1
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Wong KF, Li W, Wang Z, Wanie V, Månsson E, Hoeing D, Blöchl J, Nubbemeyer T, Azzeer A, Trabattoni A, Lange H, Calegari F, Kling MF. Far-Field Petahertz Sampling of Plasmonic Fields. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5506-5512. [PMID: 38530705 PMCID: PMC11082926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The response of metal nanostructures to optical excitation leads to localized surface plasmon (LSP) generation with nanoscale field confinement driving applications in, for example, quantum optics and nanophotonics. Field sampling in the terahertz domain has had a tremendous impact on the ability to trace such collective excitations. Here, we extend such capabilities and introduce direct sampling of LSPs in a more relevant petahertz domain. The method allows to measure the LSP field in arbitrary nanostructures with subcycle precision. We demonstrate the technique for colloidal nanoparticles and compare the results to finite-difference time-domain calculations, which show that the build-up and dephasing of the plasmonic excitation can be resolved. Furthermore, we observe a reshaping of the spectral phase of the few-cycle pulse, and we demonstrate ad-hoc pulse shaping by tailoring the plasmonic sample. The methodology can be extended to single nanosystems and applied in exploring subcycle, attosecond phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fu Wong
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weiwei Li
- Max
Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85478 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munich, Am Coulombwall
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Zilong Wang
- Max
Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85478 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munich, Am Coulombwall
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Vincent Wanie
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erik Månsson
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Hoeing
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Blöchl
- Max
Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85478 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munich, Am Coulombwall
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Nubbemeyer
- Max
Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85478 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munich, Am Coulombwall
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Abdallah Azzeer
- Attosecond
Science Laboratory, Physics and Astronomy Department, King-Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Trabattoni
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Welfengarten
1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Intitute
of Physics and Astronomy, Universität
Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str.
24, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Francesca Calegari
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Kling
- Max
Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85478 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munich, Am Coulombwall
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand
Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Applied
Physics Department, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wengler-Rust S, Staechelin YU, Lange H, Weller H. Electron Donor-Specific Surface Interactions Promote the Photocatalytic Activity of Metal-Semiconductor Nanohybrids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401388. [PMID: 38634407 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the application of colloidal semiconductor-metal nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts for the hydrogen generation from water has been extensively studied. The present body of literature studies agrees that the photocatalytic yield strongly depends on the electron donating agent (EDA) added for scavenging the photogenerated holes. The highest reported hydrogen production rates are obtained in the presence of ionic EDAs and at high pH. The large hydrogen production rates are attributed to fast hole transfer from the NP onto the EDAs. However, the present discussions do not treat the influence of EDA-specific surface interactions. This systematic study focuses on that aspect by combining steady-state hydrogen production measurements with time-resolved and static optical spectroscopy, employing 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid-capped, Pt-tipped CdSe/CdS dot-in-rods in the presence of a large set of EDAs. Based on the experimental results, two distinct EDA groups are identified: surface-active and diffusion-limited EDAs. The largest photocatalytic efficiencies are obtained in the presence of surface-active EDAs that induce an agglomeration of the NPs. This demonstrates that the introduction of surface-active EDAs can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of the NPs, despite reducing their colloidal stability and inducing the formation of NP networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soenke Wengler-Rust
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannic U Staechelin
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IAP-CAN, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Zámbó D, Kovács D, Südi G, Zolnai Z, Deák A. Composite ligand shells on gold nanoprisms - an ensemble and single particle study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30696-30703. [PMID: 37869380 PMCID: PMC10585614 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of thiolated molecules onto gold surfaces is one of the most extensively used and robust ligand exchange approaches to exploit the nanooptical features of nanoscale and nanostructured plasmonic materials. In this work, the impact of thiol adsorption on the optical properties of wet-chemically synthesized gold nanoprisms is studied both at the ensemble and single particle level to investigate the build-up of more complex ligand layers. Two prototypical ligands with different lengths have been investigated ((16-mercaptohexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide - MTAB and thiolated polyethylene glycol - mPEG-SH). From ensemble experiments it is found that composite ligand layers are obtained by the sequential addition of the two thiols, and an island-like surface accumulation of the molecules can be anticipated. The single particle experiment derived chemical interface damping and resonance energy changes further support this and show additionally that when the two thiols are used simultaneously, a higher density, intermixed layer is formed. Hence, when working with more than a single type of ligand during surface modification, sequential adsorption is preferred for the combination of accessible essential surface functionalities, whereas for high overall loading the simultaneous use of the different ligand types is favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Zámbó
- Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-ThegeM. Str. 29-33 Budapest 1121 Hungary
| | - Dávid Kovács
- Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-ThegeM. Str. 29-33 Budapest 1121 Hungary
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science Budafoki Str. 6-8 Budapest 1117 Hungary
| | - Gergely Südi
- Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-ThegeM. Str. 29-33 Budapest 1121 Hungary
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science Budafoki Str. 6-8 Budapest 1117 Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zolnai
- Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-ThegeM. Str. 29-33 Budapest 1121 Hungary
| | - András Deák
- Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-ThegeM. Str. 29-33 Budapest 1121 Hungary
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Han S, Al‐Jamal KT. Combined Facile Synthesis, Purification, and Surface Functionalization Approach Yields Monodispersed Gold Nanorods for Drug Delivery Applications. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2023; 40:2300043. [PMID: 38213764 PMCID: PMC10777591 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.202300043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthesizing gold nanorods (AuNRs) by seed-mediated growth method results in the presence of undesired size and shape particles by-products occupying 10-90% of the population. In this study, AuNRs are synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant. AuNRs with redshifted longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LLSPR) peak, localized in the biological "transparency window" (650-1350 nm), are synthesized after optimizing seed solution, silver nitrate solution, and hydrochloric acid solution volumes, based on the published protocols. A two-step purification method, dialysis followed by centrifugation, is applied to remove excess CTAB and collect LLSPR-redshifted AuNRs with high rod purity (>90%). CTAB is subsequently exchanged with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve AuNRs biocompatibility. PEGylated AuNRs are confirmed innocuous to both SN4741 cells and B16F10 cells by the modified MTT assay and the modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay up to 1 nm and 24 h incubation. In this study, a combined facile synthesis, purification, and surface functionalization approach is proposed to obtain water-dispersible monodispersed AuNRs for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunping Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonFranklin‐Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Khuloud T. Al‐Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonFranklin‐Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
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5
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Papaioannou L, Kolokithas-Ntoukas A, Karkaletsou L, Didaskalou S, Koffa MD, Avgoustakis K. NIR-responsive, lapatinib-loaded gold nanorods for combined photothermal and pharmacological treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer: In vitro evaluation and cell studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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6
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Nejabat M, Samie A, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. An Overview on Gold Nanorods as Versatile Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. J Control Release 2023; 354:221-242. [PMID: 36621644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs/AuNRs) are a group of gold nanoparticles which their simple surface chemistry allows for various surface modifications, providing the possibility of using them in the fabrication of biocompatible and functional nano-agents for cancer therapy. AuNRs, moreover, exhibit a maximum absorption of longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the near-infrared (NIR) region which overlaps with NIR bio-tissue 'window' suggesting that they are proper tools for thermal ablation of cancer cells. AuNRs can be used for induction of mono or combination therapies by administering various therapeutic approaches such as photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and gene therapy (GT). In this review, anticancer therapeutic capacities of AuNRs along with different surface modifications are summarized comprehensively. The roles of AuNRs in fabrication of various nano-constructs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nejabat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Samie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Lebepe TC, Oluwafemi OS. Thermal and Medium Stability Study of Polyvidone-Modified Graphene Oxide-Coated Gold Nanorods with High Photothermal Efficiency. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193382. [PMID: 36234510 PMCID: PMC9565574 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Coating gold nanorods (AuNRs) with different materials, such as polymers and graphene-based materials, has improved their biocompatibility. However, these materials have been shown to cause the instability of AuNRs in thermal and culture mediums. In addressing this issue, we herein report the synthesis, thermal and culture medium stability, and photothermal profiling of Polyvidone (PVP)-modified graphene oxide (GO)-coated AuNRs (mGO@AuNRs). The AuNRs, with a size of 40.70 nm × 9.16 nm and absorbing at 820 nm, were coated with PVP, GO, and mGO. The colloidal stability of the nanocomposites was tested in three commonly used cell culture mediums: the Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, (DMEM) and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using UV-Vis-NIR and dynamic light scattering. The GO-based nanocomposites were stable compared to PVP@AuNRs and AuNRs in all mediums. The photothermal profiling of mGO@AuNRs showed higher heat production, with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 54.8%, which is higher than the bare AuNRs, GO@AuNRs, and PVP@AuNRs. In addition, the mGO@AuNRs also showed good thermal stability at 70 °C for more than 24 h. These results present the dual coating of PVP and GO as excellent stabilising agents for AuNRs with good photothermal profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Calvin Lebepe
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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8
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9
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Egorova E, Arias Alpizar G, Vlieg R, Gooris GS, Bouwstra J, noort JV, Kros A, Boyle AL. Coating Gold Nanorods with Self-Assembling Peptide Amphiphiles Promotes Stability and Facilitates in vivo Two-Photon Imaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1612-1622. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are versatile asymmetric nanoparticles with unique optical properties. These properties makes GNRs ideal agents for applications such as photothermal cancer therapy, biosensing, and in vivo imaging. However,...
