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Awassa J, Soulé S, Cornu D, Ruby C, El-Kirat-Chatel S. Understanding the nanoscale adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and antimicrobial zinc-based layered double hydroxides using single-cell and single-particle force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5383-5394. [PMID: 38375749 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal resistance has become a very serious concern, and Candida albicans is considered one of the most opportunistic fungal pathogens responsible for several human infections. In this context, the use of new antifungal agents such as zinc-based layered double hydroxides to fight such fungal pathogens is considered one possible means to help limit the problem of antifungal resistance. In this study, we show that ZnAl LDH nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antifungal properties against C. albicans and cause serious cell wall damage, as revealed by growth tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. To further link the antifungal activity of ZnAl LDHs to their adhesive behaviors toward C. albicans cells, AFM-based single-cell spectroscopy and single-particle force spectroscopy were used to probe the nanoscale adhesive interactions. The force spectroscopy analysis revealed that antimicrobial ZnAl LDHs exhibit specific surface interactions with C. albicans cells, demonstrating remarkable force magnitudes and adhesion frequencies in comparison with non-antifungal negative controls, e.g., Al-coated substrates and MgAl LDHs, which showed limited interactions with C. albicans cells. Force signatures suggest that such adhesive interactions may be attributed to the presence of agglutinin-like sequence (Als) adhesive proteins at the cell wall surface of C. albicans cells. Our findings propose the presence of a strong correlation between the antifungal effect provided by ZnAl LDHs and their nanoscale adhesive interactions with C. albicans cells at both the single-cell and single-particle levels. Therefore, ZnAl LDHs could interact with C. albicans fungal pathogens by specific adhesive interactions through which they adhere to fungal cells, leading to their damage and subsequent growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazia Awassa
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Samantha Soulé
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Damien Cornu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Christian Ruby
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
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Huang LZY, Shaw ZL, Penman R, Cheeseman S, Truong VK, Higgins MJ, Caruso RA, Elbourne A. Cell Adhesion, Elasticity, and Rupture Forces Guide Microbial Cell Death on Nanostructured Antimicrobial Titanium Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:344-361. [PMID: 38100088 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring and synthetic nanostructured surfaces have been widely reported to resist microbial colonization. The majority of these studies have shown that both bacterial and fungal cells are killed upon contact and subsequent surface adhesion to such surfaces. This occurs because the presence of high-aspect-ratio structures can initiate a self-driven mechanical rupture of microbial cells during the surface adsorption process. While this technology has received a large amount of scientific and medical interest, one important question still remains: what factors drive microbial death on the surface? In this work, the interplay between microbial-surface adhesion, cell elasticity, cell membrane rupture forces, and cell lysis at the microbial-nanostructure biointerface during adsorptive processes was assessed using a combination of live confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, in situ amplitude atomic force microscopy, and single-cell force spectroscopy. Specifically, the adsorptive behavior and nanomechanical properties of live Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial cells, as well as the fungal species Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, were assessed on unmodified and nanostructured titanium surfaces. Unmodified titanium and titanium surfaces with nanostructures were used as model substrates for investigation. For all microbial species, cell elasticity, rupture force, maximum cell-surface adhesion force, the work of adhesion, and the cell-surface tether behavior were compared to the relative cell death observed for each surface examined. For cells with a lower elastic modulus, lower force to rupture through the cell, and higher work of adhesion, the surfaces had a higher antimicrobial activity, supporting the proposed biocidal mode of action for nanostructured surfaces. This study provides direct quantification of the differences observed in the efficacy of nanostructured antimicrobial surface as a function of microbial species indicating that a universal, antimicrobial surface architecture may be hard to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Z Y Huang
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheeseman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology & Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Wang Q, Wang P, Yuan M, Zhang M, Zhang S, Sun X, Shang L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang N, Gao X. Efficacy and mechanism of Baicao Fuyanqing suppository on mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA and metabolomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1166366. [PMID: 37780858 PMCID: PMC10538640 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed vaginitis is the infection of the vagina by at least two different pathogens at the same time, both of which contribute to an abnormal vaginal environment leading to signs and symptoms. Baicao Fuyanqing suppository (BCFYQ) is a Miao ethnomedicine, used to treat various vaginitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanism of BCFYQ in the treatment of mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabonomics. Methods Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were used to establish mixed vaginitis model in SD rats. Three groups of low, medium and high doses (0.18/0.36/0.64 g.kg-1) were established, and administered vaginally once a day for 6 consecutive days. After the last administration, vaginal pH and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-13 and IgA levels were measured, and the vaginal tissue was examined pathologically. In addition, the vaginal flora was characterised by 16S rRNA, and endogenous metabolites in the vaginal tissue were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS. Results Compared with the model group, BCFYQ can reduce the vaginal pH of rats, make it close to the normal group and improve the damaged vaginal epithelial tissue. The results of ELISA showed that BCFYQ decreased the levels of IL-1 β and IL-2 and increased the levels of IL-13 and IgA (P<0.05). In addition, BCFYQ may increase the abundance of vaginal flora, especially Lactobacillus. The differential metabolite enrichment pathway suggests that the therapeutic mechanism of BCFYQ is mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion Our research shows that BCFYQ has a good therapeutic effect on mixed vaginitis. It repairs the damaged vaginal mucosa by regulating the vaginal flora and lipid metabolism disorders to improve the local immune function of the vagina and inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Minyan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leyuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Research and Development Department, Changsheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Rapala-Kozik M, Surowiec M, Juszczak M, Wronowska E, Kulig K, Bednarek A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zawrotniak M, Satała D, Kozik A. Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity. Yeast 2023; 40:303-317. [PMID: 37190878 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of humans is colonized by diversity of microbial community, although dominated by bacteria, it is also constituted by a low number of fungi, often represented by Candida albicans. Although in the vast minority, this usually commensal fungus under certain conditions of the host (e.g., immunosuppression or antibiotic therapy), can transform into an invasive pathogen that adheres to mucous membranes and also to medical or dental devices, causing mucosal infections. This transformation is correlated with changes in cell morphology from yeast-like cells to hyphae and is supported by numerous virulence factors exposed by C. albicans cells at the site of infection, such as multifunctional adhesins, degradative enzymes, or toxin. All of them affect the surrounding host cells or proteins, leading to their destruction. However, at the site of infection, C. albicans can interact with different bacterial species and in its filamentous form may produce biofilms-the elaborated consortia of microorganisms, that present increased ability to host colonization and resistance to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we highlight the modification of the infectious potential of C. albicans in contact with different bacterial species, and also consider the mutual bacterial-fungal relationships, involving cooperation, competition, or antagonism, that lead to an increase in the propagation of oral infection. The mycofilm of C. albicans is an excellent hiding place for bacteria, especially those that prefer low oxygen availability, where microbial cells during mutual co-existence can avoid host recognition or elimination by antimicrobial action. However, these microbial relationships, identified mainly in in vitro studies, are modified depending on the complexity of host conditions and microbial dominance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satała
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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5
