Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry: mechanistic tools for organic electrosynthesis

Direct monitoring of electrochemical behavior of viable E. coli under various stress conditions without mediators

Escherichia coli (E. coli) plays a vital role in human life and various fields, yet its naturally non-electroactive nature presents challenges for electrochemical detection. In this study, we directly monitored E. coli's electrochemical behavior in an M9 medium without exogenous electron shuttles or genetic modifications, obtaining an oxidation peak at +0.35 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The electrochemical signal correlated with bacterial growth and viability. Under stress conditions (hypoxia, acid, heat, osmotic, oxidative, and metal ion stress), signal intensity correlates with the number of viable E. coli cells and their electron transport activity. Hydroquinone (HQ) was identified as the contribution to the signal via electrochemical analysis, Prep-HPLC, and GC-MS. This study directs the detection of quinone-related electrochemical behavior in E. coli, offering insights into quinone-mediated electron transfer and potential applications in food science and environmental engineering.

Electrochemical improvement of methane production via surface engineering of graphitic cathodes in anaerobic sequential batch reactors

Five anaerobic sequential batch reactors (SBR), SBR 1-SBR 5 run in parallel were examined for biogas output trends under varying hydraulic retention times (HRT). SBR 1 was run without biomass for 1 month to study electrode stability and the effect of applied potential on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) degradation. Polyaniline (PANI/Graphite) modification in reactors SBR 4 and iron-coated PANI (Fe-PANI/Graphite) in SBR 5 increased biogas production by almost 2.5 times compared to SBR 2 without electrodes. SBR 3 equipped with unmodified graphite rods was used as a control for cathode modifications. By decreasing HRT, cumulative methane production increased to 280 and 320 mL at 72 h and 350 and 500 mL at 48 h. Compared to SBR 2, an electric field increased daily biogas production. Methane composition in SBR 5 increased from 44% at 96-h to 71% at 48-h HRT after 30 days. SBR 4 recovered within 7 days after HRT modifications reduced methane output. The methane yield increased significantly with electric current in SBR 3 (2.6 times), SBR 4 (5.4 times), and SBR 5 (7.4 times). The effluent total organic carbon was stabilized at 15 mg/L for SBR 2 and SBR 3 and improved to below 5 mg/L for SBR 4 and SBR 5 during reactor operation. SBR 5, equipped with an Fe-PANI/Graphite cathode showing the lowest charge transfer resistance, developed distinct microbial community structures in both anodic and cathodic biofilms, compared to the other electrically assisted SBRs.

Persistent acyclic Cp*Ir(III) complexes and their reactivities in cross-coupling reactions

Iridium(III) complexes play a prominent role in organometallic chemistry, with significant research efforts directed toward Cp*Ir(III) species, broadly categorized into cyclic and acyclic types. Although studies on these two classes began roughly simultaneously, the development of acyclic Cp*Ir(III) complexes has lagged significantly behind their cyclic counterparts. Herein, we report a general and efficient strategy for synthesizing various persistent aryl Cp*Ir(III)(CO)Cl complexes directly from aryl aldehydes, with in situ generated CO as a stabilizing ligand. These acyclic Cp*Ir(III) complexes showcase exceptional reactivity, undergoing reactions with up to eight classes of nucleophiles to generate diverse diorganoiridium(III) species with remarkable stability. Electrochemical analysis of these complexes provides insights into their reductive elimination processes. Guided by these findings, Cp*Ir(III)-mediated decarbonylative C-C and C-O cross-couplings of aryl aldehydes are successfully developed. This study establishes a robust platform for the exploration of acyclic Cp*Ir(III) complexes, paving the way for further advancements in iridium(III) chemistry.

