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Tarannum A, Ballav S, Rao JR, Fathima NN. Extraction of dermatan sulfate using ionic liquid-assisted enzymatic digestion: An efficient approach. Carbohydr Res 2023; 531:108897. [PMID: 37441844 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate is one of the major glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in the animal hides, which is a waste/byproduct from meat industry. Efficient utilization of these meat industry wastes is garnering attention because these wastes render a possibility for their conversion into useful products. With the increased concerns over health, various initiatives have been developed to permit more efficient utilization of these by-products and thereby directly impacting environmental sustainability. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time an efficient and environmentally safe ionic liquid-assisted enzymatic process for the extraction of dermatan sulfate from buffalo hides. Dermatan sulfate has been extracted, separated, and purified from the GAG mixture using IL-assisted enzymatic digestions and chromatographic separations. NMR, FT-IR, and ESI-MS measurements showed typical characteristic peaks for dermatan sulfate. The advantages of this eco-friendly process adopted include i) use of fewer chemicals, ii) elimination of harsh chemicals, iii) elimination of various steps and sub-steps, iv) reduction in process time (12 h), and v) increase in extraction yield by 75% when compared to conventional enzymatic process (57%). Thus, the use of ionic liquids alongside enzymes will serve as an efficient methodology for the futuristic development of these derived GAGs for their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafiya Tarannum
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Sangeeta Ballav
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Nishter Nishad Fathima
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.
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2
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Oversulfated dermatan sulfate and heparinoid in the starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta: Structures and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117867. [PMID: 33766355 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude anionic polysaccharides extracted from the Pacific starfish Lysastrosoma anthosticta were separated by anion-exchange chromatography into fractions LA-F1 and LA-F2. The main fraction LA-F1 was solvolytically desulfated giving rise to preparation LA-F1-DS with a structure of dermatan core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA-(1→]n. Reduction of LA-F1 afforded preparation LA-F1-RED composed mainly of the repeating disaccharide units →3)-β-d-GalNAc4R-(1→4)-α-l-Ido2S3S-(1→, where R was SO3- or H. Analysis of the NMR spectra of the parent fraction LA-F1 led to determine the main component as the oversulfated dermatan sulfate LA-Derm bearing sulfate groups at O-2 and O-3 of α-l-iduronic acid, as well as at O-4 of some N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues. The minor fraction LA-F2 contained a mixture of LA-Derm and heparinoid LA-Hep, the latter being composed of the fragments →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S6S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→ and →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→. The presence of 2,3-di-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues is very unusual both for natural dermatan sulfate and heparinoid. Preparations LA-F1, LA-F2 and LA-F1-RED demonstrated significant anticoagulant effect in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda E Ustyuzhanina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria I Bilan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia A Tsvetkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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3
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Whitmore EK, Martin D, Guvench O. Constructing 3-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Models of Nonsulfated Glycosaminoglycans with Arbitrary Lengths Using Conformations from Molecular Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207699. [PMID: 33080973 PMCID: PMC7589010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the linear carbohydrate components of proteoglycans (PGs) and are key mediators in the bioactivity of PGs in animal tissue. GAGs are heterogeneous, conformationally complex, and polydisperse, containing up to 200 monosaccharide units. These complexities make studying GAG conformation a challenge for existing experimental and computational methods. We previously described an algorithm we developed that applies conformational parameters (i.e., all bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles) from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of nonsulfated chondroitin GAG 20-mers to construct 3-D atomic-resolution models of nonsulfated chondroitin GAGs of arbitrary length. In the current study, we applied our algorithm to other GAGs, including hyaluronan and nonsulfated forms of dermatan, keratan, and heparan and expanded our database of MD-generated GAG conformations. Here, we show that individual glycosidic linkages and monosaccharide rings in 10- and 20-mers of hyaluronan and nonsulfated dermatan, keratan, and heparan behave randomly and independently in MD simulation and, therefore, using a database of MD-generated 20-mer conformations, that our algorithm can construct conformational ensembles of 10- and 20-mers of various GAG types that accurately represent the backbone flexibility seen in MD simulations. Furthermore, our algorithm efficiently constructs conformational ensembles of GAG 200-mers that we would reasonably expect from MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Whitmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Devon Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-207-221-4171