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Li H, Miao MX, Jia CL, Cao YB, Yan TH, Jiang YY, Yang F. Interactions between Candida albicans and the resident microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:930495. [PMID: 36204612 PMCID: PMC9531752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.930495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a prevalent, opportunistic human fungal pathogen. It usually dwells in the human body as a commensal, however, once in its pathogenic state, it causes diseases ranging from debilitating superficial to life-threatening systemic infections. The switch from harmless colonizer to virulent pathogen is, in most cases, due to perturbation of the fungus-host-microbiota interplay. In this review, we focused on the interactions between C. albicans and the host microbiota in the mouth, gut, blood, and vagina. We also highlighted important future research directions. We expect that the evaluation of these interplays will help better our understanding of the etiology of fungal infections and shed new light on the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-xing Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-lin Jia
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-hua Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Tian-hua Yan,
| | - Yuan-ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yuan-ying Jiang,
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Feng Yang,
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Pasman R, Krom BP, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. The Role of the Oral Immune System in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis-Facilitated Invasion and Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:851786. [PMID: 35464779 PMCID: PMC9021398 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.851786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stanley Brul
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7
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Hwang G. In it together: Candida-bacterial oral biofilms and therapeutic strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:183-196. [PMID: 35218311 PMCID: PMC8957517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under natural environmental settings or in the human body, the majority of microorganisms exist in complex polymicrobial biofilms adhered to abiotic and biotic surfaces. These microorganisms exhibit symbiotic, mutualistic, synergistic, or antagonistic relationships with other species during biofilm colonization and development. These polymicrobial interactions are heterogeneous, complex and hard to control, thereby often yielding worse outcomes than monospecies infections. Concerning fungi, Candida spp., in particular, Candida albicans is often detected with various bacterial species in oral biofilms. These Candida-bacterial interactions may induce the transition of C. albicans from commensal to pathobiont or dysbiotic organism. Consequently, Candida-bacterial interactions are largely associated with various oral diseases, including dental caries, denture stomatitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral cancer. Given the severity of oral diseases caused by cross-kingdom consortia that develop hard-to-remove and highly drug-resistant biofilms, fundamental research is warranted to strategically develop cost-effective and safe therapies to prevent and treat cross-kingdom interactions and subsequent biofilm development. While studies have shed some light, targeting fungal-involved polymicrobial biofilms has been limited. This mini-review outlines the key features of Candida-bacterial interactions and their impact on various oral diseases. In addition, current knowledge on therapeutic strategies to target Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Author: Geelsu Hwang,
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8
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Gao Y, Zhang Z, Lun Z, Gong L, Xu A, Li X. Synergistic Effects of Fluconazole Combined with Doxycycline Against Dual-Species Cultures of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Mechanisms of Action. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:525-535. [PMID: 35363560 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal coinfections have posed great clinical challenges in recent years, and combination therapy may be a useful way to treat these mixed infections. The objective of this study was to find an effective drug combination to treat dual-species cultures of fungi and bacteria. In this study, we focused on poorly investigated mixed cultures of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this research, we investigated the effects of fluconazole (FLC) and doxycycline (DOX) against dual-species cultures of C. albicans and S. epidermidis. Both the fractional inhibitory concentration index model and ΔE model revealed a synergistic antimicrobial effect between FLC and DOX against the four groups of dual-species cultures. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergism of FLC and DOX against dual-species cultures may be associated with the inhibition of biofilms and calcium dysregulation. Fluconazole+doxycycline appears to be a potential drug combination for the treatment of bacterial and fungal coinfections. These findings are of great significance for overcoming clinical bacterial and fungal coinfections and might provide novel insights into drug discovery for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihe Zhang
- Otorhinolaryngologic Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhicai Lun
- Pharmacy Department, Juxian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Liping Gong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Yicheng Street Community Health Service Center, Linyi, China
| | - Anran Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
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9
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Eichelberger KR, Cassat JE. Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:797550. [PMID: 34956233 PMCID: PMC8692374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pathogens require metabolic flexibility to adapt to diverse host niches. The presence of co-infecting or commensal microorganisms at a given infection site can further influence the metabolic processes required for a pathogen to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans are microorganisms that asymptomatically colonize healthy individuals but can also cause superficial infections or severe invasive disease. Due to many shared host niches, S. aureus and C. albicans are frequently co-isolated from mixed fungal-bacterial infections. S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection alters microbial metabolism relative to infection with either organism alone. Metabolic changes during co-infection regulate virulence, such as enhancing toxin production in S. aureus or contributing to morphogenesis and cell wall remodeling in C. albicans. C. albicans and S. aureus also form polymicrobial biofilms, which have greater biomass and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials relative to mono-microbial biofilms. The S. aureus and C. albicans metabolic programs induced during co-infection impact interactions with host immune cells, resulting in greater microbial survival and immune evasion. Conversely, innate immune cell sensing of S. aureus and C. albicans triggers metabolic changes in the host cells that result in an altered immune response to secondary infections. In this review article, we discuss the metabolic programs that govern host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection. Understanding C. albicans-S. aureus interactions may highlight more general principles of how polymicrobial interactions, particularly fungal-bacterial interactions, shape the outcome of infectious disease. We focus on how co-infection alters microbial metabolism to enhance virulence and how infection-induced changes to host cell metabolism can impact a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
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10
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Qi W, Li H, Wang C, Li H, Zhang B, Dong M, Fan A, Han C, Xue F. Recent Advances in Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment for Mixed Vaginitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:759795. [PMID: 34796129 PMCID: PMC8592905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed vaginitis is the simultaneous presence of at least two types of vaginitis, contributing to an abnormal vaginal milieu and leading to vaginal symptoms and signs. However, associations between symptoms and the type of mixed vaginitis have not been clearly elucidated, and research on mixed vaginitis is still in the preliminary stage. Therefore, the pathogenic mechanism of mixed vaginitis remains understudied. Mixed vaginitis generally involves the formation of mixed biofilms. The study of polymicrobial interactions and mixed biofilms will provide a new idea for the understanding of mixed vaginitis. Moreover, this review summarizes some effective management and laboratory diagnosis of mixed vaginitis to avoid inappropriate therapy, recurrence, and reinfection. It is of high clinical importance to obtain relevant clinical data to improve clinical knowledge about mixed vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengting Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiping Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cha Han
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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11