An Electrochemical Strategy for Chalcogenation of closo-Dodecaborate (B12H12)2- Anion

Advancements in thermal neutron generation technologies within clinical environments have led to a renewed interest in developing boron-containing compounds for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Previous syntheses of several key boron cluster-based therapeutics with clinical relevance are low-yielding and have complicated workup procedures. Using electrolytic methods, we report the in situ oxidation of pseudohalides, [SCN]- and [SeCN]-, to synthesize pseudohalogenated products, B12H11YCN2- (Y = S or Se). Further, these compounds can be reduced to their respective thiol or selenol, [B12H11SH]2- (BSH) or [B12H11SeH]2- (BSeH), which are exceedingly nucleophilic and able to form zwitterionic sulfonium and selenonium compounds using alkyl-based electrophiles. The newly reported preparation of BSH and BSeH provides an efficient and convenient route to the preparation of key chalcogenated boron cluster building blocks for the biomedical and materials science communities.

Understanding the Electrochemical Window of Solid-State Electrolyte in Full Battery Application

In recent years, solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs) have emerged as a promising solution to address the safety concerns associated. However, the limited electrochemical window (ECW) of solid-state electrolytes (SEs) remains a critical constraint full battery application. Understanding the factors that influence the ECW is an essential step toward designing more robust and high-performance electrochemical systems. This review provides a detailed classification of the various "windows" of SEs and a comprehensive understanding of the associated interfacial stability of SEs in full battery application. The paper begins with a historical overview of SE development, followed by a detailed discussion of their structural characteristics. Next, examination of various methodologies used to calculate and measure the ECW is presented, culminating in the proposal of standardized testing procedures. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the numerous parameters that influence the thermodynamic ECW of SEs is provided, along with a synthesis of strategies to address these challenges. At last, this review concludes with an in-depth exploration of the interfacial issues associated with SEs exhibiting narrow ECWs in full SSLBs.

Electrochemical Deaminative Carboxylation of Aryltriazenes with CO2 to Aryl Carboxylic Acids

The utilization of CO2 as an appealing chemical feedstock for diverse synthetically valuable products is constantly evolving, potentially alleviating chemical production that relies on petrochemistry. Herein we report the first example of the electrochemical deaminative carboxylation of aryltriazenes with CO2. The reaction can be performed under mild and catalyst-free conditions by using sustainable methods with CO2 as a green C1 building block, efficiently converting a diverse range of readily available aryltriazenes into synthetically valuable carboxylic acids. In particular, the formation of C-C bonds by deaminative carboxylation would be an impactful addition to the synthesis toolbox.

Electrosynthesis of Atomically Precise Au Nanoclusters

Innovation in synthesis methodologies is crucial for advancing the discovery of new materials. This work reports the electrosynthesis of a [Au13(4-tBuPhC≡C)2(Dppe)5]Cl3 nanocluster (Au13 NC) protected by alkynyl and phosphine ligands. From simple precursor, HAuCl4 and ligands, the whole synthesis is driven by a constant potential in single electrolytic cell. X-ray crystallography determines its total structure. Control experiments, cyclic voltammetry, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), gas chromatography, and other characterizations demonstrate that a critical tetranuclear Au(I) complex defines the electrochemical redox behavior of the reaction solution. The critical role of a base (e.g., triethylamine) is to suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode, paving the way for the reduction of Au ions. To resolve the problem of over-reduction and deposition of Au on the cathode, pulsed electrolysis, which is specific to electrosynthesis is employed. It significantly improves the reaction rate and the isolated yield of Au13. To extend the application scope, another four NCs protected by different ligands, [Au13(4-FPhC≡C)2(Dppe)5]Cl3, [Au8(2-CF3PhC≡C)2(Dppp)4](PF6)2, [Au11(Dppp)5]Cl3, and [Au8(SC2H4Ph)2(Dppp)4]Cl2 are synthesized electrochemically, demonstrating the versatility of the strategy.

Evidence for a Unifying NiI/NiIII Mechanism in Light-Mediated Cross-Coupling Catalysis

Advances in nickel catalysis have significantly broadened the synthetic chemists' toolbox, particularly through methodologies leveraging paramagnetic nickel species via photoredox catalysis or electrochemistry. Key to these reactions is the oxidation state modulation of nickel via single-electron transfer events. Recent mechanistic studies indicate that C(sp2)-heteroatom bond formations proceed through NiI/NiIII cycles. Related C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-couplings operate via the photocatalytic generation of C-centered radicals and a catalytic cycle that involves Ni0, NiI, and NiIII species. Here, we show that light-mediated nickel-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formations can be carried out without using exogenous photoredox catalysts but with a photoactive ligand. In a pursuit of expanding the scope of C(sp2)-heteroatom couplings using donor-acceptor ligands, we identified a photoactive nickel complex capable of catalyzing cross-couplings between aryl halides and benzyltrifluoroborate salts. Mechanistic investigations provide evidence that transmetalation between a photochemically generated NiI species and the organoboron compound is the key catalytic step in a NiI/NiIII catalytic cycle under these conditions.

