1
|
Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Wylęgała A, Lis M, Zostawa J, Fiolka R, Wylęgała E, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Czuba Z. The level of cytokines in tears as a novel indicator of demyelinating diseases. Neurol Res 2024; 46:487-494. [PMID: 38602307 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2337502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A novel research objective is to identify new molecules in more readily accessible biological fluids that could be used in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating disorders. AIM To compare the level of selected cytokines in tears between patients with MS or other demyelinating disorder and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS 84 patients with diagnosed MS during remission or with other demyelinating disease of the CNS and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Tears were collected without any stimulation and stored till the day of assessment. The concentration of selected cytokines was measured by the Bio-Plex Pro Human cytokine screening panel 27 cytokines assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 13. RESULTS IL-1b level was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group [3,6 vs 8.71, p < 0.001]. The same pattern was observed for IL-6 [3,1 vs 5.26, p = 0.027] and IL-10 [1,7 vs 10.92, p < 0.001] (Table 1). In the study group, IL-1RA (p = 0.015), IL-5 (p = 0.04), IL-9 (p = 0.014), and IL-15 (p = 0.037) showed significant correlations with age. In the total sample, IL-1Ra (p = 0.016) and IFN-g (p = 0.041) were significantly correlated with age, while in the control group, IL-8 (p = 0.09), MIP-1a (p = 0.009), and RANTES (p = 0.031) showed significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that MS and other demyelination diseases lead to decrease in the overall level of cytokines in tears. Further research is needed to determine the role of tear fluid in the assessment of demyelinating disorders like MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jowita Adamczyk-Zostawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Wylęgała
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Martyna Lis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Zostawa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Fiolka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Edward Wylęgała
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Botello-Marabotto M, Martínez-Bisbal MC, Pinazo-Durán MD, Martínez-Máñez R. Tear metabolomics for the diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma. Talanta 2024; 273:125826. [PMID: 38479028 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent glaucoma type, and the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Identification of early POAG biomarkers is of enormous value, as there is not an effective treatment for the glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration (OND). In this pilot study, a metabolomic analysis, by using proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted in tears, in order to determine the changes of specific metabolites in the initial glaucoma eyes and to discover potential diagnostic biomarkers. A classification model, based on the metabolomic fingerprint in tears was generated as a non-invasive tool to support the preclinical and clinical POAG diagnosis. 1H NMR spectra were acquired from 30 tear samples corresponding to the POAG group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 19). Data were analysed by multivariate statistics (partial least squares-discriminant analysis: PLS-DA) to determine a model capable of differentiating between groups. The whole data set was split into calibration (65%)/validation (35%), to test the performance and the ability for glaucoma discrimination. The calculated PLS-DA model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 1, as well as a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 83.3% to distinguish POAG group versus control group tear data. This model included 11 metabolites, potential biomarkers of the disease. When comparing the study groups, a decrease in the tear concentration of phenylalanine, phenylacetate, leucine, n-acetylated compounds, formic acid, and uridine, was found in the POAG group. Moreover, an increase in the tear concentration of taurine, glycine, urea, glucose, and unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the POAG group. These results highlight the potential of tear metabolomics by 1H NMR spectroscopy as a non-invasive approach to support early POAG diagnosis and in order to prevent visual loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Botello-Marabotto
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València - Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M Carmen Martínez-Bisbal
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València - Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolia"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Research Group at the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Net of Inflammatory Research (REI-RICORS: RD21/0002/0032) Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València - Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aydin E, Nie S, Azizoglu S, Chong L, Gokhale M, Suphioglu C. What's the situation with ocular inflammation? A cross-seasonal investigation of proteomic changes in ocular allergy sufferers' tears in Victoria, Australia. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386344. [PMID: 38855108 PMCID: PMC11157006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ocular allergy (OA) is a localized subset of allergy characterized by ocular surface itchiness, redness and inflammation. Inflammation and eye-rubbing, due to allergy-associated itch, are common in OA sufferers and may trigger changes to the ocular surface biochemistry. The primary aim of this study is to assess the differences in the human tear proteome between OA sufferers and Healthy Controls (HCs) across peak allergy season and off-peak season in Victoria, Australia. Methods 19 participants (14 OA sufferers, 5 HCs) aged 18-45 were recruited for this study. Participants were grouped based on allergy symptom assessment questionnaire scoring. Proteins were extracted from human tear samples and were run on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Peaks were matched to a DIA library. Data was analyzed using the software MaxQuant, Perseus and IBM SPSS. Results 1267 proteins were identified in tear samples of OA sufferers and HCs. 23 proteins were differentially expressed between peak allergy season OA suffers vs HCs, and 21 were differentially expressed in off-peak season. Decreased proteins in OA sufferers related to cell structure regulation, inflammatory regulation and antimicrobial regulation. In both seasons, OA sufferers were shown to have increased expression of proteins relating to inflammation, immune responses and cellular development. Conclusion Tear protein identification showed dysregulation of proteins involved in inflammation, immunity and cellular structures. Proteins relating to cellular structure may suggest a possible link between OA-associated itch and the subsequent ocular surface damage via eye-rubbing, while inflammatory and immune protein changes highlight potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esrin Aydin
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Serap Azizoglu
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke Chong
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Moneisha Gokhale
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Angmo D, Warjri GB, Gowtham L, Velpandian T, Dada T. Endocannabinoids and cortisol in plasma, aqueous and tear samples of primary angle closure glaucoma versus controls. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241247419. [PMID: 38613316 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241247419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the levels of endocannabinoids (EC) in plasma, aqueous humor and tears, cortisol in plasma and aqueous, in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and controls, while comparing the quality of life in both groups. METHODS A total of 60 patients, ≥40years of age, with a diagnosis of PACG or cataract, 30 in each group were recruited. They were subjected to a detailed ophthalmic evaluation, a WHO Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire answering and collection of tear, aqueous and blood samples. The levels of endocannabinoids-anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) in plasma, aqueous humor and tears; cortisol in plasma and aqueous humor; and WHO-QOL score in each group were noted. RESULTS Plasma AEA (p = 0.01) and plasma 2-AG, (p = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the control group as compared to the PACG group. WHO-QOL score was better in controls (p < 0.001). The EC were in undetectable levels in aqueous. Plasma and aqueous cortisol were significantly higher in PACG and both had the highest Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve value for differentiating PACG from controls. Tear 2AG and tear AEA had a moderately strong positive correlation with plasma 2-AG. Females had insignificantly higher levels of plasma and tear endocannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS Tear endocannabinoids were determined for the first time in PACG and normal with no difference between the two groups. Plasma and aqueous cortisol levels are a differentiating factor between normal and glaucoma patients with plasma endocannabinoids being remarkably higher in normals. Quality of life in glaucoma patients with high cortisol levels is poorer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dewang Angmo
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gazella Bruce Warjri
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - L Gowtham
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ponzini E. Tear biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:69-115. [PMID: 38762243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive exploration of lacrimal fluid molecular biomarkers in understanding and diagnosing a spectrum of ocular and systemic diseases is presented. The chapter provides an overview of lacrimal fluid composition, elucidating the roles of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids within the tear film. Pooled versus single-tear analysis is discussed to underline the benefits and challenges associated with both approaches, offering insights into optimal strategies for tear sample analysis. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of tear collection methods is presented, with a focus on Schirmer's test strips and microcapillary tubes methods. Alternative tear collection techniques are also explored, shedding light on their applicability and advantages. Variability factors, including age, sex, and diurnal fluctuations, are examined in the context of their impact on tear biomarker analysis. The main body of the chapter is dedicated to discussing specific biomarkers associated with ocular discomfort and a wide array of ocular diseases. From dry eye disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy to keratoconus, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the intricate relationship between molecular biomarkers and these conditions is thoroughly dissected. Expanding beyond ocular pathologies, the chapter explores the applicability of tear biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. This broader perspective underscores the potential of lacrimal fluid analysis in offering non-invasive diagnostic tools for conditions with far-reaching implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; COMiB Research Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Ye Y, Ge Y, Qu J, Liedberg B, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Smart Contact Lenses for Healthcare Monitoring and Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6817-6844. [PMID: 38407063 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The eye contains a wealth of physiological information and offers a suitable environment for noninvasive monitoring of diseases via smart contact lens sensors. Although extensive research efforts recently have been undertaken to develop smart contact lens sensors, they are still in an early stage of being utilized as an intelligent wearable sensing platform for monitoring various biophysical/chemical conditions. In this review, we provide a general introduction to smart contact lenses that have been developed for disease monitoring and therapy. First, different disease biomarkers available from the ocular environment are summarized, including both physical and chemical biomarkers, followed by the commonly used materials, manufacturing processes, and characteristics of contact lenses. Smart contact lenses for eye-drug delivery with advancing technologies to achieve more efficient treatments are then introduced as well as the latest developments for disease diagnosis. Finally, sensor communication technologies and smart contact lenses for antimicrobial and other emerging bioapplications are also discussed as well as the challenges and prospects of the future development of smart contact lenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Ying Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuancai Ge
