1
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Huang W, Huang Y, Huang X, Shao F, Liu W, Kang F. 3D Leaf-Like Copper-Zinc Alloy Enables Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode for Ultra-Long Life Aqueous Zinc Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2404294. [PMID: 39148221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Metallic zinc exhibits immense potential as an anode material for aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, and inherent safety. However, practical applications are hindered by dendrite formation and poor cycling stability. Herein, a facile substitution reaction method is presented to fabricate a 3D leaf-like Cu@Zn composite anode. This unique architecture, featuring a 3D network of leaf-like Cu on a Zn foil surface, significantly reduces nucleation overpotential and facilitates uniform Zn plating/stripping, effectively suppressing dendrite growth. Notably, an alloy layer of CuZn5 forms in situ on the 3D Cu layer during cycling. DFT calculations reveal that this CuZn5 alloy possesses a lower Zn binding energy compared to both Cu and Zn metal, further promoting Zn plating/stripping and enhancing electrochemical kinetics. Consequently, the symmetric Cu@Zn electrode exhibits remarkable cycling stability, surpassing 1300 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 with negligible dendrite formation. Furthermore, full cells comprising Cu@Zn||VO2 exhibit superior capacity and rate performance compared to bare Zn anodes. This work provides a promising strategy for constructing highly stable and efficient Zn anodes for next-generation aqueous zinc batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenbao Liu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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2
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Zhou T, Lei C, Li J, Wang H, Liu T, He X, Liang X. Butadiene Sulfone Based Binary Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for High Performance Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408728. [PMID: 39007175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) have attracted significant interest due to the unique physiochemical properties, yet challenges persist in achieving satisfactory Li anode compatibility through a binary DEE formula. In this study, we introduce a nonflammable binary DEE electrolyte comprising of lithium bis(trifluoro-methane-sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and solid butadiene sulfone (BdS), which demonstrates enhanced Li metal compatibility while exhibiting high Li+ ion migration number (0.52), ionic conductivity (1.48 mS ⋅ cm-1), wide electrochemical window (~4.5 V vs. Li/Li+) at room temperature. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the Li compatibility derives from the formation of a LiF-rich SEI, attributed to the undesirable adsorption and deformation of BdS on Li surface that facilitates the preferential reactions between LiTFSI and Li metal. This stable SEI effectively suppresses dendrites growth and gas evolution reactions, ensuring a long lifespan and high coulombic efficiency in both the Li||Li symmetric cells, Li||LiCoO2 and Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells. Moreover, the BdS eutectic strategy exhibit universal applicability to other metal such as Na and Zn by pairing with the corresponding TFSI-based salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chengjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jinye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Huijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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3
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Singh N, Kashyap HK. Are NaTFSI and NaFSI Salt-Based Water-in-Salt Electrolytes Structurally Similar or Different? J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39045859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) are a promising class of electrolytes due to their wide electrochemical stability window and nonflammability. In this study, we explore the structural organization of sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) salt-based aqueous electrolytes, covering dilute to highly concentrated regions, by employing an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. For the NaTFSI-based electrolyte, we observe that Na+ ions are mostly surrounded by water molecules at all the salt concentrations due to the very strong interaction between them. While TFSI anions weakly coordinate with Na+ ions and other TFSI anions, they also mostly prefer to be surrounded by water molecules. These interactions were found to have moderate dependence on the concentration of the NaTFSI salt. For the NaFSI-based electrolyte, while the Na+-water interaction is stronger at lower salt concentrations, the number of nearest neighbor FSI anions is found to be more than that of water at higher concentrations (≥20 m). This is because the increase in the salt concentration leads to expulsion of water molecules from the solvation shell of Na+ ions and enhances the interaction between Na+ ions and oxygen atoms of FSI. At the highest salt concentration (solubility limit), the bulk-like water structure is completely disrupted and dominated by an anionic network in the FSI-based electrolyte. In contrast, water-water hydrogen bonding network is still present even in the highly concentrated TFSI-based electrolyte. The simulated X-ray scattering pattern displays a low-q peak, revealing the presence of an intermediate range ordering due to alternating anion-rich and water/Na+-rich regions in both the electrolytes. However, the characteristic length scale corresponding to the low-q peak decreases with increasing the salt content in both the electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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4