From Semi-Infinite to Thin-Layer Diffusion─Effects of Finite Mass Transport on the Electrochemical Response of Redox Probes: Implications for Electroanalytical Measurements

Electrochemistry in confined environments, that is, involving experimental configurations with spatial restrictions that affect the overall mass transport, is becoming a very attractive way of carrying out electroanalytical measurements for sensing, especially for the so-called thin-layer (TL) configuration, which ideally allows the complete conversion of the analytes under study in small volumes and short times. To improve the understanding of this kind of situation, general expressions for the current-potential-time and charge-potential-time responses of charge transfer processes taking place under finite diffusion conditions with two different configurations (no mass renovation, bounded diffusion; and effective mass renovation, unbounded diffusion) are discussed in this work. By using these expressions, it is possible to establish accurate limits for the attainment of TL conditions and to conclude that for bounded conditions, the charge is a more adequate quantity for electroanalytical purposes. For unbounded conditions, stationary currents and charges varying linearly with time are obtained. The TL behavior is more easily reached for unbounded conditions, and the sensitivity of the measurements will be greater due to the dependence of the charge and current responses on the inverse of the length of the diffusion field, which leads to an amplification of the responses. Moreover, for experimental TL cells with a known value of the length of the diffusive field, this type of measurement allows us to easily develop absolute electroanalytical methods. The application of this formalism to the oxidation of a metallic complex under both configurations is presented, and practical values for the operating parameters are also discussed.

Electrochemical Three-Component C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Sodium Bisulfite and Alcohols to Access Indole-Containing Sulfonate Esters

Herein, an efficient electrochemical three-component C-H functionalization of indoles with sodium bisulfite and alcohols is described, providing a sustainable and convenient synthetic route for the construction of structurally valuable indole-containing sulfonate esters in moderate to good yields. This protocol proceeds in an undivided cell without any metal catalysts or oxidants, features a broad substrate scope, and has an excellent functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a radical-radical pathway may be involved in this three-component reaction system.

Electrochemical DABCOylation enables challenging aromatic C-H amination

The selective amination of aromatic C-H bonds is a powerful strategy to access aryl amines, functionalities found in many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Despite advances in the field, a platform for the direct, selective C-H amination of electronically diverse (hetero)arenes, particularly electron-deficient (hetero)arenes, remains an unaddressed fundamental challenge.1-10 In addition, many (hetero)arenes present difficulty in common selective pre-functionalization reactions, such as halogenation11, or metal-catalyzed borylation12 and silylation13. Here, we report a general solution to these limitations that enables selective C-H amination across a comprehensive scope of (hetero)arenes. Key to this strategy's success is the oxidative generation of highly electrophilic N-radical dications from bicyclic tertiary amines (DABCO) that reacts across a wide range of arenes with high selectivity. Notably, this platform constitutes the first anodically generated N-radical cations that engage in aromatic C-H amination over well-reported hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with weak C-H bonds.14-16 This C-H amination reaction that allows selective functionalization of both electron-rich and deficient arenes, as well as pyridines, is a rarity in the general area of non-directed aromatic C-H functionalization.1-4 This sustainable electrochemical DABCOylation reaction provides access to many complex drug-like aryl- and pyridinylpiperazines with high functionality tolerance, chemoselectivity, and site-selectivity.17.