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adigal SS, Kuzhuppilly NIR, Hegde N, V R N, Rizvi A, John RV, George SD, Kartha VB, Bhandary SV, Chidangil S. HPLC-LED-Induced Fluorescence Analysis of Tear Fluids: An Objective Method for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Diagnosis. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:260-269. [PMID: 38078692 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2289862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study showcased the application of the lab-assembled HPLC-LED-IF system to analyze proteins in tear fluid samples collected from individuals diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Clinical application of the said technique was evaluated by recording chromatograms of tear fluid samples from control and POAG subjects and by analyzing the protein profile using multivariate analysis. The data analysis methods involved are principal component analysis (PCA), Match/No-Match, and artificial neural network (ANN) based binary classification for disease diagnosis. RESULTS Mahalanobis distance and spectral residual values calculated using a standard calibration set of clinically confirmed POAG samples for the Match/No-Match test gave 86.9% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. ANN with leaving one out procedure has given 87.1% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. CONCLUSION The results of the study revealed that the utilization of a 278 nm LED excitation in the HPLC system offers good sensitivity for detecting proteins at low concentrations allowing to obtain reliable protein profiles for the diagnosis of POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Neetha I R Kuzhuppilly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj Hegde
- Arion, The Randstad Netherlands, Eindhoven City, the Netherlands
| | - Nidheesh V R
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alisha Rizvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajan D George
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasudevan B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taylor Gonzalez DJ, Djulbegovic M, Antonietti M, Cordova M, Dayhoff GW, Mattes R, Galor A, Uversky VN, Karp CL. Intrinsic Disorder in the Human Tear Proteome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 37561450 PMCID: PMC10424804 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to characterize the proteome of human tears and assess for the presence of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs, despite lacking a rigid three-dimensional structure, maintain biological functionality and could shed light on the molecular interactions within tears. Methods We analyzed a dataset of 1475 proteins identified in the tear film of three healthy subjects. We employed several computational tools, including the Compositional Profiler, Rapid Intrinsic Disorder Analysis Online, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and Database of Disordered Protein Predictors to evaluate the intrinsic disorder, protein interactions, and functional characterization of the disordered regions within this proteome. Results Our analysis showed a notable inclination toward intrinsic disorder. Two out of 10 order-promoting residues and five out of 10 disorder-promoting residues were found enriched. Using the Predictor of Natural Disordered Regions (PONDR) VSL2 output, 95% of these proteins were classified as highly or moderately disordered. We revealed an extensive protein-protein interaction network with significant interaction enrichment. The most disordered proteins exhibited higher disorder binding sites and diverse posttranslational modifications compared to the most ordered ones. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive analysis of intrinsic disorder in the human tear film proteome, and it revealed an abundance of IDPs and their role in protein function and interaction networks. These findings suggest that variations in the intrinsic disorder of a tear film could be impacted by systemic and ocular conditions, offering promising avenues for disease biomarker identification and drug target development. Further research is needed to understand the implications of these findings in human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mak Djulbegovic
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Matthew Cordova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Guy W. Dayhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Robby Mattes
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
- Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
- Research Services, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Carol L. Karp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toprak M, Yuksel N, Akpinar G, Kasap M, Pirhan D, Tugan BY. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Aqueous Humor from Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023; 17:118-125. [PMID: 37920371 PMCID: PMC10618601 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to pinpoint potential molecular pathways that may have contributed to the onset of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX), a systemic illness associated with aging that has no known cause and is brought on by the deposition of fibrillary white flaky debris in ocular tissues. Materials and methods Protein pools representing each group were created using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) in conjunction with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer. Aqueous humor (AH) from patients with PEX and cataracts was also collected for a comprehensive study of the data; ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used for the discovered proteins. Results In comparison to controls, 2DE showed that 10 sites in PEX patients had differently altered gene expression. Two of these proteins, transthyretin (TTR) and apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4) were significantly overexpressed in PEX patients, but the remaining proteins were only mildly altered. The liver X receptor (LXR) and the retinoid X receptors (RXR) may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PEX according to IPA employing these 10 proteins. Conclusion The altered proteins, particularly ApoA4 and TTR, may be important in revealing the molecular process behind PEX, as anticipated by IPA. How to cite this article Toprak M, Yuksel N, Akpinar G, et al. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Aqueous Humor from Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(3):118-125.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muge Toprak
- Ophthalmology Clinic/Dunya Goz Tıp Merkezi, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursen Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Yilmaz Tugan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baksheeva VE, Tiulina VV, Iomdina EN, Petrov SY, Filippova OM, Kushnarevich NY, Suleiman EA, Eyraud R, Devred F, Serebryakova MV, Shebardina NG, Chistyakov DV, Senin II, Mitkevich VA, Tsvetkov PO, Zernii EY. Tear nanoDSF Denaturation Profile Is Predictive of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087132. [PMID: 37108298 PMCID: PMC10139145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a frequent blindness-causing neurodegenerative disorder characterized by optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell damage most commonly due to a chronic increase in intraocular pressure. The preservation of visual function in patients critically depends on the timeliness of detection and treatment of the disease, which is challenging due to its asymptomatic course at early stages and lack of objective diagnostic approaches. Recent studies revealed that the pathophysiology of glaucoma includes complex metabolomic and proteomic alterations in the eye liquids, including tear fluid (TF). Although TF can be collected by a non-invasive procedure and may serve as a source of the appropriate biomarkers, its multi-omics analysis is technically sophisticated and unsuitable for clinical practice. In this study, we tested a novel concept of glaucoma diagnostics based on the rapid high-performance analysis of the TF proteome by differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF). An examination of the thermal denaturation of TF proteins in a cohort of 311 ophthalmic patients revealed typical profiles, with two peaks exhibiting characteristic shifts in POAG. Clustering of the profiles according to peaks maxima allowed us to identify glaucoma in 70% of cases, while the employment of artificial intelligence (machine learning) algorithms reduced the amount of false-positive diagnoses to 13.5%. The POAG-associated alterations in the core TF proteins included an increase in the concentration of serum albumin, accompanied by a decrease in lysozyme C, lipocalin-1, and lactotransferrin contents. Unexpectedly, these changes were not the only factor affecting the observed denaturation profile shifts, which considerably depended on the presence of low-molecular-weight ligands of tear proteins, such as fatty acids and iron. Overall, we recognized the TF denaturation profile as a novel biomarker of glaucoma, which integrates proteomic, lipidomic, and metallomic alterations in tears, and monitoring of which could be adapted for rapid non-invasive screening of the disease in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia E Baksheeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Institut Neurophysiopathol, INP, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Veronika V Tiulina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Iomdina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Petrov
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga M Filippova
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina Yu Kushnarevich
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Suleiman
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rémi Eyraud
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - François Devred
- Institut Neurophysiopathol, INP, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia G Shebardina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I Senin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Philipp O Tsvetkov
