In a single operation, 100 mg of the I. obliquus extracts yielded 13.0 mg of inotodiol and 7.0 mg of trametenolic acid. The entire separation and purification process took less than 5 h. The purities of obtained inotodiol and trametenolic acid were 97.51 and 94.04%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

HSCCC-ELSD was an efficient and rapid method for the separation and purification of inotodiol and trametenolic acid from I. obliquus.

[Studies on the secondary metabolites of Coriolopsis sp. G066]

OBJECTIVE

To study the secondary metabolites of Coriolopsis sp. G066.

METHODS

The compounds were isolated by various chromatographic methods (silica gel, reverse silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, preparative TLC and so on). Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data as well as by comparison with literature reports.

RESULTS

Six compounds were isolated and identified as diaporthein A(1), tyrosol(2), eburicoic acid(3), ergosterol(4), ergosterol peroxide(5) and cerevisterol (6).

CONCLUSION

All the compounds are isolated from the genus for the first time.

Friedolanostane, friedocycloartane and benzophenone constituents of the bark and leaves of Garcinia benthami

Friedolanostanes, (22Z,24E)-3β-acetoxy-9α-hydroxy-17,14-friedolanosta-14,22,24-trien-26-oic acid, (22Z,24E)-3β,9α-dihydroxy-17,14-friedolanosta-14,22,24-trien-26-oic acid, (22Z,24E)-9α-hydroxy-3-oxo-17,14-friedolanosta-14,22,24-trien-26-oic acid, a friedocycloartane, (22Z,24E)-3α-hydroxy-17,13-friedocycloarta-12,22,24-trien-26-oic acid, and a benzophenone, benthaphenone, together with known compounds (22Z,24E)-3α,9α-dihydroxy-17,13-friedolanosta-12,22,24-trien-26-oic acid, methyl (24E)-3α,23-dihydroxy-17,14-friedolanosta-8,14,24-trien-26-oate, glutinol, lupeol, and stigmasterol, were isolated from leaves and bark of Garcinia benthami. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, mainly 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy, and chemical correlations.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of GABA(A) receptor modulating constituents from the rhizomes of Actaea racemosa

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) is a frequently used herbal remedy for the treatment of mild climacteric symptoms. In the present study, the modulation of γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA)-induced chloride currents (I(GABA)) through GABA type A (GABA(A)) receptors by black cohosh extracts and isolated compounds was investigated. GABA(A) receptors, consisting of α(1), β(2), and γ(2S) subunits, were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and potentiation of I(GABA) was measured using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. In a bioactivity-guided isolation procedure the positive modulation of I(GABA) could be restricted to the plant terpenoid fractions, resulting in the isolation of 11 cycloartane glycosides, of which four significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced I(GABA). The most efficient effect was observed for 23-O-acetylshengmanol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (4, 100 μM), enhancing I(GABA) by 1692 ± 201%, while actein (1), cimigenol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (6), and 25-O-acetylcimigenol 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside (8) were significantly less active. In the absence of GABA, only 4 induced small (not exceeding 1% of I(GABA-max)) chloride inward currents through GABA(A) receptors. It is hypothesized that the established positive allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors may contribute to beneficial effects of black cohosh extracts in the treatment of climacteric symptoms.

An unusual lanostane-type triterpenoid, spiroinonotsuoxodiol, and other triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus

An unusual lanostane-type triterpenoid, spiroinonotsuoxodiol (1), and two lanostane-type triterpenoids, inonotsudiol A (2) and inonotsuoxodiol A (3), were isolated from the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus. Their structures were determined to be (3S,7S,9R)-3,7-dihydroxy-7(8-->9)abeo-lanost-24-en-8-one (1), lanosta-8,24-dien-3beta,11beta-diol (2), and (22R)-3beta,22-dihydroxylanosta-8,24-dien-11-one (3) on the basis of NMR spectroscopy, including 1D and 2D ((1)H-(1)H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC) NMR, and FABMS. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate activity against cultured P388, L1210, HL-60 and KB cells.

Inhibition of aldose reductase in vitro by constituents of Ganoderma lucidum

CHCl(3) extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum was found to show inhibitory activity on human aldose reductase in vitro. From the acidic fraction, potent human aldose reductase inhibitors, ganoderic acid C2 (1) and ganoderenic acid A (2), were isolated together with three related compounds. It was found that the free carboxyl group of ganoderic acid C2 and ganoderenic acid A is essential in eliciting the inhibitory activity considering the much lower activity of their methyl esters.