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Xu S, Huang J, Wang G, Dou Y, Yuan D, Lin L, Qin K, Wu K, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wu C. Electrolyte and Additive Engineering for Zn Anode Interfacial Regulation in Aqueous Zinc Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300268. [PMID: 37317019 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-metal batteries (AZMBs) have gained great interest due to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and inherent safety, which serve as a promising complement to the existing metal-based batteries, e.g., lithium-metal batteries and sodium-metal batteries. Although the utilization of aqueous electrolytes and Zn metal anode in AZMBs ensures their improved safety over other metal batteries meanwhile guaranteeing their decent energy density at the cell level, plenty of challenges involved with metallic Zn anode still await to be addressed, including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and zinc corrosion and passivation. In the past years, several attempts have been adopted to address these problems, among which engineering the aqueous electrolytes and additives is regarded as a facile and promising approach. In this review, a comprehensive summary of aqueous electrolytes and electrolyte additives will be given based on the recent literature, aiming at providing a fundamental understanding of the challenges associated with the metallic Zn anode in aqueous electrolytes, meanwhile offering a guideline for the electrolytes and additives engineering strategies toward stable AZMBs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiu Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guanyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuhai Dou
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Liangxu Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Kaifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350017, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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5
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Wu Z, Li Y, Amardeep A, Shao Y, Zhang Y, Zou J, Wang L, Xu J, Kasprzak D, Hansen EJ, Liu J. Unveiling the Mysteries: Acetonitrile's Dance with Weakly-Solvating Electrolytes in Shaping Gas Evolution and Electrochemical Performance of Zinc-ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402206. [PMID: 38457347 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-metal battery (AZMB) is a promising candidate for future large-scale energy storage with commendable capacity, exceptional safety characteristics, and low cost. Acetonitrile (AN) has been widely used as an effective electrolyte constituent to improve AZMBs' performance. However, its functioning mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we unveiled the critical roles of AN in AZMBs via comparative in situ electrochemical, gaseous, and morphological analyses. Despite its limited ability to solvate Zn ions, AN-modulated Zn-ion solvation sheath with increased anions and decreased water achieves a weakly-solvating electrolyte. As a result, the Zn||Zn cell with AN addition exhibited 63 times longer cycle life than cell without AN and achieved a 4 Ah cm-2 accumulated capacity with no H2 generation. In V2O5||Zn cells, for the first time, AN suppressing CO2 generation, elevating CO2-initiation voltage from 2→2.44 V (H2: 2.43→2.55 V) was discovered. AN-impeded transit and Zn-side deposition of dissolved vanadium ions, known as "crosstalk," ameliorated inhomogeneous Zn deposition and dendritic Zn growth. At last, we demonstrated an AN-enabled high-areal-capacity AZMB (3.3 mAh cm-2) using high-mass-loading V2O5 cathode (26 mg cm-2). This study shed light on the strategy of constructing fast-desolvation electrolytes and offered insights for future electrolyte accommodation for high-voltage AZMB cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Wu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
| | - Yihu Li
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Amardeep Amardeep
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
| | - Yijia Shao
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province & The Key Laboratory of New Energy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
| | - Dawid Kasprzak
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4 St., 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Evan J Hansen
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1 V 1 V7, Canada
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6
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Chen P, Sun X, Plietker B, Ruck M. Key to High Performance Ion Hybrid Capacitor: Weakly Solvated Zinc Cations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305532. [PMID: 37997190 PMCID: PMC10797483 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Zinc ion hybrid capacitors suffer from lack of reversibility and dendrite formation. An electrolyte, based on a solution of a zinc salt in acetonitrile and tetramethylene sulfone, allows smooth zinc deposition with high coulombic efficiency in a Zn||stainless steel cell (99.6% for 2880 cycles at 1.0 mA cm-2 , 1.0 mAh cm-2 ). A Zn||Zn cell operates stably for at least 7940 h at 1.0 mA cm-2 with an area capacity of 10 mAh cm-2 , or 648 h at 90% depth of discharge and 1 mA cm-2 , 9.0 mAh cm-2 . Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the reason for the excellent reversibility: The zinc cation is only weakly solvated than in pure tetramethylene sulfone with the closest atoms at 3.3 to 3.8 Å. With this electrolyte, a zinc||activated-carbon hybrid capacitor exhibits an operating voltage of 2.0 to 2.5 V, an energy-density of 135 Wh kg-1 and a power-density of 613 W kg-1 at 0.5 A g-1 . At the very high current-density of 15 A g-1 , 29.3 Wh kg-1 and 14 250 W kg-1 are achieved with 81.2% capacity retention over 9000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
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7
