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Yeshchenko O, Khort P, Fedotov O, Chumachenko V, Virych P, Warren HS, Booth BW, Bliznyuk V, Kutsevol N. Third-Generation Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy Systems Based on Star-like Anionic Polyacrylamide Polymer, Gold Nanoparticles, and Temoporfin Photosensitizer. Molecules 2024; 29:2224. [PMID: 38792086 PMCID: PMC11123958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive anticancer treatment that uses special photosensitizer molecules (PS) to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a tissue under excitation with red or infrared light. Though the method has been known for decades, it has become more popular recently with the development of new efficient organic dyes and LED light sources. Here we introduce a ternary nanocomposite: water-soluble star-like polymer/gold nanoparticles (AuNP)/temoporfin PS, which can be considered as a third-generation PDT system. AuNPs were synthesized in situ inside the polymer molecules, and the latter were then loaded with PS molecules in an aqueous solution. The applied method of synthesis allows precise control of the size and architecture of polymer nanoparticles as well as the concentration of the components. Dynamic light scattering confirmed the formation of isolated particles (120 nm diameter) with AuNPs and PS molecules incorporated inside the polymer shell. Absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies revealed optimal concentrations of the components that can simultaneously reduce the side effects of dark toxicity and enhance singlet oxygen generation to increase cancer cell mortality. Here, we report on the optical properties of the system and detailed mechanisms of the observed enhancement of the phototherapeutic effect. Combinations of organic dyes with gold nanoparticles allow significant enhancement of the effect of ROS generation due to surface plasmonic resonance in the latter, while the application of a biocompatible star-like polymer vehicle with a dextran core and anionic polyacrylamide arms allows better local integration of the components and targeted delivery of the PS molecules to cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate, as proof of concept, a successful application of the developed PDT system for in vitro treatment of triple-negative breast cancer cells under irradiation with a low-power LED lamp (660 nm). We consider the developed nanocomposite to be a promising PDT system for application to other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yeshchenko
- Physics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.)
| | - Pavlo Khort
- Physics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.)
| | - Oles Fedotov
- Physics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.)
| | - Vasyl Chumachenko
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Pavlo Virych
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Hunter S. Warren
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (B.W.B.)
| | - Brian W. Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA (B.W.B.)
| | - Valery Bliznyuk
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Nataliya Kutsevol
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.C.); (P.V.)
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Feng W, Qian Y. Water-soluble red fluorescent protein dimers for hypoxic two-photon photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2413-2424. [PMID: 38354026 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02621c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two water-soluble red fluorescent protein (RFP) dimers, FP2R' and FP2R'', were synthesized by linking two phenothiazine-based RFP chromophore analogues through alkyl chains or alkoxy chains for hypoxic two-photon photodynamic therapy. RFP dimers are heavy-atom-free two-photon photosensitizers in which the intersystem crossing process is boosted by S and N heteroatoms. In terms of the aqueous solubility, the saturation concentration of FP2R'' was 3.5 mM, the emission wavelength was 677 nm, the singlet oxygen yield was 18%, and the two-photon absorption coefficient (β) was 2.1 × 10-11 cm W-1. Further, the RFP dimer FP2R'' showed excellent biocompatibility, negligible dark toxicity, and could produce 1O2 and O2˙- simultaneously. Under 460 nm illumination, the photosensitizer FP2R'' showed high phototoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.08 μM in an hypoxia environment, indicating that the photosensitizer FP2R'' has an excellent anti-hypoxia ability. In addition, the photosensitizer FP2R'' demonstrated a precise localization ability to lysosomes and its Pearson's colocalization coefficient was 0.94, which could guide the aggregation of photosensitizers in the lysosomes of tumor cells to effectively improve its photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. In particular, when exposed to 800 nm two-photon excitation, FP2R'' effectively produced 1O2 and O2˙- in zebrafish and exhibited a bright two-photon fluorescence imaging capability. At the same time, the efficacy of two-photon photodynamic therapy mediated by the photosensitizer FP2R'' was verified in the tumor zebrafish model, and the growth of tumor cells in zebrafish was significantly inhibited under a two-photon laser irradiation. The water-soluble two-photon