- Institut Neurophysiopathol, INP, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-40 Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Winiarczyk M, Biela K, Michalak K, Winiarczyk D, Mackiewicz J. Changes in Tear Proteomic Profile in Ocular Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13341. [PMID: 36293921 PMCID: PMC9603516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The search for proteomic biomarkers in ocular disease is one of the most important research directions in recent years. Reliable biomarkers can be an immense adjuvant for both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. There is no more readily available ocular tissue for proteomic analysis than tear film, which makes an interesting target for the biomarker search. Tear film is a complex fluid consisting of a superficial lipid layer, which covers the aqueous-mucous layer. Its complexity makes it a perfect candidate for all the "omics" approaches. Glaucoma, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and other diseases are commonly thought to have a multifactorial background. Currently, no reliable non-invasive tests are available that would help physicians with screening and further patient management. The aim of the study is to present modern methods of measuring biomarkers in tears, with particular emphasis on spectrometric methods, and to discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Winiarczyk
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Biela
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital of Zamosc, 22-400 Zamosc, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Epizootiology, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Winiarczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases of Small Animals, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mackiewicz
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ponzini E, Santambrogio C, De Palma A, Mauri P, Tavazzi S, Grandori R. Mass spectrometry-based tear proteomics for noninvasive biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:842-860. [PMID: 33759206 PMCID: PMC9543345 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The lacrimal film has attracted increasing interest in the last decades as a potential source of biomarkers of physiopathological states, due to its accessibility, moderate complexity, and responsiveness to ocular and systemic diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has led to effective approaches to tear proteomics, despite the intrinsic limitations in sample amounts. This review focuses on the recent progress in strategy and technology, with an emphasis on the potential for personalized medicine. After an introduction on lacrimal-film composition, examples of applications to biomarker discovery are discussed, comparing approaches based on pooled-sample and single-tear analysis. Then, the most critical steps of the experimental pipeline, that is, tear collection, sample fractionation, and LC-MS implementation, are discussed with reference to proteome-coverage optimization. Advantages and challenges of the alternative procedures are highlighted. Despite the still limited number of studies, tear quantitative proteomics, including single-tear investigation, could offer unique contributions to the identification of low-invasiveness, sustained-accessibility biomarkers, and to the development of personalized approaches to therapy and diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Materials Science DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute for Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council (ITB‐CNR)Segrate (MI)Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council (ITB‐CNR)Segrate (MI)Italy
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Materials Science DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- COMiBUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nättinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Clinical Tear Fluid Proteomics—A Novel Tool in Glaucoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158136. [PMID: 35897711 PMCID: PMC9331117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms the outermost layer of the ocular surface and its characteristics and composition have been connected to various ocular surface diseases. As tear proteomics enables the non-invasive investigation of protein levels in the tear fluid, it has become an increasingly popular approach in ocular surface and systemic disease studies. Glaucoma, which is a set of multifactorial diseases affecting mainly the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, has also been studied using tear proteomics. In this condition, the complete set of pathophysiological changes occurring in the eye is not yet fully understood, and biomarkers for early diagnosis and accurate treatment selection are needed. More in-depth analyses of glaucoma tear proteomics have started to emerge only more recently with the implementation of LC-MS/MS and other modern technologies. The aim of this review was to examine the published data of the tear protein changes occurring during glaucoma, its topical treatment, and surgical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulla Aapola
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Praveena Nukareddy
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fomo KN, Schmelter C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Tear Film-specific Biomarkers in Glaucoma Patients. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:165-168. [PMID: 35211938 DOI: 10.1055/a-1749-6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of chronic eye diseases that lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons followed by irreversible loss of vision in the patient. Glaucoma is a disease that initially evolves asymptomatically with the first symptoms appearing only at an advanced stage of this eye disease. For this reason, it is always necessary to develop state-of-the-art technologies and methods for the identification and characterization of new, specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of glaucoma. Therefore, the analysis of biological fluids, as in this case the tear fluid of patients, represents an attractive source to identify new specific as well as sensitive biomarkers in glaucoma. These biomarkers could be involved in the pathophysiological processes of glaucoma or possibly serve for diagnostic differentiation of various types of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Nzogang Fomo
- Experimentelle und Translationale Ophthalmologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Carsten Schmelter
- Experimentelle und Translationale Ophthalmologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimentelle und Translationale Ophthalmologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimentelle und Translationale Ophthalmologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones G, Lee TJ, Glass J, Rountree G, Ulrich L, Estes A, Sezer M, Zhi W, Sharma S, Sharma A. Comparison of Different Mass Spectrometry Workflows for the Proteomic Analysis of Tear Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2307. [PMID: 35216421 PMCID: PMC8875482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tear film is a multi-layer fluid that covers the corneal and conjunctival epithelia of the eye and provides lubrication, nutrients, and protection from the outside environment. Tear fluid contains a high concentration of proteins and has thus been recognized as a potential source of biomarkers for ocular disorders due to its proximity to disease sites on the ocular surface and the non-invasive nature of its collection. This is particularly true in the case of dry eye disease, which directly impacts the tear film and its components. Proteomic analysis of tear fluid is challenging mainly due to the wide dynamic range of proteins and the small sample volumes. However, recent advancements in mass spectrometry have revolutionized the field of proteomics enabling unprecedented depth, speed, and accuracy, even with small sample volumes. In this study using the Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer, we compared four different mass spectrometry workflows for the proteomic analysis of tear fluid collected via Schirmer strips. We were able to establish a method of in-strip protein digestion that identified >3000 proteins in human tear samples from 11 healthy subjects. Our method offers a significant improvement in the number of proteins identified compared to previously reported methods without pooling samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Grace Rountree
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mary Sezer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nandi SK, Singh D, Upadhay J, Gupta N, Dhiman N, Mittal SK, Mahindroo N. Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:838-846. [PMID: 34728300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of robust, selective and specific biomarkers are important for early diagnosis and monitor progression of human diseases. Eye being a common target for several human diseases, vision impediment and complications are often associated with systemic and ocular diseases. Tears are bodily fluids that are closest to eye and are rich in protein content and other metabolites. As a biomarker repository, it advantages over other bodily fluids due to the ability to collect it non-invasively. In this review, we highlight some recent advancements in identification of tear-based protein biomarkers like lacryglobin and cystatin SA for cancer; interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin-A antibody for COVID-19; tau, amyloid-β-42 and lysozyme-C for Alzheimer's disease; peroxiredoxin-6 and α-synuclein for Parkinson's disease; kallikrein, angiotensin converting enzyme and lipocalin-1 for glaucoma; lactotransferrin and lipophilin-A for diabetic retinopathy and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein-1, prolactin and calcium binding protein-A4 for eye thyroid disease. We also discussed identification of tear based non-protein biomarkers like lysophospholipids and acetylcarnitine for glaucoma, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyquanosine and malondialdehyde for thyroid eye disease. We elucidate technological advancement in developing tear-based biosensors for diagnosis and monitoring diseases such as diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, the study of tears as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of human diseases is promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Nandi
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Deepanmol Singh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Jyoti Upadhay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Neeti Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Nayan Dhiman
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mittal