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Whitmore EK, Vesenka G, Sihler H, Guvench O. Efficient Construction of Atomic-Resolution Models of Non-Sulfated Chondroitin Glycosaminoglycan Using Molecular Dynamics Data. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040537. [PMID: 32252422 PMCID: PMC7226628 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, structurally diverse, conformationally complex carbohydrate polymers that may contain up to 200 monosaccharides. These characteristics present a challenge for studying GAG conformational thermodynamics at atomic resolution using existing experimental methods. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can overcome this challenge but are only feasible for short GAG polymers. To address this problem, we developed an algorithm that applies all conformational parameters contributing to GAG backbone flexibility (i.e., bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles) from unbiased all-atom explicit-solvent MD simulations of short GAG polymers to rapidly construct models of GAGs of arbitrary length. The algorithm was used to generate non-sulfated chondroitin 10- and 20-mer ensembles which were compared to MD-generated ensembles for internal validation. End-to-end distance distributions in constructed and MD-generated ensembles have minimal differences, suggesting that our algorithm produces conformational ensembles that mimic the backbone flexibility seen in simulation. Non-sulfated chondroitin 100- and 200-mer ensembles were constructed within a day, demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm and reduction in time and computational cost compared to simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Whitmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gabriel Vesenka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Hanna Sihler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-207-221-4171
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Pomin VH, Vignovich WP, Gonzales AV, Vasconcelos AA, Mulloy B. Galactosaminoglycans: Medical Applications and Drawbacks. Molecules 2019; 24:E2803. [PMID: 31374852 PMCID: PMC6696379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) are sulfated glycans composed of alternating N-acetylgalactosamine and uronic acid units. Uronic acid epimerization, sulfation patterns and fucosylation are modifications observed on these molecules. GalAGs have been extensively studied and exploited because of their multiple biomedical functions. Chondroitin sulfates (CSs), the main representative family of GalAGs, have been used in alternative therapy of joint pain/inflammation and osteoarthritis. The relatively novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), commonly found in sea cucumbers, has been screened in multiple systems in addition to its widely studied anticoagulant action. Biomedical properties of GalAGs are directly dependent on the sugar composition, presence or lack of fucose branches, as well as sulfation patterns. Although research interest in GalAGs has increased considerably over the three last decades, perhaps motivated by the parallel progress of glycomics, serious questions concerning the effectiveness and potential side effects of GalAGs have recently been raised. Doubts have centered particularly on the beneficial functions of CS-based therapeutic supplements and the potential harmful effects of FCS as similarly observed for oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, as a contaminant of heparin. Unexpected components were also detected in CS-based pharmaceutical preparations. This review therefore aims to offer a discussion on (1) the current and potential therapeutic applications of GalAGs, including those of unique features extracted from marine sources, and (2) the potential drawbacks of this class of molecules when applied to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - William P Vignovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alysia V Gonzales
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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6
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Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of two novel polysaccharides from the sea squirt, Ascidiella aspersa. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Sattelle BM, Shakeri J, Cliff MJ, Almond A. Proteoglycans and their heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans at the atomic scale. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:951-61. [PMID: 25645947 DOI: 10.1021/bm5018386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycan spatiotemporal organization underpins extracellular matrix biology, but atomic scale glimpses of this microarchitecture are obscured by glycosaminoglycan size and complexity. To overcome this, multimicrosecond aqueous simulations of chondroitin and dermatan sulfates were abstracted into a prior coarse-grained model, which was extended to heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans and small leucine-rich proteoglycans. Exploration of relationships between sequence and shape led to hypotheses that proteoglycan size is dependent on glycosaminoglycan unit composition but independent of sequence permutation. Uronic acid conformational equilibria were modulated by adjacent hexosamine sulfonation and iduronic acid increased glycosaminoglycan chain volume and rigidity, while glucuronic acid imparted chain plasticity. Consequently, block copolymeric glycosaminoglycans contained microarchitectures capable of multivalent binding to growth factors and collagen, with potential for interactional synergy at greater chain number. The described atomic scale views of proteoglycans and heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans provide structural routes to understanding their fundamental signaling and mechanical biological roles and development of new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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8
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Characterisation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from the lumpsucker fish, C. lumpus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:25-33. [PMID: 24721047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus, a cottoid teleost fish found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, and North Pacific, was identified as a possible source of GAGs. The GAGs present in the C. lumpus dorsal hump and body wall tissue were isolated and purified. Two fractions were analysed by NMR and their GAG structures determined as hyaluronic acid and CS/DS chains. The latter fraction contained GlcA (65% of the total uronic acids) and IdoA (the remaining 35%). All uronic acid residues were unsulfated, whilst 86% of the GalNAc was 4-sulfated and 14% was 6-sulfated. The presence of GlcA-GalNAc4S, IdoA-GalNAc4S and GlcA-GalNAc6S disaccharide fragments was confirmed. The isolated GAGs obtained from each tissue were biochemically characterised. The lumpsucker offers a high yield source of GAGs, which compares favourably with other sources such as shark cartilage.