photosensitizer FP2R'' that was reasonably constructed in this study can be used as a high-efficiency hypoxic two-photon photosensitizer to inhibit deep tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Przygoda M, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Dynarowicz K, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Aebisher D. Cellular Mechanisms of Singlet Oxygen in Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16890. [PMID: 38069213 PMCID: PMC10706571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we delve into the realm of photodynamic therapy (PDT), an established method for combating cancer. The foundation of PDT lies in the activation of a photosensitizing agent using specific wavelengths of light, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), notably singlet oxygen (1O2). We explore PDT's intricacies, emphasizing its precise targeting of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. We examine the pivotal role of singlet oxygen in initiating apoptosis and other cell death pathways, highlighting its potential for minimally invasive cancer treatment. Additionally, we delve into the complex interplay of cellular components, including catalase and NOX1, in defending cancer cells against PDT-induced oxidative and nitrative stress. We unveil an intriguing auto-amplifying mechanism involving secondary singlet oxygen production and catalase inactivation, offering promising avenues for enhancing PDT's effectiveness. In conclusion, our review unravels PDT's inner workings and underscores the importance of selective illumination and photosensitizer properties for achieving precision in cancer therapy. The exploration of cellular responses and interactions reveals opportunities for refining and optimizing PDT, which holds significant potential in the ongoing fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Przygoda
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Udrea AM, Smarandache A, Dinache A, Mares C, Nistorescu S, Avram S, Staicu A. Photosensitizers-Loaded Nanocarriers for Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy in Melanoma Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2124. [PMID: 37631339 PMCID: PMC10460031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma poses a significant global health burden. It is the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, attributed to various risk factors such as UV radiation exposure, genetic modifications, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression, and fair complexion. Photodynamic therapy is a promising minimally invasive treatment that uses light to activate a photosensitizer, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately promote cell death. When selecting photosensitizers for melanoma photodynamic therapy, the presence of melanin should be considered. Melanin absorbs visible radiation similar to most photosensitizers and has antioxidant properties, which undermines the reactive species generated in photodynamic therapy processes. These characteristics have led to further research for new photosensitizing platforms to ensure better treatment results. The development of photosensitizers has advanced with the use of nanotechnology, which plays a crucial role in enhancing solubility, optical absorption, and tumour targeting. This paper reviews the current approaches (that use the synergistic effect of different photosensitizers, nanocarriers, chemotherapeutic agents) in the photodynamic therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Udrea
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Andra Dinache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Catalina Mares
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Simona Nistorescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Angela Staicu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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Zvyagina AI. Controlled Self-Assembly of Low-Dimensional Supramolecular Systems Based on Double-Decker Lanthanide Phthalocyaninates. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22700090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Possessing unique physicochemical properties, phthalocyanines are widely used as active components of supramolecular ensembles and nanomaterials. The functional properties of phthalocyanine-based materials are governed by not only the structure of their discotic molecules, but also the character of their intermolecular interactions, which determine both the self-assembly mechanism and the structure of such systems. This review discusses the experimental approaches, which are based on the notions of colloid and coordination chemistry that enable one to control intermolecular interactions in low-dimensional supramolecular ensembles based on phthalocyanines and metallocomplexes thereof. Using double-decker crown-substituted lanthanide phthalocyaninates as an example, it is shown how one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials with different properties can be obtained from the same type of building blocks employing a set of colloid-chemical methods. Such materials are, in particular, capable for controlled absorption of visible light in ultrathin films and can be employed as conducting one-dimensional components of planar elements for organic electronics.
