Cholesterol-lowering potentials of Lactobacillus strain overexpression of bile salt hydrolase on high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice

Lactobacillus reuteri (Limosilactobacillus reuteri) TISTR 2736 Supplementation Attenuates Vascular Injury and Oxidative Stress in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are significantly related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Probiotic supplements have been demonstrated to reduce hyperlipidemia and might minimize atherosclerotic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic ability of Lactobacillus reuteri TISTR 2736 (LR) on vascular damage in high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats and elucidate their possible mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a standard diet or HCD, and LR (2 × 108 CFU/rat/day) was orally administered to HCD-fed rats for 8 weeks. Compared to the HCD-fed group, LR administration reduced serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and endothelin-1 but elevated levels of aortic nitric oxide and serum HDL. Additionally, LR reversed the HCD-induced aortic histological changes. The protein levels of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox, eNOS monomer/dimer ratio, oxidative stress markers (4-hydroxynonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were decreased, while those of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the activity of superoxide dismutase were increased in the aortas of LR-treated rats. These findings suggest that LR supplementation ameliorates HCD-induced vascular dysfunction and inflammation, possibly by lowering hyperlipidemia, suppressing ROS production, and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.

Probiotic Supplementation Improves Lipid Metabolism Disorders and Immune Suppression Induced by High-Fat Diets in Coilia nasus Liver

High-fat diets (HFDs) usually trigger disruptions in lipid metabolic processes and immune suppression in fish. As an eco-friendly and potent additive, the inclusion of probiotics in fish diets ameliorates dysregulations in lipid metabolism, mitigates oxidative stress, and reduces inflammatory reactions triggered by HFDs. However, little current research has focused on the improvement of the hazards of HFDs in fish by probiotics. Therefore, we employed 4-dimensional data-independent (4D-DIA) proteomic analysis to investigate the mechanism of the protective impact of probiotics against HFD-induced hepatic injury in Coilia nasus between the HFD group and the probiotic supplementation in HFD (PHFD) group. Additionally, lipid accumulation and antioxidant indicators in the liver were also measured via Oil Red O staining and activity detection. Administration of probiotics markedly attenuated the hepatic concentrations of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in C. nasus subjected to HFDs. Furthermore, it significantly upregulated the expression of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) implicated in cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, while concurrently downregulating the DEPs associated with fatty acid synthesis. Additionally, probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels induced by HFDs. It also upregulated the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Probiotic supplementation significantly upregulated the DEPs related to antioxidants, while significantly downregulating the DEPs associated with inflammatory responses and autophagy. These findings suggested that probiotics ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in C. nasus by enhancing cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, concomitantly with the suppression of fatty acid synthesis pathways. Additionally, probiotics protected against HFD-induced hepatic injury by enhancing antioxidant defenses and suppressing inflammation in C. nasus.

Gut-Microbiota-Driven Lipid Metabolism: Mechanisms and Applications in Swine Production

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host physiology through metabolite production, with lipids serving as essential biomolecules for cellular structure, metabolism, and signaling. This review aims to elucidate the interactions between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism and their implications for enhancing swine production. Methods: We systematically analyzed current literature on microbial lipid metabolism, focusing on mechanistic studies on microbiota-lipid interactions, key regulatory pathways in microbial lipid metabolism, and multi-omics evidence (metagenomic/metabolomic) from swine models. Results: This review outlines the structural and functional roles of lipids in bacterial membranes and examines the influence of gut microbiota on the metabolism of key lipid classes, including cholesterol, bile acids, choline, sphingolipids, and fatty acids. Additionally, we explore the potential applications of microbial lipid metabolism in enhancing swine production performance. Conclusions: Our analysis establishes a scientific framework for microbiota-based strategies to optimize lipid metabolism. The findings highlight potential interventions to improve livestock productivity through targeted manipulation of gut microbial communities.

Metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water improves the growth performance of weaned piglets by maintaining gut-liver axis homeostasis through microbiota-mediated secondary bile acid pathway

Weaning stress causes substantial economic loss in the swine industry. Moreover, weaning-induced intestinal barrier damage and dysfunction of the gut-liver axis are associated with reduced growth performance in piglets. Metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water (AMW) has shown potential therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal disorders; however, the mechanisms involved and their overall effects on the gut-liver axis have not been explored. Here, sodium metasilicate (SMS) was used to prepare metasilicate-based AMW (basal water + 500 mg/L SMS). A total of 240 newly weaned piglets were allocated to the Control and SMS groups (6 replicate pens per group and 20 piglets per pen) for a 15-day trial period. Histopathological evaluations were conducted using hematoxylin and eosin staining. To analyze the composition of the gut microbiota, 16S rRNA PacBio SMRT Gene Full-Length Sequencing was performed. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were employed to assess protein expression levels. Our results indicated that metasilicate-based AMW effectively alleviated weaning-induced colonic or liver morphological injury and inflammatory response, as well as liver cholesterol metabolism disorders. Further analysis showed that metasilicate-based AMW promoted deoxycholic acid (DCA) biosynthesis by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus_delbrueckii in the colon (P < 0.001). This consequently improved weaning-induced colon and liver injury and dysfunction through the DCA-secondary bile acid (SBA) receptors (SBAR)-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) pathways. Growth performance parameters, including final body weight (P = 0.034) and average daily gain (P < 0.001), in the SMS group were significantly higher than those in the Control group. Therefore, metasilicate-based AMW maintains gut-liver axis homeostasis by regulating the microbiota-mediated SBA-SBAR pathway in piglets under weaning stress. Our research provides a new strategy for mitigating stress-induced gut-liver axis dysfunction in weaned piglets.

New insights into microbial bile salt hydrolases: from physiological roles to potential applications

Gut microbiota has been increasingly linked to metabolic health and diseases over the past few decades. Bile acids (BAs), the major components of bile, are bidirectionally linked to intestinal microbiota, also known as the gut microbiome-BA metabolic axis. Gut microbiota-derived bile salt hydrolase (BSH, EC 3.5.1.24), which catalyzes the "gateway" reaction in a wider pathway of bile acid modification, not only shapes the bile acid landscape, but also modulates the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host health. Therefore, microbial BSHs exhibit the potential to directly or indirectly influence microbial and host physiologies, and have been increasingly considered as promising targets for the modulation of gut microbiota to benefit animal and human health. However, their physiological functions in bacterial and host physiologies are still controversial and not clear. In this review, we mainly discuss the current evidence related to the physiological roles that BSHs played in gut microbiota and human health, and the possible underlying mechanisms. Meanwhile, we also present the potential applications of BSHs and BSH-producing probiotics in various fields. Finally, we describe several important questions that need to be addressed by further investigations. A detailed exploration of the physiological significance of BSHs will contribute to their future diagnostic and therapeutic applications in improving animal and human health.

Simiao Wan attenuates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder and a risk factor for obesity, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. It occurs mostly in the old adults; however, its incidence rate is increasing annually and there is a trend towards younger adults. Current clinical drugs for treating hyperlipidemia have multiple side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop safe and effective drugs from natural products to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia. Simiao Wan (SMW) is a classic Chinese medicine prescription first recorded in the Cheng Fang Bian Du of the Qing Dynasty. Studies have shown that SMW has excellent efficacy in metabolic diseases, which can effectively improve hyperlipidemia combined with other metabolic diseases. However, its underlying mechanism in hyperlipidemia treatment is yet to be clarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the hypolipidemic effect of SMW on hyperlipidemic mice and explore whether the gut microbiota-bile acid (BA) axis is the potential mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A hyperlipidemic mouse model was established using a high-fat diet (HFD), and the hypolipidemic effect of SMW was detected in vivo. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and BA metabolism analysis to explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of SMW. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression of proteins involved in the gut microbiota-BA axis to determine the potential lipid-lowering pathway.