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9
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Mizumoto S, Murakoshi S, Kalayanamitra K, Deepa SS, Fukui S, Kongtawelert P, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Highly sulfated hexasaccharide sequences isolated from chondroitin sulfate of shark fin cartilage: insights into the sugar sequences with bioactivities. Glycobiology 2012; 23:155-68. [PMID: 23019154 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains regulate the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates and are linear polysaccharides consisting of variously sulfated repeating disaccharides, [-4GlcUAβ1-3GalNAcβ1-](n), where GlcUA and GalNAc represent D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, respectively. CS chains containing D-disaccharide units [GlcUA(2-O-sulfate)-GalNAc(6-O-sulfate)] are involved in the development of cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurite outgrowth-promoting activity through interaction with a neurotrophic factor, pleiotrophin, resulting in the regulation of signaling. In this study, to obtain further structural information on the CS chains containing d-disaccharide units involved in brain development, oligosaccharides containing D-units were isolated from a shark fin cartilage. Seven novel hexasaccharide sequences, ΔO-D-D, ΔA-D-D, ΔC-D-D, ΔE-A-D, ΔD-D-C, ΔE-D-D and ΔA-B-D, in addition to three previously reported sequences, ΔC-A-D, ΔC-D-C and ΔA-D-A, were isolated from a CS preparation of shark fin cartilage after exhaustive digestion with chondroitinase AC-I, which cannot act on the galactosaminidic linkages bound to D-units. The symbol Δ stands for a 4,5-unsaturated bond of uronic acids, whereas A, B, C, D, E and O represent [GlcUA-GalNAc(4-O-sulfate)], [GlcUA(2-O-sulfate)-GalNAc(4-O-sulfate)], [GlcUA-GalNAc(6-O-sulfate)], [GlcUA(2-O-sulfate)-GalNAc(6-O-sulfate)], [GlcUA-GalNAc(4-O-, 6-O-sulfate)] and [GlcUA-GalNAc], respectively. In binding studies using an anti-CS monoclonal antibody, MO-225, the epitopes of which are involved in cerebellar development in mammals, novel epitope structures, ΔA-D-A, ΔA-D-D and ΔA-B-D, were revealed. Hexasaccharides containing two consecutive D-units or a B-unit will be useful for the structural and functional analyses of CS chains particularly in the neuroglycobiological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Conjugates of dermatan sulfate with biologically active amines. Chem Nat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-012-0335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Rudd TR, Gaudesi D, Lima MA, Skidmore MA, Mulloy B, Torri G, Nader HB, Guerrini M, Yates EA. High-sensitivity visualisation of contaminants in heparin samples by spectral filtering of 1H NMR spectra. Analyst 2011; 136:1390-8. [PMID: 21279244 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00835d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel application of two-dimensional correlation analysis has been employed to filter (1)H NMR heparin spectra distinguishing acceptable natural variation and the presence of foreign species. Analysis of contaminated heparin samples, compared to a dataset of accepted heparin samples using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopic analysis of their 1-dimensional (1)H NMR spectra, allowed the spectral features of contaminants to be recovered with high sensitivity, without having to resort to more complicated NMR experiments. Contaminants, which exhibited features distinct from those of heparin and those with features normally hidden within the spectral mass of heparin could be distinguished readily. A heparin sample which had been pre-mixed with a known contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS), was tested against the heparin reference library. It was possible to recover the (1)H NMR spectrum of the OSCS component through difference 2D-COS power spectrum analysis of as little as 0.25% (w/w) with ease, and of 2% (w/w) for more challenging contaminants, whose NMR signals fell under those of heparin. The approach shows great promise for the quality control of heparin and provides the basis for greatly improved regulatory control for the analysis of heparin, as well as other intrinsically heterogeneous and varied products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81 Milano 20133, Italy
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12
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Ponedel’kina IY, Lukina ES, Odinokov VN. Acid glycosaminoglycans and their chemical modification. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Ponedel’kina IY, Khaibrahmanova EA, Odinokov VN, Khalilov LM, Dzhemilev UM. Oxidation of dermatan sulfate with a NaOCl-NaBr-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl reagent in an aqueous medium. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Limtiaco JFK, Jones CJ, Larive CK. Characterization of Heparin Impurities with HPLC-NMR Using Weak Anion Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10116-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901812y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. K. Limtiaco
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | | | - Cynthia K. Larive
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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15
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Ponedel’kina IY, Odinokov VN, Lukina ES, Dzhemilev UM. Conjugation of chondroitin sulfates with amines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Maaroufi RM, Giordano P, Triadou P, Tapon-Bretaudière J, Dautzenberg MD, Fischer AM. Effect of oversulfated dermatan sulfate derivatives on platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 2007; 120:615-21. [PMID: 17222891 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect on human platelet aggregation of native dermatan sulfate (DS) and three oversulfated DS derivatives with different sulfur contents, and compared it with that of unfractionated heparin. An inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation was observed only with unfractionated heparin at high concentrations, whereas no inhibitory effect was observed when arachidonic acid was used. Heparin was the most potent inhibitor of the thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), whereas the oversulfated DS had a higher potency than the native DS. All these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) also inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets in the presence of antithrombin (AT) or heparin cofactor II (HCII) but not in their absence. Heparin was by far the most potent inhibitor of washed platelet aggregation in the presence of AT, whereas the inhibitory effects of the DS (native or oversulfated) were lower but dependent on the sulfur content. In the presence of HCII, DSb, a slightly oversulfated DS, had the highest inhibitory effect, whereas heparin and DSd, the most oversulfated derivative, had lower potencies in this case. These data suggest that the inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by the oversulfated DS derivatives is related to their ability to potentiate thrombin inactivation by AT or HCII. Hence, the oversulfated DS derivatives may not have an effect per se on the inhibition of platelet aggregation. They may constitute a new class of anticoagulants with enhanced anticoagulant effects in comparison with the native DS, but with only minor side-effects of bleeding in comparison with heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoui M Maaroufi