An Electrochemical Pipette for the Study of Drug Metabolite

Electrochemistry offers an effective means of mimicking enzymatic metabolic pathways, particularly the oxidative pathways catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 superfamily. The electrochemical generation and identification of metabolites are time-sensitive, necessitating adjustable cell designs for an accurate mechanistic interpretation. We present a thin-layer electrode (TLE) that addresses the needs of both the analytical and synthetic electrochemical generation of drug metabolites. The TLE's ability to conduct experiments on a minute-to-hour time scale allows for detailed observation of reaction mechanisms for metabolites not easily identified by traditional methods. The utility of the TLE for drug metabolites was benchmarked for electrochemical oxidation of acetaminophen, acebutolol, and 2-acetyl-4-butyramidophenol, known to produce quinone imine metabolites, i.e., NAPQI, upon oxidation. When combined with a microelectrode (μE), the TLE enables probing of the concentration profiles for metabolic oxidation of these drugs. The micromole scale and pipette-type structure of the TLE facilitate comprehensive structural elucidation of intermediates and products using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.

Regioselective Electrochemical Construction of Csp2-Csp2 Linkage at C5-C5' Position of 2-Oxindoles via an Intermolecular Anodic Dehydrogenative Coupling

Applying electricity as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry has attracted particular attention from synthetic chemists worldwide as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. Herein, we report the construction of the Csp2-Csp2 linkage at the C5-C5' position of 2-oxindole utilizing electricity as the traceless oxidant in an anodic dehydrogenative homo-coupling process. A variety of 3,3-disubstituted-2-oxindoles were subjected to dimerization, achieving yields of up to 70 % through controlled potential electrolysis at an applied potential of 1.5 V versus Ag/Ag+ nonaqueous reference electrode. This electro-synthetic approach facilitates the specific assembly of C5-C5' (para-para coupled) dimer of 3,3-disubstituted-2-oxindole without the necessity of any external oxidants or additives and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations provided confirmation of this pronounced regioselectivity. Furthermore, validation through control experiments and voltammetric analyses substantiated the manifestation of radical-radical coupling (or biradical pathway) for the dimerization process.

Electrochemical and Non-Electrochemical Pathways in the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Monosaccharides and Related Sugar Alcohols into Valuable Products

In this contribution, we review the electrochemical upgrading of saccharides (e.g., glucose) and sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerol) on metal and metal-oxide electrodes by drawing conclusions on common trends and differences between these two important classes of biobased compounds. For this purpose, we critically review the literature on the electrocatalytic oxidation of saccharides and sugar alcohols, seeking trends in the effect of reaction conditions and electrocatalyst design on the selectivity for the oxidation of specific functional groups toward value-added compounds. Importantly, we highlight and discuss the competition between electrochemical and non-electrochemical pathways. This is a crucial and yet often neglected aspect that should be taken into account and optimized for achieving the efficient electrocatalytic conversion of monosaccharides and related sugar alcohols into valuable products, which is a target of growing interest in the context of the electrification of the chemical industry combined with the utilization of renewable feedstock.

Electrocatalytic Anaerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Amines Enabled by Ferrocene-Based Redox Mediators

The generation and functionalization of carbon- or nitrogen-centered radicals are of great interest for their potential synthetic utility. Here, we report the anaerobic electrocatalytic oxidation of two primary benzylic amines, benzylamine and 2-picolylamine, in the presence of a catalytic quantity of an electron deficient ferrocene derivative as a single-electron redox mediator. The use of the appropriate redox mediator prevented fouling of the electrode surface and significantly decreased the potential at which the catalytic oxidation reaction occurred. Simulation of the electrochemical results revealed an ErCi' catalytic process between the redox mediator and both substrates and significant difference in the electron transfer rate between the two substrates and electrochemically oxidized mediator. Through anaerobic controlled-potential electrolysis, we demonstrated a method with a Faradaic efficiency of 90% forming the desired coupled imine product of benzylamine oxidation while avoiding an excess of problematic overoxidation, hydrolysis, and other side reactions. Based on the electrochemical data along with the product analyses using IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, the proposed mechanistic steps for the redox mediated electrocatalytic process were laid out.