RESULTS

Excessive obesity in hyperlipidemic mice was alleviated after 8 weeks of SMW treatment. The total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased significantly, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. SMW also reduced hepatic lipid and inguinal white adipose tissue accumulation in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Furthermore, intestinal bile saline hydrolase (BSH) level, associated with BA excretion, decreased. Meanwhile, SMW decreased the abundance of BSH-enriched microbes in hyperlipidemic mice. SMW increased the intestinal conjugated-BAs contents in hyperlipidemic mice, especially tauro-β-muricholic acid and tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid, which are ileac farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. Inhibited intestinal FXR signaling with SMW was accompanied by a decreased expression of intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15 and the activation of hepatic FXR, which promoted hepatic cholesterol conversion to BA.

CONCLUSION

SMW indirectly attenuated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in mice by regulating the gut microbiota-BA axis. Our results provide a pharmacological basis for SMW treating hyperlipidemia and suggest a new idea for developing lipid-lowering drugs.

Evidence for the Worldwide Distribution of a Bile Salt Hydrolase Gene in Enterococcus faecium Through Horizontal Gene Transfer

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH), a probiotic-related enzyme with cholesterol-assimilating and anti-hypercholesterolemic abilities, has been isolated from intestinal bacteria; however, BSH activity of bacteria in bile-salt-free (non-intestinal) environments is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to identify BSH from non-intestinal Enterococcus faecium and characterize its enzymatic function. We successfully isolated a plasmid-encoded bsh (efpBSH) from E. faecium, and the recombinant EfpBSH showed BSH activity that preferentially hydrolyzed taurine-conjugated bile salts, unlike the activity of known BSHs. EfpBSH functioned optimally at pH 4.0 and 50 °C. EfpBSH exhibited very low amino acid sequence similarity (48.46%) to EfBSH from E. faecalis T2 isolated from human urine, although 241 sequences with 100% identity to EfpBSH were found in both plasmids and chromosomes of E. faecium strains inhabiting intestinal and non-intestinal environments. Phylogenetically, EfpBSH was not affiliated with any known BSH phylogroup and was clearly distinguished from previously identified BSHs from intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Our genome database analysis demonstrated that horizontal gene transfer causes global efpBSH distribution among E. faecium strains in various environments (soil, water, and intestinal samples) and geographical regions (Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and Australia/Oceania). Overall, our findings are the first to indicate that BSH is not an intestine-specific enzyme and that hitherto-overlooked probiotic candidates with BSH activity can exist in diverse environments.

In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Activities and Anti-Obesity Effects of Enterococcus faecalis EF-1 in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

This research sought to assess the anti-obesity potential of Enterococcus faecalis EF-1. An extensive and robust in vitro methodology confirmed EF-1's significant potential in combating obesity, probably due to its excellent gastrointestinal tract adaptability, cholesterol-lowering property, bile salt hydrolase activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, and fatty acid absorption ability. Moreover, EF-1 exhibited antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic strains, lacked hemolytic activity, and was sensitive to all antibiotics tested. To further investigate EF-1's anti-obesity properties in vivo, a high-fat diet (HFD) was used to induce obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with EF-1 (2 × 109 CFU/day) mitigated HFD-induced body weight gain, reduced adipose tissue weight, and preserved liver function. EF-1 also ameliorated obesity-associated microbiota imbalances, such as decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and boosting the levels of bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group), which are responsible for the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Concurrently, the levels of total SCFAs were elevated. Thus, following comprehensive safety and efficacy assessments in vitro and in vivo, our results demonstrate that E. faecalis EF-1 inhibits HFD-induced obesity through the regulation of gut microbiota and enhancing SCFA production. This strain appears to be a highly promising candidate for anti-obesity therapeutics or functional foods.

Lactobacillus sp. for the Attenuation of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Mice

Probiotics are studied for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of several diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Part of the significant progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of steatosis has come from identifying the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and liver function. Recently, probiotics have shown beneficial effects for the treatment and prevention of steatosis and MASLD in rodent models and in clinical trials. Numerous studies have demonstrated the promising potential of lactic acid bacteria, especially the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus is a prominent bile acid hydrolase bacterium that is involved in the biotransformation of bile acids. This genus' modulation of the gut microbiota also contributes to overall gut health; it controls gut microbial overgrowth, shapes the intestinal bile acid pool, and alleviates inflammation. This narrative review offers a comprehensive summary of the potential of Lactobacillus in the gut-liver axis to attenuate steatosis and MASLD. It also highlights the roles of Lactobacillus in hepatic lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation and fibrosis, and bile acid synthesis in attenuating MASLD.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CCFM1376 improves hypercholesterolemia in mice by regulating the composition of bile acids

Aim: Strains with high bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity have the potential to regulate cholesterol metabolism. This study aimed to assess the alleviating effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) CCFM1376, a strain with high BSH activity, on mice with hypercholesterolemia and explore the mechanism of its effect through the modulation of bile acid metabolism. Methods: The BSH activity was measured using the ninhydrin method. C57BL/6J mice were given a high-cholesterol diet to induce hypercholesterolemia with simultaneous gavage of L. johnsonii CCFM1376 for 8 weeks. The biochemical parameters in the serum and liver of hypercholesterolemic mice were measured to assess the alleviating effect of L. johnsonii CCFM1376 on hypercholesterolemia. Bile acid content in the mouse liver, serum, distal ileum contents, and feces was determined using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS). RNA was extracted from mouse ileum and liver, and the expression levels of relative genes implicated in bile acid metabolism were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Compared to the model group, the group treated with L. johnsonii CCFM1376 exhibited significantly reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with a significant increase in high density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Moreover, hepatic levels of TC and LDL-C in the CCFM1376 group also decreased significantly. Furthermore, the content and amount of unconjugated bile acids in the hepatic-enteric circulation of the L. johnsonii CCFM1376 group significantly increased, and the total bile acid content in the feces also significantly increased. In the L. johnsonii CCFM1376 group, the relative expression levels of ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were downregulated, while the relative expression level of CYP7A1 was upregulated. Conclusion: These results indicated L. johnsonii CCFM1376 improves hypercholesterolemia in mice by regulating the composition of bile acids. This provides a reference for probiotic strategy to regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Youth-derived Lactobacillus rhamnosus with prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharide exhibits anti-hyperlipidemic effects as a novel synbiotic

Changes in dietary patterns and living habits have led to an increasing number of individuals with elevated cholesterol levels. Excessive consumption of high-cholesterol foods can disrupt the body's lipid metabolism. Numerous studies have firmly established the cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics, with evidence showing that the synergistic use of synbiotics is functionally more potent than using probiotics or prebiotics alone. Currently, the screening strategy involves screening prebiotics for synbiotic development with probiotics as the core. However, in comparison to probiotics, there are fewer types of prebiotics available, leading to limited resources. Consequently, the combinations of synbiotics obtained are restricted, and probiotics and prebiotics are only relatively suitable. Therefore, in this study, a novel synbiotic screening strategy with prebiotics as the core was developed. The synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus S_82 and xylo-oligosaccharides was screened from the intestinal tract of young people through five generations of xylo-oligosaccharides. Subsequently, the cholesterol-lowering ability of the medium was simulated, and the two carbon sources of glucose and xylo-oligosaccharides were screened out. The results showed that synbiotics may participate in cholesterol-lowering regulation by down-regulating the expression of NPC1L1 gene, down-regulating ACAT2 and increasing the expression of ABCG8 gene in vitro through cell adsorption and cell absorption in vitro, and regulating the intestinal microbiota. Synbiotics hold promise as potential candidates for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in humans and animals, and this study providing a theoretical foundation for the development of new synbiotic products.