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Uprety B, Abrahamse H. Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy: Recent advances. Front Chem 2022; 10:946574. [PMID: 36034651 PMCID: PMC9405672 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.946574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer treatment that induces apoptosis as a result of the interactions between light and a photosensitizing drug. Lately, the emergence of biocompatible nanoparticles has revolutionized the prospects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in clinical trials. Consequently, a lot of research is now being focused on developing non-toxic, biocompatible nanoparticle-based photosensitizers for effective cancer treatments using PDT. In this regard, semiconducting quantum dots have shown encouraging results. Quantum dots are artificial semiconducting nanocrystals with distinct chemical and physical properties. Their optical properties can be fine-tuned by varying their size, which usually ranges from 1 to 10 nm. They present many advantages over conventional photosensitizers, mainly their emission properties can be manipulated within the near IR region as opposed to the visible region by the former. Consequently, low intensity light can be used to penetrate deeper tissues owing to low scattering in the near IR region. Recently, successful reports on imaging and PDT of cancer using carbon (carbon, graphene based) and metallic (Cd based) based quantum dots are promising. This review aims to summarize the development and the status quo of quantum dots for cancer treatment.
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Wysocki M, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Ziental D, Michalak M, Güzel E, Sobotta L. Excited state and reactive oxygen species against cancer and pathogens: a review on sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200185. [PMID: 35507015 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy are therapies having great potential in the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer. Their background is associated with photo- and sonosensitizers - substances that can be excited when exposed to light or ultrasound. These sensitizers belong to a variety of compounds groups, including porphyrins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines. Releasing the energy when returning to the ground state can occur in the manner of transferring it to oxygen molecules, leading to reactive oxygen species able to disrupt membranes of bacterial and cancer cells, leaving the organism's cells unaffected. In recent years, the number of reports on numerous sensitizers being effective has been constantly growing. Therefore, the development of this field may prove beneficial for dealing with cancer and microbes. This review describes the development of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, as well as their combination, with emphasize on sonodynamic therapy and its potential in the treatment of cancer and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysocki
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, POLAND
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Maciej Michalak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Emre Güzel
- Sakarya Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi, Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, TURKEY
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Uniwersytet Medyczny imienia Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka 6, 60780, Poznan, POLAND
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Darwish WM, Bayoumi NA, Ebeid NH. Biocompatible mucoadhesive nanoparticles for brain targeting of ropinirole hydrochloride: Formulations, radiolabeling and biodistribution. Biopolymers 2022; 113:e23489. [PMID: 35403210 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two nanoformulations with mucoadhesive properties and brain-targeting mechanisms were designed to deliver the anti-Parkinson's drug, ropinirole hydrochloride (RH). In the first formulation, RH and the amphiphilic block copolymer methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone) were assembled in a core-shell morphology followed by coating with a mucoadhesive chitosan outer layer producing a multilayer vehicle (MLV). In the second formulation, RH was encapsulated during the polyelectrolyte complexation of two natural polymers, chitosan and alginate producing RH-loaded chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte (PEC) nanocomplex. Conditions of each formulation were adopted for optimal drug loading. Physico-chemical characterization of the prepared formulations (particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential) exhibited stable monodispersed nanoparticles. RH was radiolabeled by I-131 radiotracer in a high-radiochemical yield. Biodistribution and brain targeting of RH from the prepared formulations were studied after administration of 131 I-RH-loaded nanoparticles to albino mice via intranasal and intravenous routs. Elevated brain radioactivity was detected post IN administration of (131 I-RH/PCL-PEG/CS) nanoparticles and (131 I-RH/CS-ALG) nanoparticles comparing with the IN administrated RH solutions (Cmax = 2.8 ± 0.3, 2 ± 0.3, 0.93 ± 0.03% radioactivity/g, 1 h post administration, respectively). This demonstrated that a relatively high-brain targeting could be achieved via intranasal route of administration of RH-loaded nanoparticles. The proposed models are further potential for application to deliver many other brain-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Darwish
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Noha A Bayoumi
- Department of Radiolabeled Compounds, Hot Lab Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed H Ebeid