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tezel G. Multiplex protein analysis for the study of glaucoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:911-924. [PMID: 34672220 PMCID: PMC8712406 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1996232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of multifactorial origin. Extensive research is ongoing to better understand, prevent, and treat progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. While experimental models of glaucoma and postmortem tissues of human donors are analyzed for pathophysiological comprehension and improved treatment of this blinding disease, clinical samples of intraocular biofluids and blood collected from glaucoma patients are analyzed to identify predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers. Multiplexing techniques for protein analysis offer a valuable approach for translational glaucoma research. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the increasing applications of multiplex protein analysis for glaucoma research and also highlights current research challenges in the field and expected solutions from emerging technological advances. EXPERT OPINION Analytical techniques for multiplex analysis of proteins can help uncover neurodegenerative processes for enhanced treatment of glaucoma and can help identify molecular biomarkers for improved clinical testing and monitoring of this complex disease. This evolving field and continuously growing availability of new technologies are expected to broaden the comprehension of this complex neurodegenerative disease and speed up the progress toward new therapeutics and personalized patient care to prevent blindness from glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Glasgow BJ. Tear Lipocalin and Lipocalin-Interacting Membrane Receptor. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684211. [PMID: 34489718 PMCID: PMC8417070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear lipocalin is a primate protein that was recognized as a lipocalin from the homology of the primary sequence. The protein is most concentrated in tears and produced by lacrimal glands. Tear lipocalin is also produced in the tongue, pituitary, prostate, and the tracheobronchial tree. Tear lipocalin has been assigned a multitude of functions. The functions of tear lipocalin are inexorably linked to structural characteristics that are often shared by the lipocalin family. These characteristics result in the binding and or transport of a wide range of small hydrophobic molecules. The cavity of tear lipocalin is formed by eight strands (A-H) that are arranged in a β-barrel and are joined by loops between the β-strands. Recently, studies of the solution structure of tear lipocalin have unveiled new structural features such as cation-π interactions, which are extant throughout the lipocalin family. Lipocalin has many unique features that affect ligand specificity. These include a capacious and a flexible cavity with mobile and short overhanging loops. Specific features that confer promiscuity for ligand binding in tear lipocalin will be analyzed. The functions of tear lipocalin include the following: antimicrobial activities, scavenger of toxic and tear disruptive compounds, endonuclease activity, and inhibition of cysteine proteases. In addition, tear lipocalin binds and may modulate lipids in the tears. Such actions support roles as an acceptor for phospholipid transfer protein, heteropolymer formation to alter viscosity, and tear surface interactions. The promiscuous lipid-binding properties of tear lipocalin have created opportunities for its use as a drug carrier. Mutant analogs have been created to bind other molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor for medicinal use. Tear lipocalin has been touted as a useful biomarker for several diseases including breast cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetic retinopathy, and keratoconus. The functional possibilities of tear lipocalin dramatically expanded when a putative receptor, lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor was identified. However, opposing studies claim that lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is not specific for lipocalin. A recent study even suggests a different function for the membrane protein. This controversy will be reviewed in light of gene expression data, which suggest that tear lipocalin has a different tissue distribution than the putative receptor. But the data show lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is expressed on ocular surface epithelium and that a receptor function here would be rational.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Glasgow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cueto AFV, Álvarez L, García M, Álvarez-Barrios A, Artime E, Cueto LFV, Coca-Prados M, González-Iglesias H. Candidate Glaucoma Biomarkers: From Proteins to Metabolites, and the Pitfalls to Clinical Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:763. [PMID: 34439995 PMCID: PMC8389649 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an insidious group of eye diseases causing degeneration of the optic nerve, progressive loss of vision, and irreversible blindness. The number of people affected by glaucoma is estimated at 80 million in 2021, with 3.5% prevalence in people aged 40-80. The main biomarker and risk factor for the onset and progression of glaucoma is the elevation of intraocular pressure. However, when glaucoma is diagnosed, the level of retinal ganglion cell death usually amounts to 30-40%; hence, the urgent need for its early diagnosis. Molecular biomarkers of glaucoma, from proteins to metabolites, may be helpful as indicators of pathogenic processes observed during the disease's onset. The discovery of human glaucoma biomarkers is hampered by major limitations, including whether medications are influencing the expression of molecules in bodily fluids, or whether tests to validate glaucoma biomarker candidates should include human subjects with different types and stages of the disease, as well as patients with other ocular and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the proper selection of the biofluid or tissue, as well as the analytical platform, should be mandatory. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge concerning proteomics- and metabolomics-based glaucoma biomarkers, with specificity to human eye tissue and fluid, as well the analytical approach and the main results obtained. The complex data published to date, which include at least 458 different molecules altered in human glaucoma, merit a new, integrative approach allowing for future diagnostic tests based on the absolute quantification of local and/or systemic biomarkers of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Miguel Coca-Prados
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Azbukina NV, Chistyakov DV, Goriainov SV, Kotelin VI, Fedoseeva EV, Petrov SY, Sergeeva MG, Iomdina EN, Zernii EY. Targeted Lipidomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor Reveals Signaling Lipid-Mediated Pathways in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070658. [PMID: 34356513 PMCID: PMC8301454 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Analysis of the eye liquids collected from a cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma patients identified signaling lipids, the pattern of which suggests a role of arachidonic acid/platelet activating-factor (PAF)-dependent pathways and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease and provides novel targets for its diagnostics and treatment. Abstract Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) due to hindered aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins are signaling lipids regulating neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and AH outflow. Among them, prostaglandins have been previously implicated in glaucoma and employed for its treatment. This study addressed the role of signaling lipids in glaucoma by determining their changes in AH accompanying IOP growth and progression of the disease. Eye liquids were collected from patients with POAG of different stages and cataract patients without glaucoma. Lipids were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. The compounds discriminating glaucoma groups were recognized using ANCOVA and PLS-DA statistic approaches and their biosynthetic pathways were predicted by bioinformatics. Among 22 signaling lipids identified in AH, stage/IOP-dependent alterations in glaucoma were provided by a small set of mediators, including 12,13-DiHOME, 9- and 13-HODE/KODE, arachidonic acid and lyso-PAF. These observations correlated with the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and phospholipases A2 in the ocular tissues. Interestingly, tear fluid exhibited similar lipidomic alterations in POAG. Overall, POAG may involve arachidonic acid/PAF-dependent pathways and oxidative stress as evidenced from an increase in its markers, KODEs and 12,13-DiHOME. The latter is a product of CYPs, one of which, CYP1B1, is known as POAG and primary congenital glaucoma-associated gene. These data provide novel targets for glaucoma treatment. Oxylipin content of tear fluid may have diagnostic value in POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Azbukina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (E.Y.Z.); Tel.: +7-9030011751 (E.Y.Z.)
| | | | - Vladislav I. Kotelin
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Elena V. Fedoseeva
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Sergey Yu. Petrov
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Marina G. Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena N. Iomdina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Evgeni Yu. Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (E.Y.Z.); Tel.: +7-9030011751 (E.Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adigal SS, Rizvi A, Rayaroth NV, John RV, Barik A, Bhandari S, George SD, Lukose J, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Human tear fluid analysis for clinical applications: progress and prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:767-787. [PMID: 34115952 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1941879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human blood and saliva are increasingly under investigation for the detection of biomarkers for early diagnosis of non-communicable (e.g.cancers) and communicable diseases like COVID-19. Exploring the potential application of human tears, an easily accessible body fluid, for the diagnosis of various diseases is the need of the hour.Areas covered: This review deals with a comprehensive account of applications of tear analysis using different techniques, their comparison and overall progress achieved till now. The techniques used for tear fluid analysis are HPLC/UPLC/SDS-PAGE, CE, etc., together with ELISA, Mass Spectrometry, etc. But, with advances in instrumentation and data processing methods, it has become easy to couple the various separation methods with highly sensitive optical techniques for the analysis of body fluids.Expert opinion: Tear analysis can provide valuable information about the health condition of the eyes since it contains several molecular constituents, and their relative concentrations may alter under abnormal conditions. Tear analysis has the advantage that it is totally non-invasive. This study recommends tear fluid as a reliable clinical sample to be probed by highly sensitive optical techniques to diagnose different health conditions, with special emphasis on eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alisha Rizvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasthurba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nidheesh V Rayaroth
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajayakumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sulatha Bhandari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasthurba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajan D George
- Centre for Applied Nanotechnology, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasudevan B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barnett M, Courey C, Fadel D, Lee K, Michaud L, Montani G, van der Worp E, Vincent SJ, Walker M, Bilkhu P, Morgan PB. CLEAR - Scleral lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:270-288. [PMID: 33775380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Scleral lenses were the first type of contact lens, developed in the late nineteenth century to restore vision and protect the ocular surface. With the advent of rigid corneal lenses in the middle of the twentieth century and soft lenses in the 1970's, the use of scleral lenses diminished; in recent times there has been a resurgence in their use driven by advances in manufacturing and ocular imaging technology. Scleral lenses are often the only viable form of contact lens wear across a range of clinical indications and can potentially delay the need for corneal surgery. This report provides a brief historical review of scleral lenses and a detailed account of contemporary scleral lens practice including common indications and recommended terminology. Recent research on ocular surface shape is presented, in addition to a comprehensive account of modern scleral lens fitting and on-eye evaluation. A range of optical and physiological challenges associated with scleral lenses are presented, including options for the clinical management of a range of ocular conditions. Future applications which take advantage of the stability of scleral lenses are also discussed. In summary, this report presents evidence-based recommendations to optimise patient outcomes in modern scleral lens practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| | | | | | - Karen Lee