Screening for probiotic properties and potential immunogenic effects of lactobacilli strains isolated from various food products

Introduction

Deceleration of disease progression and re-establishment of microbial balance in the gut is often achieved by application of lactobacilli strains. Their beneficial effects are associated with probiotic properties, which may be accompanied by immunomodulatory action at mucosal surfaces.

Methods

To single out such strains, we screened almost three hundred lactobacilli isolates from eight genera and various food sources for acid and bile salt tolerance, adhesion to mucin as well as hemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility. Moreover, the immunomodulatory effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) fractions of five lactobacilli strains were assessed using an in vitro cell line model.

Results and discussion

By our rationalized selection approach, we identified thirty-five strains with probiotic potential and biosafety features. Additionally, we showed that CFS from the Lactiplantibacillus L_4 strain downregulates proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β. In contrast, IL-8 expression was found to increase after treatment with CFSs of Lactiplantibacillus L_2 and L_5 and IL-1β was upregulated by CFSs of Lactiplantibacillus L_1 and Lactiplantibacillus L_3. Overall, our result delineate a rational approach of selecting lactobacilli strains for probiotic development to support the gut microbiota equilibrium and reinforce the host immune system.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N4 ameliorates lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in high fat diet-fed rats

Lowing blood lipid levels with probiotics has good application prospects. This study aimed to isolate probiotics with hypolipidemic efficacy from homemade na dish and investigate their mechanism of action. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the cholesterol-lowering ability of five isolates, with results showing that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N4 exhibited a high cholesterol-lowering rate of 50.27% and significant resistance to acid (87%), bile salt (51.97%), and pepsin (88.28%) in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, indicating promising application prospects for the use of probiotics in lowering blood lipids. The findings from the in vivo experiment demonstrated that the administration of N4 effectively attenuated lipid droplet accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the body weight and liver of hyperlipidemic rats, leading to restoration of liver tissue morphology and structure, as well as improvement in lipid and liver biochemical parameters. 16S analysis indicated that the oral administration of N4 led to significant alterations in the relative abundance of various genera, including Sutterella, Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus, in the gut microbiota of hyperlipidemia rats. Additionally, fecal metabolomic analysis identified a total of 78 metabolites following N4 intervention, with carboxylic acids and their derivatives being the predominant compounds detected. The transcriptomic analysis revealed 156 genes with differential expression following N4 intervention, leading to the identification of 171 metabolic pathways through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. Notably, the glutathione metabolism pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and bile secretion pathway emerged as the primary enrichment pathways. The findings from a comprehensive multi-omics analysis indicate that N4 influences lipid metabolism and diminishes lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats through modulation of fumaric acid and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations, as well as glutathione and other metabolic pathways in the intestinal tract, derived from both the gut microbiota and the host liver. This research offers valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of probiotics for managing lipid metabolism disorders and their utilization in the development of functional foods.

Dietary supplements: clinical cholesterol-lowering efficacy and potential mechanisms of action

This review aims to analyse the efficacy of dietary supplements in reducing plasma cholesterol levels. Focusing on evidence from meta-analyses of randomised controlled clinical trials, with an emphasis on potential mechanisms of action as supported by human, animal, and cell studies. Certain dietary supplements including phytosterols, berberine, viscous soluble dietary fibres, garlic supplements, soy protein, specific probiotic strains, and certain polyphenol extracts could significantly reduce plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by 3-25% in hypercholesterolemic patients depending on the type of supplement. They tended to be more effective in reducing plasma LDL cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic individuals than in normocholesterolemic individuals. These supplements worked by various mechanisms, such as enhancing the excretion of bile acids, inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines, increasing the expression of hepatic LDL receptors, suppressing the activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, and activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling pathway.

Structures, physical properties and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exopolysaccharide

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exopolysaccharide (EPS) has good water absorption, high viscosity, good stability, so it was widely used in probiotics fields. In this study, EPS-producing LAB strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HDL-03 was isolated and identified. Moreover, the HDL-03 EPS was used as a stabilizer and mixed with AgNO3 to synthesize a novel nanoparticle AgNPs whose structure and properties were explored. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight indicated that HDL-03 EPS was a heteropolysaccharide composed of mannose and glucose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and methylation results jointly proved it was a heteropolysaccharide containing 1,3-Manp and 1,6-Glcp. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that this EPS has an amorphous structure, while the synthesized AgNPs have crystalline properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated EPS had a smooth and dense sheet structure, while the surface of AgNPs became rougher and large holes appeared after synthesis. Zeta particle size analysis suggested that the particle size of AgNPs increased by 36.63 nm compared to HDL-03 EPS. FT-IR analysis exhibited that the position of the characteristic peaks of AgNPs changed. The OH moving from a wavelength of 3388.49 cm-1 to a wavelength of 3316.79 cm-1 and telescopic vibration peak changed from 1356.07 cm-1 to 1344.22 cm-1. A plate inhibition test revealed the effect of different concentrations of EPS and AgNO3 synthesized AgNPs on the diameter of inhibition circle produced by the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, AgNPs were applied to the indicator bacteria, which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-inhibitory curve, and changes in extracellular conductivity, nucleic acids, proteins, ATP, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined. The AgNPs inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus and exhibited outstanding antimicrobial properties. With the increase of treatment time, the degree of cell membrane damage increased, the permeability enhanced, and the intracellular substances leaked. These results indicate that HDL-03 EPS has good potential for applications in the production of food packaging, antimicrobials, catheters, textiles and coatings.

Accounting for the health risk of probiotics

Probiotics have long been associated with a myriad of health benefits, so much so that their adverse effects whether mild or severe, are often neglected or overshadowed by the enormous volume of articles describing their beneficial effects in the current literature. Recent evidence has demonstrated several health risks of probiotics that warrant serious reconsideration of their applications and further investigations. This review aims to highlight studies that report on how probiotics might cause opportunistic systemic and local infections, detrimental immunological effects, metabolic disturbance, allergic reactions, and facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. To offer a recent account of the literature, articles within the last five years were prioritized. The narration of these evidence was based on the nature of the studies in the following order of preference: clinical studies or human samples, in vivo or animal models, in situ, in vitro and/or in silico. We hope that this review will inform consumers, food scientists, and medical practitioners, on the health risks, while also encouraging research that will focus on and clarify the adverse effects of probiotics.