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Zhang Y, Carino E, Hahn NT, Becknell N, Mars J, Han KS, Mueller KT, Toney M, Maginn EJ, Tepavcevic S. Understanding the Surprising Ionic Conductivity Maximum in Zn(TFSI) 2 Water/Acetonitrile Mixture Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11393-11399. [PMID: 38079154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous electrolytes composed of 0.1 M zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2) and acetonitrile (ACN) were studied using combined experimental and simulation techniques. The electrolyte was found to be electrochemically stable when the ACN V% is higher than 74.4. In addition, it was found that the ionic conductivity of the mixed solvent electrolytes changes as a function of ACN composition, and a maximum was observed at 91.7 V% of ACN although the salt concentration is the same. This behavior was qualitatively reproduced by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Detailed analyses based on experiments and MD simulations show that at high ACN composition the water network existing in the high water composition solutions breaks. As a result, the screening effect of the solvent weakens and the correlation among ions increases, which causes a decrease in ionic conductivity at high ACN V%. This study provides a fundamental understanding of this complex mixed solvent electrolyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Emily Carino
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nathan T Hahn
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Material, Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Nigel Becknell
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Julian Mars
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael Toney
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sanja Tepavcevic
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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8
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Wu W, Yin X, Wang S, Jiang Q, Shi HY, Sun X. Zinc-dual-halide complexes suppressing polyhalide formation for rechargeable aqueous zinc-halogen batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11536-11539. [PMID: 37674372 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02893c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-halogen batteries suffer from poor coulombic efficiency and short cycle life owing to the formation and dissolution of polyhalides in electrolytes. Herein, we apply a zinc-dual-halide complex strategy to confine free halides and suppress polyhalide formation. The high stabilities of zinc-dual-halide complexes are identified to be essential for effective confinement. The resulting Zn-Br2 and Zn-I2 cells deliver excellent rate capability and cycling stability, as well as high coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Quanwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Hua-Yu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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9
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Wu Z, Li Y, Liu J. Coulombic Efficiency for Practical Zinc Metal Batteries: Critical Analysis and Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300660. [PMID: 37736008 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and energy depletion are common worries of this century. During the global clean energy transition, aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are expected to meet societal needs due to their large-scale energy storage capability with earth-abundant, non-flammable, and economical chemistries. However, the poor reversibility of Zn poses a severe challenge to AZMB implementation. Coulombic efficiency (CE) is a quantitative index of electrode reversibility in rechargeable batteries but is not well understood in AZMBs. Thus, in this work, the state-of-art CE to present the status quo of AZMB development is summarized. A fictional 120 Wh kg-1 AZMB pouch cell is also proposed and evaluated revealing the improvement room and technical goal of AZMB chemistry. Despite some shared mechanisms between AZMBs and lithium metal batteries, misconceptions prevalent in AZMBs are clarified. Essentially, AZMB has its own niche in the market with unique merits and demerits. By incorporating academic and industrial insights, the development pathways of AZMB are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Wu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Yihu Li
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
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10
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Khan Z, Kumar D, Crispin X. Does Water-in-Salt Electrolyte Subdue Issues of Zn Batteries? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300369. [PMID: 37220078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zn-metal batteries (ZnBs) are safe and sustainable because of their operability in aqueous electrolytes, abundance of Zn, and recyclability. However, the thermodynamic instability of Zn metal in aqueous electrolytes is a major bottleneck for its commercialization. As such, Zn deposition (Zn2+ → Zn(s)) is continuously accompanied by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (2H+ → H2 ) and dendritic growth that further accentuate the HER. Consequently, the local pH around the Zn electrode increases and promotes the formation of inactive and/or poorly conductive Zn passivation species (Zn + 2H2 O → Zn(OH)2 + H2 ) on the Zn. This aggravates the consumption of Zn and electrolyte and degrades the performance of ZnB. To propel HER beyond its thermodynamic potential (0 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at pH 0), the concept of water-in-salt-electrolyte (WISE) has been employed in ZnBs. Since the publication of the first article on WISE for ZnB in 2016, this research area has progressed continuously. Here, an overview and discussion on this promising research direction for accelerating the maturity of ZnBs is provided. The review briefly describes the current issues with conventional aqueous electrolyte in ZnBs, including a historic overview and basic understanding of WISE. Furthermore, the application scenarios of WISE in ZnBs are detailed, with the description of various key mechanisms (e.g., side reactions, Zn electrodeposition, anions or cations intercalation in metal oxide or graphite, and ion transport at low temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Divyaratan Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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11