- Department of Radiolabeled Compounds, Hot Lab Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of chloroaluminium phthalocyanine incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102850. [PMID: 35395414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nanotechnology has been widely used in biomedical science, which consists of orthopedic implants, tissue engineering, cancer therapy and drug elution from nanoparticle systems, such as poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which stand out mainly for their biocompatibility, being considered as effective carriers for photosensitizing drugs (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocols. METHODS This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of PCL nanoparticles for controlled release of the drug chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a photosensitizer for application in PDT. The PCL-ClAlPc nanoparticles were developed by the nanoprecipitation process. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The size of nanomaterials was studied using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Photophysical and photochemical characterizations were performed. Subsequently, photobiological studies were also used to characterize the system. RESULTS The nanoparticles had an average diameter of 384.7 ± 138.6 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.153. SEM analysis revealed that the system formed a spherical shape typical of these delivery systems. Charging efficiency was 82.1% ± 1.2%. The phthalocyanine-loaded PCL nanoparticles maintained their photophysical behavior after encapsulation. Cell viability was determined after the dark toxicity test, and it was possible to observe that there was no evidence of toxicity in the dark, for all concentrations tested. The assay also revealed that adenocarcinoma cells treated with free ClAlPc and in the nanoformulation showed 100% cell death when subjected to PDT protocols. The intracellular location of the photosensitizer indicated a high potential for accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus. CONCLUSIONS From the photophysical, photochemical and photobiological analyzes obtained, it was possible to observe that the development of PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with ClAlPc, by the nanoprecipitation method was adequate and that the in vivo release study is efficient to reduce the release rate and attenuate the burst of PS loaded on PCL nanoparticles. The results reinforce that the use of this system as drug delivery systems is useful in PDT protocols.
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Li J, Kalyanram P, Rozati S, Monje-Galvan V, Gupta A. Interaction of Cyanine-D112 with Binary Lipid Mixtures: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9765-9774. [PMID: 35350357 PMCID: PMC8945139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental study investigates the lipid bilayer interactions of dye D112 for potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. PDT involves formation of a reactive oxidant species in the presence of a light sensitive molecule and light, interrupting cellular functions. D112 was developed as a photographic emulsifier, and we hypothesized that its combined cationic and lipophilic nature can render a superior photosensitizing property-crucial in various light therapies. The focus of this study is to elucidate the binding and insertion mechanisms of D112 with mixed lipid bilayers of anionic dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylserine (DPPS) and zwitterionic dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipids to resemble cancer cell membranes. Our studies confirm initial electrostatic binding between the positively charged moieties of D112 and negatively charged lipid headgroups. Additionally, MD simulations combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirm that D112-lipid interactions are governed by enthalpy-driven nonclassical hydrophobic effects in the membrane interior. It was further noted that despite the electrostatic preference of D112 toward the anionic lipids, D112 molecules colocalized on DPPC-rich domains after insertion. Atomistic level MD studies point toward two possible insertion mechanisms for D112: harpoon and flip. Further insights from the simulation showcase the interactions of low and high aggregates of D112 with the bilayer as the concentration of D112 increases in solution. The size of aggregates modulates the orientation and degree of insertion, providing important information for future studies on membrane permeation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Poornima Kalyanram
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Seyedalireza Rozati
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Viviana Monje-Galvan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Anju Gupta
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Photophysical Properties of Linked Zinc Phthalocyanine to Acryloyl Chloride: N-vinylpyrrolidone Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244428. [PMID: 34960979 PMCID: PMC8706078 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the linking of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to N-vinylpyrrolidone (N-VP): acryloyl chloride (ClAC) copolymer. The synthesis of binary N-VP:ClAC copolymer was performed by the radical polymerization method and then grafted to ZnPc by the Friedel Crafts acylation reaction. We have developed a water-soluble ZnPc:ClAC:N-VP photosensitizer with a narrow absorption band at 970 nm, fluorescence at λem = 825 nm and the decay fluorescence profile with 3-decay relatively longer times of 1.2 µs, 4.6 µs, and 37 µs. The concentration-dependent dark cytotoxicity investigated in normal fibroblasts (NHDF), malignant melanoma (MeWo), adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines incubated to increased concentrations of ZnPc:ClAC:N-VP (up to 40 μM) for 24 h in the dark show low cytotoxicity. Maximum cell viability in HeLa and HepG2 tumor cell lines was observed.