Cholesterol lowering in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice using Lactobacillus bile salt hydrolases with different substrate specificities

The cholesterol-lowering effect of lactic acid bacteria with high activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) is unclear. We believe that distinguishing BSH substrate specificity is necessary to study the effect of various BSH enzymes. We engineered a BSH mutant enzyme recombinant strain named F67A, which exclusively hydrolyzes taurocholic acid (TCA) using site-directed mutagenesis, and a previously lab-constructed BSH recombinant strain, YB81 that exclusively hydrolyzes glycocholic acid (GCA). We also constructed the recombinant strain named NB5462, which carries the empty pSIP411 plasmid and was used as a blank control strain. The intestinal flora in pseudo-germ-free (PGF) mice in which intestinal flora were eliminated via antibiotics, and F67A successfully reduced serum cholesterol levels in high-cholesterol diet-fed mice, whereas YB81 did not yield the same results. However, YB81 regained its cholesterol-lowering capacity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with intact intestinal flora. The cholesterol-lowering mechanism of F67A involved modifying the bile acid pool through BSH enzyme activity. This adjustment regulated the expression of intestinal farnesoid X receptor and subsequently elevated hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), effectively reducing cholesterol levels. Conversely, GCA, the substrate of YB81, was found in minimal quantities in mice, preventing it from inducing changes in bile acid pools. In the presence of intestinal flora, the YB81 BSH enzyme induced notable alterations in bile acids by regulating changes in the intestinal flora and BSH within the flora, ultimately resulting in cholesterol reduction. This is the first study investigating the substrate specificity of BSH, demonstrating that different substrate-specific BSH enzymes exhibit cholesterol-lowering properties. Additionally, we elaborate on the mechanism of BSH-mediated enterohepatic axis regulation.

In vitro adhesion and anti-inflammatory properties of Limosilactobacillus fermentum FS-10 isolated from infant fecal sample

In this study, seven strains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum were isolated from an infant fecal sample and characterized using in vitro studies. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a comparison because it is a well-documented commercial probiotic. The isolates were tested for attributes such as acid and phenol tolerance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, and antibiotic sensitivity. One isolate, L. fermentum FS-10, displayed enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity (> 85%) and mucin adhesion. Mucin-binding helps colonization in the gut. The immunomodulatory property of L. fermentum FS-10 was evaluated by determining the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, and nitric oxide (NO) in human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). L. fermentum FS-10 potently downregulated the expression of TNF-α and nitric oxide and upregulated IL-10 levels, indicating an anti-inflammatory response. Safety assessment of the strain revealed the absence of genes for virulence factors, toxin production, and antibiotic resistance, potentiating application as a probiotic strain.

Exploration of Antidiabetic, Cholesterol-Lowering, and Anticancer Upshot of Probiotic Bacterium Pediococcus pentosaceus OBK05 Strain of Buttermilk

Chronic metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia (diabetes), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), and cancer have become catastrophic diseases worldwide. Accordingly, probiotic intervention is a new approach for alleviating catastrophic diseases. In the present study, Pediococcus pentosaceus OBK05 was investigated as a potential probiotic bacterium for antidiabetic, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer activities by in vitro and in vivo studies. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) of OBK05 showed potent antidiabetic activity by inhibition of α-amylase (72 ± 0.9%) and α-glucosidase (61 ± 0.8%) activity in vitro when compared to that of acarbose as standard (86 ± 0.9%). Furthermore, the in vivo cholesterol-lowering activity of OBK05 was studied using cholesterol-fed hypercholesterolemic mice. When compared to the cholesterol-fed group, the OBK05-intervened cholesterol-fed mice group had significantly lowered the levels of lipids and showed significantly lower lipid droplet accumulation in the histology of hepatocytes. Similarly, CFS exhibited higher anticancer activity (87.57 ± 1.27%) against HT-29 cells with an IC50 of 54.51 ± 1.8. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed that CFS induced the cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the G1 to S phase transition. Further, in vivo anticancer activities were confirmed in BALB/c mice models, which were divided into four groups and held for 16 weeks. HT-29 cells (5×109/mice) were injected subcutaneously twice (0 and 2nd week), and OBK05 (3 ×105 CFU/mL) was given orally to the respective groups. The OBK05-intervened HT-29 cell-induced mice group showed significant improvement at the histological level and alleviated the degree of atypia in the intestine.

Nutritional ingredients and prevention of chronic diseases by fermented koumiss: a comprehensive review

Koumiss, a traditional fermented dairy product made from fresh mare milk, is a sour beverage that contains an abundance of microbial communities, including lactic acid bacteria, yeast and others. Firstly, probiotics such as Lacticaseibacillus in koumiss can induce the secretion of immunoglobulin G in serum and interleukin-2 in the spleen while beneficial Saccharomyces can secrete antibacterial compounds such as citric acid and ascorbic acid for specific immunopotentiation. Additionally, more isoflavone in koumiss can regulate estrogen levels by binding to its receptors to prevent breast cancer directly. Bile salts can be converted into bile acids such as taurine or glycine by lactic acid bacteria to lower cholesterol levels in vivo. Butyric acid secretion would be increased to improve chronic gastrotis by regulating intestinal flora with lactic acid bacteria. Finally, SCFA and lCFA produced by Lacticaseibacillus inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms for diarrhea prevention. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms underlying multiple physiological functions through utilizing microbial resources in koumiss represents promising avenues for ameliorating chronic diseases.

bsh1 Gene of Lactobacillus plantarum AR113 Plays an Important Role in Ameliorating Western Diet-Aggravated Colitis

Western diet is thought to increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and probiotics are a potential therapeutic agent for IBD. This study revealed the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum AR113 and L. plantarum AR113Δbsh1 on a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model under the Western diet (WD). After four weeks of WD and low-sugar and low-fat diet (LD) intervention, induction with 3% DSS, and intragastric administration of probiotics, we found that L. plantarum AR113 could regulate blood glucose and lipid levels and have a certain protective effect on hepatocytes. Our results suggested that the L. plantarum AR113 alleviated DSS-induced colitis under the Western diet by improving dyslipidemia, repairing intestinal barrier dysfunction, and inhibiting the TLR4/Myd88/TRAF-6/NF-κB inflammatory pathway. However, these changes were not demonstrated in the L. plantarum AR113Δbsh1, and therefore, we reasoned that the presence of bsh1 may play a crucial role in the L. plantarum AR113 exerting its anti-inflammatory function. The relationship between bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and colitis was worthy of further exploration.

Alleviation Syndrome of High-Cholesterol-Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Mice by Intervention with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL21 via Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism and Transportation as Well as Gut Microbiota

Probiotics are prospective for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Until now, systematic studies on the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia have been rare in terms of (cholesterol metabolism and transportation, reshaping of gut microbiota, as well as yielding SCFAs) intervention with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In this study, strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, WLPL21, WLPL72, and ZDY04, from fermented food and two combinations (Enterococcus faecium WEFA23 with L. plantarum WLPL21 and WLPL72) were compared for their effect on hypercholesterolemia. Comprehensively, with regard to the above aspects, L. plantarum WLPL21 showed the best mitigatory effect among all groups, which was revealed by decreasing total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, upregulated cholesterol metabolism (Cyp27a1, Cyp7b1, Cyp7a1, and Cyp8b1) levels in the liver, cholesterol transportation (Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8) in the ileum or liver, and downregulated Npc1l1. Moreover, it reshaped the constitution of gut microbiota; specifically, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) was downregulated; the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Blautia, and Lactobacillus was upregulated by 7.48-14.82-fold; and that of Lachnoclostridium and Desulfovibrio was then downregulated by 69.95% and 60.66%, respectively. In conclusion, L. plantarum WLPL21 improved cholesterol metabolism and transportation, as well as the abundance of gut microbiota, for alleviating high-cholesterol-diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.