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Huang J, Fu Z, Sun CF, Deng W. Surfactant Additives Containing Hydrophobic Fluorocarbon Chains and Hydrophilic Sulfonate Anion for Highly Reversible Zn Anode. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104177. [PMID: 37241917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) show enormous potential as a large-scale energy storage technique. However, the growth of Zn dendrites and serious side reactions occurring at the Zn anode hinder the practical application of AZIBs. For the first time, we reported a fluorine-containing surfactant, i.e., potassium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate (PPFBS), as an additive to the 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte. Benefitting from its hydrophilic sulfonate anion and hydrophobic long fluorocarbon chain, PPFBS can promote the uniform distribution of Zn2+ flux at the anode/electrolyte interface, allowing the Zn/Zn cell to cycle for 2200 h. Furthermore, PPFBS could inhibit side reactions due to the existence of the perfluorobutyl sulfonate (C4F9SO3-) adsorption layer and the presence of C4F9SO3- in the solvation structure of Zn2+. The former can reduce the amount of H2O molecules and SO42- in contact with the Zn anode and C4F9SO3- entering the Zn2+-solvation structure by replacing SO42-. The Zn/Cu cell exhibits a superior average CE of 99.47% over 500 cycles. When coupled with the V2O5 cathode, the full cell shows impressive cycle stability. This work provides a simple, effective, and economical solution to the common issues of the Zn anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhao Fu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chuan-Fu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenzhuo Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, and State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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12
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Chen P, Sun X, Pietsch T, Plietker B, Brunner E, Ruck M. Electrolyte for High-Energy- and Power-Density Zinc Batteries and Ion Capacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207131. [PMID: 36305595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth of dendrites, limited coulombic efficiency (CE), and the lack of high-voltage electrolytes restrict the commercialization of zinc batteries and capacitors. These issues are resolved by a new electrolyte, based on the zinc(II)-betaine complex [Zn(bet)2 ][NTf2 ]2 . Solutions in acetonitrile (AN) avoid dendrite formation. A Zn||Zn cell operates stably over 10 110 h (5055 cycles) at 0.2 mA cm-2 or 110 h at 50 mA cm-2 , and has an area capacity of 113 mAh cm-2 at 80% depth of discharge. A zinc-graphite battery performs at 2.6 V with a midpoint discharge-voltage of 2.4 V. The capacity-retention at 3 A g-1 (150 C) is 97% after 1000 cycles and 68% after 10 000 cycles. The charge/discharge time is about 24 s at 3.0 A g-1 with an energy density of 49 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 6864 W kg-1 based on the cathode. A zinc||activated-carbon ion-capacitor (coin cell) exhibits an operating-voltage window of 2.5 V, an energy density of 96 Wh kg-1 with a power density of 610 W kg-1 at 0.5 A g-1 . At 12 A g-1 , 36 Wh kg-1 , and 13 600 W kg-1 are achieved with 90% capacity-retention and an average CE of 96% over 10 000 cycles. Quantum-chemical methods and vibrational spectroscopy reveal [Zn(bet)2 (AN)2 ]2+ as the dominant complex in the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Wu Z, Zou J, Li Y, Hansen EJ, Sun D, Wang H, Wang L, Liu J. Regulating Zinc Nucleation Sites and Electric Field Distribution to Achieve High-Performance Zinc Metal Anode via Surface Texturing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206634. [PMID: 36437113 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding zinc (Zn) deposition behavior and improving Zn stripping and plating reversibility are significant in developing practical aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs). Zn metal is abundant, cost-effective, and intrinsically safe compared with Li. However, their similar inhomogeneous growth regime harms their practicality. This work reports a facile, easily scalable, but effective method to develop a textured Zn with unidirectional scratches on the surface that electrochemically achieves a high accumulated areal capacity of 5530 mAh cm-2 with homogenized Zn deposition. In symmetric cells, textured Zn presents a stable cycling performance of 1100 hours (vs 250 h of bare Zn) at 0.5 mA cm-2 for 0.5 mAh cm-2 and lower nucleation and plating overpotentials of 120.5 and 41.8 mV. In situ optical microscopy and COMSOL simulation disclose that the textured surface topography can 1) homogenize the electron field distribution on the Zn surface and regulate Zn nucleation and growth, and 2) provides physical space to accommodate Zn deposits, prevent the detachment of "dead" Zn, and improve the structural sufficiency of Zn anode. Moreover, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry analysis find that the textured Zn with regulated interfacial electron activity also presents a higher resistance toward hydrogen evolution and other parasitic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Wu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P.R. China
| | - Yihu Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P.R. China
| | - Evan J Hansen