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10
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Zhang M, Lindner-D’Addario M, Roohnikan M, Toader V, Lennox RB, Reven L. Polymer Functionalized Nanoparticles in Blue Phase LC: Effect of Particle Shape. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010091. [PMID: 35010041 PMCID: PMC8746361 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide oligomers and polymers, free and tethered to gold nanoparticles, were dispersed in blue phase liquid crystals (BPLC). Gold nanospheres (AuNPs) and nanorods (AuNRs) were functionalized with thiolated ethylene oxide ligands with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 5000 g/mol. The BPLC mixture (ΔTBP ~6 °C) was based on the mesogenic acid heterodimers, n-hexylbenzoic acid (6BA) and n-trans-butylcyclohexylcarboxylic acid (4-BCHA) with the chiral dopant (R)-2-octyl 4-[4-(hexyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate. The lowest molecular weight oligomer lowered and widened the BP range but adding AuNPs functionalized with the same ligand had little effect. Higher concentrations or molecular weights of the ligands, free or tethered to the AuNPs, completely destabilized the BP. Mini-AuNRs functionalized with the same ligands lowered and widened the BP temperature range with longer mini-AuNRs having a larger effect. In contrast to the AuNPs, the mini-AuNRs with the higher molecular weight ligands widened rather than destabilized the BP, though the lowest MW ligand yielded the largest BP range, (ΔTBP > 13 °C). The different effects on the BP may be due to the AuNPs accumulating at singular defect sites whereas the mini-AuNRs, with diameters smaller than that of the disclination lines, can more efficiently fill in the BP defects.
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Tim B, Błaszkiewicz P, Kotkowiak M. Recent Advances in Metallic Nanoparticle Assemblies for Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:291. [PMID: 35008714 PMCID: PMC8745207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust and versatile strategies for the development of functional nanostructured materials often focus on assemblies of metallic nanoparticles. Research interest in such assemblies arises due to their potential applications in the fields of photonics and sensing. Metallic nanoparticles have received considerable recent attention due to their connection to the widely studied phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance. For instance, plasmonic hot spots can be observed within their assemblies. A useful form of spectroscopy is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This phenomenon is a commonly used in sensing techniques, and it works using the principle that scattered inelastic light can be greatly enhanced at a surface. However, further research is required to enable improvements to the SERS techniques. For example, one question that remains open is how to design uniform, highly reproducible, and efficiently enhancing substrates of metallic nanoparticles with high structural precision. In this review, a general overview on nanoparticle functionalization and the impact on nanoparticle assembly is provided, alongside an examination of their applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michał Kotkowiak
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (B.T.); (P.B.)
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12
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Lebepe TC, Parani S, Ncapayi V, Maluleke R, Mbaz GIM, Fanoro OT, Varghese JR, Komiya A, Kodama T, Oluwafemi OS. Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanorods Nanocomposite-Porphyrin Conjugate as Promising Tool for Cancer Phototherapy Performance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121295. [PMID: 34959695 PMCID: PMC8706362 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer mortality rate has increased, and conventional cancer treatments are known for having many side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find a new therapeutic agent or modify the existing therapeutic agents for better performance and efficiency. Herein, a synergetic phototherapeutic agent based on a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy is proposed. The phototherapeutic agent consists of water-soluble cationic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin, TMePyP), and gold nanorods (AuNRs) anchored on graphene-oxide (GO) sheet. The TMePyP was initially synthesized by Adler method, followed by methylation, while GO and AuNRs were synthesized using Hummer’s and seed-mediated methods, respectively. The structural and optical properties of TMePyP were confirmed using UV-Vis, zeta analyzer, PL, FTIR and NMR. The formation of both GO and AuNRs was confirmed by UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, TEM and zeta analyzer. TMePyP and AuNRs were anchored on GO to form GO@AuNRs-TMePyP nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was stable in RPMI and PBS medium, and, on irradiation, produced high heat than the bare AuNRs, with high photothermal efficiency. In addition, the nanocomposite produced higher singlet oxygen than TMePyP with high biocompatibility in the absence of light. These results indicated that the as-synthesized nanocomposite is a promising dual photodynamic and photothermal agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Calvin Lebepe
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Sundararajan Parani
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Vuyelwa Ncapayi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Rodney Maluleke
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Grace It Mwad Mbaz
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Olufunto Tolulope Fanoro
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Jose Rajendran Varghese
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Atsuki Komiya