Antioxidant effects of Bifidobacterium longum T37a in mice weight loss and aging model induced by D-galactose

BACKGROUND

Probiotics can reduce free radical scavenging rate and oxidative damage, and improve activity of crucial antioxidative enzymes in host cells. This study aimed to isolate Bifidobacterium spp. from faeces of babies, and investigate the antioxidant effects of the Bif. longum T37a in mice weight loss and aging model induced by D-galactose.

RESULTS

T37a have good antioxidant properties in the DPPH assay and anti-lipid peroxidation test. Compared with the model group, T37a low group significantly increased the thymus index and the levels of T-AOC and GSH-Px of mice. T37a high group significantly decreased the spleen and liver index of mice and the levels of MDA in liver, significantly increased in liver HDL-C levels, and decreased LDL-C in liver.

CONCLUSIONS

T37a may be an anti-aging and weight-loss probiotics for its antioxidant capacity, and it is necessary to study further the molecular mechanism of T37a as antioxidant.

Lactobacillus fermentum MCC2760 abrogate high-fat induced perturbations in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in rats

AIM

This study in hyperlipidemic rats elucidated the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum MCC2760 on intestinal bile acid (BA) uptake, hepatic BA synthesis, and enterohepatic BA transporters.

MAIN METHODS

Diets rich in saturated fatty acids [coconut oil (CO)] and omega-6 fatty acids [sunflower oil (SFO)] at 25 g fat/100 g diet were fed to rats with or without MCC2760 (10⁹ cells/kg body weight). After 60 days of feeding, intestinal BA uptake and expression of Asbt, Osta/b mRNA and protein, and hepatic expression of Ntcp, Bsep, Cyp7a1, Fxr, Shp, Lrh-1, and Hnf4a mRNA were measured. Hepatic expression of HMG-CoA reductase protein and its activity and total BAs in serum, liver, and feces were assessed.

KEY FINDINGS

Hyperlipidaemic groups (HF-CO and HF-SFO) had: 1) increased intestinal BA uptake, Asbt and Osta/b mRNA expression, and ASBT staining 2) increased BA in serum, 3) decreased hepatic expression of Ntcp, Bsep, and Cyp7a1 mRNA, and NTCP staining 4) increased activity of HMG-CoA reductase, 5) increased hepatic expression of Fxr and Shp mRNA, 6) decreased hepatic expression of Lrh-1 and Hnf4a mRNA, and 7) decreased BA in Feces when compared to their respective controls (N-CO and N-SFO) and experimental groups (HF-CO + LF and HF-SFO + LF). Immunostaining revealed increased intestinal Asbt and hepatic Ntcp protein expression in the HF-CO and HF-SFO groups compared to control and experimental groups.

SIGNIFICANCE

Incorporating probiotics like MCC2760 abrogated hyperlipidemia-induced changes in the intestinal uptake, hepatic synthesis, and enterohepatic transporters of BA in rats. Probiotic MCC2760 can be used to modulate lipid metabolism in high-fat-induced hyperlipidemic conditions.

A selenium-enriched diet helps to recover liver function after antibiotic administration in mice

Antibiotic (Abx) treatments or inadvertent exposure to Abx-contaminated food and water can adversely affect health. Many studies show strong correlations between Abx and liver damage pointing to gut dysbiosis as a contributing factor because the gut microbiota (GM) forms a complex network with liver. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial micronutrient able to shape the composition of the GM. We analyzed here the ability of a low dose (120 μg/kg bodyweight/day) Se-enriched diet to ameliorate the effects of a 7-day intervention with an Abx-cocktail over the global health and the homeostasis of cholesterol and bile acids in the mouse liver. We found that Se restored lipid metabolism preventing the increased synthesis and accumulation of cholesterol caused by Abx treatment. Integrating these results with previous metataxonomic and metabolomic data in same mice, we conclude that part of the effect of Se against liver dysfunction (cholesterol and bile acids metabolism and transport) could be mediated by the GM. We provide data that contribute to a more complete view of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial action of Se on health, pointing to a possible use of low doses of Se as a functional food additive (prebiotic) to prevent the negative effects of antibiotics.

Regulation of viable/inactivated/lysed probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum H6 on intestinal microbiota and metabolites in hypercholesterolemic mice

Evidence suggests that probiotic interventions reduce non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk. However, its therapeutic effect and mechanism are still unclear. To evaluate the hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum H6 (L.p H6), a new commercial patent strain capable of preventing hypercholesterolemia, and its mechanism in depth, three states of the strain were prepared, namely, viable (vH6), heat-inactivated (iH6), and ultrasonically-lysed (uH6) bacteria cells. The results showed that v/i/uH6 cells could lower serum and liver blood lipid levels, alleviate liver damage and improve glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) indexes. v/i/uH6 cells improved the gut microbial composition and significantly reduced the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) in feces. In particular, Muribaculaceae may be a potential biomarker for effective cholesterol reduction. Also, the recovery of these biochemical indices and gut microbiome was found following fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using stool from vH6 treated mice. The v/i/uH6 cells increased the intestinal flora metabolism of vitamins-cofactors, as well as amino acids, while decreasing the relative content of primary bile acids. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that norank_f__Muribaculaceae and Lactobacillus had a negative correlation with blood lipid levels. Overall, v/i/uH6 cells were effective in improving hypercholesterolemia in mice, and this effect was attributed partly to the regulation of intestinal microbiota and metabolites related to lipid metabolism. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the industrial development of probiotics and postbiotics and the treatment of cholesterol diseases.

Intestinal Engineered Probiotics as Living Therapeutics: Chassis Selection, Colonization Enhancement, Gene Circuit Design, and Biocontainment

Intestinal probiotics are often used for the in situ treatment of diseases, such as metabolic disorders, tumors, and chronic inflammatory infections. Recently, there has been an increased emphasis on intelligent, customized treatments with a focus on long-term efficacy; however, traditional probiotic therapy has not kept up with this trend. The use of synthetic biology to construct gut-engineered probiotics as live therapeutics is a promising avenue in the treatment of specific diseases, such as phenylketonuria and inflammatory bowel disease. These studies generally involve a series of fundamental design issues: choosing an engineered chassis, improving the colonization ability of engineered probiotics, designing functional gene circuits, and ensuring the safety of engineered probiotics. In this review, we summarize the relevant past research, the progress of current research, and discuss the key issues that restrict the widespread application of intestinal engineered probiotic living therapeutics.

The ameliorative effect of probiotics on diet-induced lipid metabolism disorders: A review

High-fat diet induces lipid metabolism disorders that has become one of the grievous public health problems and imposes a serious economic and social burden worldwide. Safety probiotics isolated from nature are regarded as a novel supplementary strategy for preventing and improving diet-induced lipid metabolism disorders and related chronic diseases. The present review summarized the latest researches of probiotics in high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders to provide a critical perspective on the regulatory function of probiotics for future research. Furthermore, the screening criteria and general sources of probiotics with lipid-lowering ability also outlined to enlarge microbial species resource bank instantly, which promoted the development of functional foods with lipid-lowering strains from nature. After critically reviewing the lipid-lowering potential of probiotics both in vitro and in vivo and even in clinical data of humans, we provided a perspective that probiotics activated AMPK signaling pathway to regulate fat synthesis and decomposition, as well as affected positively the gut microbiota structure, intestinal barrier function and systemic inflammatory response, then these beneficial effects are amplified along Gut-liver axis, which regulated intestinal flora metabolites such as SCFAs and BAs by HMGCR/FXR/SHP signaling pathway to improve high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders effectively.