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Giancarlo Montani
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica CERCA, Lecce, Italy
| | - Eef van der Worp
- Eye-Contact-Lens Research & Education, Amsterdam, NL, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria Walker
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paramdeep Bilkhu
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma JYW, Sze YH, Bian JF, Lam TC. Critical role of mass spectrometry proteomics in tear biomarker discovery for multifactorial ocular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:83. [PMID: 33760148 PMCID: PMC7992922 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tear film is a layer of body fluid that maintains the homeostasis of the ocular surface. The superior accessibility of tears and the presence of a high concentration of functional proteins make tears a potential medium for the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers in ocular diseases. Recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have enabled determination of an in-depth proteome profile, improved sensitivity, faster acquisition speed, proven variety of acquisition methods, and identification of disease biomarkers previously lacking in the field of ophthalmology. The use of MS allows efficient discovery of tear proteins, generation of reproducible results, and, more importantly, determines changes of protein quantity and post-translation modifications in microliter samples. The present review compared techniques for tear collection, sample preparation, and acquisition applied for the discovery of tear protein markers in normal subjects and multifactorial conditions, including dry eye syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, thyroid eye disease and primary open-angle glaucoma, which require an early diagnosis for treatment. It also summarized the contribution of MS to early discovery by means of disease-related protein markers in tear fluid and the potential for transformation of the tear MS-based proteome to antibody-based assay for future clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yuen Wuen Ma
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hon Sze
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fang Bian
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vaajanen A, Nättinen J, Aapola U, Gielen F, Uusitalo H. The effect of successful trabeculectomy on the ocular surface and tear proteomics-a prospective cohort study with 1-year follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:160-170. [PMID: 32643292 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report changes in the ocular surface and tear proteomics after discontinuation of chronic glaucoma medication. METHODS Patients requiring trabeculectomy were recruited from the glaucoma clinic of Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Fifty-seven patients with previous history of anti-glaucomatous eye drops (8.1 ± 6.8 years) and having undergone a successful trabeculectomy were included in this report. Outcomes of interest were conjunctival redness grading, tear secretion (Schirmer I) and tear film proteomics (SWATH-MS) in addition to thorough clinical examination. The protocol included five time points: preoperative visit and postoperative visits at month 1, 3, 6 and 12. All parameters measured were compared to the corresponding preoperative levels of each individual eye. RESULTS Conjunctival redness and irritation were significantly reduced during follow-up, while tear production remained unchanged. Protein profiles of the tear film indicated significant changes in the ocular surface. Lipid transport was increased while several pro-inflammatory proteins were consistently decreased after the surgery. CONCLUSION Clinical signs as well as the proteomics results indicated that the trabeculectomy and resulting cessation of topical glaucoma medication were very beneficial to the ocular surface. The state of the conjunctiva improved throughout the 1-year follow-up while the levels of pro-inflammatory proteins decreased and lipid transport-associated functions were increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Vaajanen
- Tays Eye Centre Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Janika Nättinen
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Fabian Gielen
- Tays Eye Centre Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Tays Eye Centre Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- SILK Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biomarkers in Tears and Ocular Surface: A Window for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 46 Suppl 2:S129-S134. [PMID: 31658175 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to briefly outline current scientific evidence on the potential role of tear analysis and ocular surface evaluation in diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and glaucoma. METHODS A systematic computerized search in the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Collaborations was conducted to find eligible articles which their main topic was to investigate the tear and ocular surface in neurodegenerative diseases. After a first screening of titles and abstracts and a full-text review, 26 articles met the inclusion criteria (1 about the neurodegenerative diseases, 3 about the Alzheimer disease, 11 about the Parkinson disease, 11 about glaucoma, and 1 about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). RESULTS The ocular surface picture seems to be altered in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases with specific characteristics according to each disease. They seem to be associated with reduced corneal sensitivity and abnormal tear function, and each one presents the expression of specific biomarkers in tears. CONCLUSIONS The study of tears and ocular surface appears to be a new and noninvasive promising way to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Beykin G, Norcia AM, Srinivasan VJ, Dubra A, Goldberg JL. Discovery and clinical translation of novel glaucoma biomarkers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100875. [PMID: 32659431 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Given the high prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and the availability of treatment options, improving the diagnosis and precise monitoring of progression in these conditions is paramount. Here we review recent progress in the development of novel biomarkers for glaucoma in the context of disease pathophysiology and we propose future steps for the field, including integration of exploratory biomarker outcomes into prospective therapeutic trials. We anticipate that, when validated, some of the novel glaucoma biomarkers discussed here will prove useful for clinical diagnosis and prediction of progression, as well as monitoring of clinical responses to standard and investigational therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gala Beykin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA.
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fernández-Vega Cueto A, Álvarez L, García M, Artime E, Álvarez Barrios A, Rodríguez-Uña I, Coca-Prados M, González-Iglesias H. Systemic Alterations of Immune Response-Related Proteins during Glaucoma Development in the Murine Model DBA/2J. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E425. [PMID: 32585848 PMCID: PMC7345206 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease affecting the retina, offer the opportunity to study candidate molecular biomarkers throughout the disease. In this work, the DBA/2J glaucomatous mouse has been used to study the systemic levels of several proteins previously identified as potential biomarkers of glaucoma, along the pre- to post-glaucomatous transition. Serum samples obtained from glaucomatous and control mice at 4, 10, and 14 months, were classified into different experimental groups according to the optic nerve damage at 14 months old. Quantifications of ten serum proteins were carried out by enzyme immunoassays. Changes in the levels of some of these proteins in the transition to glaucomatous stages were identified, highlighting the significative decrease in the concentration of complement C4a protein. Moreover, the five-protein panel consisting of complement C4a, complement factor H, ficolin-3, apolipoprotein A4, and transthyretin predicted the transition to glaucoma in 78% of cases, and to the advanced disease in 89%. Our data, although still preliminary, suggest that disease development in DBA/2J mice is associated with important molecular changes in immune response and complement system proteins and demonstrate the utility of this model in identifying, at systemic level, potential markers for the diagnosis of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avenida Doctores Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.); (I.R.-U.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avenida Doctores Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.); (I.R.-U.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Ana Álvarez Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Uña
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avenida Doctores Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.); (I.R.-U.)
| | - Miguel Coca-Prados
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avenida Doctores Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.); (I.R.-U.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (E.A.); (A.Á.B.); (M.C.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Graham KL, Diefenbach E, McCowan CI, White AJR. A technique for shotgun proteomic analysis of the precorneal tear film in dogs with naturally occurring primary glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:131-145. [PMID: 32364655 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a protocol for the characterization of protein patterns in tears of dogs with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). ANIMALS Nineteen dogs (25 eyes). METHODS Tear samples were collected using a Schirmer tear strip, from dogs with PACG (PACG-affected eyes, n = 8; unaffected eyes predisposed to PACG, n = 7), POAG (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 6). Protein precipitation and trypsin digestion were performed for analyses via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were identified using the SwissProt protein sequence database. Relative protein expression in 17 eyes (15 dogs) was evaluated using Proteome Discoverer 2.0. Pathway analyses were performed to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with primary glaucoma. RESULTS Unique peptides were identified in 505 proteins, with Major allergen Can f 1 and albumin identified with high confidence. Proteins unique to tears from diseased eyes (PACG: n = 7; POAG: n = 14) were identified. Nucleoside diphosphate was unique to tears in PACG eyes naïve to therapy, while retinal binding protein and NSFL1 cofactor p47 were unique to medicated PACG eyes. Relative expression of 34 proteins differed between disease states. Pathway analyses identified that the 'inflammatory response' was among the top disease/disorders in dogs with primary glaucoma (PACG and POAG) but not in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Tear samples suitable for mass spectrometry were readily obtained from pet dogs without needing specialized equipment. Further studies to validate the findings and explore potential candidate biomarkers for early disease detection and potential therapeutic targets are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Diefenbach
- Westmead Proteomics Facility, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina I McCowan
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew J R White