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Spengler C, Nolle F, Thewes N, Wieland B, Jung P, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. Using Knock-Out Mutants to Investigate the Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Abiotic Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11952. [PMID: 34769382 PMCID: PMC8584566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to abiotic surfaces is crucial for establishing device-related infections. With a high number of single-cell force spectroscopy measurements with genetically modified S. aureus cells, this study provides insights into the adhesion process of the pathogen to abiotic surfaces of different wettability. Our results show that S. aureus utilizes different cell wall molecules and interaction mechanisms when binding to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. We found that covalently bound cell wall proteins strongly interact with hydrophobic substrates, while their contribution to the overall adhesion force is smaller on hydrophilic substrates. Teichoic acids promote adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces as well as to hydrophilic surfaces. This, however, is to a lesser extent. An interplay of electrostatic effects of charges and protein composition on bacterial surfaces is predominant on hydrophilic surfaces, while it is overshadowed on hydrophobic surfaces by the influence of the high number of binding proteins. Our results can help to design new models of bacterial adhesion and may be used to interpret the adhesion of other microorganisms with similar surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Friederike Nolle
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Ben Wieland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Swetha TK, Subramenium GA, Kasthuri T, Sharumathi R, Pandian SK. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde impairs Candida albicans - Staphylococcus epidermidis interaction in co-culture by suppressing crucial supportive virulence traits. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:104990. [PMID: 34048889 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial biofilms involving fungal-bacterial interactions are stated to modulate host immune response and exhibit enhanced antibiotic resistance. In this milieu, clinically important opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis associate synergistically and instigate implant and blood stream infections. Impediment of virulence traits that support successive pathogenic lifestyle and inter-kingdom interactions without altering the microbial growth represents an attractive alternate strategy. To accomplish this objective, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5HM2F), a reported antibiofilm agent against C. albicans, was considered for this study. 5HM2F significantly repressed the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis and mixed-species at 300 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL, respectively without modulating the growth. Microscopic analyses and phenotypic assays explicated the competency of 5HM2F to impede biofilm formation, hyphal growth, initial attachment, intercellular adhesion, and fungal-bacterial interaction. Further, 5HM2F greatly reduced the secreted hydrolases production. Reduced content of biofilm matrix components upon 5HM2F treatment was believed to be the underlying reason for enhanced antibiotic and/antifungal susceptibility. Additionally, qPCR analysis correlated well with in vitro bioassays wherein, 5HM2F was identified to repress the expression of important genes associated with hyphal morphogenesis, adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence in both mono-species and mixed-species. Reduced virulence and colonization of mono-species and mixed-species in 5HM2F treated Caenorhabditis elegans substantiated the antibiofilm and antivirulence potential of 5HM2F. Overall, this study proposes 5HM2F as a potent therapeutic candidate against single and mixed-species biofilm infections of C. albicans and S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thirupathi Kasthuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Sharumathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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13
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Khan F, Bamunuarachchi NI, Pham DTN, Tabassum N, Khan MSA, Kim YM. Mixed biofilms of pathogenic Candida-bacteria: regulation mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:699-727. [PMID: 34003065 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1921696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilm is one of the most frequently recorded clinical problems. Mixed biofilms develop as a result of interactions between microorganisms of a single or multiple species (e.g. bacteria and fungi). Candida spp., particularly Candida albicans, are known to associate with various bacterial species to form a multi-species biofilm. Mixed biofilms of Candida spp. have been previously detected in vivo and on the surfaces of many biomedical instruments. Treating infectious diseases caused by mixed biofilms of Candida and bacterial species has been challenging due to their increased resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Here, we review and discuss the clinical significance of mixed Candida-bacteria biofilms as well as the signalling mechanisms involved in Candida-bacteria interactions. We also describe possible approaches for combating infections associated with mixed biofilms, such as the use of natural or synthetic drugs and combination therapy. The review presented here is expected to contribute to the advances in the biomedical field on the understanding of underlying interaction mechanisms of pathogens in mixed biofilm, and alternative approaches to treating the related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nilushi Indika Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Tangalle, Sri Lanka
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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14
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Sánchez-Alonzo K, Silva-Mieres F, Arellano-Arriagada L, Parra-Sepúlveda C, Bernasconi H, Smith CT, Campos VL, García-Cancino A. Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:426. [PMID: 34065788 PMCID: PMC8151769 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, has as a natural niche the human gastric epithelium. This pathogen has been reported to enter into Candida yeast cells; however, factors triggering this endosymbiotic relationship remain unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro if variations in nutrient concentration in the cultured medium trigger the internalization of H. pylori within Candida cells. We used H. pylori-Candida co-cultures in Brucella broth supplemented with 1%, 5% or 20% fetal bovine serum or in saline solution. Intra-yeast bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) were observed using optical microscopy, while intra-yeast BLBs were identified as H. pylori using FISH and PCR techniques. Intra-yeast H. pylori (BLBs) viability was confirmed using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Intra-yeast H. pylori was present in all combinations of bacteria-yeast strains co-cultured. However, the percentages of yeast cells harboring bacteria (Y-BLBs) varied according to nutrient concentrations and also were strain-dependent. In conclusion, reduced nutrients stresses H. pylori, promoting its entry into Candida cells. The starvation of both H. pylori and Candida strains reduced the percentages of Y-BLBs, suggesting that starving yeast cells may be less capable of harboring stressed H. pylori cells. Moreover, the endosymbiotic relationship between H. pylori and Candida is dependent on the strains co-cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Fabiola Silva-Mieres
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Luciano Arellano-Arriagada
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Cristian Parra-Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | | | - Carlos T. Smith
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Víctor L. Campos
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Apolinaria García-Cancino
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
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15
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Pili and other surface proteins influence the structure and the nanomechanical properties of Lactococcus lactis biofilms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4846. [PMID: 33649417 PMCID: PMC7921122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria, in particular Lactococcus lactis, are widely used in the food industry, for the control and/or the protection of the manufacturing processes of fermented food. While L. lactis has been reported to form compact and uniform biofilms it was recently shown that certain strains able to display pili at their surface form more complex biofilms exhibiting heterogeneous and aerial structures. As the impact of those biofilm structures on the biomechanical properties of the biofilms is poorly understood, these were investigated using AFM force spectroscopy and imaging. Three types of strains were used i.e., a control strain devoid of pili and surface mucus-binding protein, a strain displaying pili but no mucus-binding proteins and a strain displaying both pili and a mucus-binding protein. To identify potential correlations between the nanomechanical measurements and the biofilm architecture, 24-h old biofilms were characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Globally the strains devoid of pili displayed smoother and stiffer biofilms (Young Modulus of 4-100 kPa) than those of piliated strains (Young Modulus around 0.04-0.1 kPa). Additional display of a mucus-binding protein did not affect the biofilm stiffness but made the biofilm smoother and more compact. Finally, we demonstrated the role of pili in the biofilm cohesiveness by monitoring the homotypic adhesion of bacteria to the biofilm surface. These results will help to understand the role of pili and mucus-binding proteins withstanding external forces.