[Studies on the chemical constituents from the antithrombus activity extract of Radix Aerio Fici Microcarpae]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituent from the antithrombus activity extract of Radix Aerio Fici Microcarpae.

METHODS

The isolation and purification of the extract were conducted by means of silica gel column chromatography, polyamide column chromatography and recrytallization. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on the physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTS

7 compounds were isolated from the extract. They were identified as isovanillic acid (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(2),3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3), friedelane (4), alpha-amyrin acetate (5), lanosterol (6) and beta-sitosterol (7) .

CONCLUSION

Compound 3,4 and 7 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

A new ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia

A new ganoderic acid (GA), 7-O-ethyl ganoderic acid O (GA-O) (1), together with two known compounds, GA-T (2) and GA-Me (3), was isolated and purified from fermented mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. The structure of the new triterpenoid was elucidated on the basis of the interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data (HR-MS, IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR) as 3 alpha,15 alpha,22-triacetoxy-7 alpha-ethoxy-5 alpha-lanost-8,24E-dien-26-oic acid. The new compound was found to contain a rare ethoxyl group at C-7. In addition, its cytotoxicity against 95D and HeLa human cancer cell lines was also evaluated.

Antiplasmodial lanostanes from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom

In a screen of 880 extracts from plants and fungi for antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, and leishmanicidal activity, an ethyl acetate extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum showed antiplasmodial activity with 79% inhibition at 4.9 microg/mL. HPLC-based activity profiling and subsequent isolation of the antiplasmodial compounds yielded seven lanostanes (1-7), of which three (2, 3, and 7) were new. A new benzofuran derivative (8) of the farnesyl hydroquinone ganomycin B was also identified. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their NMR data with those of related compounds. The lanostanes exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC(50) values from 6 to greater than 20 microM.

Lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells

Four new lanostane triterpenes, butyl ganoderate A (1), butyl ganoderate B (2), butyl lucidenate N (3), and butyl lucidenate A (4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum together with 14 known compounds (5-18). The structures of the new triterpenes were established by extensive spectroscopic studies and chemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory effect of isolated compounds on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells was examined.

Ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum: inhibitory activity of osteoclastic differentiation and structural criteria

Increased osteoclastic bone resorption plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many bone diseases. Ganoderma lucidum is known for medicinal effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-bone resorption activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of ganoderic acids isolated from G. lucidum on osteoclastic differentiation using RAW264 cells in vitro. A carbonyl in C7 is essential to elicit the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation.

Topical anti-inflammatory effect of tirucallol, a triterpene isolated from Euphorbia lactea latex

Latex from Euphorbia lactea (Euphorbiaceae), a native Dominican medicinal plant, is claimed to be useful in the treatment of inflammation. Topical application of tirucallol, a tetracyclic triterpene isolated from Euphorbia lacteal latex, suppressed ear edema in the mouse model in a dose-dependent manner, as well as affecting the influx of polymorphonuclear cells in response to topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA) in the mouse ear. In addition, the effect of tirucallol, on some macrophage functions was analyzed in vitro. Non-toxic concentrations of tirucallol potently inhibited nitrite production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Western blot analysis showed that nitric oxide reduction was a consequence of the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthetase expression although tirucallol slightly affected to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) generation. The results of the study revealed that tirucallol (0.3%), present in Euphorbia lactea latex, exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, via a mechanism of action related to the neutrophil migration. On the other hand, it can be deduced that the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of this triterpene is related to the control of the production of NO and its effect on the expression of iNOS.

Antibacterial compounds from mushrooms I: a lanostane-type triterpene and prenylphenol derivatives from Jahnoporus hirtus and Albatrellus flettii and their activities against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis

Antibacterial bioassay-guided fractionation of two American mushroom species, Jahnoporus hirtus and Albatrellus flettii, led to the isolation and identification of their major antibacterial constituents: 3,11-dioxolanosta-8,24( Z)-diene-26-oic acid (1) from J. hirtus and confluentin (2), grifolin (3), and neogrifolin (4) from A. flettii. Compound 1 is a new lanostane-type triterpene. All purified compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis using standard MIC assays. Compounds 1- 4 demonstrated MIC values of 40, 20, 10, and 20 microg/mL, respectively, against B. cereus and MIC values of 32, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively, against E. faecalis. Thus, one novel compound and three others were shown to possess antimicrobial activities against these gram-positive bacteria employed as surrogates for more virulent and dangerous pathogens.