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Ave Tahar Haddad, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
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17
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Bertini S, Bisio A, Torri G, Bensi D, Terbojevich M. Molecular weight determination of heparin and dermatan sulfate by size exclusion chromatography with a triple detector array. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:168-73. [PMID: 15638517 DOI: 10.1021/bm049693s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination of molecular weight (M) and molecular weight distribution (MD) of heparins by a novel approach, consisting of a high performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) combined with a triple detector array (TDA) is described. HP-SEC/TDA permits the evaluation of MD of polymeric samples through a combined and simultaneous action of three on-line detectors, right-angle laser light scattering (RALLS), refractometer (RI), and viscometer. The method does not require any chromatographic column calibration, thus overcoming also the difficulty to obtain adequate reference standards. It permits the size determination also of small molecules, even when scattering dissimmetry is not observable. Unfractionated heparins, eight fractions of a size fractionated heparin, and dermatan sulfates were analyzed by HP-SEC/TDA. The M values found for the heparin fractions were used to build up a calibration curve of a conventional HP-SEC system: the results obtained analyzing unfractionated heparin samples with both HP-SEC/TDA and HP-SEC were in excellent agreement, suggesting the possibility to use the TDA data to generate standard samples with known MD and intrinsic viscosity [eta]. Moreover, HP-SEC/TDA can successfully be employed also for the determination of the Mark-Houwink a and k parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bertini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, V. G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Curatella B, Bartolini B, Di Caro A, Cavallaro RA, Liverani L, Mascellani G, Benedetto A, Castilletti C, Capobianchi MR, Cellai L. Sepharose-bound, highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans can capture HIV-1 from culture medium. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:759-64. [PMID: 15721350 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new strategies against HIV-1 and on the basis of a number of previous studies reporting on the capacity of certain polyanionic compounds to influence the replication of HIV-1, we prepared a few chemically oversulfated dermatan and chondroitin sulfates. Four of these compounds and two samples of heparin were bound to activated Sepharose through either their carboxylic groups, or their aldehydic groups, or their deacetylated primary amino groups. Some of these so-derivatised resins, packed into columns, proved able to remove HIV-1 IIIB, a laboratory adapted strain, and one clinical primary isolate from an AIDS patient, from infected cell culture medium. The resins bind the virus very tightly and could be useful for capturing the virus from infected fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Curatella
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Sezione di Monterotondo, CNR, PO Box 10, I-00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
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19
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Hallak LK, Collins PL, Knudson W, Peeples ME. Iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans on target cells are required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virology 2000; 271:264-75. [PMID: 10860881 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human respiratory pathogen, particularly in infants. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been implicated in the initiation of RSV infection of cultured cells, but it is not clear what type of GAGs and GAG components are involved, whether the important GAGs are on the virus or the cell, or what the magnitude is of their contribution to infection. We constructed and rescued a recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing RSV (rgRSV) and used this virus to develop a sensitive system to assess and quantify infection by flow cytometry. Evaluation of a panel of mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that are genetically deficient in various aspects of GAG synthesis showed that infection was reduced up to 80% depending on the type of GAG deficiency. Enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate and/or chondroitin sulfate from the surface of HEp-2 cells also reduced infection, and the removal of both reduced infection even further. Blocking experiments in which RSV was preincubated with various soluble GAGs revealed the relative blocking order of: heparin > heparan sulfate > chondroitin sulfate B. Iduronic acid is a component common to these GAGs. GAGs that do not contain iduronic acid, namely, chondroitin sulfate A and C and hyaluronic acid, did not inhibit infection. A role for iduronic acid-containing GAGs in RSV infection was confirmed by the ability of basic fibroblast growth factor to block infection, because basic fibroblast growth factor binds to GAGs containing iduronic acid. Pretreatment of cells with protamine sulfate, which binds and blocks GAGs, also reduced infection. In these examples, infection was reduced by pretreatment of the virus with soluble GAGs, pretreatment of the cells with GAG-binding molecules, pretreatment of the cells with GAG-destroying enzymes or in cells genetically deficient in GAGs. These results establish that the GAGs involved in RSV infection are present on the cell rather than on the virus particle. Thus, the presence of cell surface GAGs containing iduronic acid, like heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate B, is required for efficient RSV infection in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Hallak
- Immunology/Microbiology, Biochemistry and Pathology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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20
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Fried M, Lauder RM, Duffy PE. Plasmodium falciparum: adhesion of placental isolates modulated by the sulfation characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan receptor. Exp Parasitol 2000; 95:75-8. [PMID: 10864521 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Fried
- Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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21