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.); (V.N.); (R.M.); (G.I.M.M.); (J.R.V.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Sciences Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Improvements in Gold Nanorod Biocompatibility with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Stabilization. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt2030010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their well-defined plasmonic properties, gold nanorods (GNRs) can be fabricated with optimal light absorption in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which make them suitable for cancer-related theranostic applications. However, their controversial safety profile, as a result of surfactant stabilization during synthesis, limits their clinical translation. We report a facile method to improve GNR biocompatibility through the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). GNRs (120 × 40 nm) were synthesized through a seed-mediated approach, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant to direct the growth of nanorods and stabilize the particles. Post-synthesis, SDS was used as an exchange ligand to modify the net surface charge of the particles from positive to negative while maintaining rod stability in an aqueous environment. GNR cytotoxic effects, as well as the mechanisms of their cellular uptake, were examined in two different cancer cell lines, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and HeLa cells. We not only found a significant dose-dependent effect of GNR treatment on cell viability but also a time-dependent effect of GNR surfactant charge on cytotoxicity over the two cell lines. Our results promote a better understanding of how we can mediate the undesired consequences of GNR synthesis byproducts when exposed to a living organism, which so far has limited GNR use in cancer theranostics.
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14
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Egorova EA, Gooris GS, Luther P, Bouwstra JA, Kros A, Boyle AL. Self‐assembly of thiolated versus non‐thiolated peptide amphiphiles. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Egorova
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gert S. Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Prianka Luther
- Macromolecular Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Aimee L. Boyle
- Macromolecular Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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15
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Nelis JLD, Salvador JP, Marco MP, Elliott CT, Campbell K. A plasmonic biosensor array exploiting plasmon coupling between gold nanorods and spheres for domoic acid detection via two methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119473. [PMID: 33524817 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An immunoassay was developed that utilized plasmonic coupling between immobilised gold nanorods and colloid gold nanospheres to detect the marine toxin domoic acid (DA). The aspect ratio of the nanorods was optimised and the effects of variation in acidity, silver to gold ratio, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) concentration and seed addition in the growth solution on the yield, size variance and LSPR peak position was investigated. Excellent nanorods (size variation < 15%; aspect ratio 3.5-5; yield 0.26-0.35 nM mL-1) were obtained for the LSPR range 785-867 nm using strong acidic conditions (12 µl HCl (37%)), silver to gold ratio of 1:5, 0.05-0.1 M CTAB and 20-30 µl seed addition to 10 mL of growth solution. One set of nanorods (54.9 X 15.7 nm; LSPR 785 nm) were immobilised onto a silica support and bio-functionalised with DA hapten. Colloid nanospheres (15 nm; LSPR 519 nm) were bio-functionalised with an anti-domoic-acid monoclonal antibody. The functionalised nanoparticles were used to detect DA by plasmon coupling by quantifying the average LSPR shift of individual plasmon couples with hyperspectral imaging or quantifying the pixels count caused by the particle aggregation visible under darkfield microscopy. The first method led to a LSPR blue-shift of ~55 nm caused by the immunoreaction. The second, simpler method, enabled very clear qualitative detection (p < 0.0005) of domoic acid when 10 µM domoic acid was added. Both methods show potential though the novelty and simplicity of the second platform allowing rapid (~30 min) detection with high-throughput possibilities using a simple set-up is of most interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L D Nelis
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - J Pablo Salvador
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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Roach L, Booth ME, Ingram N, Paterson DA, Batchelor DVB, Moorcroft SCT, Bushby RJ, Critchley K, Coletta PL, Evans SD. Evaluating Phospholipid-Functionalized Gold Nanorods for In Vivo Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006797. [PMID: 33682366 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. However, their production typically requires the use of the relatively toxic cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) leading to continued demand for protocols to detoxify them for in vivo applications. In this study, a robust and facile protocol for the displacement of CTAB from the surface of AuNRs using phospholipids is presented. After the displacement, CTAB is not detectable by NMR spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, or using pH-dependent ζ-potential measurements. The phospholipid functionalized AuNRs demonstrated superior stability and biocompatibility (IC50 > 200 µg mL-1 ) compared to both CTAB and polyelectrolyte functionalized AuNRs and are well tolerated in vivo. Furthermore, they have high near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and produce large amounts of heat under NIR illumination, hence such particles are well suited for plasmonic medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Roach