FXR Signaling-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism Is Critical for Alleviation of Cholesterol Gallstones by Lactobacillus Strains

Cholesterol gallstone (CGS) disease is characterized by an imbalance in bile acid (BA) metabolism and is closely associated with gut microbiota disorders. However, the role and mechanism by which probiotics targeting the gut microbiota attenuate cholesterol gallstones are still unknown. In this study, Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain CGMCC 17942 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain CGMCC 14407 were individually administered to lithogenic-diet (LD)-fed mice for 8 weeks. Both Lactobacillus strains significantly reduced LD-induced gallstones, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia. These strains modulated BA profiles in the serum and liver, which may be responsible for the activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). At the molecular level, L. reuteri and L. plantarum increased ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and hepatic fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). Subsequently, hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) were inhibited. Moreover, the two strains enhanced BA transport by increasing the levels of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein homologs 3 and 4 (Mrp3/4), hepatic multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2), and the bile salt export pump (BSEP). In addition, both L. reuteri and L. plantarum reduced LD-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. L. reuteri increased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, while L. plantarum increased that of Akkermansia. The changed gut microbiota was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of cholesterol gallstones and the FXR-antagonistic BAs in the liver and serum and with the FXR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the protective effects of the two strains were abolished by both global and intestine-specific FXR antagonists. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus might relieve CGS through the FXR signaling pathways.

IMPORTANCE Cholesterol gallstone (CGS) disease is prevalent worldwide. None of the medical options for prevention and treatment of CGS disease are recommended, and surgical management has a high rate of recurrence. It has been reported that the factors involved in metabolic syndrome are highly connected with CGS formation. While remodeling of dysbiosis of the gut microbiome during improvement of metabolic syndrome has been well studied, less is known about prevention of CGS formation after regulating the gut microbiome. We used the lithogenic diet (LD) to induce an experimental CGS model in C57BL/6J mice to investigate protection against CGS formation by Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain CGMCC 17942 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain CGMCC 14407. We found that these L. reuteri and L. plantarum strains altered the bile acid composition in mice and improved the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. These two Lactobacillus strains prevented CGS formation by fully activating the hepatic and ileal FXR signaling pathways. They could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating CGS or preventing its recurrence.

The Mechanisms of the Potential Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Cardiovascular Disease and the Recent Developments in its Fermented Foods

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of death worldwide. Many recent studies have pointed out that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lb. plantarum) has great potential in reducing the risk of CVD. Lb. plantarum is a kind of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely distributed in fermented food and the human intestinal tract, some strains of which have important effects on human health and the potential to be developed into probiotics. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of potential probiotic strains of Lb. plantarum against CVD. It could regulate the body’s metabolism at the molecular, cellular, and population levels, thereby lowering blood glucose and blood lipids, regulating blood pressure, and ultimately reducing the incidence of CVD. Furthermore, since Lb. plantarum is widely utilized in food industry, we highlight some of the most important new developments in fermented food for combating CVD; providing an insight into these fermented foods can assist scientists in improving the quality of these foods as well as alleviating patients’ CVD symptoms. We hope that in the future functional foods fermented by Lb. plantarum can be developed and incorporated into the daily diet to assist medication in alleviating CVD to some extent, and maintaining good health.

The effects of L-carnitine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles on performance, antioxidant parameters, and expression of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism in laying hens

The purpose of this study was to investigate the production performance, antioxidant parameters, egg yolk cholesterol content, and expression of genes related to cholesterol metabolism in laying hens fed L-carnitine (LC) and L-carnitine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (LC-SLNs). A total of 350 Hy-Line (w-36) laying hens at 50 wk of age (1520.0 ± 0.7 g) were randomly assigned to 35 units (5 replicates and 50 hens in each treatment) with seven dietary treatments as a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets, including 1) Control (basal diet); 2) Basal diet +50 mg/kg LC (50LC); 3) Basal diet +100 mg/kg LC (100LC); 4) Basal diet +150 mg/kg LC (150LC); 5) Basal diet +50 mg/kg LC-SLNs (50LC-SLNs); 6) Basal diet +100 mg/kg LC-SLNs (100LC-SLNs) and 7) Basal diet +150 mg/kg LC-SLNs (150LC-SLNs). Results showed that the 50LC-SLNs had the least feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all groups (P < 0.05). The dietary supplementation of 100LC-SLNs decreased (P < 0.01) the egg yolk cholesterol concentration from 14.71 to 11.76 mg/g yolk (25%). The 50LC-SLNs group produced the most total antioxidant capacity with a difference of 58.44% compared to the control group (P < 0.01). The greatest amount of total superoxide dismutase was found for 50LC-SLNs (P < 0.05), while the glutathione peroxidase was not affected by the experimental treatments (P > 0.05). Serum malondialdehyde levels were reduced by 50.52% in laying hens fed 50LC-SLNs compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The transcript level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the LC and LC-SLNs groups. The expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the plain LC (∼83%) and LC-SLNs (∼91%) groups. The inclusion of LC-SLNs in the diet increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and decreased villus width in all three parts of the small intestine. Dietary inclusion of LC was found to reduce egg yolk and serum cholesterol content by improving the production performance and antioxidant status. The LC-SLNs groups were more affected than the plain LC groups, which may be attributed to the increased bioavailability of LC.

Whey protein hydrolysate alleviated atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis by regulating lipid metabolism in apoE-/- mice fed a Western diet

Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) has been proved to possess various biological activities associated with the amelioration of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic and hepatoprotective effects of WPH on apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE^-/-) mice fed with a Western diet for 15 weeks. Results revealed that WPH markedly inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and steatosis injury in the liver. The serum lipid and inflammation levels were both reduced after WPH supplemented in apoE^-/- mice. In addition, WPH inhibited the lipid accumulation in the liver, thereby decreasing the hepatic inflammation level and oxidative stress injury. Mechanism investigation revealed that WPH down-regulated the expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes while up-regulated the expression of cholesterol uptake and excretion genes in the liver. Meanwhile, the de novo lipogenesis was inhibited while the fatty acids β-oxidation was activated in the liver by WPH supplementation. Notably, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/n-6 PUFA ratio in serum and liver of the WPH-H group were 2.69-fold (p < 0.01) and 3.64-fold (p < 0.01) higher than that of the Model group. Collectively, our results proved WPH possesses potent anti-atherosclerotic and hepatoprotective activities and has the potential to be used as a novel functional ingredient for the management of CVD.