Lanostanes from Phellinus igniarius and their iNOS inhibitory activities

Four new lanostanol-type triterpenoids, igniarens A - D ( 1- 4), were isolated from the fruit body of Phellinus igniarius together with two known triterpenoids, and two known ergostanes. These four new compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis as 22 R-hydroxy-24-methylene-29-norlanost-7, 9(11)-dien-3-one (1), 3alpha,22 R-dihydroxy-24-methylene-29-norlanost-7, 9(11)-diene (2), 3alpha,22 R-dihydroxy-24-methylene-29-norlanost-8-ene ( 3), and 3alpha,22 R-dihydroxy-24-methylenelanost-8-ene ( 4). Their effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages were assessed. Compounds 1- 8 inhibited NO production in activated RAW 264.7 cells to various degrees. The most potent compound 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-22 E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol ( 7) significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting the cellular viability, with an IC (50) of 37.57 +/- 1.38 microM.

Anti-tumor-promoting effects of 25-methoxyporicoic acid A and other triterpene acids from Poria cocos

Nine new (1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, and 18) and nine known (2, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 14, and 16) lanostane-type triterpene acids and a known diterpene acid (19) were isolated from the epidermis of the sclerotia of Poria cocos. The structures of the new compounds were established as 16alpha,27-dihydroxydehyrotrametenoic acid (1), 25-hydroxy-3-epitumulosic acid (3), 16alpha,25-dihydroxyeburiconic acid (5), 25-methoxyporicoic acid A (8), 26-hydroxyporicoic acid DM (12), 25-hydroxyporicoic acid C (13), poricoic acid GM (15), poricoic acid HM (17), and 6,7-dehydroporicoic acid H (18), on the basis of spectroscopic methods. On evaluation of the nine new and two of the known compounds, 4 and 19, against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, all of the compounds exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC(50) values in the range 187-348 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. In addition, compound 8 exhibited an inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as an initiator and TPA as a promoter. Further, 17 compounds, 1-14, 16, 18, and 19, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against two human tumor cell lines, HL60 (leukemia) and CRL1579 (melanoma).

A new triterpene from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum

A new lanostanoid triterpene, named ganoderitriol M (1), together with a known triterpene ganoderic acid epsilon (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G lucidum. Compound 1 was deduced as (24S)-lanosta-7-oxo-8-en-3beta, 24, 25-triol on the basis of spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR).

Antiplasmodial and other constituents from four Indonesian Garcinia spp

Phytochemical investigations of four Garcinia spp. from Indonesia, i.e. Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson, Garcinia celebica L., Garcinia cornea L. and Garcinia cymosa K. Schum (Clusiaceae), have resulted in the isolation of a xanthone, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2,7-diprenylxanthone, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, isoxanthochymol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside and stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside from the stem bark of G. griffithii; friedelin and 3beta-hydroxy-23-oxo-9,16-lanostadien-26-oic acid or garcihombronane D from leaves of G. celebica; 23-hydroxy-3-oxo-cycloart-24-en-26-oic acid and epicatechin from stem bark of G. cornea; (+/-)-morelloflavone, morelloflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside or fukugiside, the triterpene 3beta-hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid and canophyllol from stem bark of G. cymosa. The xanthone and garcihombronane D displayed a selective activity against Plasmodium falciparum; isoxanthochymol and the triterpene beta-hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid a broad but non-selective antiprotozoal activity.

Lanostane-type triterpenes from the mushroom Astraeus pteridis with antituberculosis activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOH extract of the truffle-mimiking mushroom Astraeus pteridis led to the isolation and identification of three new (3-5) and two known (1, 2) lanostane triterpenes and phenylalanine betaine (6). The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, HRESIMS results, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 5 and 1 showed moderate activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values of 34.0 and 58.0 microg/mL, respectively.

Lanostane-type triterpenoids from the roots of Kadsura coccinea

Seven new lanostane-type triterpenoids, seco-coccinic acids A-F (1- 6) and coccinilactone A (7), were isolated from the roots of Kadsura coccinea. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configuration at C-24 of compound 5 was confirmed by the modified Mosher's method. The cell growth inhibitory effects of these compounds were determined in human leukemia HL-60 cells, and it was found that compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 exhibited antiproliferative effects with GI 50 values ranging from 6.8 to 42.1 microM.