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mary E Booth
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nicola Ingram
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Daniel A Paterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Critchley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P Louise Coletta
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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A DM1-doped porous gold nanoshell system for NIR accelerated redox-responsive release and triple modal imaging guided photothermal synergistic chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:77. [PMID: 33741008 PMCID: PMC7976706 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many treatments for breast cancer are available, poor tumour targeting limits the effectiveness of most approaches. Consequently, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results with monotherapies. The lack of accurate diagnostic and monitoring methods also limit the benefits of cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to design a nanocarrier comprising porous gold nanoshells (PGNSs) co-decorated with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) and trastuzumab (Herceptin®, HER), a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to human epidermal receptor-2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Furthermore, a derivative of the microtubule-targeting drug maytansine (DM1) was incorporated in the PGNSs. Methods Prepared PGNSs were coated with mPEG, DM1 and HER via electrostatic interactions and Au–S bonds to yield DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs. SK-BR-3 (high HER2 expression) and MCF-7 (low HER2) breast cancer cells were treated with DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs, and cytotoxicity was evaluated in terms of cell viability and apoptosis. The selective uptake of the coated PGNSs by cancer cells and subsequent intracellular accumulation were studied in vitro and in vivo using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fluorescence imaging. The multimodal imaging feasibility and synergistic chemo-photothermal therapeutic efficacy of the DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs were investigated in breast cancer tumour-bearing mice. The molecular mechanisms associated with the anti-tumour therapeutic use of the nanoparticles were also elucidated. Result The prepared DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs had a size of 78.6 nm and displayed excellent colloidal stability, photothermal conversion ability and redox-sensitive drug release. These DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs were taken up selectively by cancer cells in vitro and accumulated at tumour sites in vivo. Moreover, the DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs enhanced the performance of multimodal computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) imaging and enabled chemo-thermal combination therapy. The therapeutic mechanism involved the induction of tumour cell apoptosis via the activation of tubulin, caspase-3 and the heat shock protein 70 pathway. M2 macrophage suppression and anti-metastatic functions were also observed. Conclusion The prepared DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs enabled nanodart-like tumour targeting, visibility by CT, PA and PT imaging in vivo and powerful tumour inhibition mediated by chemo-thermal combination therapy in vivo. In summary, these unique gold nanocarriers appear to have good potential as theranostic nanoagents that can serve both as a probe for enhanced multimodal imaging and as a novel targeted anti-tumour drug delivery system to achieve precision nanomedicine for cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00824-5.
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18
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Dai CF, Zhang XN, Du C, Frank A, Schmidt HW, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Photoregulated Gradient Structure and Programmable Mechanical Performances of Tough Hydrogels with a Hydrogen-Bond Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53376-53384. [PMID: 33170639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gradient materials exist widely in natural living organisms, affording fascinating biological and mechanical properties. However, the synthetic gradient hydrogels are usually mechanically weak or only have relatively simple gradient structures. Here, we report on tough nanocomposite hydrogels with designable gradient network structure and mechanical properties by a facile post-photoregulation strategy. Poly(1-vinylimidazole-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels containing gold nanorods (AuNRs) are in a glassy state and show typical yielding and forced elastic deformation at room temperature. The gel slightly contracts its volume when the temperature is above the glass-transition temperature that results in a collapse of the chain segments and formation of denser intra- and interchain hydrogen bonds. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the gels are enhanced, when the temperature returns to room temperature. The mechanical performances of hydrogels can also be locally tuned by near-infrared light irradiation due to the photothermal effect of AuNRs. Hydrogels with arbitrary two-dimensional gradients can be facilely developed by site-specific photoirradiation. The treated and untreated regions with different stiffness and yielding stress possess construct behaviors in stretching or twisting deformations. A locally reinforced hydrogel with the kirigami structure becomes notch-insensitive and exhibits improved strength and stretchability because the treated regions ahead the cuts have better resistance to crack advancement. These tough hydrogels with programmable gradient structure and mechanics should find applications as structural elements, biological devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cong Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Andreas Frank