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16
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Van Dyck K, Viela F, Mathelié-Guinlet M, Demuyser L, Hauben E, Jabra-Rizk MA, Vande Velde G, Dufrêne YF, Krom BP, Van Dijck P. Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Candida albicans During Co-Infection Promotes Bacterial Dissemination Through the Host Immune Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624839. [PMID: 33604309 PMCID: PMC7884861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecies interactions greatly influence the virulence, drug tolerance and ultimately the outcome of polymicrobial biofilm infections. A synergistic interaction is observed between the fungus Candida albicans and the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. These species are both normal commensals of most healthy humans and co-exist in several niches of the host. However, under certain circumstances, they can cause hospital-acquired infections with high morbidity and mortality rates. Using a mouse model of oral co-infection, we previously showed that an oral infection with C. albicans predisposes to a secondary systemic infection with S. aureus. Here, we unraveled this intriguing mechanism of bacterial dissemination. Using static and dynamic adhesion assays in combination with single-cell force spectroscopy, we identified C. albicans Als1 and Als3 adhesins as the molecular players involved in the interaction with S. aureus and in subsequent bacterial dissemination. Remarkably, we identified the host immune response as a key element required for bacterial dissemination. We found that the level of immunosuppression of the host plays a critical yet paradoxical role in this process. In addition, secretion of candidalysin, the C. albicans peptide responsible for immune activation and cell damage, is required for C. albicans colonization and subsequent bacterial dissemination. The physical interaction with C. albicans enhances bacterial uptake by phagocytic immune cells, thereby enabling an opportunity to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Dyck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felipe Viela
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marion Mathelié-Guinlet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Hauben
- Laboratory for Pathology, UZ Leuven and Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Schnurr E, Paqué PN, Attin T, Nanni P, Grossmann J, Holtfreter S, Bröker BM, Kohler C, Diep BA, Ribeiro ADA, Thurnheer T. Staphylococcus aureus Interferes with Streptococci Spatial Distribution and with Protein Expression of Species within a Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:116. [PMID: 33530340 PMCID: PMC7911025 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We asked whether transient Staphylococcus aureus in the oral environment synergistically interacts with orally associated bacterial species such as Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar (six-species control biofilm 6S). For this purpose, four modified biofilms with seven species that contain either the wild type strain of the S. aureus genotype (USA300-MRSA WT), its isogenic mutant with MSCRAMM deficiency (USA300-MRSA ΔMSCRAMM), a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ST72-MSSA-) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (USA800-MRSA) grown on hydroxyapatite disks were examined. Culture analyses, confocal-laser-scanning microscopy and proteome analyses were performed. S. aureus strains affected the amount of supragingival biofilm-associated species differently. The deletion of MSCRAMM genes disrupted the growth of S. aureus and the distribution of S. mutans and S. oralis within the biofilms. In addition, S. aureus caused shifts in the number of detectable proteins of other species in the 6S biofilm. S. aureus (USA300-MRSA WT), aggregated together with early colonizers such as Actinomyces and streptococci, influenced the number of secondary colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and was involved in structuring the biofilm architecture that triggered the change from a homeostatic biofilm to a dysbiotic biofilm to the development of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etyene Schnurr
- Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Federal Fluminense University, 28625-650 Nova Friburgo, Brazil
| | - Pune N. Paqué
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.P.); (T.A.); (T.T.)
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.P.); (T.A.); (T.T.)
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH Zürich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH Zürich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.); (J.G.)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (S.H.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (S.H.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Binh An Diep
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | | | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.N.P.); (T.A.); (T.T.)
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18
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Li S, Wang X, Li Z, Huang Z, Lin S, Hu J, Tu Y. Research progress of single molecule force spectroscopy technology based on atomic force microscopy in polymer materials: Structure, design strategy and probe modification. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Zhenzhu Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Shudong Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Jiwen Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
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19
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Beaussart A, Feuillie C, El-Kirat-Chatel S. The microbial adhesive arsenal deciphered by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23885-23896. [PMID: 33289756 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbes employ a variety of strategies to adhere to abiotic and biotic surfaces, as well as host cells. In addition to their surface physicochemical properties (e.g. charge, hydrophobic balance), microbes produce appendages (e.g. pili, fimbriae, flagella) and express adhesion proteins embedded in the cell wall or cell membrane, with adhesive domains targeting specific ligands or chemical properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is perfectly suited to deciphering the adhesive properties of microbial cells. Notably, AFM imaging has revealed the cell wall topographical organization of live cells at unprecedented resolution, and AFM has a dual capability to probe adhesion at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. AFM is thus a powerful tool for unravelling the molecular mechanisms of microbial adhesion at scales ranging from individual molecular interactions to the behaviours of entire cells. In this review, we cover some of the major breakthroughs facilitated by AFM in deciphering the microbial adhesive arsenal, including the exciting development of anti-adhesive strategies.
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20
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Černáková L, Rodrigues CF. Microbial interactions and immunity response in oral Candida species. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1653-1677. [PMID: 33251818 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds of patients, they are more recurrent in immunosuppressed ones such as patients with HIV, hepatitis, cancer or under long antimicrobial treatments. Candida albicans continues to be the most frequently identified Candida spp. in these disorders, but other non-C. albicans Candida are rising. Understanding the immune responses involved in oral Candida spp. infections is a key feature to a successful treatment and to the design of novel therapies. In this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed and WoS, in order to examine and analyze common oral Candida spp.-bacteria/Candida-Candida interactions and the host immunity response in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology & Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
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21
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Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common pathogens of humans. One important virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form elongated hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we show the effect of different physiologically relevant temperatures and common antifungal drugs on the growth and mechanical properties of C. albicans hyphae using atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that minor temperature fluctuations within the normal range can have profound effects on hyphal cell growth and that different antifungal drugs impact hyphal cell stiffness and adhesion in different ways. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans known for its ability to cause a wide range of infections. One major virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we introduce a method based on atomic force microscopy to investigate C. albicans hyphae in situ on silicone elastomer substrates, focusing on the effects of temperature and antifungal drugs. Hyphal growth rates differ significantly for measurements performed at different physiologically relevant temperatures. Furthermore, it is found that fluconazole is more effective than caspofungin in suppressing hyphal growth. We also investigate the effects of antifungal drugs on the mechanical properties of hyphal cells. An increase in Young’s modulus and a decrease in adhesion force are observed in hyphal cells subjected to caspofungin treatment. Young’s moduli are not significantly affected following treatment with fluconazole; the adhesion force, however, increases. Overall, our results provide a direct means of observing the effects of environmental factors and antifungal drugs on C. albicans hyphal growth and mechanics with high spatial resolution. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is one of the most common pathogens of humans. One important virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form elongated hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we show the effect of different physiologically relevant temperatures and common antifungal drugs on the growth and mechanical properties of C. albicans hyphae using atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that minor temperature fluctuations within the normal range can have profound effects on hyphal cell growth and that different antifungal drugs impact hyphal cell stiffness and adhesion in different ways.