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mastropasqua R, Agnifili L, Mastropasqua L. Structural and Molecular Tear Film Changes in Glaucoma. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4225-4240. [PMID: 30306854 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009153212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Tear Film (TF) is a trilaminar and dynamic fluid covering the entire Ocular Surface (OS), consisting of a mucus, aqueous, and lipid layer deeply interacting between them. Because of its structure and functions, TF plays a pivotal role in the preservation of the OS integrity and the quality of vision. Medical therapy for glaucoma is recognized to profoundly disturb the OS homeostasis by altering all components of the ocular surface unit, including TF. The presence of preservatives, the number of daily eye drops instillations, and the duration of therapy are the main contributors to TF changes. From the physio-pathological side, TF alterations are induced by toxic and allergic mechanisms and result from goblet cell and Meibomian gland loss, dysfunction of accessory lacrimal glands, and epithelial disruption. In detail, TF changes are represented by mucus layer thinning, reduced mucin concentration, aqueous layer volume reduction, and lipid layer thinning with increased tear evaporation. Hyper- osmolarity and instability represent the main hallmarks of these changes and are an expression of a iatrogenic form of dry eye. TF undergoes also molecular modifications that primarily reflect a therapy- or disease-induced inflammatory status of the OS. Over the last years, this field of research aimed a progressively growing interest since molecular variations may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers of glaucoma. The aim of this review is to report the main TF changes occurring during glaucoma, exploring the relationship they may have with the glaucoma-related ocular surface disease and the patient quality of life, and their utility as potential biomarkers of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Agnifili
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mastropasqua
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
In addition to the clinically most relevant risk factor for glaucoma, i.e., elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), there are other factors with high relevance for the disease. Changes in the autoimmune component of the immune system are of particular importance. Clinical studies have demonstrated alterations in different autoantibodies in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, some of which increase in abundance/have a raised titer, but also some which have a reduced titer. These changes have a distinct potential-not only as a tool for early glaucoma detection, but also as a therapeutic option due to the documented neuroprotective effects of some of these antibodies. Several antibodies displaying lower abundance in glaucoma patients, e.g., antibodies against 14-3-3 proteins, γ‑/α-synuclein, or also against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), show neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells in vivo and in vitro. To assess the relevance of changes detected in the immune system of glaucoma patients, "‑omics-based" analyses of different ocular tissues are of particular importance alongside cell culture studies. In this manner, not only samples derived from experimental studies but also samples derived from glaucoma patients in even very small amounts (e. g., tears, aqueous humor, serum, or post-mortem retina) can be analyzed in detail in terms of protein and, in particular, antibody changes. Modern mass spectrometric proteomic characterization of relevant samples will deliver valuable information concerning the understanding of molecular disease mechanisms in the coming years, thus also improving diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bell
- Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Augenklinik der Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
| | - S Funke
- Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Augenklinik der Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - F H Grus
- Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Augenklinik der Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pieragostino D, Lanuti P, Cicalini I, Cufaro MC, Ciccocioppo F, Ronci M, Simeone P, Onofrj M, van der Pol E, Fontana A, Marchisio M, Del Boccio P. Proteomics characterization of extracellular vesicles sorted by flow cytometry reveals a disease-specific molecular cross-talk from cerebrospinal fluid and tears in multiple sclerosis. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
33
|
Calvo R, López-Malo D, Penadés M, Romero FJ, Peris-Martínez C. Which are the best parameters to obtain proteins and malondialdehyde from a tear sample? Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107656. [PMID: 31028749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Predictive, preventive and personalized medicine (PPPM) is a current concept in healthcare based on the analysis of biomarkers through non-invasive methods. Biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress are especially used for screening. Quantification of tear total protein content is important to identify potential, specific biomarkers, such as malondialdehyde concerning oxidative stress. The Schirmer strip test is an accessible and simple method for tear analysis. However, it is limited by the low concentration of biomarkers in the human tear. In this preliminary study, different procedures were compared for the extraction of tear proteins and malondialdehyde. Schirmer strips were used to obtain tears from healthy subjects. Ionic strength and surfactant agents were assessed, as well as different centrifugation parameters. Finally, several volumes of n-butanol on the process of malondialdehyde extraction were evaluated. The results showed that ionic strength strongly influences the extraction process, although most studies have suggested that surfactant agents are the most relevant factor; the most efficient results were obtained using a 2 M solution of NaCl in phosphate buffered saline. Regarding centrifugation, leaving the Schirmer strip tip left hanging outside the tube cap and using 1000 rpm was the best option, which is a lower centrifugation speed than the usually reported on literature. Moreover, 250 μL was the optimal n-butanol volume for malondialdehyde extraction. The importance of this study relies on the increasing relevance of the biomarkers in the field of PPPM and the need of a standardized method to extract biomarkers from the tears, to optimise its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Calvo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia 'San Vicente Mártir', C/ Quevedo, 2, 46001, Valencia, Spain; Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Av. Tres Cruces 2, 46014, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Daniel López-Malo
- Universidad Europea de Valencia, Av. Aragón, 30, 46021, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariola Penadés
- FISABIO Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja 12, 46015, Valencia, Spain; Thematic Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Romero
- Universidad Europea de Valencia, Av. Aragón, 30, 46021, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Peris-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia 'San Vicente Mártir', C/ Quevedo, 2, 46001, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja 12, 46015, Valencia, Spain; Thematic Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Integrated Lipidomics and Metabolomics Analysis of Tears in Multiple Sclerosis: An Insight into Diagnostic Potential of Lacrimal Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061265. [PMID: 30871169 PMCID: PMC6471885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics based on mass spectrometry represents an innovative approach to characterize multifactorial diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MuS). To date, the most important biomarker source for MuS diagnosis is the cerebrospinal fluid. However, an important goal for research is to identify new molecules in more easily accessible biological fluids. A very interesting biofluid in MuS is represented by tears, considered as an intermediate fluid between the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. In this work, we developed a merged strategy for the analysis of lipids containing choline by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as for the targeted analysis of free carnitine, acylcarnitines and aminoacids by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Samples for both metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were obtained in a single extraction procedure from tears of patients affected by MuS and healthy controls. Tear lipidomics showed 30 phospholipids significantly modulated and, notably, many sphingomyelins resulted lower in MuS. Moreover, the metabolomics approach carried out both on tears and serum highlighted the diagnostic potential of specific aminoacids and acylcarnitines. In conclusion, the metabolic profiling of tears appears to reflect the pathological conditions of the central nervous system, suggesting that the molecular repository of tears can be considered as a source of potential biomarkers for MuS.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahmad MT, Zhang P, Dufresne C, Ferrucci L, Semba RD. The Human Eye Proteome Project: Updates on an Emerging Proteome. Proteomics 2019; 18:e1700394. [PMID: 29356342 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ consisting of multiple compartments with unique and specialized properties that reflect their varied functions. Although there have been advancements in ocular imaging and therapeutics over the past decade, the pathogenesis of many common eye diseases remains poorly understood. Proteomics is an invaluable tool to gain insight into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of eye diseases. By 2013, when the Human Eye Proteome Project (also known as the EyeOme) was founded, there were 4842 nonredundant proteins identified in the human eye. Twenty-three recent papers on the human eye proteome were identified in PubMed searches. These papers were used to compile an updated resource of 9782 nonredundant proteins in the human eye. This updated catalogue sheds light on the molecular makeup of previously undescribed proteomes within the human eye, including optic nerve, sclera, iris, and ciliary body, while adding additional proteins to previously characterized proteomes such as aqueous humor, lens, vitreous, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid. Although considerable advances have been made to characterize the complete proteome of the human eye, additional high-quality data are needed to confirm and quantify previously discovered eye proteins in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meleha T Ahmad
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Purpose of review This article summarizes the current studies on molecular biomarkers with potential implications in diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment in patients with glaucoma. Recent findings Important advances have occurred in the understanding of the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Protein biomarkers associated with inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and other molecular pathways have been described in glaucoma patients in tear film, aqueous fluid, vitreous fluid, and serum, however, we are still far from having a clear picture of the whole molecular network that relates to the disease and its implications in clinical use. Summary Although more studies are needed, current and emerging molecular biomarkers candidates in glaucoma may eventually transition into clinical use and contribute to outline the concept of precision medicine and precision health in glaucoma.