A Voltage-Controlled Strategy for Modular Shono-Type Amination

Shono-type oxidation to generate functionalized heterocycles is a powerful method for late-stage diversification of relevant pharmacophores; however, development beyond oxygen-based nucleophiles remains underdeveloped. The limited scope can often be ascribed to constant current electrolysis resulting in potential drifts that oxidize a desired nucleophilic partner. Herein, we report a voltage-controlled strategy to selectively oxidize a broad scope of substrates, enabling modular C-N bond formation from protected amine nucleophiles. We implement an electroanalytically guided workflow using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to identify oxidation potentials across a range of heterocyclic substrates. Controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) selectively generates α-functionalized C-N products in moderate to good yields using carbamate-, sulfonamide-, and benzamide-derived nucleophiles. The importance of voltage control is further exemplified through a systematic study comparing our developed CPE method to constant current electrolysis (CCE) protocols. Voltage-guided CCE and traditionally optimized CCE reveal the importance of maintaining voltage control for high yields and selectivity over a broad scope; a case study with a morpholine-derived substrate illustrates the negative impact of potential drifting under CCE. Sulfonamide drugs, which have significant oxidation potential overlap with model substrates, are rendered competent nucleophiles under CPE. Lastly, sequential voltage-controlled C-N and C-O functionalization of a model substrate generates difunctionalized pyrrolidines further broadening the utility of this reaction.

Decoupling Variable Capacitance and Diffusive Components of Active Solid-Liquid Interfaces with Flex Points

Understanding the current transport characteristics of electrode interfaces is essential for optimizing device performance across a wide range of applications including bio-/chemical sensing and energy storage sectors. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a popular method for studying interfacial properties, particularly those involving redox systems. However, it remains challenging to differentiate between electron movements that contribute to capacitive and diffusive behaviors. In this study, we introduce a technique called flex point analysis, which uses a single differentiation step to separate capacitive and diffusive electron movements at the electrode interface during a redox reaction. Our results show that the variable capacitance at the electrode surface exhibited both positive and negative values on the order of 10-6 (micro) Farad. This approach provides a clearer understanding of interfacial electron dynamics, enhancing the interpretation of CV data and potentially improving the design and optimization of related materials and devices.

Scaling-Free Cathodes: Enabling Electrochemical Extraction of High-Purity Nano-CaCO3 and -Mg(OH)2 in Seawater

For electrochemical application in seawater or brine, continuous scaling on cathodes will form insulation layers, making it nearly impossible to run an electrochemical reaction continuously. Herein, we report our discovery that a cathode consisting of conical nanobundle arrays with hydrophobic surfaces exhibits a unique scaling-free function. The hydrophobic surfaces will be covered with microbubbles created by electrolytic water splitting, which limits scale crystals from standing only on nanotips of conical nanobundles, and the bursting of large bubbles formed by the accumulation of microbubbles will cause a violent disturbance, removing scale crystals automatically from nanotips. Benefiting from the scaling-free properties of the cathode, high-purity nano-CaCO3 (98.9%) and nano-Mg(OH)2 (99.5%) were extracted from seawater. This novel scaling-free cathode is expected to eliminate the inherent limitations of electrochemical technology and open up a new route to seawater mining.

Two-Phase Electrosynthesis of Dihydroxycoumestans: Discovery of a New Scaffold for Topoisomerase I Poison

Coumestan represents a biologically relevant structural motif distributed in a number of natural products, and the rapid construction of related derivatives as well as the characterization of targets would accelerate lead compound discovery in medicinal chemistry. In this work, a general and scalable approach to 8,9-dihydroxycoumestans via two-electrode constant current electrolysis was developed. The application of a two-phase (aqueous/organic) system plays a crucial role for success, protecting the sensitive o-benzoquinone intermediates from over-oxidation. Based on the structurally diverse products, a primary SAR study on coumestan scaffold was completed, and compound 3 r exhibited potent antiproliferative activities and a robust topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitory activity. Further mechanism studies demonstrates that compound 3 r was a novel Top1 poison, which might open an avenue for the development of Top1-targeted antitumor agent.