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13
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Recent Progress in Phthalocyanine-Polymeric Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092426. [PMID: 34578740 PMCID: PMC8469866 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article summarizes the last decade’s developments in the field of phthalocyanine (Pc)-polymeric nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), including studies with at least in vitro data. Moreover, special attention will be paid to the various strategies for enhancing the behavior of Pc-polymeric NPs in PDT, underlining the great potential of this class of nanomaterials as advanced Pcs’ nanocarriers for cancer PDT. This review shows that there is still a lot of research to be done, opening the door to new and interesting nanodelivery systems.
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14
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Luo T, Nash GT, Xu Z, Jiang X, Liu J, Lin W. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Framework Confines Zinc-Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13519-13524. [PMID: 34424712 PMCID: PMC8414475 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The performance of
photodynamic therapy (PDT) depends on the solubility,
pharmacokinetic behaviors, and photophysical properties of photosensitizers
(PSs). However, highly conjugated PSs with strong reactive oxygen
species (ROS) generation efficiency tend to have poor solubility
and aggregate in aqueous environments, leading to suboptimal PDT performance.
Here, we report a new strategy to load highly conjugated but poorly
soluble zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnP) PSs in the pores of a Hf12-QC (QC = 2″,3′-dinitro-[1,1’:4′,1”;4″,1’”-quaterphenyl]-4,4’”-dicarboxylate)
nanoscale metal–organic framework to afford ZnP@Hf-QC with
spatially confined ZnP PSs. ZnP@Hf-QC avoids aggregation-induced quenching
of ZnP excited states to significantly enhance ROS generation upon
light irradiation. With higher cellular uptake, enhanced ROS generation,
and better biocompatibility, ZnP@Hf-QC mediated PDT exhibited an IC50 of 0.14 μM and achieved exceptional antitumor efficacy
with >99% tumor growth inhibition and 80% cure rates on two murine
colon cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Geoffrey T Nash
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ziwan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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15
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Carboxymethyl chitosan/ionic liquid imidazolium-based nanoparticles as nanocarriers for zinc phthalocyanine and its photodynamic activity. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Pappalardo A, Gangemi CM, Testa C, Sfrazzetto GT. Supramolecular Assemblies for Photodynamic Therapy. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210122094010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, supramolecular systems for nano-medicine, and in particular for
photodynamic therapy, have gained great attention for their uses as smart and engineered
therapeutic agents. We proposed a collection of very recent articles on supramolecular complexes
for photodynamic therapy based on different photosensitizers assembled with cyclodextrins,
cucurbiturils, calixarenes, pillararenes, or involved in nanobox and tweezer structures,
nanoparticles, aggregates and micelles, that are dynamic assemblies inspired to biological
systems. Despite the advantages of traditional Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a
non-invasive, reliable and highly selective clinical treatment for several pathological conditions,
different drawbacks are still smothering the applicability of this clinical treatment. In
this contest, a new supramolecular approach is emerging, in fact, the reversible formation of
these supramolecular assemblies, combined with the possibility to modify their dimensions and shapes in the presence
of a guest make them similar to biological macromolecules, such as proteins and enzymes. Furthermore, due to
the relatively weak and dynamic nature of supramolecular assemblies, they can undergo assembly and disassembly
very fast as well as responses to external stimuli, such as biological (e.g. enzyme activation), chemical (e.g. redox
potential or pH), and physical (e.g. temperature, light or magnetic fields). Therefore, the responsiveness of these supramolecular
assemblies represents a highly promising approach to obtain potentially personalized PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Chiara M.A. Gangemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Caterina Testa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
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17