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA. A fingerprinting method for chondroitin/dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2000; 10:393-401. [PMID: 10764827 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously published method for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan disaccharides by high pH anion exchange chromatography (Midura,R.J., Salustri,A., Calabro,A., Yanagishita,M. and Hascall,V.C. (1994), Glycobiology,4, 333-342) has been modified and calibrated for chondroitin and dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides up to hexasaccharide in size and hyaluronan oligosaccharides up to hexadecasaccharide. For hyaluronan oligosaccharides chain length controls elution position; however, for chondroitin and dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides elution times primarily depend upon the level of sulfation, although chain length and hence charge density plays a role. The sulfation position of GalNAc residues within an oligosaccharide is also important in determining its elution position. Compared to 4-sulfation a reducing terminal 6-sulfate retards elution; however, when present on an internal GalNAc residue it is the 4-sulfate containing oligosaccharide which elutes later. These effects allow discrimination between oligosaccharides differing only in the position of GalNAc sulfation. Using this simple methodology, a Dionex CarboPac PA-1 column with NaOH/NaCl eluents and detection by absorbance at 232 nm, a quantitative analytical fingerprint of a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain may be obtained, allowing a determination of the abundance of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan along with an analysis of structural features with a linear response to approximately 0.1 nmol. The method may readily be calibrated using either commercial disaccharides or the di- and tetrasaccharide products of a limit digest of commercial chondroitin sulfate by chondroitin ABC endolyase. Commercially available and freshly prepared shark, whale, bovine, and human cartilage chondroitin sulfates have been examined by this methodology and we have confirmed that freshly isolated shark cartilage CS contains significant amounts of the biologically important GlcA2Sbeta(1-3)GalNAc6S structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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22
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Mulloy B, Mourão PA, Gray E. Structure/function studies of anticoagulant sulphated polysaccharides using NMR. J Biotechnol 2000; 77:123-35. [PMID: 10674219 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated polysaccharides have many biological functions, which depend on binding of highly specific carbohydrate structures to proteins. NMR spectroscopy is a technique capable of detailed structural elucidation of these polysaccharides, and can be used in applications ranging from routine analysis to research into covalent and conformational aspects of polysaccharide structure. This technique can be used to characterise sequence variations in heparin samples. The NMR-determined solution conformation of heparin has been used to predict binding sites on the surface of heparin-binding proteins. Sulphation patterns for dermatan sulphates of marine invertebrates have been determined. Their anticoagulant effects depend on an exact pattern of sulphate substitution. A small alteration in dermatan sulphate structure, from 4-O-sulphated to 6-O-sulphated galactosamine, leads to almost complete loss of anticoagulant activity in spite of an overall high level of sulphation. A fucosylated chondroitin sulphate isolated from sea cucumber has anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity depending on its sulphated fucose branches. The anticoagulant activity of algal fucans has been compared with that of regular, linear sulphated fucans from marine echinoderms; again high activity appears to correlate with the presence of sulphated fucose branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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23
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Di Caro A, Perola E, Bartolini B, Marzano M, Liverani L, Mascellani G, Benedetto A, Cellai L. Fractions of chemically oversulphated galactosaminoglycan sulphates inhibit three enveloped viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:33-8. [PMID: 10079877 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chemically oversulphated galactosaminoglycans (SO3H:COOH ratio > or = 2) were tested in vitro as antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the aetiological agent of AIDS, and against herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus, two agents responsible for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected people. The oversulphated derivatives displayed an increase in activity ranging from one to four orders of magnitude against the three viruses, as compared to the natural parent compounds (SO3H:COOH, ratio approx. 1). The antiviral activity of these polyanions appears to be favoured by a high degree of sulphation and a high molecular mass. An oversulphated dermatan, with a SO3H:COOH ratio of 2.86 and molecular mass of 23.2 kDa, was the most potent anti-HIV-1 compound (EC50 0.04 microgram/ml). A second oversulphated dermatan, with a SO3H:COOH ratio of 2.40 and molecular mass of 25 kDa, displayed the highest activity against HSV-1 (EC50 0.01 microgram/ml). An oversulphated chondroitin, with a SO3H:COOH ratio of 2.80 and molecular mass of 17.3 kDa, was the strongest anti-HCMV agent (EC50 0.4 microgram/ml). In view of the absence of the side-effects typical of heparin-like compounds, a combination of these derivatives could have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Caro
- Centro di Virologia, IRCCS L Spallanzani, Roma, Italy
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24
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Volpi N, Mucci A. Characterization of a low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate from the body of Viviparus ater (mollusca gastropoda). Modification of its structure by lead pollution. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:1071-8. [PMID: 10386891 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006949509739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A chondroitin sulfate was purified from the body of Viviparus ater(Mollusca gastropoda) and analyzed for molecular mass, constituent disaccharides, and structure by 1H NMR and 1H 2D NMR. A quite unique glycosaminoglycan species was isolated having a high molecular mass (greater than 45,000) and low charge density, about 0.60, due to the presence of 42% non-sulfated disaccharide, 5% 6-sulfated disaccharide, 48% 4-sulfated disaccharide, and 5% 4,6-disulfated disaccharide. Specimens of Mollusca were also submitted to lead exposure for different times, and the effect on chondroitin sulfate structure was studied. After 96 h treatment a strong decrease in chondroitin sulfate content was observed with a significant modification of its structure producing a more desulfated polymer, in particular in position 4 of the galactosamine unit. Simultaneously, the amount of unsaturated non-sulfated disaccharide increased with an overall decrease of the charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena, Italy.