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Dan Sun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
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14
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He X, Li Z, Tang R, Chen Y, Meng X, Zheng F, Zhang Y, Liu J. Rechargeable and highly stable Mn metal batteries based on organic electrolyte. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1337-1340. [PMID: 36645119 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mn metal batteries are rarely reported due to the lack of a stable electrolyte. Here, an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-based organic electrolyte with stable Mn plating/stripping for over 500 h and high Coulombic efficiency (CE) for a Mn metal battery is presented. The battery-specifically composed of an electrolyte made of DMF and ethylenediamine (EDA), a cathode made of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicdiimide (PTCDI), and an anode made of Mn metal-displayed a specific capacity of 105 mA h g-1. These results indicated the effectiveness of our new method for preparing low-cost and highly stable secondary Mn ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Zipeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Run Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Feize Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yinghe Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for New Energy Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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15
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Liu S, Vongsvivut JP, Wang Y, Zhang R, Yang F, Zhang S, Davey K, Mao J, Guo Z. Monolithic Phosphate Interphase for Highly Reversible and Stable Zn Metal Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215600. [PMID: 36446737 PMCID: PMC10108278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metal battery (ZMB) is promising as the next generation of energy storage system, but challenges relating to dendrites and corrosion of the zinc anode are restricting its practical application. Here, to stabilize Zn anode, we report a controlled electrolytic method for a monolithic solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) via a high dipole moment solvent dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The DMMP-based electrolytes can generate a homogeneous and robust phosphate SEI (Zn3 (PO4 )2 and ZnP2 O6 ). Benefiting from the protecting impact of this in situ monolithic SEI, the zinc electrode exhibits long-term cycling of 4700 h and a high Coulombic efficiency 99.89 % in Zn|Zn and Zn|Cu cell, respectively. The full V2 O5 |Zn battery with DMMP-H2 O hybrid electrolyte exhibits a high capacity retention of 82.2 % following 4000 cycles under 5 A g-1 . The first success in constructing the monolithic phosphate SEI will open a new avenue in electrolyte design for highly reversible and stable Zn metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Pimm Vongsvivut
- Australian Synchrotron, Australia's Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Clayton, VIC-3168, Australia
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia.,Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, the University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW-2500, Australia.,Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Fuhua Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Shilin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA-5005, Australia.,Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, the University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW-2500, Australia
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16
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Mu H, Zhang Z, Lian C, Tian X, Wang G. Integrated Construction Improving Electrochemical Performance of Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on Ant-Nest Amphiphilic Gel Electrolytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204357. [PMID: 36269875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous integrated stretchable supercapacitors (ISSCs) have attracted extensive attention due to the intrinsic safety in future wearable electronics. However, aqueous ISSCs usually suffer from low energy density and poor dynamic deformation stability owing to the conventional hydrogel electrolytes' narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) and dissatisfied interface bonding. Herein, an ant-nest amphiphilic polyurethane hydro/organogel electrolyte (sAPUGE) with a wide ESW (≈2.2 V) and superb self-adhesion is prepared by electrospinning, which interacts with carbon-based stretchable electrodes for the construction of flame-retardant PU-based sAPUGE-ISSC. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of chemical bonding and mechanical meshing between the electrode and gel electrolyte interface, as-assembled sAPUGE-ISSC delivers a high energy density of 13.7 mWh cm-3 (at a power density of 0.126 W cm-3 ) and outstanding dynamic deformation stability (98.3% capacitance retention after 500 stretching cycles under 100% strain). This unique hydro/organogel electrolyte provides a pathway toward the next generation of wearable energy products in modern electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zekai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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17