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Steffan BN, Venkatesh N, Keller NP. Let's Get Physical: Bacterial-Fungal Interactions and Their Consequences in Agriculture and Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E243. [PMID: 33114069 PMCID: PMC7712096 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi serve as a biological scaffold for bacterial attachment. In some specialized interactions, the bacteria will invade the fungal host, which in turn provides protection and nutrients for the bacteria. Mechanisms of the physical interactions between fungi and bacteria have been studied in both clinical and agricultural settings, as discussed in this review. Fungi and bacteria that are a part of these dynamic interactions can have altered growth and development as well as changes in microbial fitness as it pertains to antibiotic resistance, nutrient acquisition, and microbial dispersal. Consequences of these interactions are not just limited to the respective microorganisms, but also have major impacts in the health of humans and plants alike. Examining the mechanisms behind the physical interactions of fungi and bacteria will provide us with an understanding of multi-kingdom community processes and allow for the development of therapeutic approaches for disease in both ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Maikranz E, Spengler C, Thewes N, Thewes A, Nolle F, Jung P, Bischoff M, Santen L, Jacobs K. Different binding mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19267-19275. [PMID: 32935690 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is a crucial step in initial biofilm formation. In a combined experimental and computational approach, we studied the adhesion of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. We used atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the similarities and differences of adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Our results reveal that binding to both types of surfaces is mediated by thermally fluctuating cell wall macromolecules that behave differently on each type of substrate: on hydrophobic surfaces, many macromolecules are involved in adhesion, yet only weakly tethered, leading to high variance between individual bacteria, but low variance between repetitions with the same bacterium. On hydrophilic surfaces, however, only few macromolecules tether strongly to the surface. Since during every repetition with the same bacterium different macromolecules bind, we observe a comparable variance between repetitions and different bacteria. We expect these findings to be of importance for the understanding of the adhesion behaviour of many bacterial species as well as other microorganisms and even nanoparticles with soft, macromolecular coatings, used e.g. for biological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Maikranz
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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24
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Grzeszczuk Z, Rosillo A, Owens Ó, Bhattacharjee S. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) As a Surface Mapping Tool in Microorganisms Resistant Toward Antimicrobials: A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:517165. [PMID: 33123004 PMCID: PMC7567160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.517165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses due to a plethora of reasons, such as genetic mutation and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, is a major challenge faced by the healthcare sector today. One of the issues at hand is to effectively screen and isolate resistant strains from sensitive ones. Utilizing the distinct nanomechanical properties (e.g., elasticity, intracellular turgor pressure, and Young’s modulus) of microbes can be an intriguing way to achieve this; while atomic force microscopy (AFM), with or without modification of the tips, presents an effective way to investigate such biophysical properties of microbial surfaces or an entire microbial cell. Additionally, advanced AFM instruments, apart from being compatible with aqueous environments—as often is the case for biological samples—can measure the adhesive forces acting between AFM tips/cantilevers (conjugated to bacterium/virion, substrates, and molecules) and target cells/surfaces to develop informative force-distance curves. Moreover, such force spectroscopies provide an idea of the nature of intercellular interactions (e.g., receptor-ligand) or propensity of microbes to aggregate into densely packed layers, that is, the formation of biofilms—a property of resistant strains (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This mini-review will revisit the use of single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) that are emerging as powerful additions to the arsenal of researchers in the struggle against resistant microbes, identify their strengths and weakness and, finally, prioritize some future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Óisín Owens
- School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Xu M, Feng X, Feng F, Pei H, Liu R, Li Q, Yu C, Zhang D, Wang X, Yao L. Magnetic nanoparticles for the measurement of cell mechanics using force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14573-14580. [PMID: 32613995 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanics is a crucial indicator of cell function and health, controlling important biological activities such as cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation, wound healing, and tissue integrity. Particularly, the adhesion of cancer cells to the extracellular matrix significantly contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. Here we develop magnetic nanoparticle-based force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS) as a novel method to measure cell adhesion force. Before FIRMS experiments, interactions of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with cells were investigated from a cell mechanics perspective. Subsequently adhesion force for three commonly used cancer cell lines was quantified by FIRMS. Our results indicated that the application of MNPs produced indistinguishable effects on cell viability and cell mechanical properties under experimental conditions for the FIRMS method. Then cell adhesion force was obtained, which provides force information on different cancer cell types. Our work demonstrates that MNP-based FIRMS can be applied to probe cell adhesion force and offer an alternate means for understanding cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hantao Pei
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ruping Liu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Qilong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chanchan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Dramé I, Formosa-Dague C, Lafforgue C, Chapot-Chartier MP, Piard JC, Castelain M, Dague E. Analysis of Homotypic Interactions of Lactococcus lactis Pili Using Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:21411-21423. [PMID: 32314572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria play crucial roles in their adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces. Pili are long and flexible proteinaceous filaments known to enhance bacterial initial adhesion. They promote surface colonization and are thus considered as essential factors in biofilm cohesion. Our hypothesis is that pili mediate interactions between cells and may thereby directly affect biofilm formation. In this study, we use single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) to quantify the force of the homotypic pili interactions between individual bacterial cells, using different Lactococcus lactis strains producing pili or not as model bacteria. Moreover the force-distance curves were analyzed to determine the physical and nanomechanical properties of L. lactis pili. The results for pili-devoided strains showed a weak adhesion between cells (adhesion forces and work in the range of 100 pN and 7 × 10-18 J, respectively). On the contrary, the piliated strains showed high adhesion levels with adhesion forces and adhesion work over 200 pN and 50 × 10-18 J, respectively. The force-extension curves showed multiple adhesion events, typical of the unfolding of macromolecules. These unfolding force peaks were fitted using the physical worm-like chain model to get fundamental knowledge on the pili nanomechanical properties. In addition, SCFS applied to a L. lactis isolate expressing both pili and mucus-binding protein at its surface and two derivative mutants revealed the capacity of pili to interact with other surface proteins including mucus-binding proteins. This study demonstrates that pili are involved in L. lactis homotypic interactions and thus can influence biofilm structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Dramé
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mickaël Castelain
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
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27
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Kumari A, Singh R. Medically important interactions of staphylococci with pathogenic fungi. Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1159-1170. [PMID: 31512519 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are common inhabitants at several human body sites and are also implicated in infections either as primary or opportunistic pathogens. These bacteria can thus both contribute to the host defense being a part of the commensalistic microbiota or synergize with the other microbes during the infection process. Among fungi, staphylococci interact synergistically with Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus, and antagonistically with Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii. These interactions are highly dynamic and are orchestrated by a multitude of microbial and host factors. During such cross-talks, staphylococci can modulate the virulence, immune response or drug resistance of the coexisting microbe(s), thereby influencing the infection course, disease severity, treatment strategy and the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjna Kumari
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rachna Singh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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28
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Yumiyama S, Kato S, Konishi Y, Nomura T. Direct measurement of interaction forces between a yeast cell and a microbubble using atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Beaussart A, El-Kirat-Chatel S. Microbial adhesion and ultrastructure from the single-molecule to the single-cell levels by Atomic Force Microscopy. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100031. [PMID: 32743147 PMCID: PMC7389263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved towards an accurate and lasting tool to study the surface of living cells in physiological conditions. Through imaging, single-molecule force spectroscopy and single-cell force spectroscopy modes, AFM allows to decipher at multiple scales the morphology and the molecular interactions taking place at the cell surface. Applied to microbiology, these approaches have been used to elucidate biophysical properties of biomolecules and to directly link the molecular structures to their function. In this review, we describe the main methods developed for AFM-based microbial surface analysis that we illustrate with examples of molecular mechanisms unravelled with unprecedented resolution.