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25
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Pavão MS, Aiello KR, Werneck CC, Silva LC, Valente AP, Mulloy B, Colwell NS, Tollefsen DM, Mourão PA. Highly sulfated dermatan sulfates from Ascidians. Structure versus anticoagulant activity of these glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27848-57. [PMID: 9774395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.27848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfates with the same backbone structure [4-alpha-L-IdceA-1-->3-beta-D-GalNAc-1]n but with different patterns of sulfation substitutions have been isolated from the ascidian body. All the ascidian dermatan sulfates have a high content of 2-O-sulfated alpha-L-iduronic acid residues but differ in the pattern of sulfation of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine units. Styela plicata and Halocynthia pyriformis have 4-O-sulfated units, but in Ascidian nigra they are 6-O-sulfated. This collection of ascidian dermatan sulfates (together with native and oversulfated mammalian dermatan sulfate), where the extent and position of sulfate substitution have been fully characterized, were tested in anticoagulant assays. Dermatan sulfate from A. nigra has no discernible anticoagulant activity, which indicates that 4-O-sulfation of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine is essential for the anticoagulant activity of this glycosaminoglycan. In contrast dermatan sulfates from S. plicata and H. pyriformis are potent anticoagulants due to potentiation of thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II. These ascidian dermatan sulfates have approximately 10-fold and approximately 6-fold higher activity with heparin cofactor II than native and an oversulfated mammalian dermatan sulfate, respectively. They have no effect on thrombin or factor Xa inhibition by antithrombin. These naturally oversulfated ascidian dermatan sulfates are sulfated at selected sites required for interaction with heparin cofactor II and thus have specific and potent anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pavão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário and Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lüsse
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K. Arnold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Mourão PA, Pavão MS, Mulloy B, Wait R. Chondroitin ABC lyase digestion of an ascidian dermatan sulfate. Occurrence of unusual 6-O-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-beta-D-galactose units. Carbohydr Res 1997; 300:315-21. [PMID: 9210298 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A dermatan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan was isolated from the body of the ascidian Ascidia nigra (J. Biol. Chem. 270: 31027-31036, 1995). 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) spectra of the tetra and disaccharides formed by chondroitin ABC lyase digestion support the proposed repeating disaccharide structure for this glycosaminoglycan, [-->4)-alpha-L-IdoA(2SO4)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalNAc(6SO4)-(1-->] , which differ from mammalian dermatan sulfate in its sulfation at both 2-position of the alpha-L-iduronic acid and the 6-position of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mourão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Mulloy B. High-field NMR as a technique for the determination of polysaccharide structures. Mol Biotechnol 1996; 6:241-65. [PMID: 9067973 DOI: 10.1007/bf02761706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has played a developing role in the study of polysaccharide structures for over 30 years. Many new bacterial polysaccharide repeat unit structures have recently been published as a result of the application of modern NMR techniques. NMR can also be used to elucidate the structures of both regular and heterogeneous polysaccharides from fungal and plant sources, as well as complex glycosaminoglycans of animal origin. In addition to covalent structure, conformation and dynamics of polysaccharides are susceptible to NMR analysis, both in solution and in the solid state. Improvements in NMR technology with potential applications to polysaccharide studies hold promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, UK
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29
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Pavão MS, Mourão PA, Mulloy B, Tollefsen DM. A unique dermatan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan from ascidian. Its structure and the effect of its unusual sulfation pattern on anticoagulant activity. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31027-36. [PMID: 8537360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A dermatan sulfate, similar to the mammalian glycosaminoglycans but not identical with any of them, has been isolated from the body of the ascidian Ascidia nigra. Degradation with chondroitin ABC lyase, analysis of the disaccharide products by digestion with chondro-4- and -6-sulfatases, and 1H and 13C NMR data confirm that the predominant structure is [4-alpha-L-IdoA-(2SO4)-1-->3-beta-D-GalNAc(6SO4)-1]n. Mammalian dermatan sulfate is an anticoagulant due to its ability to potentiate inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor II. The structure in dermatan sulfate which binds to heparin cofactor II is [4-alpha-L-IdoA-(2SO4)-1-->3-beta-D-GalNAc(4SO4)-1]n, where n > or = 3. We have compared the ascidian dermatan sulfate with mammalian dermatan sulfate and with chemically oversulfated mammalian dermatan sulfate for anticoagulant activity as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time assay and for its ability to potentiate heparin cofactor II. In spite of its high content of 2-O-sulfated alpha-L-iduronic acid residues, the ascidian compound had no discernible anticoagulant activity and had low ability to potentiate heparin cofactor II. These results suggest that 4-O-sulfation of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine residues is essential for the anticoagulant activity of dermatan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pavão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Mascellani G, Liverani L, Prete A, Guppola PA, Bergonzini G, Bianchini P. Relative influence of different disulphate disaccharide clusters on the HCII-mediated inhibition of thrombin by dermatan sulphates of different origins. Thromb Res 1994; 74:605-15. [PMID: 8091403 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(94)90217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Besides the major monosulphated disaccharide sequences (IdoA-GalNAc4SO3), dermatan sulphates (DS) contain the oversulphated sequences (IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3) and (IdoA-GalNAc4, 6SO3), the concentration of which is correlated with the HCII-mediated inhibition of thrombin by DS. The effect of the chemical removal of the sulphate groups on the HCII-mediated activity was studied. The base-catalyzed sulphate group displacement from IdoA2SO3 residues, leading to formation of the epoxyde aGulA, is a 1st order reaction. When the content of sequences (IdoA-GalNAc4, 6SO3) is higher than that of sequences (IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3), removal of the sulphate groups from Ido2SO3 reduces the HCII activity less than when the latter sequences prevail. (IdoA-GalNAc4, 6SO3) cooperates with (IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3) in the activation of the HCII. Also the removal of 6-SO3- groups from GalNAc4, 6SO3, in absence of IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3, considerably reduces the activity. A low molecular mass natural fraction rich in IdoA2SO3 as well as glucuronic acid, having higher electrophoretic mobility than the higher molecular mass DS which contains less glucuronic acid, is remarkably active.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mascellani