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Hu N, Qin H, Chen X, Huang Y, Xu J, He H. Tannic acid assisted metal-chelate interphase toward highly stable Zn metal anodes in rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Front Chem 2022; 10:981623. [PMID: 36034665 PMCID: PMC9399369 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted extensive attention because of their eco-friendliness, intrinsic safety, and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the long-standing Zn anode issues such as dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and passivation greatly restrict the further development of AZIBs. Herein, a metal-chelate interphase with high Zn affinity is constructed on the Zn metal surface (TA@Zn) via dipping metallic Zn into a tannic acid (TA) solution to address the aforementioned problems. Benefiting from the abundant hydrophilic and zincophilic phenolic hydroxyl groups of TA molecules, the metal-chelate interphase shows strong attraction for Zn2+ ions, guiding uniform zinc deposition as well as decreasing Zn2+ migration barrier. Therefore, the TA@Zn anode displays an extended lifespan of 850 h at 1 mA cm-2, 1 mAh cm-2 in the Zn|Zn symmetrical cell, and a high Coulombic efficiency of 96.8% in the Zn|Ti asymmetric cell. Furthermore, the Zn|V2O5 full cell using TA@Zn anode delivers an extremely high capacity retention of 95.9% after 750 cycles at 2 A g-1. This simple and effective strategy broadens the interfacial modification scope on Zn metal anodes for advanced rechargeable Zn metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huibing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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18
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Jia Z, Zhao W, Hu S, Yang X, He T, Sun X. An amphoteric betaine electrolyte additive enabling a stable Zn metal anode for aqueous batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8504-8507. [PMID: 35801413 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The corrosion and dendritic growth of the Zn anode limit its electrochemical performance in aqueous Zn batteries. Here, we present an amphoteric betaine additive for 5 m ZnCl2 aqueous electrolyte. The carboxyl group on betaine forms hydrogen bonds with water and reduces the water activity. The molecule also experiences preferential adsorption on the Zn surface and separates the interactions between Zn and water. Side reactions at the Zn electrode are thus inhibited. The regulated interface also ensures uniform Zn deposition. As a result, the electrolyte with betaine additive allows reversible Zn plating/stripping for over 1400 h at 0.5 mA cm-2. A capacity retention of 94% is obtained after 3000 cycles for a VO2 cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wenzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Shouyan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Tianshun He
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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19
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“Anode-free” Zn/LiFePO4 aqueous batteries boosted by hybrid electrolyte. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Miao L, Wang R, Di S, Qian Z, Zhang L, Xin W, Liu M, Zhu Z, Chu S, Du Y, Zhang N. Aqueous Electrolytes with Hydrophobic Organic Cosolvents for Stabilizing Zinc Metal Anodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9667-9678. [PMID: 35621348 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous zinc (Zn) batteries are promising for large-energy storage because of their low cost, high safety, and environmental compatibility, but their implementation is hindered by the severe irreversibility of Zn metal anodes as exemplified by water-induced side reactions (H2 evolution and Zn corrosion) and dendrite growth. Here, we find that the introduction of a hydrophobic carbonate cosolvent into a dilute aqueous electrolyte exhibits a much stronger ability to address the reversible issues facing Zn anodes than that with hydrophilic ones. Among the typical carbonates (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate (DEC)), DEC as the most hydrophobic additive enables the strongest breaking of water's H-bond network and replaces the solvating H2O in a Zn2+-solvation sheath, which significantly reduces the water activity and its decomposition. Additionally, DEC molecules preferentially adsorb onto the Zn surface to create an H2O-poor electrical double layer and render a dendrite-free Zn2+-plating behavior. The formulated hybrid 2 m Zn(OTf)2 + 7 m DEC electrolyte endows the Zn electrode with an ability to achieve high cycling stability (over 3500 h at 5 mA cm-2 with 2.5 mA h cm-2) and supports the stable operation of Zn||V2O5·nH2O full battery. This efficient strategy with hydrophobic cosolvent suggests a promising direction for designing aqueous battery chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Renheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shengli Di
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhengfang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wenli Xin
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shengqi Chu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Du
- School of Physics and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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21
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Wu B, Mu Y, Li Z, Li M, Zeng L, Zhao T. Realizing high-voltage aqueous zinc-ion batteries with expanded electrolyte electrochemical stability window. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Grignon E, Battaglia AM, Schon TB, Seferos DS. Aqueous zinc batteries: Design principles toward organic cathodes for grid applications. iScience 2022; 25:104204. [PMID: 35494222 PMCID: PMC9046109 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of low-cost and sustainable grid energy storage is urgently needed to accommodate the growing proportion of intermittent renewables in the global energy mix. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidates to provide grid storage due to their inherent safety, scalability, and economic viability. Organic cathode materials are especially advantageous for use in zinc-ion batteries as they can be synthesized using scalable processes from inexpensive starting materials and have potential for biodegradation at their end of life. Strategies for designing organic cathode materials for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries targeting grid applications will be discussed in detail. Specifically, we emphasize the importance of cost analysis, synthetic simplicity, end-of-life scenarios, areal loading of active material, and long-term stability to materials design. We highlight the strengths and challenges of present zinc-organic research in the context of our design principles, and provide opportunities and considerations for future electrode design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Grignon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alicia M Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tyler B Schon