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Mlynarczyk DT, Ziental D, Kolasinski E, Sobotta L, Koczorowski T, Mielcarek J, Goslinski T. Nipagin-Functionalized Porphyrazine and Phthalocyanine-Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Toxicity Study after Deposition on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles P25. Molecules 2021; 26:2657. [PMID: 34062815 PMCID: PMC8124671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aza-porphyrinoids exhibit distinct spectral properties in UV-Vis, and they are studied in applications such as photosensitizers in medicine and catalysts in technology. The use of appropriate peripheral substituents allows the modulation of their physicochemical properties. Phthalocyanine and sulfanyl porphyrazine octa-substituted with 4-(butoxycarbonyl)phenyloxy moieties were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry. A comparison of porphyrazine with phthalocyanine aza-porphyrinoids revealed that phthalocyanine macrocycle exhibits higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yields, reaching the value of 0.29 in DMF. After both macrocycles had been deposited on titanium dioxide nanoparticles P25, the cytotoxicities and photocytotoxicities of the prepared materials were studied using a Microtox® acute toxicity test. The highest cytotoxicity occurred after irradiation with a red light for the material composed of phthalocyanine deposited on titania nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Emil Kolasinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (D.Z.); (L.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (E.K.); (T.K.); (T.G.)
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Abstract
The healing power of light has attracted interest for thousands of years. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements in the field have eventually led to the emergence of photodynamic therapy, which soon became a promising approach in treating a broad range of diseases. Based on the interaction between light, molecular oxygen, and various photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy represents a non-invasive, non-toxic, repeatable procedure for tumor treatment, wound healing, and pathogens inactivation. However, classic photosensitizing compounds impose limitations on their clinical applications. Aiming to overcome these drawbacks, nanotechnology came as a solution for improving targeting efficiency, release control, and solubility of traditional photosensitizers. This paper proposes a comprehensive path, starting with the photodynamic therapy mechanism, evolution over the years, integration of nanotechnology, and ending with a detailed review of the most important applications of this therapeutic approach.
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19
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Koczorowski T, Szczolko W, Teubert A, Goslinski T. Sulfanyl Porphyrazines with Morpholinylethyl Periphery-Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Photocatalytic Studies after Deposition on Titanium(IV) Oxide P25 Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082280. [PMID: 33920778 PMCID: PMC8071117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses, spectral UV–Vis, NMR, and electrochemical as well as photocatalytic properties of novel magnesium(II) and zinc(II) symmetrical sulfanyl porphyrazines with 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethylsulfanyl peripheral substituents are presented. Both porphyrazine derivatives were synthesized in cyclotetramerization reactions and subsequently embedded on the surface of commercially available P25 titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles. The obtained macrocyclic compounds were broadly characterized by ESI MS spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR techniques, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and subjected to electrochemical studies. Both hybrid materials, consisting of porphyrazine derivatives embedded on the titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles’ surface, were characterized in terms of particle size and distribution. Next, they were subjected to photocatalytic studies with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, a known singlet oxygen quencher. The applicability of the obtained hybrid material consisting of titanium(IV) oxide P25 nanoparticles and magnesium(II) porphyrazine derivative was assessed in photocatalytic studies with selected active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as diclofenac sodium salt and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wojciech Szczolko
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Anna Teubert
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (T.G.)