- Opocrin S.p.A. Research and Development Laboratories, Corlo, Italy
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31
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Linhardt RJ, Desai UR, Liu J, Pervin A, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J. Low molecular weight dermatan sulfate as an antithrombotic agent. Structure-activity relationship studies. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:1241-52. [PMID: 8161353 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship of low molecular weight dermatan sulfate was undertaken to understand better this new non-heparin, glycosaminoglycan-based antithrombotic agent. A dermatan sulfate prepared from bovine intestinal mucosa [average molecular weight (MWavg) 25,000], and currently in clinical trials as an antithrombotic agent, was used in this study. Dermatan sulfate was partially depolymerized using hydrogen peroxide and copper(II) as catalyst to MWavg 5600 to obtain a low molecular weight dermatan sulfate. This low molecular weight dermatan sulfate was then fractionated by gel permeation chromatography to obtain four subfractions having MWavg 7800, 5500, 4200 and 1950. The dermatan sulfate, low molecular weight dermatan sulfate and its subfractions showed substantially different optical rotations. The 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis of dermatan sulfate samples showed some differences including increased content of GalpNAc4S6S residues and improved resolution in ring resonances for low molecular weight dermatan sulfate fractions, primarily the result of reduced molecular weight and lowered heterogeneity. Saccharide compositional analysis relied on chondroitin ABC lyase treatment followed by capillary electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel-based oligosaccharide mapping was also performed by treating dermatan sulfate samples with chondroitin B, AC and ABC lysases. These analyses showed increased amounts of sulfation as the MWavg decreased. In vitro bioassay showed maximum anti-Xa activity in the 4.2 kDa fraction and maximum heparin cofactor II-mediated anti-IIa activity in the 5.5 kDa fraction. The in vivo antithrombotic activity of these fractions was measured using a modified Wessler stasis thrombosis model. The 4.2 kDa fraction showed greater antithrombotic activity than the other low molecular weight dermatan sulfate fractions, dermatan sulfate, and low molecular weight dermatan sulfate. This enhanced activity may result from several structural features of the 4.2 kDa fraction including: a high content of 4,6- and 2,4-disulfated disaccharide sequences; the requirement of specific chain length; a change in the ratio of iduronic to glucuronic acid; and the presence of chondroitin ABC lyase resistant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Linhardt
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Mascellani G, Liverani L, Bianchini P, Parma B, Torri G, Bisio A, Guerrini M, Casu B. Structure and contribution to the heparin cofactor II-mediated inhibition of thrombin of naturally oversulphated sequences of dermatan sulphate. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 3):639-48. [PMID: 8280062 PMCID: PMC1137745 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermatan sulphate (DS) obtained from bovine and pig mucosa and pig skin, and charge-enriched fractions of a selected DS preparation, were characterized in terms of charge density, M(r) and disaccharide composition of chondroitin ABC lyase digests, and by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Besides the major IdoA-GalNAc4SO3 sequences, all DS preparations contain about 10% disulphated disaccharide sequences (mostly IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3, with minor amounts of IdoA-GalNAc4,6SO3). DS fragments (prepared by radical-catalysed depolymerization of DS and retaining the internal structure of the parent polysaccharide) as well as Smith degraded fragments [SD-DS, obtained by controlled degradation of periodate-oxidized and borohydride-reduced DS (RO-DS)] with the general structure GalNAc4SO3(IdoA2SO3-GalNAc4SO3)n-R (where R is the remnant of a glycol-split uronic acid, and n = 2-3 and 3-4) were characterized by one- and two-dimensional 1H-n.m.r., 13C-n.m.r. and disaccharide composition analysis. In accordance with previous findings [Maimone and Tollefsen (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18263-18271], only fragments with n > or = 3 significantly enhance the heparin cofactor II-mediated inhibition of thrombin. In natural DS preparations and their fractions, this activity (as well as the antithrombotic activity in an animal model) appears to require IdoA2SO3-containing sequences. The heparin cofactor II activity of DS, RO-DS and SD-DS fragments decreases with decreasing M(r). However, RO-DS fragments are more active than DS fragments of similar M(r), probably because of the extra flexibility endowed by glycol-split IdoA residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mascellani
- Opocrin S.p.A. Research and Development Laboratories, Corlo di Formigine, Modena, Italy
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33
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Baici A, Diczházi C, Neszmélyi A, Móczár E, Hornebeck W. Inhibition of the human leukocyte endopeptidases elastase and cathepsin G and of porcine pancreatic elastase by N-oleoyl derivatives of heparin. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:1545-9. [PMID: 8240409 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90321-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
N-oleoyl-heparin derivatives differing in their oleic acid and sulfate contents were synthesized and studied for their abilities to inhibit human leukocyte elastase (HLE), human leukocyte cathepsin G (CatG) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) at pH 8.0, ionic strength 0.05 M and 37 degrees. Heparin (Hep) as well as N-oleoyl-heparins behaved as tight-binding, hyperbolic noncompetitive inhibitors of HLE (KiHep = 75 pM) and CatG (KiHep < 25 pM). The main driving force for the interaction between enzymes and glycosaminoglycans was electrostatic in nature. Under the condition [enzyme] >> Ki, the stoichiometries of the interaction with Hep were 1:2 (Hep:HLE) and 1:4 (Hep:CatG). Coupling one oleic acid residue to three disaccharide units of partially N-desulfated Hep, Ol1:3Hep, lowered HLE inhibition (Ki = 0.3 nM) and the stoichiometry of binding was reduced to 1:1. Re-N-sulfation of a similar derivative, Ol1:5Hep(SO4), containing one fatty acid residue for five disaccharide units, led to a substance with similar HLE inhibitory characteristics as Hep (Ki = 92 pM) and stoichiometry 1:2. Ol1:5Hep(SO4) was also a more efficient inhibitor of CatG (Ki < 33 pM) than Ol1:3Hep (Ki = 9.5 nM). The residual activities of N-oleoyl-Hep complexes with CatG were much lower than the corresponding activities in the presence of Hep. While oleate and Hep could not inhibit PPE, N-oleoyl-Hep, independently of fatty acid substitution and sulfate content, could inhibit this enzyme with Ki congruent to 60 nM and low residual activity. The efficient endopeptidase inhibitory characteristics of N-oleoyl-Hep derivatives, together with their non-anticoagulant properties and their capacity to interact with elastin, may be therapeutically useful in connective tissue degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baici