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30
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Spengler C, Nolle F, Mischo J, Faidt T, Grandthyll S, Thewes N, Koch M, Müller F, Bischoff M, Klatt MA, Jacobs K. Strength of bacterial adhesion on nanostructured surfaces quantified by substrate morphometry. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19713-19722. [PMID: 31599281 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04375f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial adhesion and the subsequent formation of resilient biofilms at surfaces are decisively influenced by substrate properties, such as the topography. To date, studies that quantitatively link surface topography and bacterial adhesion are scarce, as both are not straightforward to quantify. To fill this gap, surface morphometry combined with single-cell force spectroscopy was performed on surfaces with irregular topographies on the nano-scale. As surfaces, hydrophobized silicon wafers were used that were etched to exhibit surface structures in the same size range as the bacterial cell wall molecules. The surface structures were characterized by a detailed morphometric analysis based on Minkowski functionals revealing both qualitatively similar features and quantitatively different extensions. We find that as the size of the nanostructures increases, the adhesion forces decrease in a way that can be quantified by the area of the surface that is available for the tethering of cell wall molecules. In addition, we observe a bactericidal effect, which is more pronounced on substrates with taller structures but does not influence adhesion. Our results can be used for a targeted development of 3D-structured materials for/against bio-adhesion. Moreover, the morphometric analysis can serve as a future gold standard for characterizing a broad spectrum of material structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Friederike Nolle
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Johannes Mischo
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Thomas Faidt
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Samuel Grandthyll
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Andreas Klatt
- Institute of Stochastics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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31
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Carolus H, Van Dyck K, Van Dijck P. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus Species: A Threatening Twosome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2162. [PMID: 31620113 PMCID: PMC6759544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus species are, respectively, the most common fungal and bacterial agents isolated from bloodstream infections, worldwide. Moreover, it has been shown that 20% of all C. albicans bloodstream infections are polymicrobial in nature, with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus being the first and third most common co-isolated organisms, respectively. These species are part of the commensal microbial flora but can cause hospital-acquired infections with an extreme ability to inhabit diverse host niches, especially in immunocompromised patients. They are well known for their ability to form persistent biofilms in the host or on abiotic surfaces such as indwelling medical devices. Interactions within these biofilm communities can lead to increased virulence, drug tolerance, and immune evasion. This can ultimately impact morbidity and infection outcome, often leading to an increased mortality. Therefore, characterizing the interactions between these species could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that target polymicrobial infections. In this mini review, we briefly highlight the current knowledge and most recent insights into the complex interspecies interactions of C. albicans with Staphylococcus bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Van Dyck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Ungai-Salánki R, Peter B, Gerecsei T, Orgovan N, Horvath R, Szabó B. A practical review on the measurement tools for cellular adhesion force. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:309-333. [PMID: 31128462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions are fundamental in all multicellular organisms. They play a key role in cellular growth, differentiation, pattern formation and migration. Cell-cell adhesion is substantial in the immune response, pathogen-host interactions, and tumor development. The success of tissue engineering and stem cell implantations strongly depends on the fine control of live cell adhesion on the surface of natural or biomimetic scaffolds. Therefore, the quantitative and precise measurement of the adhesion strength of living cells is critical, not only in basic research but in modern technologies, too. Several techniques have been developed or are under development to quantify cell adhesion. All of them have their pros and cons, which has to be carefully considered before the experiments and interpretation of the recorded data. Current review provides a guide to choose the appropriate technique to answer a specific biological question or to complete a biomedical test by measuring cell adhesion.
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33
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Dehullu J, Valotteau C, Herman-Bausier P, Garcia-Sherman M, Mittelviefhaus M, Vorholt JA, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Fluidic Force Microscopy Demonstrates That Homophilic Adhesion by Candida albicans Als Proteins Is Mediated by Amyloid Bonds between Cells. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3846-3853. [PMID: 31038969 PMCID: PMC6638552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans frequently forms drug-resistant biofilms in hospital settings and in chronic disease patients. Cell adhesion and biofilm formation involve a family of cell surface Als (agglutinin-like sequence) proteins. It is now well documented that amyloid-like clusters of laterally arranged Als proteins activate cell-cell adhesion under mechanical stress, but whether amyloid-like bonds form between aggregating cells is not known. To address this issue, we measure the forces driving Als5-mediated intercellular adhesion using an innovative fluidic force microscopy platform. Strong cell-cell adhesion is dependent on expression of amyloid-forming Als5 at high cell surface density and is inhibited by a short antiamyloid peptide. Furthermore, there is greatly attenuated binding between cells expressing amyloid-forming Als5 and cells with a nonamyloid form of Als5. Thus, homophilic bonding between Als5 proteins on adhering cells is the major mode of fungal aggregation, rather than protein-ligand interactions. These results point to a model whereby amyloid-like β-sheet interactions play a dual role in cell-cell adhesion, that is, in formation of adhesin nanoclusters ( cis-interactions) and in homophilic bonding between amyloid sequences on opposing cells ( trans-interactions). Because potential amyloid-forming sequences are found in many microbial adhesins, we speculate that this novel mechanism of amyloid-based homophilic adhesion might be widespread and could represent an interesting target for treating biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dehullu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman-Bausier
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Melissa Garcia-Sherman
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | | | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 4000 Liege, Belgium
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34
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Krüger W, Vielreicher S, Kapitan M, Jacobsen ID, Niemiec MJ. Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:E70. [PMID: 31117285 PMCID: PMC6630686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases, interactions can affect host health and disease. In the present review, we summarized current knowledge on fungal-bacterial interactions during their commensal and pathogenic lifestyle. We focus on distinct mucosal niches: the oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina. In addition, we describe interactions during bloodstream and wound infections and the possible consequences for the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Sarah Vielreicher
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Mario Kapitan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Maria Joanna Niemiec
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
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35
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36