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20
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Halaskova M, Rahali A, Almeida-Marrero V, Machacek M, Kucera R, Jamoussi B, Torres T, Novakova V, de la Escosura A, Zimcik P. Peripherally Crowded Cationic Phthalocyanines as Efficient Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:502-507. [PMID: 33738078 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality of cancer based on the production of cytotoxic species upon the light activation of photosensitizers. Zinc phthalocyanine photosensitizers bearing four or eight bulky 2,6-di(pyridin-3-yl)phenoxy substituents were synthesized, and pyridyl moieties were methylated. The quaternized derivatives did not aggregate at all in water and retained their good photophysical properties. High photodynamic activity of these phthalocyanines was demonstrated on HeLa, MCF-7, and EA.hy926 cells with a very low EC50 of 50 nM (for the MCF-7 cell line) upon light activation while maintaining low toxicity in the dark (TC50 ≈ 600 μM), giving thus good phototherapeutic indexes (TC50/EC50) above 1400. The compounds localized primarily in the lysosomes, leading to their rupture after light activation. This induced an apoptotic cell death pathway with secondary necrosis because of extensive and swift damage to the cells. This work demonstrates the importance of a bulky and rigid arrangement of peripheral substituents in the development of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Halaskova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Asma Rahali
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Didactic Research Laboratory of Experimental Sciences and Supramolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, Carthage University, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | | | - Miloslav Machacek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Didactic Research Laboratory of Experimental Sciences and Supramolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, Carthage University, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Tomás Torres
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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21
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Xiao J, Cong H, Wang S, Yu B, Shen Y. Recent research progress in the construction of active free radical nanoreactors and their applications in photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2384-2412. [PMID: 33576752 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is the most important treatment strategy in free radical therapy. However, tumor microenvironment hypoxia is a key obstacle in PDT. In order to overcome this obstacle, the strategy of in situ production of O2/radicals by catalytic reaction in solid tumors was proposed. In recent years, it has been found that there are many oxygen-independent carbon-based free radicals that can generate toxic active free radicals under laser irradiation and lead to tumor cell death. Based on the rational design of multifunctional nano-medicine, the active free radical nano-generator has opened up a new way for the highly developed nanotechnology and tumor cooperative therapy to improve the therapeutic effect. In this paper, the research status of active free radical nano-generators, especially reactive oxygen species, including the construction mechanism of active free radical nanomaterials, is reviewed and the application of free radical nano-generators in tumor therapy is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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22
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Yoo SW, Oh G, Ahn JC, Chung E. Non-Oncologic Applications of Nanomedicine-Based Phototherapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:113. [PMID: 33504015 PMCID: PMC7911939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy is widely applied to various human diseases. Nanomedicine-based phototherapy can be classified into photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Activated photosensitizer kills the target cells by generating radicals or reactive oxygen species in PDT while generating heat in PTT. Both PDT and PTT have been employed for treating various diseases, from preclinical to randomized controlled clinical trials. However, there are still hurdles to overcome before entering clinical practice. This review provides an overview of nanomedicine-based phototherapy, especially in non-oncologic diseases. Multiple clinical trials were undertaken to prove the therapeutic efficacy of PDT in dermatologic, ophthalmologic, cardiovascular, and dental diseases. Preclinical studies showed the feasibility of PDT in neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and musculoskeletal diseases. A few clinical studies of PTT were tried in atherosclerosis and dry eye syndrome. Although most studies have shown promising results, there have been limitations in specificity, targeting efficiency, and tissue penetration using phototherapy. Recently, nanomaterials have shown promising results to overcome these limitations. With advanced technology, nanomedicine-based phototherapy holds great potential for broader clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea;
| | - Gyungseok Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea;
| | - Jin Chul Ahn
- Medical Laser Research Center and Department of Biomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea;
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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23