Collapse
|
37
|
Dammeier S, Martus P, Klose F, Seid M, Bosch D, D'Alvise J, Ziemssen F, Dimopoulos S, Ueffing M. Combined Targeted Analysis of Metabolites and Proteins in Tear Fluid With Regard to Clinical Applications. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:22. [PMID: 30564511 PMCID: PMC6284467 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust workflow for combined mass spectrometry–based analysis of metabolites and proteins in tear fluid with regard to clinical applicability. Methods Tear fluid was taken from 12 healthy volunteers at different time points using specially designed Schirmer strips. Following the liquid extraction of metabolites from standardized punches, the remaining material was processed for bottom-up proteomics. Targeted metabolite profiling was performed adapting a metabolomics kit, which targets 188 metabolites from four different analyte classes. Proteomics was performed of the identical samples targeting 15 tear proteins relevant to ocular health. Results Sixty metabolites could be consistently determined in all tear samples (98 metabolites were detectable in average) covering acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, and glycerophospholipids. Following normalization, the majority of metabolites exhibited intraindividual variances of less than 20%, both regarding different times of sampling, and the individual eye. The targeted analysis of tear proteins revealed a mean intraindividual variation of 23% for the three most abundant proteins. Even extreme differences in tear secretion rates resulted in interindividual variability below 30% for 65 metabolites and two proteins. Conclusions The newly established workflow can be used for combined targeted detection of metabolites and proteins in one punch of a Schirmer strip in a clinical setting. Translational Relevance Our data about intra- and interindividual as well as intereye variation provide a valuable basis for the design of clinical studies, and for the applicability of multiplexed “omics” to well accessible tear fluid with regard to future routine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Seid
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dario Bosch
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janina D'Alvise
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Spyridon Dimopoulos
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nättinen J, Jylhä A, Aapola U, Parkkari M, Mikhailova A, Beuerman RW, Uusitalo H. Patient stratification in clinical glaucoma trials using the individual tear proteome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12038. [PMID: 30104599 PMCID: PMC6089987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma patients are prone to concomitant ocular surface diseases; however, switching from preserved to preservative-free medication can often alleviate these symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine how the adverse effects and tear proteome change for glaucoma patients (n = 28) during a 12-month drug switch from preserved latanoprost (Xalatan) to preservative-free tafluprost (Taflotan). We hypothesized that patient stratification could help identify novel recovery patterns in both tear proteomics and clinical data. In order to accomplish patient stratification, we implemented sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) as a tool for quantitative analysis of individual tear protein profiles. During each visit (baseline and four follow-up visits), the patients' tears were sampled and the state of their ocular surface was evaluated clinically. Altogether 785 proteins were quantified from each tear sample using SWATH strategy and as these protein expression levels were compared between baseline and 12-month follow-up, three distinct patient groups were identified. We evaluated how these patient groups differed in their protein expression levels at baseline and discovered that the patients with increased levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and decreased levels of protective proteins benefitted most from the medication switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Antti Jylhä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Parkkari
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexandra Mikhailova
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Integrated proteome and HPLC analysis revealed quercetin-mediated inhibition of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:47. [PMID: 29354358 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of aflatoxins in maize or maize-related products synthesized by Aspergillus flavus causes severe economical loss and threat to human health. Use of eco-friendly phytochemicals has shown potential to inhibit secondary metabolites in Aspergillus species. Thus, A. flavus cultured in corn flour (CF) and corn flour with quercetin (CFQ) was used for protein extraction for proteome analysis using nLC-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Proteome analysis revealed the expressions of 705 and 843 proteins in CFQ and CF, respectively. Gene Ontology Slim Categories (GOSC) of CF exhibited major transcriptional factors; involved in acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins, carbohydrate metabolism, and hydrolase activity, whereas GOSC analysis of CFQ showed membrane transport activity, including both influx and efflux proteins. cAMP/PKA signaling pathway was observed in CFQ, whereas MAPK pathway in CF. To quantify biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in CF and CFQ, HPLC analysis at 7, 12, 24 and 48 h was carried out which showed decrease in AFB1 (1%) at 7-24 h in CFQ. However, remarkable decrease in AFB1 biosynthesis (51%) at 48 h time point was observed. Thus, the present study provided an insight into the mechanism of quercetin-mediated inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus and raises the possibility to use quercetin as an anti-aflatoxigenic agent.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mastropasqua R, Agnifili L, Fasanella V, Nubile M, Gnama AA, Falconio G, Perri P, Di Staso S, Mariotti C. The Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Chronic Ocular Surface Diseases. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:697-707. [PMID: 28480834 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) represent a widely investigated field of research given their growing incidence and the negative impact on quality of life. During OSDs, cytokines generated by damaged epithelia trigger and deregulate the lymphoid cells composing the eye-associated lymphoid tissues, inducing an immune-mediated chronic inflammation that amplifies and propagates the disease during time. The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), given its particular position that permits immune cells covering the cornea, might play a crucial role in the development of OSDs. Despite the recognized inflammatory role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in other stations taking contact with the external environment (gut or bronchus), CALT did not gain the deserved consideration. In the last years, the diffusion of the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) stimulated the interest to CALT, especially in dry eye, ocular allergy, and glaucoma. Though the initial stimuli were different, IVCM documented similar changes, represented by increased lymphoid cells within the diffuse layer, follicles and interfollicular spaces. These findings, which need to be validated by immunohistology, support the CALT stimulation during OSDs. However, while an involvement of the CALT in OSDs is hypothesizable, the exact role of this structure in their pathogenesis remains unclear and warrants further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Agnifili
- 2Ophthalmology Clinic,Department of Medicine and Aging Science,University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara,Chieti 66100,Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fasanella
- 2Ophthalmology Clinic,Department of Medicine and Aging Science,University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara,Chieti 66100,Italy
| | - Mario Nubile
- 2Ophthalmology Clinic,Department of Medicine and Aging Science,University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara,Chieti 66100,Italy
| | - Agbeanda A Gnama
- 2Ophthalmology Clinic,Department of Medicine and Aging Science,University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara,Chieti 66100,Italy
| | - Gennaro Falconio
- 2Ophthalmology Clinic,Department of Medicine and Aging Science,University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara,Chieti 66100,Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- 3Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences,Division of Ophthalmology,University of Ferrara,Ferrara 44100,Italy
| | - Silvio Di Staso
- 4Department of Surgical Science,Ophthalmic Clinic,University of L'Aquila,L'Aquila 67100,Italy
| | - Cesare Mariotti
- 5Eye Clinic,Polytechnic University of Marche,Ancona 60020,Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pieragostino D, Agnifili L, Cicalini I, Calienno R, Zucchelli M, Mastropasqua L, Sacchetta P, Del Boccio P, Rossi C. Tear Film Steroid Profiling in Dry Eye Disease by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071349. [PMID: 28672794 PMCID: PMC5535842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface unit resulting in eye discomfort, visual disturbance, and ocular surface damage; the risk of DED increases with age in both sexes, while its incidence is higher among females caused by an overall hormonal imbalance. The role of androgens has recently investigated and these hormones were considered to have a protective function on the ocular surface. In order to correlate DED to tear steroid levels, a robust, specific, and selective method for the simultaneous quantification of cortisol (CORT), corticosterone (CCONE), 11-deoxycortisol (11-DECOL), 4-androstene-3,17-dione (ADIONE), testosterone (TESTO), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and progesterone (PROG) was developed and applied for the analysis of tear samples. The method involves a simple extraction procedure of steroids from tears collected on Schirmer strips, followed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. In total, tear samples from 14 DED female patients and 13 healthy female controls were analysed and, CORT, ADIONE, and 17-OHP response levels resulted significantly decreased in dry eye patients respect to controls. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the combination of these three steroids (AUC = 0.964) demonstrated the good diagnostic power of the differential tear steroids in identifying DED. In conclusion, the present method made it possible, for the first time, to study steroid profiling directly in tear fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Agnifili
- Opthalmic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cicalini
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Roberta Calienno
- Opthalmic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mirco Zucchelli
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Mastropasqua
- Opthalmic Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sacchetta
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudia Rossi
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Research Centre on Aging and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Y, Allingham RR. Major review: Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:62-84. [PMID: 28499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type, is a complex inherited disorder that is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve head excavation, and visual field loss. The discovery of a large, and growing, number of genetic and chromosomal loci has been shown to contribute to POAG risk, which carry implications for disease pathogenesis. Differential gene expression analyses in glaucoma-affected tissues as well as animal models of POAG are enhancing our mechanistic understanding in this common, blinding disorder. In this review we summarize recent developments in POAG genetics and molecular genetics research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke - National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS), Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Funke S, Perumal N, Bell K, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. The potential impact of recent insights into proteomic changes associated with glaucoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:311-334. [PMID: 28271721 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1298448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma, a major ocular neuropathy, is still far from being understood on a molecular scale. Proteomic workflows revealed glaucoma associated alterations in different eye components. By using state-of-the-art mass spectrometric (MS) based discovery approaches large proteome datasets providing important information about glaucoma related proteins and pathways could be generated. Corresponding proteomic information could be retrieved from various ocular sample species derived from glaucoma experimental models or from original human material (e.g. optic nerve head or aqueous humor). However, particular eye tissues with the potential for understanding the disease's molecular pathomechanism remains underrepresented. Areas covered: The present review provides an overview of the analysis depth achieved for the glaucomatous eye proteome. With respect to different eye regions and biofluids, proteomics related literature was found using PubMed, Scholar and UniProtKB. Thereby, the review explores the potential of clinical proteomics for glaucoma research. Expert commentary: Proteomics will provide important contributions to understanding the molecular processes associated with glaucoma. Sensitive discovery and targeted MS approaches will assist understanding of the molecular interplay of different eye components and biofluids in glaucoma. Proteomic results will drive the comprehension of glaucoma, allowing a more stringent disease hypothesis within the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Funke
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- a Experimental Ophthalmology , University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Licier R, Miranda E, Serrano H. A Quantitative Proteomics Approach to Clinical Research with Non-Traditional Samples. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4040031. [PMID: 28248241 PMCID: PMC5260964 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper handling of samples to be analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) can guarantee excellent results and a greater depth of analysis when working in quantitative proteomics. This is critical when trying to assess non-traditional sources such as ear wax, saliva, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, tears, nipple aspirate fluid, breast milk/colostrum, cervical-vaginal fluid, nasal secretions, bronco-alveolar lavage fluid, and stools. We intend to provide the investigator with relevant aspects of quantitative proteomics and to recognize the most recent clinical research work conducted with atypical samples and analyzed by quantitative proteomics. Having as reference the most recent and different approaches used with non-traditional sources allows us to compare new strategies in the development of novel experimental models. On the other hand, these references help us to contribute significantly to the understanding of the proportions of proteins in different proteomes of clinical interest and may lead to potential advances in the emerging field of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rígel Licier
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas 00727, Puerto Rico.