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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19
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Lu M, Zhu H, Hong L, Zhao J, Masson JF, Peng W. Wavelength-Tunable Optical Fiber Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor via a Diblock Copolymer-Templated Nanorod Monolayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50929-50940. [PMID: 33136359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Well-dispersed and dense layers of gold nanorods (AuNRs) on optical fibers are shown to regulate the longitudinal peak wavelength and enhance the sensing performances of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensors. A simple self-assembly method relying on a brush-like monolayer of poly(styrene)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) diblock copolymer was used to immobilize AuNRs with various aspect ratios from 2.33 to 4.60 on optical fibers. Both the experimental and simulation results illustrated that the particle aspect ratio, deposition time (related to the coverage of AuNRs), and interparticle gap significantly affected the optical properties of the fiber-based LSPR biosensors. The highest refractive index (RI) sensitivity of the sensor was 753 nm/RIU, while the limit of detection for human IgG was as low as 0.8 nM. Compared with standard nanoparticle deposition methods of polyelectrolytes or alkoxysilanes, the RI sensitivity of the PS-b-PAA dip-coating method was approximately 3-fold better, a consequence of the higher particle coverage and fewer AuNR aggregates. The presented AuNR-based LSPR sensors could regulate the detection range by tuning the aspect ratios of AuNRs. Applicability is demonstrated via quantitative analysis of antigen-antibody interactions, DNA sensing, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Lu
- College of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Long Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- College of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Département de Chimie, Regroupement Québécois des Matériaux de Pointe, and Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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20
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Dai CF, Du C, Xue Y, Zhang XN, Zheng SY, Liu K, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Photodirected Morphing Structures of Nanocomposite Shape Memory Hydrogel with High Stiffness and Toughness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43631-43640. [PMID: 31664813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory hydrogels have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Practical applications require these hydrogels to have good mechanical properties as well as contactless stimulations to trigger the shape deformations. Here we report a stiff and tough shape memory hydrogel that can transform to various configurations sequentially by phototriggered site-specific deformations. Response of the shape memory hydrogel to near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation was achieved by incorporating gold nanorods (AuNRs) into the glassy gel matrix of poly(methacrylic acid-co-methacrylamide) without compromising the excellent mechanical properties. Owing to the photothermal effect of the AuNRs, the localized temperature rise led to a dramatic decrease in Young's modulus (from 200 to 2 MPa) of the prestretched hydrogel and bending deformation with a programmable direction and amplitude. More complex three-dimensional configurations can be obtained by multidirectional prestretching and shape memorizing the individual parts of the nanocomposite hydrogel. Furthermore, the AuNRs embedded in the gel were aligned along the prestretching direction, leading to anisotropic plasmon resonance. These photomediated programmable deformations of tough shape memory hydrogels should find applications in the biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Cong Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Xin Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Sintering Copper Nanoparticles with Photonic Additive for Printed Conductive Patterns by Intense Pulsed Light. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081071. [PMID: 31349711 PMCID: PMC6723544 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an ink formulation was developed to prepare conductive copper thin films with compact structure by using intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering. To improve inter-particle connections in the sintering process, a cuprous oxide shell was synthesized over copper nanoparticles (CuNP). This cuprous oxide shell can be reduced by IPL with the presence of a reductant and fused to form connection between large copper particles. However, the thermal yield stress after strong IPL sintering resulted in cracks of conductive copper film. Thus, a multiple pulse sintering with an off time of 2 s was needed to reach a low resistivity of 10-5 Ω·cm. To increase the light absorption efficiency and to further decrease voids between CuNPs in the copper film, cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) of 50 nm, were also added into ink. The results showed that these CuONPs can be reduced to copper with a single pulse IPL and fused with the surrounding CuNPs. With an optimal CuNP/CuONP weight ratio of 1/80, the copper film showed a lowest resistivity of 7 × 10-5 Ω·cm, ~25% conductivity of bulk copper, with a single sintering energy at 3.08 J/cm2. The ink can be printed on flexible substrates as conductive tracks and the resistance remained nearly the same after 10,000 bending cycles.