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Mfouo-Tynga IS, Dias LD, Inada NM, Kurachi C. Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy: Review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102091. [PMID: 33453423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a main public health issue and the second cause of mortality worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved therapeutic option. Effective photodynamic therapy induces cancer damage and death through a multifactorial manner including reactive oxygen species-mediated damage and killing, vasculature damage, and immune defense activation. Anticancer efficiency depends on the improvement of photosensitizers drugs used in photodynamic therapy, their selectivity, enhanced photoproduction of reactive species, absorption at near-infrared spectrum, and drug-delivery strategies. Both experimental and clinical studies using first- and second-generation photosensitizers had pointed out the need for developing improved photosensitizers for photodynamic applications and achieving better therapeutic outcomes. Bioconjugation and encapsulation with targeting moieties appear as a main strategies for the development of photosensitizers from their precursors. Factors influencing cellular biodistribution and uptake are briefly discussed, as well as their roles as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) agents. The two-photon photodynamic approach using third-generation photosensitizers is present as an attempt in treating deeper tumors. Although significant advances had been made over the last decade, the development of next-generation photosensitizers is still mainly in the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Mfouo-Tynga
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Lucas D Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
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24
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Photosensitizers Based on G-Quadruplex Ligand for Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111340. [PMID: 33198362 PMCID: PMC7697063 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) is the non-canonical secondary structure of DNA and RNA formed by guanine-rich sequences. G4-forming sequences are abundantly located in telomeric regions and in the promoter and untranslated regions (UTR) of cancer-related genes, such as RAS and MYC. Extensive research has suggested that G4 is a potential molecular target for cancer therapy. Here, we reviewed G4 ligands as photosensitizers for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a minimally invasive therapeutic approach. The photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, were found to be highly toxic against cancer cells via the generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) upon photo-irradiation. Several porphyrin derivatives and analogs, such as phthalocyanines, which can generate ROS upon photo-irradiation, have been reported to act as G4 ligands. Therefore, they have been implicated as promising photosensitizers that can selectively break down cancer-related DNA and RNA forming G4. In this review, we majorly focused on the potential application of G4 ligands as photosensitizers, which would provide a novel strategy for PDT, especially molecularly targeted PDT (mtPDT).
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25
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Lai H, Ding X, Ye J, Deng J, Cui S. pH-responsive hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles for targeted curcumin delivery and enhanced cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 198:111455. [PMID: 33243547 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) display promising antitumor effects, however, the poor water solubility severely limited its clinical application. To overcome this problem, polymeric nanocarriers have been adopted for targeted CUR delivery and enhanced cancer therapy. In this paper, utilizing an acid-labile hydrazone linkage, hydrophobic CUR was conjugated with hydrophilic hyaluronic acid (HA) to form amphiphilic HA-ADH-CUR conjugates, which could subsequently self-assemble to form nanoparticles (HA@CUR NPs) in aqueous. The in vitro drug release experiments showed that HA@CUR NPs exhibited a pH-responsive CUR release behavior, and the release rate of CUR was 73.5 % in pH 5.0. Further, in vitro cell experiments showed HA@CUR NPs could be efficiently internalized by 4T1 and MCF-7 cancer cells through CD44 receptor mediated endocytosis and successfully release CUR in acidic lysosome environment for chemotherapy. In vivo antitumor experiments showed that, compared to free CUR, HA@CUR NPs could efficiently cumulate in tumor site via EPR effect and CD44 mediated endocytosis, achieve superior therapeutic effect for tumor growth suppression. Therefore, HA@CUR NPs were a highly promising nanocarrier for hydrophobic CUR to realize enhanced cancer therapy with good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualu Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmiao Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Darwish W. Polymers for enhanced photodynamic cancer therapy: Phthalocyanines as a photosensitzer model. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Darwish
- Laser Technology Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences; Department of Polymers and Pigments National Research Centre Giza Egypt
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27
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Gamelas SRD, Gomes ATPC, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Tomé JPC, Almeida A, Lourenço LMO. Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli with Water-Soluble Ammonium-Substituted Phthalocyanines. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4044-4051. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. D. Gamelas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leandro M. O. Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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