- Quantitative Proteomics Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | - Eric Miranda
- Quantitative Proteomics Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | - Horacio Serrano
- Quantitative Proteomics Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
In many health-related fields, there is great interest in the identification of biomarkers that distinguish diseased from healthy individuals. In addition to identifying the diseased state, biomarkers have potential use in predicting disease risk, monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and informing pathogenesis. This review details the genetic and biochemical markers associated with canine primary glaucoma. While there are numerous molecular markers (biochemical and genetic) associated with glaucoma in dogs, there is no ideal biomarker that allows early diagnosis and/or identification of disease progression. Genetic mutations associated with canine glaucoma include those affecting ADAMTS10, ADAMTS17, Myocilin, Nebulin, COL1A2, RAB22A, and SRBD1. With the exception of Myocilin, there is very limited crossover in genetic biomarkers identified between human and canine glaucomas. Mutations associated with canine glaucoma vary between and within canine breeds, and gene discoveries therefore have limited overall effects as a screening tool in the general canine population. Biochemical markers of glaucoma include indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress, serum autoantibodies, matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor–α, and transforming growth factor–β. These markers include those that indicate an adaptive or protective response, as well as those that reflect the damage arising from oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Graham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C. McCowan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. White
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Funke S, Perumal N, Beck S, Gabel-Scheurich S, Schmelter C, Teister J, Gerbig C, Gramlich OW, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Glaucoma related Proteomic Alterations in Human Retina Samples. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29759. [PMID: 27425789 PMCID: PMC4947915 DOI: 10.1038/srep29759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma related proteomic changes have been documented in cell and animal models. However, proteomic studies investigating on human retina samples are still rare. In the present work, retina samples of glaucoma and non-glaucoma control donors have been examined by a state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) workflow to uncover glaucoma related proteomic changes. More than 600 proteins could be identified with high confidence (FDR < 1%) in human retina samples. Distinct proteomic changes have been observed in 10% of proteins encircling mitochondrial and nucleus species. Numerous proteins showed a significant glaucoma related level change (p < 0.05) or distinct tendency of alteration (p < 0.1). Candidates were documented to be involved in cellular development, stress and cell death. Increase of stress related proteins and decrease of new glaucoma related candidates, ADP/ATP translocase 3 (ANT3), PC4 and SRFS1-interacting protein 1 (DFS70) and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCp2) could be documented by MS. Moreover, candidates could be validated by Accurate Inclusion Mass Screening (AIMS) and immunostaining and supported for the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) by laser capture microdissection (LCM) in porcine and human eye cryosections. The workflow allowed a detailed view into the human retina proteome highlighting new molecular players ANT3, DFS70 and MeCp2 associated to glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Funke
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Beck
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Gabel-Scheurich
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmelter
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Gerbig
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver W Gramlich
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hagan S, Martin E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 27413414 PMCID: PMC4942926 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the field of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine, researchers are keen to identify novel and reliable ways to predict and diagnose disease, as well as to monitor patient response to therapeutic agents. In the last decade alone, the sensitivity of profiling technologies has undergone huge improvements in detection sensitivity, thus allowing quantification of minute samples, for example body fluids that were previously difficult to assay. As a consequence, there has been a huge increase in tear fluid investigation, predominantly in the field of ocular surface disease. As tears are a more accessible and less complex body fluid (than serum or plasma) and sampling is much less invasive, research is starting to focus on how disease processes affect the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic composition of the tear film. By determining compositional changes to tear profiles, crucial pathways in disease progression may be identified, allowing for more predictive and personalised therapy of the individual. This article will provide an overview of the various putative tear fluid biomarkers that have been identified to date, ranging from ocular surface disease and retinopathies to cancer and multiple sclerosis. Putative tear fluid biomarkers of ocular disorders, as well as the more recent field of systemic disease biomarkers, will be shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hagan
- Department of Life Sciences, Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU ), G4 0BA Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eilidh Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU ), G4 0BA Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Proteomic Analysis of the Vitreous following Experimental Retinal Detachment in Rabbits. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:583040. [PMID: 26664739 PMCID: PMC4667062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/583040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) remains incompletely understood, with no clinically effective treatment for potentially severe complications such as photoreceptor cell death and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Here we investigate the protein profile of the vitreous following experimental retinal detachment using a comparative proteomic based approach. Materials and Methods. Retinal detachment was created in the right eyes of six New Zealand red pigmented rabbits. Sham surgery was undertaken in five other rabbits that were used as controls. After seven days the eyes were enucleated and the vitreous was removed. The vitreous samples were evaluated with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the differentially expressed proteins were identified with tandem mass spectrometry. Results. Ten protein spots were found to be at least twofold differentially expressed when comparing the vitreous samples of the sham and retinal detachment surgery groups. Protein spots that were upregulated in the vitreous following retinal detachment were identified as albumin fragments, and those downregulated were found to be peroxiredoxin 2, collagen-Iα1 fragment, and α-1-antiproteinase F. Conclusions. Proteomic investigation of the rabbit vitreous has identified a set of proteins that help further our understanding of the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and its complications.
Collapse
|
49
|
Iadarola P, Fumagalli M, Bardoni AM, Salvini R, Viglio S. Recent applications of CE- and HPLC-MS in the analysis of human fluids. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:212-30. [PMID: 26426542 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present review intends to cover the literature on the use of CE-/LC-MS for the analysis of human fluids, from 2010 until present. It has been planned to provide an overview of the most recent practical applications of these techniques to less extensively used human body fluids, including, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate, tear fluid, breast fluid, amniotic fluid, and cerumen. Potential pitfalls related to fluid collection and sample preparation, with particular attention to sample clean-up procedures, and methods of analysis, from the research laboratory to a clinical setting will also be addressed. While being apparent that proteomics/metabolomics represent the most prominent approaches for global identification/quantification of putative biomarkers for a variety of human diseases, evidence is also provided of the suitability of these sophisticated techniques for the detection of heterogeneous components carried by these fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "L. Spallanzani,", Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "L. Spallanzani,", Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bardoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Salvini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yan X, Yuan F, Chen X, Dong C. Bioinformatics analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes of glaucoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4829-36. [PMID: 26135629 PMCID: PMC4581750 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with glaucoma and investigate the changing patterns of the expression of these genes. The GSE2378 gene microarray data of glaucoma was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included seven normal samples and eight glaucoma astrocyte samples. Taking into account the corresponding associations between the probe ID and gene symbols, the DEGs were identified prior to and subsequent to the summation of probe level values using the Limma package in R language, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Interaction networks of the DEGs were constructed using the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database, and cluster analysis of the genes in the networks was performed using ClusterONE. Subsequent to the summation of probe value, a total of 223 genes were identified as DEGs between the normal and glaucoma samples, including 74 downregulated and 149 upregulated genes. In addition, the DEGs were found to be associated with several functions, including response to wounding, extracellular region part and calcium ion binding. The most significantly enriched pathways were complement and coagulation cascades, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. Furthermore, interaction networks were constructed of the DEGs prior to and subsequent to the summation of probe values, and HNF4A and CEBPD were identified as hub genes. Additionally, 37 and 31 GO terms were identified to be enriched in the two DEGs of the networks prior to and subsequent to summation, respectively. The results indicated the identified genes associated with ECM as important, and the CEBPD gene was considered to be a critical gene in glaucoma. The findings of the present study offer a potential reference value in further investigations of glaucoma at the gene level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pudong District Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunqiong Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|