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Li B, Lane LA. Probing the biological obstacles of nanomedicine with gold nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1542. [PMID: 30084539 PMCID: PMC6585966 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite massive growth in nanomedicine research to date, the field still lacks fundamental understanding of how certain physical and chemical features of a nanoparticle affect its ability to overcome biological obstacles in vivo and reach its intended target. To gain fundamental understanding of how physical and chemical parameters affect the biological outcomes of administered nanoparticles, model systems that can systematically manipulate a single parameter with minimal influence on others are needed. Gold nanoparticles are particularly good model systems in this case as one can synthetically control the physical dimensions and surface chemistry of the particles independently and with great precision. Additionally, the chemical and physical properties of gold allow particles to be detected and quantified in tissues and cells with high sensitivity. Through systematic biological studies using gold nanoparticles, insights toward rationally designed nanomedicine for in vivo imaging and therapy can be obtained. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Lucas A. Lane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Prisner L, Witthöft P, Nguyen LVN, Tsangas T, Gefken T, Klaus F, Strelow C, Kipp T, Mews A. Monitoring the death of single BaF3 cells under plasmonic photothermal heating induced by ultrasmall gold nanorods. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphological changes and trypan-blue staining are temporally tracked in single cells via optical microscopy after plasmonic photothermal heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prisner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Phillip Witthöft
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Lan Vi Ngoc Nguyen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Thomas Tsangas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Tobias Gefken
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Florentine Klaus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Christian Strelow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Tobias Kipp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Alf Mews
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146, Hamburg
- Germany
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25
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Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Lee J, Lee YH, Jeong CB, Choi JS, Chang KS, Yoon M. Gold nanorods-conjugated TiO 2 nanoclusters for the synergistic combination of phototherapeutic treatments of cancer cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:104. [PMID: 30572896 PMCID: PMC6300922 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat to kill cancer cells, respectively has attracted considerable attention because it gives synergistic effects on the cancer treatment by utilizing the radiation of nontoxic low-energy photons such as long wavelength visible light and near IR (NIR) penetrating into subcutaneous region. For the effective combination of the phototherapies, various organic photosensitizer-conjugated gold nanocomplexes have been developed, but they have still some disadvantages due to photobleaching and unnecessary energy transfer of the organic photosensitizers. RESULTS In this study, we fabricated novel inorganic phototherapeutic nanocomplexes (Au NR-TiO2 NCs) by conjugating gold nanorods (Au NRs) with defective TiO2 nanoparticle clusters (d-TiO2 NP clusters) and characterized their optical and photothermal properties. They were observed to absorb a broad range of visible light and near IR (NIR) from 500 to 1000 nm, exhibiting the generation of ROS as well as the photothermal effect for the simultaneous application of PDT and PTT. The resultant combination of PDT and PTT treatments of HeLa cells incubated with the nanocomplexes caused a synergistic increase in the cell death compared to the single treatment. CONCLUSION The higher efficacy of cell death by the combination of PDT and PTT treatments with the nanocomplexes is likely attributed to the increases of ROS generation from the TiO2 NCs with the aid of local surface plasma resonance (LSPR)-induced hot electrons and heat generation from Au NRs, suggesting that Au NR-TiO2 NCs are promising nanomaterials for the in vivo combinatorial phototherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooran Lee
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Bae Jeong
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Chang
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minjoong Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Robust gold nanorods stabilized by bidentate N-heterocyclic-carbene-thiolate ligands. Nat Chem 2018; 11:57-63. [PMID: 30420777 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have demonstrated outstanding potential for use as surface anchors, synthetic challenges have limited their application to either large planar substrates or very small spherical nanoparticles. The development of a strategy to graft NHCs onto non-spherical nanomaterials, such as gold nanorods, would greatly expand their utility as surface ligands. Here, we use a bidentate thiolate-NHC-gold(I) complex that is easily grafted onto commercial cetyl trimethylammonium bromide-stabilized gold nanorods through ligand exchange. On mild reduction of the resulting surface-tethered NHC-gold(I) complexes, the gold atom attached to the NHC complex is added to the surface as an adatom, thereby precluding the need for reorganization of the underlying surface lattice upon NHC binding. The resulting thiolate-NHC-stabilized gold nanorods are stable towards excess glutathione for up to six days, and under conditions with large variations in pH, high and low temperatures, high salt concentrations, or in biological media and cell culture. We also demonstrate the utility of these nanorods for in vitro photothermal therapy.