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Wysotzki P, Gimsa J. Surface Coatings Modulate the Differences in the Adhesion Forces of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells as Detected by Single Cell Force Microscopy. Int J Biomater 2019; 2019:7024259. [PMID: 31057623 PMCID: PMC6463582 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7024259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell force microscopy was used to investigate the maximum detachment force (MDF) of primary neuronal mouse cells (PNCs), osteoblastic cells (MC3T3), and prokaryotic cells (Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis) from different surfaces after contact times of 1 to 5 seconds. Positively charged silicon nitride surfaces were coated with positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) or poly-D-lysine. Laminin was used as the second coating. PEI induced MDFs of the order of 5 to 20 nN, slightly higher than silicon nitride did. Lower MDFs (1 to 5 nN) were detected on PEI/laminin with the lowest on PDL/laminin. To abstract from the individual cell properties, such as size, and to obtain cell type-specific MDFs, the MDFs of each cell on the different coatings were normalized to the silicon nitride reference for the longest contact time. The differences in MDF between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells were generally of similar dimensions, except on PDL/laminin, which discriminated against the prokaryotic cells. We explain the lower MDFs on laminin by the spatial prevention of the electrostatic cell adhesion to the underlying polymers. However, PEI can form long flexible loops protruding from the surface-bound layer that may span the laminin layer and easily bind to cellular surfaces and the small prokaryotic cells. This was reflected in increased MDFs after two-second contact times on silicon nitride, whereas the two-second values were already observed after one second on PEI or PEI/laminin. We assume that the electrostatic charge interaction with the PEI loops is more important for the initial adhesion of the smaller prokaryotic cells than for eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wysotzki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Gimsa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Alam F, Kumar S, Varadarajan KM. Quantification of Adhesion Force of Bacteria on the Surface of Biomaterials: Techniques and Assays. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2093-2110. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Shanmugam Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Kartik M. Varadarajan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Elbourne A, Chapman J, Gelmi A, Cozzolino D, Crawford RJ, Truong VK. Bacterial-nanostructure interactions: The role of cell elasticity and adhesion forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:192-210. [PMID: 30921674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of single-celled organisms, namely bacteria and fungi, to abiotic surfaces is of great interest to both the scientific and medical communities. This is because the interaction of such cells has important implications in a range of areas, including biofilm formation, biofouling, antimicrobial surface technologies, and bio-nanotechnologies, as well as infection development, control, and mitigation. While central to many biological phenomena, the factors which govern microbial surface attachment are still not fully understood. This lack of understanding is a direct consequence of the complex nature of cell-surface interactions, which can involve both specific and non-specific interactions. For applications involving micro- and nano-structured surfaces, developing an understanding of such phenomenon is further complicated by the diverse nature of surface architectures, surface chemistry, variation in cellular physiology, and the intended technological output. These factors are extremely important to understand in the emerging field of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. The aim of this perspective is to re-frame the discussion surrounding the mechanism of nanostructured-microbial surface interactions. Broadly, the article reviews our current understanding of these phenomena, while highlighting the knowledge gaps surrounding the adhesive forces which govern bacterial-nanostructure interactions and the role of cell membrane rigidity in modulating surface activity. The roles of surface charge, cell rigidity, and cell-surface adhesion force in bacterial-surface adsorption are discussed in detail. Presently, most studies have overlooked these areas, which has left many questions unanswered. Further, this perspective article highlights the numerous experimental issues and misinterpretations which surround current studies of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Bruno DDCF, Bartelli TF, Rodrigues CR, Briones MR. Prolonged growth of Candida albicans reveals co-isolated bacteria from single yeast colonies. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Genome Sequence of a Staphylococcus epidermidis Strain (GTH12) Associated with Candida albicans SC5314 Cultured under Hypoxia at 37°C in Glycerol for 12 Weeks. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/25/e00533-18. [PMID: 29930047 PMCID: PMC6013600 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00533-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections with mixed-species biofilms are important health problems because of increased antimicrobial resistance and worse patient outcomes than with monomicrobial infections. Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain GTH12, which was cocultured with the yeast Candida albicans SC5314 (generating C. albicans strain SC5314 GTH12), thus providing genomic information on polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial infections with mixed-species biofilms are important health problems because of increased antimicrobial resistance and worse patient outcomes than with monomicrobial infections. Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain GTH12, which was cocultured with the yeast Candida albicans SC5314 (generating C. albicans strain SC5314 GTH12), thus providing genomic information on polymicrobial infections.
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Ozkan AD, Topal AE, Dikecoglu FB, Guler MO, Dana A, Tekinay AB. Probe microscopy methods and applications in imaging of biological materials. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:153-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Physico-chemistry of bacterial transmission versus adhesion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 250:15-24. [PMID: 29129313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a main problem in many biomedical, domestic, natural and industrial environments and forms the onset of the formation of a biofilm, in which adhering bacteria grow into a multi-layered film while embedding themselves in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. It is usually assumed that bacterial adhesion occurs from air or by convective-diffusion from a liquid suspension, but often bacteria adhere by transmission from a bacterially contaminated donor to a receiver surface. Therewith bacterial transmission is mechanistically different from adhesion, as it involves bacterial detachment from a donor surface followed by adhesion to a receiver one. Transmission is further complicated when the donor surface is not covered with a single layer of adhering bacteria but with a multi-layered biofilm, in which case bacteria can be transmitted either by interfacial failure at the biofilm-donor surface or through cohesive failure in the biofilm. Transmission through cohesive failure in a biofilm is more common than interfacial failure. The aim of this review is to oppose surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, as can both be applied towards bacterial adhesion, with their appropriate extensions towards transmission. Opposition of surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, will allow to distinguish between transmission of bacteria from a donor covered with a (sub)monolayer of adhering bacteria or a multi-layered biofilm. Contact angle measurements required for surface thermodynamic analyses of transmission are of an entirely different nature than analyses of adhesion forces, usually measured through atomic force microscopy. Nevertheless, transmission probabilities based on Weibull analyses of adhesion forces between bacteria and donor and receiver surfaces, correspond with the surface thermodynamic preferences of bacteria for either the donor or receiver surface. Surfaces with low adhesion forces such as polymer-brush coated or nanostructured surfaces are thus preferable for use as non-adhesive receiver surfaces, but at the same time should be avoided for use as a donor surface. Since bacterial transmission occurs under a contact pressure between two surfaces, followed by their separation under tensile or shear pressure and ultimately detachment, this will affect biofilm structure. During the compression phase of transmission, biofilms are compacted into a more dense film. After transmission, and depending on the ability of the bacterial strain involved to produce extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm left-behind on a donor or transmitted to a receiver surface will relax to its original, pre-transmission structure owing to the viscoelasticity of the extracellular polymeric substances matrix, when present. Apart from mechanistic differences between bacterial adhesion and transmission, the low numbers of bacteria generally transmitted require careful selection of suitably sensitive enumeration methods, for which culturing and optical coherence tomography are suggested. Opposing adhesion and transmission as done in this review, not only yields a better understanding of bacterial transmission, but may stimulate researchers to more carefully consider whether an adhesion or transmission model is most appropriate in the specific area of application aimed for, rather than routinely relying on adhesion models.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is among the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota and asymptomatically colonizes healthy individuals. However, it is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe, and often fatal, bloodstream infections. The medical impact of C. albicans typically depends on its ability to form biofilms, which are closely packed communities of cells that attach to surfaces, such as tissues and implanted medical devices. In this Review, we provide an overview of the processes involved in the formation of C. albicans biofilms and discuss the core transcriptional network that regulates biofilm development. We also consider some of the advantages that biofilms provide to C. albicans in comparison with planktonic growth and explore polymicrobial biofilms that are formed by C. albicans and certain bacterial species.