The Arginine Repressor ArgR2 Controls Conjugated Linoleic Acid Biosynthesis by Activating the cla Operon in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) has attracted substantial attention due to its physiological functions, including regulating immunity, reducing obesity, and contributing to cancer suppression. In Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, CLA oleate hydratase (CLA-HY), CLA short-chain dehydrogenase (CLA-DH), and CLA acetoacetate decarboxylase (CLA-DC) catalyze the biotransformation of linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. However, the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanism of this pathway remains largely unknown. In this study, the potential transcriptional regulators that might bind to the cla promoter of L. plantarum AR195 were investigated by DNA pulldown. Interestingly, ArgR₂, the transcriptional regulator of arginine metabolism, was identified as a potential regulator involved in the regulation of CLA biotransformation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and molecular interaction results demonstrated the specific binding of ArgR₂ to the regulatory region of the cla operon. The knockout of argR₂ led to the downregulation of cla-dh and cla-dc by 91% and 34%, respectively, resulting in a decline in the CLA yield by 14%. A segmental EMSA revealed that ArgR₂ bound to three distinct sites in the cla regulatory region, and these binding sites were highly conserved and rich in AT. The regulatory mechanism of ArgR₂ on CLA biosynthesis further expanded our knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of CLA biosynthesis in L. plantarum and laid the theoretical foundation for the production and application of CLA. IMPORTANCE CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) has received extensive attention owing to its important physiological functions. CLA from natural sources is far from meeting people's demands. Lactic acid bacteria can efficiently synthesize cis-9,trans-11-CLA and trans-10,cis-12-CLA, which possess physiological activities. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism. In this study, we identified that the biosynthesis of CLA in L. plantarum AR195 was transcriptionally regulated by the arginine biosynthesis regulatory protein ArgR₂. The regulation mechanism of ArgR₂ on CLA biosynthesis lays a theoretical foundation for the regulation of CLA synthesis and industrial production.

Oryzanol Attenuates High Fat and Cholesterol Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating the Gut Microbiome and Amino Acid Metabolism

Hyperlipidemia is intricately associated with the dysregulation of gut microbiota and host metabolomes. This study explored the antihyperlipidemic function of oryzanol and investigated whether the function of oryzanol affected the gut microbiome and its related metabolites. Hamsters were fed a standard diet (Control) and a high fat and cholesterol (HFCD) diet with or without oryzanol, separately. Our results showed that oryzanol significantly decreased HFCD-induced fat accumulation, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, triglyceride, and liver steatohepatitis, attenuated HFCD-induced gut microbiota alterations, and altered amino acid concentrations in feces and the liver. We investigated the role of the gut microbiota in the observed beneficial effects; the protective effects of oryzanol were partly diminished by suppressing the gut bacteria of hamsters after using antibiotics. A fecal microbiota transplantation experiment was carried out by transplanting the feces from HFCD group hamsters or hamsters given oryzanol supplementation (as a donor hamster). Our results showed that administering the fecal liquid from oryzanol-treated hamsters attenuated HFCD-induced hyperlipidemia, significantly decreased the abundance of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, norank_f__Eubacteriaceae, and norank_f__Oscillospiraceae and the concentration of tyrosine. These outcomes are significantly positively correlated with serum lipid concentration. This study illustrated that gut microbiota is the target of oryzanol in the antihyperlipidemic effect.

Probiotics Interact With Lipids Metabolism and Affect Gut Health

Probiotics have attracted much attention due to their ability to modulate host intestinal microbe, participate in nutrient metabolism or immunomodulatory. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bowel cancer are digestive system disease, which have become a global public health problem due to their unclear etiology, difficult to cure, and repeated attacks. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal lipid metabolism would increase the risk of intestinal inflammation. However, the link between lipid metabolism, probiotics, and IBD is unclear. In this review, we found that different lipids and their derivatives have different effects on IBD and gut microbes. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and their derivatives resolvin E1, resolvin D can inhibit oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species activate NFκB and MAPk pathway. While ω-6 PUFAs linoleic acid and arachidonic acid can be derived into leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which will aggravate IBD. Cholesterol can be converted into bile acids to promote lipid absorption and affect microbial survival and colonization. At the same time, it is affected by microbial bile salt hydrolase to regulate blood lipids. Low denstiy lipoprotein (LDL) is easily converted into oxidized LDL, thereby promoting inflammation, while high denstiy lipoprotein (HDL) has the opposite effect. Probiotics compete with intestinal microorganisms for nutrients or ecological sites and thus affect the structure of intestinal microbiota. Moreover, microbial short chain fatty acids, bile salt hydrolase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, etc. can affect lipid metabolism and IBD. In conclusion, probiotics are directly or indirectly involved in lipids metabolism and their impact on IBD, which provides the possibility to explore the role of probiotics in improving gut health.

Changes in the Dissolved Organic Matter Characteristics Released from Sediment According to Precipitation in the Namhan River with Weirs: A Laboratory Experiment

In this study, changes in the properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from sediments into water layers were investigated. To analyze the spatial and temporal variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sediment and bottom water samples were collected upstream of the Gangcheon, Yeoju, and Ipo weirs of the Namhan River during the rainy and non-rainy seasons. The initial DOC was correlated with precipitation (R² = 0.295, p = 0.034) and residence time (R² = 0.275, p = 0.040). The change in the bottom water DOC concentration resulted from the DOC released from the sediments, which may cause water quality issues in the bottom water. The fluorescence analysis revealed that the DOM contained higher levels of hydrophilic and low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic matter in the non-rainy season and higher levels of hydrophobic and high-molecular-weight (HMW) organic matter in the rainy season. Since the Namhan River is the main resource of drinking water for the Seoul metropolitan area, our results can help to optimize the drinking water treatment process by reflecting the DOM characteristics that vary with the seasons. Furthermore, the statistical analysis confirmed that the nutrient content of pore-water and sediment can be used to estimate the DOM release rate from the sediment to the water layer. The results of this study provide a better understanding of DOM movement in aquatic ecosystems and the influences of rainfall on the water quality of the surface waterbody.

The Lactobacillus as a Probiotic: Focusing on Liver Diseases

Over the past decade, scientific evidence for the properties, functions, and beneficial effects of probiotics for humans has continued to accumulate. Interest in the use of probiotics for humans has increased tremendously. Among various microorganisms, probiotics using bacteria have been widely studied and commercialized, and, among them, Lactobacillus is representative. This genus contains about 300 species of bacteria (recently differentiated into 23 genera) and countless strains have been reported. They improved a wide range of diseases including liver disease, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Here, we intend to discuss in depth the genus Lactobacillus as a representative probiotic for chronic liver diseases.

Multi-functional Potential of Five Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Derived from Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

The multi-functional properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on host health have been a popular research topic. The aim of present study was to assess the multi-functional potential of five LAB strains isolated from giant panda. In this study, we analyzed five giant panda LAB strains (Weissella confuse WJ202003 (W3), WJ202009 (W9), WJ202021 (W21), BSP201703 (X₃); Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BSGP201683 (G83)) and found that they exhibited rapid growth as well as strong acid production capacity. The five LAB strains possessed high cell surface hydrophobicity to the four tested solvents (xylene, hexadecane, chloroform, ethyl acetate; except strain W9), auto-aggregation ability, co-aggregation ability with three pathogens (Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella), adhesion ability to Caco-2 cell line, and strongly biofilm formation ability, suggesting an adhesion property. As investigated for their antioxidative potential, all the strains showed good tolerance to H₂O₂, high scavenging ability against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl (OH^-), and reduction ability. Furthermore, the five LAB strains could produce multiple probiotic substances, including exopolysaccharide (EPS), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), bile salt hydrolase (BSH), cellulase (only strain G83), and protease (except strain X₃), which was the first to report the production of EPS, GABA, BSH, cellulase, and protease in giant panda-derived LAB strain. These results demonstrated that strains W3, W9, W21, X₃, and G83 had multi-functional potential and could be utilized as potential probiotics for giant panda.