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Tao Y, Yang J, Chen L, Huang Y, Qiu B, Guo L, Lin Z. Dialysis assisted ligand exchange on gold nanorods: Amplification of the performance of a lateral flow immunoassay for E. coli O157:H7. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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He J, Unser S, Bruzas I, Cary R, Shi Z, Mehra R, Aron K, Sagle L. The facile removal of CTAB from the surface of gold nanorods. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 163:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Moon CW, Park J, Hong SP, Sohn W, Andoshe DM, Shokouhimehr M, Jang HW. Decoration of metal oxide surface with {111} form Au nanoparticles using PEGylation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18442-18450. [PMID: 35541097 PMCID: PMC9080519 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of introducing gold nanoparticles is due to the plasmon relaxation process. The plasmon decay induces various phenomena such as near-field enhancement, hot electron injection, and resonance energy transfer. Shape-controlled octahedral gold nanoparticles can maximize the efficiency of these processes. For practical purposes, a high-coverage decoration method, comparable to physical vapor deposition on a metal oxide semiconductor nanostructure, is indispensable. However, the ligand exchange reaction to attach octahedral gold nanoparticles is limited in aqueous solution due to the inactivity of the gold (111) surface as a result of a densely-packed cetyltrimethylammonium bilayer structure. Herein, we report a controllable high-coverage surface decoration method of octahedral gold nanoparticles on the targeted semiconductor nanostructures via phase transfer by an organic medium with thiolated-polyethylene glycol. Our results deliver an innovative platform for future plasmonic gold nanoparticle applications. Phase transfer in the ethanol-dichloromethane medium extinguished the limitation of the ligand exchange reaction on the gold (111) surface. High-coverage octahedral Au NP decoration on metal oxide semiconductors is achieved by the process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon Woo Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Woonbae Sohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dinsefa Mensur Andoshe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
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31
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Yang DP, Liu X, Teng CP, Owh C, Win KY, Lin M, Loh XJ, Wu YL, Li Z, Ye E. Unexpected formation of gold nanoflowers by a green synthesis method as agents for a safe and effective photothermal therapy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15753-15759. [PMID: 28994849 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) juice rich in vitamin C and polyphenolic antioxidants was used to synthesize branched gold nanoflowers. These biocompatible and stable gold nanoflowers show strong near-infrared absorption. They are successfully demonstrated to be highly efficient for both in vitro and in vivo photothermal therapy by using an 808 nm laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P. R. China
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32
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Pai JH, Yang CT, Hsu HY, Wedding AB, Thierry B. Development of a simplified approach for the fabrication of localised surface plasmon resonance sensors based on gold nanorods functionalized using mixed polyethylene glycol layers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 974:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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33
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Preparation, aging and temperature stability of PEGylated gold nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Nishida K, Kawasaki H. Effective removal of surface-bound cetyltrimethylammonium ions from thiol-monolayer-protected Au nanorods by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide/citric acid. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and effective strategy for removing surface-bound cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) cations from poly(ethylene glycol)thiolate-protected AuNRs (PEG-AuNRs) by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide/citric acid (DMSO/Cit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishida
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita 564-8680
- Japan
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35
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Santhosh PB, Thomas N, Sudhakar S, Chadha A, Mani E. Phospholipid stabilized gold nanorods: towards improved colloidal stability and biocompatibility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18494-18504. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03403b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible and colloidally stable gold nanorods (GNRs) with well-defined plasmonic properties are essential for biomedical and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Budime Santhosh
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
| | - Neethu Thomas
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
| | - Swathi Sudhakar
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
| | - Ethayaraja Mani
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai-600036
- India
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36
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Schulz F, Dahl GT, Besztejan S, Schroer MA, Lehmkühler F, Grübel G, Vossmeyer T, Lange H. Ligand Layer Engineering To Control Stability and Interfacial Properties of Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7897-907. [PMID: 27458652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of mixed ligand layers including poly(ethylene glycol)-based ligands for the functionalization of nanoparticles is a very popular strategy in the context of nanomedicine. However, it is challenging to control the composition of the ligand layer and maintain high colloidal and chemical stability of the conjugates. A high level of control and stability are crucial for reproducibility, upscaling, and safe application. In this study, gold nanoparticles with well-defined mixed ligand layers of α-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-ω-(11-mercaptoundecanoate) (PEGMUA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) were synthesized and characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis. The colloidal and chemical stability of the conjugates was tested by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and UV/vis spectroscopy based experiments, and their interactions with cells were analyzed by elemental analysis. We demonstrate that the alkylene spacer in PEGMUA is the key feature for the controlled synthesis of mixed layer conjugates with very high colloidal and chemical stability and that a controlled synthesis is not possible using regular PEG ligands without the alkylene spacer. With the results of our stability tests, the molecular structure of the ligands can be clearly linked to the colloidal and chemical stabilization. We expect that the underlying design principle can be generalized to improve the level of control in nanoparticle surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schulz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregor T Dahl
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Besztejan
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Schroer
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmkühler
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Shahdordizadeh M, Yazdian-Robati R, Ramezani M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Aptamer application in targeted delivery systems for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7766-7778. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the recent progress of aptamer application in targeted delivery systems for imaging and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Shahdordizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Pharmacy
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Pharmacy
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
- Iran
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