Electrosynthesis of Verdoheme and Biliverdin Derivatives Following Enzymatic Pathways

Artificial syntheses of biologically active molecules have been fruitful in many bioinspired catalysis applications. Specifically, verdoheme and biliverdin, bearing polypyrrole frameworks, have inspired catalyst designs to address energy and environmental challenges. Despite remarkable progress in benchtop synthesis of verdoheme and biliverdin derivatives, all reported syntheses, starting from metalloporphyrins or inaccessible biliverdin precursors, require multiple steps to achieve the final desired products. Additionally, such synthetic procedures use multiple reactants/redox agents and involve multistep purification/extraction processes that often lower the yield. However, in a single step using atmospheric oxygen, heme oxygenases selectively generate verdoheme or biliverdin from heme. Motivated by such enzymatic pathways, we report a single-step electrosynthesis of verdoheme or biliverdin derivatives from their corresponding meso-aryl-substituted metalloporphyrin precursors. Our electrosynthetic methods have produced a copper-coordinating verdoheme analog in >80% yield at an applied potential of 0.65 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium in air-exposed acetonitrile solution with a suitable electrolyte. These electrosynthetic routes reached a maximum product yield within 8 h of electrolysis at room temperature. The major products of verdoheme and biliverdin derivatives were isolated, purified, and characterized using electrospray mass spectrometry, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, X-ray crystallographic data were collected for select cobalt (Co)- and Cu-chelating verdoheme and metal-free biliverdin products. Electrosynthesis routes for the selective modification at the macrocycle ring in a single step are not known yet, and therefore, we believe that this report would advance the scopes of electrosynthesis strategies.

Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenation

Olefin hydrogenation is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed hydrogenation is an attractive approach to replace the dangerous hydrogen gas with electrons and protons. However, this reaction poses major challenges due to rapid hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of metal-hydride species that outcompetes alkene hydrogenation step, and facile deposition of the metal catalyst at the electrode that stalls reaction. Here we report an economical and efficient strategy to achieve high selectivity for hydrogenation reactivity over the well-established HER. Using an inexpensive and bench-stable nickel salt as the catalyst, this mild reaction features outstanding substrate generality and functional group compatibility, and distinct chemoselectivity. In addition, hydrodebromination of alkyl and aryl bromides could be realized using the same reaction system with a different ligand, and high chemoselectivity between hydrogenation and hydrodebromination could be achieved through ligand selection. The practicability of our method has been demonstrated by the success of large-scale synthesis using catalytic amount of electrolyte and a minimal amount of solvent. Cyclic voltammetry and kinetic studies were performed, which support a NiII/0 catalytic cycle and the pre-coordination of the substrate to the nickel center.

Underground Ink: Printed Electronics Enabling Electrochemical Sensing in Soil

Improving agricultural production relies on the decisions and actions of farmers and land managers, highlighting the importance of efficient soil monitoring techniques for better resource management and reduced environmental impacts. Despite considerable advancements in soil sensors, their traditional bulky counterparts cause difficulty in widespread adoption and large-scale deployment. Printed electronics emerge as a promising technology, offering flexibility in device design, cost-effectiveness for mass production, and a compact footprint suitable for versatile deployment platforms. This review overviews how printed sensors are used in monitoring soil parameters through electrochemical sensing mechanisms, enabling direct measurement of nutrients, moisture content, pH value, and others. Notably, printed sensors address scalability and cost concerns in fabrication, making them suitable for deployment across large crop fields. Additionally, seamlessly integrating printed sensors with printed antenna units or traditional integrated circuits can facilitate comprehensive functionality for real-time data collection and communication. This real-time information empowers informed decision-making, optimizes resource management, and enhances crop yield. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent work related to printed electrochemical soil sensors, ultimately providing insight into future research directions that can enable widespread adoption of precision agriculture technologies.

Electrochemical Formation of α-Ketoamides from Ketoximes through Non-Beckmann Mechanism Pathway

α-Ketoamides are highly valued in synthetic chemistry due to their incorporation into diverse natural products and drug molecules. Here, we present an innovative electrochemical approach for constructing α-ketoamides, utilizing a mild and environmentally friendly strategy in a user-friendly undivided cell setup under constant current. The excellent functional-group tolerance, convenient accessibility of reaction instruments and starting materials, and easy scalability collectively enhance the importance of this protocol compared to previous challenging methods. Additionally, mechanistic insight into this reaction is obtained through the investigation of cyclic voltammograms of the reactants.