Phototherapy and multimodal imaging of cancers based on perfluorocarbon nanomaterials

Novel small molecule-based organic nanoparticles for second near-infrared photothermal tumor ablation

Second near-infrared (NIR-II,1000 ∼ 1700 nm) therapeutic window presents an increased tissue penetration and elevated maximal permissible exposure in the application of photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the lack of NIR-II photothermal conversion agents (PCAs) limit their further development. In this work, we rationally designed and successfully developed three novel indolium-like heptamethine cyanine dyes (NFs) by installing N,N-diethylamino on the terminal ends of a conjugated polyene backbone and replacing the middle chlorine atom with o-mercapto benzoic acid and p-mercapto benzoic acid. Notably, NF2 with stronger rotating group encapsulated in organic nanoparticles (NF2 NPs) exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), which could come up to (61.3 %). Then we conducted serial experiments to further investigate PTT capability of NF2 NPs 4 T1 cell line and nude mice bearing 4 T1 tumor. As expected, the resulting NF2 NPs presented the excellent photothermal conversion ability and superb PTT effect both in vivo and in vitro. This study will inspire more work for future design and clinical applications of NIR-II therapeutic agents.

Opportunities and Challenges for Inhalable Nanomedicine Formulations in Respiratory Diseases: A Review

Lungs experience frequent interactions with the external environment and have an abundant supply of blood; therefore, they are susceptible to invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells. However, the limited pharmacokinetics of conventional drugs in the lungs poses a clinical challenge. The emergence of different nano-formulations has been facilitated by advancements in nanotechnology. Inhaled nanomedicines exhibit better targeting and prolonged therapeutic effects. Although nano-formulations have great potential, they still present several unknown risks. Herein, we review the (1) physiological anatomy of the lungs and their biological barriers, (2) pharmacokinetics and toxicology of nanomaterial formulations in the lungs; (3) current nanomaterials that can be applied to the respiratory system and related design strategies, and (4) current applications of inhaled nanomaterials in treating respiratory disorders, vaccine design, and imaging detection based on the characteristics of different nanomaterials. Finally, (5) we analyze and summarize the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials for respiratory disease applications. We believe that nanomaterials, particularly inhaled nano-formulations, have excellent prospects for application in respiratory diseases. However, we emphasize that the simultaneous toxic side effects of biological nanomaterials must be considered during the application of these emerging medicines. This study aims to offer comprehensive guidelines and valuable insights for conducting research on nanomaterials in the domain of the respiratory system.

Advances in photoacoustic imaging aided by nano contrast agents: special focus on role of lymphatic system imaging for cancer theranostics

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a successful clinical imaging platform for management of cancer and other health conditions that has seen significant progress in the past decade. However, clinical translation of PAI based methods are still under scrutiny as the imaging quality and clinical information derived from PA images are not on par with other imaging methods. Hence, to improve PAI, exogenous contrast agents, in the form of nanomaterials, are being used to achieve better image with less side effects, lower accumulation, and improved target specificity. Nanomedicine has become inevitable in cancer management, as it contributes at every stage from diagnosis to therapy, surgery, and even in the postoperative care and surveillance for recurrence. Nanocontrast agents for PAI have been developed and are being explored for early and improved cancer diagnosis. The systemic stability and target specificity of the nanomaterials to render its theranostic property depends on various influencing factors such as the administration route and physico-chemical responsiveness. The recent focus in PAI is on targeting the lymphatic system and nodes for cancer diagnosis, as they play a vital role in cancer progression and metastasis. This review aims to discuss the clinical advancements of PAI using nanoparticles as exogenous contrast agents for cancer theranostics with emphasis on PAI of lymphatic system for diagnosis, cancer progression, metastasis, PAI guided tumor resection, and finally PAI guided drug delivery.

Recent Advances in Nanoplatform Construction Strategy for Alleviating Tumor Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a typical feature of most solid tumors and has important effects on tumor cells' proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This is the key factor that leads to poor efficacy of different kinds of therapy including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, etc. In recent years, the construction of hypoxia-relieving functional nanoplatforms through nanotechnology has become a new strategy to reverse the current situation of tumor microenvironment hypoxia and improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Here, the main strategies and recent progress in constructing nanoplatforms are focused on to directly carry oxygen, generate oxygen in situ, inhibit mitochondrial respiration, and enhance blood perfusion to alleviate tumor hypoxia. The advantages and disadvantages of these nanoplatforms are compared. Meanwhile, nanoplatforms based on organic and inorganic substances are also summarized and classified. Through the comprehensive overview, it is hoped that the summary of these nanoplatforms for alleviating hypoxia could provide new enlightenment and prospects for the construction of nanomaterials in this field.

Alveolar Macrophages-Mediated Translocation of Intratracheally Delivered Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles to Achieve Lung Cancer 19F-MR Imaging

Recent advances in intratracheal delivery strategies have sparked considerable biomedical interest in developing this promising approach for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, there are very few relevant studies on the behavior and mechanism of imaging nanoparticles (NPs) after intratracheal delivery. Here, we found that nanosized perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE NPs, ∼200 nm) exhibite significant ¹⁹F-MRI signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement than perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB NPs) up to day 7 after intratracheal delivery. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) engulf PFCE NPs, become PFCE NPs-laden AMs, and then migrate into the tumor margin, resulting in increased tumor PFCE concentration and ¹⁹F-MRI signals. AMs-mediated translocation of PFCE NPs to lung draning lymph nodes (dLNs) decreases the background PFCE concentration. Our results shed light on the dynamic AMs-mediated translocation of intratracheally delivered PFC NPs for effective lung tumor visualization and reveal a pathway to develop and promote the clinical translation of an intratracheal delivery-based imaging strategy.