- e-Zn Inc., 25 Advance Road, Toronto, ON M8Z 2S6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
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23
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Lu X, Hansen EJ, He G, Liu J. Eutectic Electrolytes Chemistry for Rechargeable Zn Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200550. [PMID: 35289487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable zinc batteries (RZBs) have proved to be promising candidates as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, inherent safety, and environmentally benign features. While designing cost-effective electrolyte systems with excellent compatibility with electrode materials, high energy/power density as well as long life-span challenge their further application as grid-scale energy storage devices. Eutectic electrolytes as a novel class of electrolytes have been extensively reported and explored taking advantage of their feasible preparation and high tunability. Recently, some perspectives have summarized the development and application of eutectic electrolytes in metal-based batteries, but their infancy requires further attention and discussion. This review systematically presents the fundamentals and definitions of eutectic electrolytes. Besides, a specific classification of eutectic electrolytes and their recent progress and performance on RZB fields are introduced as well. Significantly, the impacts of various composing eutectic systems are disserted for critical RZB chemistries including attractive features at electrolyte/electrode interfaces and ions/charges transport kinetics. The remaining challenges and proposed perspectives are ultimately induced, which deliver opportunities and offer practical guidance for the novel design of advanced eutectic electrolytes for superior RZB scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Lu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Evan J Hansen
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Li X, Ning F, Luo L, Wu J, Xiang Y, Wu X, Xiong L, Peng X. Initiating a high-temperature zinc ion battery through a triazolium-based ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8394-8403. [PMID: 35424792 PMCID: PMC8984945 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazolium-based ionic liquids (T1, T2 and T3) with or without terminal hydroxyl groups were prepared via Cu(i) catalysed azide-alkyne click chemistry and their properties were investigated using various technologies. The hydroxyl groups obviously affected their physicochemical properties, where with a decrease in the number of hydroxyl groups, their stability and conductivity were enhanced. T1, T2 and T3 showed relatively high thermal stability, and their electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) were 4.76, 4.11 and 3.52 V, respectively. T1S-20 was obtained via the addition of zinc trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (Zn(CF3SO3)2) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to T1, displaying conductivity and ESW values of 1.55 × 10-3 S cm-1 and 6.36 V at 30 °C, respectively. Subsequently, a Zn/Li3V2(PO4)3 battery was assembled using T1S-20 as the electrolyte and its performances at 30 °C and 80 °C were investigated. The battery showed a capacity of 81 mA h g-1 at 30 °C, and its capacity retention rate was 89% after 50 cycles. After increasing the temperature to 80 °C, its initial capacity increased to 111 mA h g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 93.6% after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of the aqueous electrolyte (WS-20)-based zinc ion battery (71.8%). Simultaneously, the T1S-20 electrolyte-based battery exhibited a good charge/discharge efficiency, and its Coulomb efficiency was 99%. Consequently, the T1S-20 electrolyte displayed a better performance in the Zn/Li3V2(PO4)3 battery than that with the aqueous electrolyte, especially at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Fawen Ning
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Yanhong Xiang
- College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Xianwen Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Lizhi Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Xiaochun Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
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Xing Z, Huang C, Hu Z. Advances and strategies in electrolyte regulation for aqueous zinc-based batteries. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen X, Huang R, Ding M, He H, Wang F, Yin S. Hexagonal WO 3/3D Porous Graphene as a Novel Zinc Intercalation Anode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3961-3969. [PMID: 35025198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have acquired great attention because of their high safety and environmentally friendly properties. However, the uncontrollable Zn dendrites and the irreversibility of electrodes seriously affect their practical application. Herein, hexagonal WO3/three-dimensional porous graphene (h-WO3/3DG) is investigated as an intercalation anode for ZIBs. As a result, the h-WO3/3DG//Zn half-battery shows excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 115.6 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 89% capacity retention at 2.0 A g-1 after 10 000 cycles. The reason could be that the crystalline structure of WO3, which has hexagonal channels, with a diameter of 5.36 Å, much higher than the diameter of Zn2+ (0.73 Å), accelerating the insertion/extraction of Zn ions. A zinc metal-free full battery using h-WO3/3DG as the anode and ZnMn2O4/carbon black (ZnMn2O4/CB) as the cathode is constructed, exhibiting an initial capacity of 66.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 corresponding to an energy density of 73.5 W h kg-1 (based on the total mass of anode and cathode-active materials) and a capacity retention of 76.6% after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1. This work demonstrates the high potential of hexagonal WO3 as an advanced intercalation anode material for Zn metal-free batteries and may inspire new ideas for the development of other intercalation anode hosts for ZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Renshu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huibing He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shibin Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