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Spengler C, Thewes N, Jung P, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. Determination of the nano-scaled contact area of staphylococcal cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10084-10093. [PMID: 28695218 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a crucial step during the development of infections as well as the formation of biofilms. Hence, fundamental research of bacterial adhesion mechanisms is of utmost importance. So far, less is known about the size of the contact area between bacterial cells and a surface. This gap will be filled by this study using a single-cell force spectroscopy-based method to investigate the contact area between a single bacterial cell of Staphylococcus aureus and a solid substrate. The technique relies on the strong influence of the hydrophobic interaction on bacterial adhesion: by incrementally crossing a very sharp hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface while performing force-distance curves with a single bacterial probe, the bacterial contact area can be determined. Assuming circular contact areas, their radii - determined in our experiments - are in the range from tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. The contact area can be slightly enlarged by a larger load force, yet does not resemble a Hertzian contact, rather, the enlargement is a property of the individual bacterial cell. Additionally, Staphylococcus carnosus has been probed, which is less adherent than S. aureus, yet both bacteria exhibit a similar contact area size. This corroborates the notion that the adhesive strength of bacteria is not a matter of contact area, but rather a matter of which and how many molecules of the bacterial species' cell wall form the contact. Moreover, our method of determining the contact area can be applied to other microorganisms and the results might also be useful for studies using nanoparticles covered with soft, macromolecular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Jiménez E, Arroyo R, Cárdenas N, Marín M, Serrano P, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Mammary candidiasis: A medical condition without scientific evidence? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181071. [PMID: 28704470 PMCID: PMC5509296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many physicians, midwives and lactation consultants still believe that yeasts (particularly Candida spp.) play an important role as an agent of nipple and breast pain despite the absolute absence of scientific proofs to establish such association. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the microorganisms involved in sore nipples and/or painful "shooting" breastfeeding by using a variety of microscopy techniques, as well as culture-dependent and-independent identification methods. Initially, 60 women (30 diagnosed as suffering "mammary candidiasis" and 30 with no painful breastfeeding) were recruited to elucidate the role of their pumps on the milk microbial profiles. After realizing the bias introduced by using such devices, manual expression was selected as the collection method for the microbiological analysis of milk samples provided by 529 women with symptoms compatible with "mammary candidiasis". Nipple swabs and nipple biopsy samples were also collected from the participating women. Results showed that the role played by yeasts in breast and nipple pain is, if any, marginal. In contrast, our results strongly support that coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci (mainly from the mitis and salivarius groups) are the agents responsible for such cases. As a consequence, and following the recommendations of the US Library of Medicine for the nomenclature of infectious diseases, the term "mammary candidiasis" or "nipple thrush" should be avoided when referring to such condition and replaced by "subacute mastitis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jiménez
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Arroyo
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nivia Cárdenas
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Marín
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Serrano
- Unidadde Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Leonides Fernández
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Dpt. Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Candida species are the most common infectious fungal species in humans; out of the approximately 150 known species, Candida albicans is the leading pathogenic species, largely affecting immunocompromised individuals. Apart from its role as the primary etiology for various types of candidiasis, C. albicans is known to contribute to polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial interactions, particularly between C. albicans and bacterial species, have gained recent interest in which polymicrobial biofilm virulence mechanisms have been studied including adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and development of antimicrobial resistance. These trans-kingdom interactions, either synergistic or antagonistic, may help modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of both Candida and bacteria while uniquely impacting the pathogen-host immune response. As antibiotic and antifungal resistance increases, there is a great need to explore the intermicrobial cross-talk with a focus on the treatment of Candida-associated polymicrobial infections. This article explores the current literature on the interactions between Candida and clinically important bacteria and evaluates these interactions in the context of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and disease management.
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Aguayo S, Marshall H, Pratten J, Bradshaw D, Brown JS, Porter SR, Spratt D, Bozec L. Early Adhesion of Candida albicans onto Dental Acrylic Surfaces. J Dent Res 2017; 96:917-923. [PMID: 28460191 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517706354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Denture-associated stomatitis is a common candidal infection that may give rise to painful oral symptoms, as well as be a reservoir for infection at other sites of the body. As poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) remains the main material employed in the fabrication of dentures, the aim of this research was to evaluate the adhesion of Candida albicans cells onto PMMA surfaces by employing an atomic force microscopy (AFM) single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) technique. For experiments, tipless AFM cantilevers were functionalized with PMMA microspheres and probed against C. albicans cells immobilized onto biopolymer-coated substrates. Both a laboratory strain and a clinical isolate of C. albicans were used for SCFS experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and AFM imaging of C. albicans confirmed the polymorphic behavior of both strains, which was dependent on growth culture conditions. AFM force-spectroscopy results showed that the adhesion of C. albicans to PMMA is morphology dependent, as hyphal tubes had increased adhesion compared with yeast cells ( P < 0.05). C. albicans budding mother cells were found to be nonadherent, which contrasts with the increased adhesion observed in the tube region. Comparison between strains demonstrated increased adhesion forces for a clinical isolate compared with the lab strain. The clinical isolate also had increased survival in blood and reduced sensitivity to complement opsonization, providing additional evidence of strain-dependent differences in Candida-host interactions that may affect virulence. In conclusion, PMMA-modified AFM probes have shown to be a reliable technique to characterize the adhesion of C. albicans to acrylic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguayo
- 1 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - H Marshall
- 2 Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - J S Brown
- 2 Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - S R Porter
- 4 Oral Medicine, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Spratt
- 5 Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Bozec
- 1 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Aguayo S, Donos N, Spratt D, Bozec L. Probing the nanoadhesion of Streptococcus sanguinis to titanium implant surfaces by atomic force microscopy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1443-50. [PMID: 27103802 PMCID: PMC4827898 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As titanium (Ti) continues to be utilized in great extent for the fabrication of artificial implants, it is important to understand the crucial bacterium–Ti interaction occurring during the initial phases of biofilm formation. By employing a single-cell force spectroscopy technique, the nanoadhesive interactions between the early-colonizing Streptococcus sanguinis and a clinically analogous smooth Ti substrate were explored. Mean adhesion forces between S. sanguinis and Ti were found to be 0.32±0.00, 1.07±0.06, and 4.85±0.56 nN for 0, 1, and 60 seconds contact times, respectively; while adhesion work values were reported at 19.28±2.38, 104.60±7.02, and 1,317.26±197.69 aJ for 0, 1, and 60 seconds, respectively. At 60 seconds surface delays, minor-rupture events were modeled with the worm-like chain model yielding an average contour length of 668±12 nm. The mean force for S. sanguinis minor-detachment events was 1.84±0.64 nN, and Poisson analysis decoupled this value into a short-range force component of −1.60±0.34 nN and a long-range force component of −0.55±0.47 nN. Furthermore, a solution of 2 mg/mL chlorhexidine was found to increase adhesion between the bacterial probe and substrate. Overall, single-cell force spectroscopy of living S. sanguinis cells proved to be a reliable way to characterize early-bacterial adhesion onto machined Ti implant surfaces at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Aguayo
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Periodontology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dave Spratt
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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Mechanics of Bacterial Cells and Initial Surface Colonisation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:245-60. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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