Coordination-Regulated Terpyridine-Mn(II) Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy Guided by Multiphoton Fluorescence/Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The synergy of multiphoton fluorescence imaging (MP-FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an imaging platform with high resolution and unlimited penetration depth for early disease detection. Herein, two kinds of terpyridine-Mn(II) complexes (FD-Mn-O₂NO and FD-Mn-FD) possessing seven and six coordination modes, respectively, were designed rationally for photodynamic therapy (PDT) guided by MP-FI/MRI. The complexes obtain different multiphoton fluorescence/magnetic resonance properties by adjusting the number of terpyridine ligands. Among them, FD-Mn-FD exhibits the following superiorities: (1) The optimal three-photon excitation wavelength of FD-Mn-FD falls at 1450 nm (NIR-II), which brings high sensitivity and deep tissue penetration in MP-FI. (2) FD-Mn-FD has effective longitudinal relaxation efficiency (r₁ = 2.6 m M^-1 s^-1), which can be used for T₁-weighted MRI, overcoming the problems of limited tissue penetration depth and low spatial resolution. (3) FD-Mn-FD generates endogenous ¹O₂ under irradiation by 808 nm light, thereby enhancing the PDT effect in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, the complex FD-Mn-FD is the first complex to guide PDT through MP-FI/MRI, providing a blueprint for accurate and effective early detection and timely treatment of the complex in the early stages of cancer.

Self-assembled hydrogel nanocube for stimuli responsive drug delivery and tumor ablation by phototherapy against breast cancer

The shape and responsiveness of nanoengineered delivery carriers are crucial characteristics for the rapid and efficient delivery of therapeutics. We report on a novel type of micrometer-sized hydrogel particles of controlled shape with dual pH and redox sensitivity for intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs and phototherapy. The cubical HA-DOP-CS-PEG networks with disulfide links are obtained by cross-linking HA-DOP-CS-PEG with cystamine. The pH-triggered hydrogel swelling/shrinkage was not only affords effective doxorubicin release. It also actively provides the endosomal/lysosomal escape, redox-triggered drug release. The hydrogels degrade rapidly to low molecular weight chains in the presence of the typical intracellular concentration of glutathione. Drug-loaded cube particles found to be 12% more cytotoxic. ICG and DOX-loaded hydrogel cubes demonstrate 90% cytotoxicity when incubated with MCF-7 cancer cells for 24 and 48 h, respectively. This approach integrates the advantages of pH sensitivity, enzymatic degradation, and shape-regulated internalization for novel types of "intelligent" three-dimensional networks with programmable behavior for controlled delivery of therapeutics.

Aspects of Antiviral Strategies Based on Different Phototherapy Approaches: Hit by the Light

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused the COVID-19 pandemic spreading around the world from late 2019, served as a ruthless reminder of the threat viruses pose to global public health. The synthesis of new antiviral drugs, as well as repurposing existing products, is a long-term ongoing process which has challenged the scientific community. One solution could be an effective, accessible, and rapidly available antiviral treatment based on phototherapy (PT). PT has been used to treat several diseases, and relies on the absorption of light by endogenous molecules or exogenous photosensitizers (PS). PT has often been used in cancer treatment and prophylaxis, and as a complement to established chemotherapy and immunotherapy in combined therapeutic strategy. Besides significant applications in anticancer treatment, studies have demonstrated the beneficial impact of PT on respiratory, systemic, emerging, and oncogenic viral infections. The aim of this review was to highlight the potential of PT to combat viral infections by summarizing current progress in photodynamic, photothermal, and photoacoustic approaches. Attention is drawn to the virucidal effect of PT on systemic viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus and human herpes viruses, including the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma, human herpes virus (HHV8). PT has good potential for disinfection in anti-norovirus research and against pandemic viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

Near-Infrared Light-Activated Oxygen Generator a Multidynamic Photo-Nanoplatform for Effective Anti-Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment

Introduction

Nanophototherapy has emerged as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment; however, its efficacy in dermatological tumors and precancerous lesions remains severely limited. This study aimed to use the gas-liquid injection technique to fully utilize the synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) of nanomaterials to enhance the antitumor effect.

Methods

A novel oxygen-generating nanocomposite (TSL-IR820-CAT) was synthesized by encapsulating the photosensitizer IR820 and catalase (CAT) using a matrix encapsulation method based on thermosensitive liposomes (TSL).-The liquid injection technology enhances the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The combined PDT/PTT therapeutic effect of TSL-IR820-CAT on cSCC was investigated using in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Results

TSL-IR820-CAT, with good stability, efficient drug release, and photothermal conversion ability, was successfully developed. Nanoparticles injected through a needle-free syringe efficiently accumulate in the tumor tissue. As TSL-IR820-CAT was consumed by A431 cells, some of it localized to the mitochondria and produced oxygen to relieve hypoxia, thereby enhancing the efficacy of PDT. PDT/PTT combination therapy resulted in irreversible apoptosis and inhibited cSCC growth. TSL-IR820-CAT coupled with gas-liquid injection was free from apparent systemic side effects.

Conclusion

This article discusses new strategies and ideas for treating skin tumors and has significant application value.