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Mu H, Huang X, Wang W, Tian X, An Z, Wang G. High-Performance-Integrated Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on a Polyurethane Organo/Hydrogel Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:622-632. [PMID: 34928149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable supercapacitors (SSCs) are promising energy storage devices for emerging wearable electronics. However, the low-energy density and poor deformation performance are still a challenge. Herein, an amphiphilic polyurethane-based organo/hydrogel electrolyte (APUGE) with a H2O/AN-in-salt (H2O/AN-NaClO4) is prepared for the first time. The as-prepared APUGE shows a wide voltage window (∼2.3 V), good adhesion, and excellent resilience. In addition, the intrinsically stretchable electrodes are prepared by coating the activated carbon slurry onto the PU/carbon black/MWCNT conductive elastic substrate. Based on the strong interface adhesion of the PU matrix, the as-assembled SSC delivers high-energy density (5.65 mW h cm-3 when the power density is 0.0256 W cm-3) and excellent deformation stability with 94.5% capacitance retention after 500 stretching cycles at 100% strain. This fully integrated construction concept is expected to be extended to multisystem stretchable metal ion batteries, stretchable lithium-sulfur batteries, and other stretchable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxun An
- Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Co., Limited, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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28
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He H, Qin H, Shen F, Hu N, Liu J. Low temperature induced highly stable Zn metal anodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11477-11480. [PMID: 34661222 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04731k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly stable Zn metal anode by simply controlling the operating temperature at 0 °C. Without any further protection, the Zn anode exhibits an ultra-long cycle life over 2500 h (>100 days) in Zn symmetric cells with 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte. This impressive performance is ascribed to the improved Zn metal corrosion resistance and compact and smooth Zn surface morphology during Zn plating/stripping at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Hongyu Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. Jian.liu@ubc
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Gao S, Li B, Lu K, Alabidun S, Xia F, Nickel C, Xu T, Cheng Y. Modulating MnO 2 Interface with Flexible and Self-Adhering Alkylphosphonic Layers for High-Performance Zn-MnO 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23724-23731. [PMID: 33983703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides are essential electrode materials for high-energy-density batteries, but it remains highly challenging to modulate their interfacial charge-transfer process and improve their cycling stability. Here, using MnO2 nanofibers as an example, we describe the application of self-assembled alkylphosphonic modification layers for significantly improved cycling stability and high-rate performance of Zn-MnO2 batteries. Two modifier organic molecules with the same phosphonic functional group but different alkyl tail lengths were employed and systematically compared, including butylphosphonic acid (BPA) and decylphosphonic acid (DPA). The phosphonic groups form strong interfacial covalent bonding and assist the generation of conformal and flexible coatings with few nanometers thickness on a MnO2 surface. The intertwined alkylphosphonic molecules in the modulation layers have interconnected phosphonic groups, which improve interfacial charge transfer of H+ ions for fast conversion of MnO2 to MnOOH without compromising electrolyte wetting. Importantly, the coating layers effectively reduce dissolutive loss of Mn2+ from MnO2 during battery cycling since diffusion of both water molecules and divalent Mn2+ cations was inhibited across the modification layers. The flexible coatings could readily adapt to the morphological changes of MnO2 during battery cycling and provide long-lasting protection. Overall, we identified that BPA has the optimal balance of hydrophobic-hydrophilic components and enabled modified MnO2 cathodes with >30% improved discharge capacity compared with unmodified MnO2 cathodes, together with substantially improved long-term cycling stability with >60% capacity retention for 400 cycles in aqueous ZnSO4 electrolytes without any Mn2+ additive. This work provides new insights into tuning electrochemical pathways that move away from the prevailing rigid, ceramic coating-based surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Bomin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Sarat Alabidun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Colton Nickel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Yingwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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