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gigli M, Ghiselli G, Torri G, Naggi A, Rizzo V. A comparative study of low-density lipoprotein interaction with glycosaminoglycans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1167:211-7. [PMID: 8466951 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The association between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a series of well characterized dermatan and chondroitin sulfates has been investigated by means of the fluorescence anisotropy technique with competition experiments using a fluorescein-labeled high LDL-affinity heparin fraction as a reference. Preparations of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) with sulfation degrees varying over a wide range, as obtained by fractionation or by chemical modification, were chosen for this study. The influence of chain length, which had been found sizeable in a former study of heparin affinity for LDL, was taken into account with an empirical correction of dissociation constants. After this correction, a linear relationship was found between the logarithm of dissociation constants and the number of sulfate groups per disaccharide unit, ns, both for dermatan and chondroitin sulfates, and for heparins. At comparable ns values, however, dermatan sulfates and heparins, which contain L-iduronic acid in their backbone, show higher LDL-affinity than chondroitin sulfates, which contain only D-glucuronic acid. Though confirming a non-specific, predominantly electrostatic interaction between GAGs and LDL, these results indicate modulation of LDL affinity by the polysaccharide backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gigli
- Farmitalia-Carlo Erba R&D, Nerviano, Milan, Italy
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Legras S, Diczhazi C, Moczar M. N-oleoyl heparin inhibits the amidolytic activity of plasmin and urokinase. Int J Biol Macromol 1992; 14:97-9. [PMID: 1387549 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(92)90005-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-desulphated heparin, partially N-acylated on average with three oleoyl chains per molecule, inhibits the amidolytic activity of plasmin (IC50 16 nM) and urokinase (IC50 10mM) when assayed on N-p-tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-4-nitroanilide and benzoyl-Ala-Gly-Arg-4-nitroanilide substrates respectively. N-desulphated heparin is not inhibitory. This effect requires the covalent binding of oleoyl residues to heparin and it decreases with increasing concentration of Tris-HCl and non-ionic detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Legras
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Conjonctif, CNRS URA 1460, Créteil, France
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Linhardt RJ, al-Hakim A, Liu JA, Hoppensteadt D, Mascellani G, Bianchini P, Fareed J. Structural features of dermatan sulfates and their relationship to anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42:1609-19. [PMID: 1930287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate is a polydisperse, microheterogeneous sufated copolymer of N-acetyl-D-galactopyranose and idopyranosyluronic acid that is currently under clinical investigation as a new antithrombotic agent. The structure and activity of two pairs of dermatan sulfates, isolated from bovine and porcine mucosa, were studied. One dermatan sulfate from each species demonstrated high in vivo antithrombotic activity in the rat vena cava assay. The in vitro anticoagulant activity of each dermatan sulfate was determined using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) (5 units), calcium thrombin time (CaTT) (5 units), Heptest, anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa antithrombin assays and heparin cofactor II amidolytic assays. The coagulation-based assays gave the best correlation to in vivo antithrombotic activity. The physical and chemical properties of each dermatan sulfate were determined using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, molecular weight determination, potentiometric titration, chemical degradative analysis, chondroitin lyase degradative analysis and oligosaccharide mapping. These analyses indicated that the major difference between dermatan sulfates from a particular species having high and low in vivo antithrombotic activity was their iduronic acid content. The relation between increased iduronic acid content and increased in vivo antithrombotic activity may be the result of the conformational flexibility of this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Linhardt
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Ludwig-Baxter KG, Liu ZC, Perlin AS. Regioselectivity in the sulfation of dermatan sulfate and methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-idopyranoside. Carbohydr Res 1991; 214:245-56. [PMID: 1810305 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)80032-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sulfation of dermatan sulfate by SO3-trimethylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide led to substitution initially at HO-6 of residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl 4-sulfate (1), to produce the 4,6-disulfate (6). When this step reached a level of greater than 50%, sulfation occurred with equal facility at HO-2 and HO-3 of residues of alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (2), giving rise to a mixture of 2-,3-, and 2,3-disulfates. An analogous substitution pattern was observed for HO-2 and -3 of a simpler idopyranose unit, in the sulfation of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-idopyranoside (12). This lack of regioselectivity in the reaction of 2 (and 12) contrasts markedly with the high affinity of the reagent for HO-3 of residues of alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid present in a modified form of heparin. It is attributed to a difference between the two polymers in the relative orientation of their neighboring amino sugar residues, whereby there is an unobstructed access of the reagent in one instance, and hindrance of HO-2 selectively in the other. Enzymolysis by chondroitinase ABC was found to yield unsaturated disaccharide containing residues of 4,6-disulfate, as well as larger fragments containing unsaturated glycosyl groups derived from L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate, evidence of a relatively broad enzyme specificity. The presence of extra sulfate groups in dermatan sulfate did not enhance its weak antithrombotic activity, as measured by anti Xa assay, in disagreement with earlier reports.
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