Targeting gut microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) by diet supplements: new insights into dietary modulation of human health

Dietary supplements could modulate the abundance of BSH-producing bacteria to regulate the BSH enzyme activity, thereby change the BAs composition to regulate FXR signaling, which then regulate human health.

Cholesterol-lowering effect of bile salt hydrolase from a Lactobacillus johnsonii strain mediated by FXR pathway regulation

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases worldwide.

Dietary intake of probiotic fermented milk benefits the gut and reproductive health in mice fed with an obesogenic diet

Probiotics have been suggested as alternatives to pharmacological drugs in the treatment of a variety of medical problems, including obesity management, which is often linked to low sperm production. Also, probiotic fermented products are known to boost host immune response, immunosenescence, infection tolerance, and redox homeostasis, but their direct role in male fertility has been less investigated. This study assessed the effect of two probiotic strains, L. fermentum NCDC 400 and L. rhamnosus NCDC 610, and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) fermented milk supplementation. We identified the significantly reduced oxidative stress markers in the plasma and liver of HF diet-fed animals. We determined the role of key testicular enzymes of steroidogenic pathway genes StAR, P450scc, and 17βHSD in maintaining the testosterone concentration and restoring testicular structures. In conclusion, the present work illustrated the ability of both probiotics L. fermentum NCDC 400 and L. rhamnosus NCDC 610 as regulatory agents with beneficial effects on weight loss and endogenous testosterone with substantially improved sperm motility in male diet-induced obesity (DIO) models. Our findings indicate that fermented milk supplementation may be an alternative treatment for preventing obesity and other related metabolic syndromes.

Hypolipidemic Effects of Fermented Seaweed Extracts by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

The fermentation of food materials with suitable probiotic strains is an effective way to improve biological activities. In this study, seaweed extracts were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and the hypolipidemic effects of the fermentation products were investigated. In vitro experiments suggested that fermented seaweed extracts have a high capacity for bile acid-binding. Additionally, a significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase was observed. Furthermore, effects in hyperlipidemic mice were determined. Fermented seaweed extracts can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder. The administration of fermented seaweed extracts to mice showed decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Combined, these results suggest that fermented seaweed extracts perform a potent hypolipidemic action, thus providing an effective method for the preparation of functional foods to combat cardiovascular diseases.

Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 inhibits choline-induced atherosclerosis through CDCA-FXR-FGF15 axis

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of intestinal flora from dietary quaternary amines, has been shown to be closely related to the development of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 significantly reduces the serum levels of TMAO and cecal trimethylamine (TMA) in Balb/c mice; however, its role in the inhibition of choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE^-/- mice remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that E. aerogenes ZDY01 inhibited choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE^-/- mice fed with 1.3% choline by reducing cecal TMA and modulating CDCA-FXR/FGF15 axis. We observed that E. aerogenes ZDY01 decreased the cecal TMA and serum TMAO levels by utilizing cecal TMA as a nutrient, not by changing the expression of hepatic FMO3 and the composition of gut microbiota. Furthermore, E. aerogenes ZDY01 enhanced the expression of bile acid transporters and reduced the cecal CDCA levels, thereby attenuating the FXR/FGF15 pathway, upregulating the expression of Cyp7a1, promoting reverse cholesterol transport. Taken together, E. aerogenes ZDY01 attenuated choline-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE^-/- mice by decreasing cecal TMA and promoting reverse cholesterol transport, implying that E. aerogenes ZDY01 treatment might have therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis.

Deficiency of coiled-coil domain containing 80 increases plasma cholesterol by decreasing fecal sterols excretion in hypercholesterolemic mice

Disorders in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism have been acknowledged as critical in pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Coiled-coil domain containing 80 (CCDC80) has been closely linked to lipid homeostasis in mice, with its role in cholesterol metabolism yet to be fully elucidated. This study aims to uncover the regulatory mechanisms of CCDC80 in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. We generated a CCDC80 knockout (CCDC80^-/-) model in C57BL/6 mouse. The initial transcriptional and metabolic consequences of removing CCDC80 were accessed at baseline by gene expression microarrays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry / ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The hepatic cholesterol was investigated in both CCDC80^+/+ and CCDC80^-/- male mice at baseline and after feeding a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The regulatory effects of CCDC80 on gene expressions and protein masses were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. At baseline, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis combining metabolomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics, revealed a down-regulation of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis by CCDC80-knockout, especially for primary bile acids. In the hypercholesterolemic models, our results showed that deficiency of CCDC80 increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels, but decreased fecal neutral and acidic sterols excretion in mice. Mechanistically, we found that such effects were partly mediated by attenuating the alternative pathway of bile acid synthesis catalyzed by oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1). In conclusion, our results suggest CCDC80 as a novel modulator of cholesterol homeostasis in male mice. Deficiency of CCDC80 could further impair fecal sterols excretion in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.

Berberine Alleviates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Through Modulating Gut Microbiota Mediated Intestinal FXR Activation

Berberine is a natural plant alkaloid isolated from a diverse range of genera, it obtains anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective properties, and is a promising agent for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid receptor and a drug target for NASH, however, the underlying mechanisms of berberine on regulating FXR are still unknown. In the present study, we feed mice with a 12-week high-fat diet with interval dextran sulfate sodium (0.5% in drinking water) diet to induce NASH, and treat the mice with berberine (100 mg/kg per day) via oral gavage for additional 4 weeks. We demonstrate that administration of berberine alleviates steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver of NASH mice. We apply 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing to screen the structure of gut microbiota, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis to determine the bile acid profiles. The results show that berberine modulates gut dysbiosis, and specifically increases the relative abundance of Clostridiales, Lactobacillaceae, and Bacteroidale. Berberine modulated microbiomes are associated with bile acid de-conjugation and transformation, which are consistent with the altered bile acid species (e.g., deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid) upon berberine treatment. BA species that respond to berberine treatment are known FXR agonists, thus we performed quantitative Real Time-PCR and western blot to examine the FXR pathway, and find that berberine up-regulates intestinal FXR and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression, and the secretion of FGF15 further inhibits lipogenesis and nuclear factor-κB activation in the liver. Whereas the beneficial effects of berberine are blunted in FXR knockout mice. Our results reveal that berberine alleviates NASH by modulating the interplay of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism, as well as the subsequent intestinal FXR activation.

The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

Hypercholesterolemia plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis and is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide especially in developed countries. Current data show that the role of microbiota extends beyond digestion by being implicated in several metabolic and inflammatory processes linked to several diseases including CVD. Studies have reported associations between bacterial metabolites and hypercholesterolemia. However, such associations remain poorly investigated and characterized. In this review, the mechanisms of microbial derived metabolites such as primary and secondary bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) will be explored in the context of cholesterol metabolism. These metabolites play critical roles in maintaining cardiovascular health and if dysregulated can potentially contribute to CVD. They can be modulated via nutritional and pharmacological interventions such as statins, prebiotics, and probiotics. However, the mechanisms behind these interactions also remain unclear, and mechanistic insights into their impact will be provided. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to present current knowledge on potential mechanisms whereby microbial metabolites regulate cholesterol homeostasis and to discuss the feasibility of modulating intestinal microbes and metabolites as a novel therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia.