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Wei L, Xu M, Liu Z, Jiang C, Lin X, Hu Y, Wen X, Zou R, Peng C, Lin H, Wang G, Yang L, Fang L, Yang M, Zhang P. Hit Identification Driven by Combining Artificial Intelligence and Computational Chemistry Methods: A PI5P4K-β Case Study. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5341-5355. [PMID: 37549337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided drug design (CADD), especially artificial intelligence-driven drug design (AIDD), is increasingly used in drug discovery. In this paper, a novel and efficient workflow for hit identification was developed within the ID4Inno drug discovery platform, featuring innovative artificial intelligence, high-accuracy computational chemistry, and high-performance cloud computing. The workflow was validated by discovering a few potent hit compounds (best IC50 is ∼0.80 μM) against PI5P4K-β, a novel anti-cancer target. Furthermore, by applying the tools implemented in ID4Inno, we managed to optimize these hit compounds and finally obtained five hit series with different scaffolds, all of which showed high activity against PI5P4K-β. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of ID4inno in driving hit identification based on artificial intelligence, computational chemistry, and cloud computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chongguo Jiang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaohua Lin
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yaogang Hu
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Rongfeng Zou
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chunwang Peng
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hongrui Lin
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Shenzhen 518000, China
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2
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Ratti S, Evangelisti C, Mongiorgi S, De Stefano A, Fazio A, Bonomini F, Follo MY, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Sheth B, Vidalle MC, Kimber ST, Divecha N, Cocco L, Fiume R. "Modulating Phosphoinositide Profiles as a Roadmap for Treatment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia". Front Oncol 2021; 11:678824. [PMID: 34109125 PMCID: PMC8181149 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) and their modulating enzymes are involved in regulating many important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation or gene expression, and their deregulation is involved in human diseases such as metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, including Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Given that PPIns regulating enzymes are highly druggable targets, several studies have recently highlighted the potential of targeting them in AML. For instance many inhibitors targeting the PI3K pathway are in various stages of clinical development and more recently other novel enzymes such as PIP4K2A have been implicated as AML targets. PPIns have distinct subcellular organelle profiles, in part driven by the specific localisation of enzymes that metabolise them. In particular, in the nucleus, PPIns are regulated in response to various extracellular and intracellular pathways and interact with specific nuclear proteins to control epigenetic cell state. While AML does not normally manifest with as many mutations as other cancers, it does appear in large part to be a disease of dysregulation of epigenetic signalling and many novel therapeutics are aimed at reprogramming AML cells toward a differentiated cell state or to one that is responsive to alternative successful but limited AML therapies such as ATRA. Here, we propose that by combining bioinformatic analysis with inhibition of PPIns pathways, especially within the nucleus, we might discover new combination therapies aimed at reprogramming transcriptional output to attenuate uncontrolled AML cell growth. Furthermore, we outline how different part of a PPIns signalling unit might be targeted to control selective outputs that might engender more specific and therefore less toxic inhibitory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia De Stefano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C Vidalle
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Kimber
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Sivakumaren SC, Shim H, Zhang T, Ferguson FM, Lundquist MR, Browne CM, Seo HS, Paddock MN, Manz TD, Jiang B, Hao MF, Krishnan P, Wang DG, Yang TJ, Kwiatkowski NP, Ficarro SB, Cunningham JM, Marto JA, Dhe-Paganon S, Cantley LC, Gray NS. Targeting the PI5P4K Lipid Kinase Family in Cancer Using Covalent Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:525-537.e6. [PMID: 32130941 PMCID: PMC7286548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The PI5P4Ks have been demonstrated to be important for cancer cell proliferation and other diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of targeting these kinases is understudied due to a lack of potent, specific small molecules available. Here, we present the discovery and characterization of a pan-PI5P4K inhibitor, THZ-P1-2, that covalently targets cysteines on a disordered loop in PI5P4Kα/β/γ. THZ-P1-2 demonstrates cellular on-target engagement with limited off-targets across the kinome. AML/ALL cell lines were sensitive to THZ-P1-2, consistent with PI5P4K's reported role in leukemogenesis. THZ-P1-2 causes autophagosome clearance defects and upregulation in TFEB nuclear localization and target genes, disrupting autophagy in a covalent-dependent manner and phenocopying the effects of PI5P4K genetic deletion. Our studies demonstrate that PI5P4Ks are tractable targets, with THZ-P1-2 as a useful tool to further interrogate the therapeutic potential of PI5P4K inhibition and inform drug discovery campaigns for these lipid kinases in cancer metabolism and other autophagy-dependent disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Carmen Sivakumaren
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyeseok Shim
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fleur M Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark R Lundquist
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher M Browne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia N Paddock
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Theresa D Manz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pranav Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana G Wang
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - T Jonathan Yang
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas P Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James M Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Maraldi NM. In search of a primitive signaling code. Biosystems 2019; 183:103984. [PMID: 31201829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells must have preceded by simpler chemical systems (protocells) that had the capacity of a spontaneous self-assembly process and the ability to confine chemical reaction networks together with a form of information. The presence of lipid molecules in the early Earth conditions is sufficient to ensure the occurrence of spontaneous self-assembly processes, not defined by genetic information, but related to their chemical amphiphilic nature. Ribozymes are plausible molecules for early life, being the first small polynucleotides made up of random oligomers or formed by non-enzymatic template copying. Compartmentalization represents a strategy for the evolution of ribozymes; the attachment of ribozymes to surfaces, such as formed by lipid micellar aggregates may be particular relevant if the surface itself catalyzes RNA polymerization.It is conceivable that the transition from pre-biotic molecular aggregates to cellular life required the coevolution of the RNA world, capable of synthesizing specific, instead of statistical proteins, and of the Lipid world, with a transition from micellar aggregates to semipermeable vesicles. Small molecules available in the prebiotic inventory might promote RNA stability and the evolution of hydrophobic micellar aggregates into membrane-delimited vesicles. The transition from ribozymes catalyzing the assembly of statistical polypeptides to the synthesis of proteins, required the appearance of the genetic code; the transition from hydrophobic platforms favoring the stability of ribozymes and of nascent polypeptides to the selective transport of reagents through a membrane, required the appearance of the signal transduction code.A further integration between the RNA and Lipid worlds can be advanced, taking into account the emerging roles of phospholipid aggregates not only in ensuring stability to ribozymes by compartmentalization, but also in a crucial step of evolution through natural selection mechanisms, based on signal transduction pathways that convert environmental changes into biochemical responses that could vary according to the context. Here I present evidences on the presence of traces of the evolution of a signal transduction system in extant cells, which utilize a phosphoinositide signaling system located both at nucleoplasmic level as well as at the plasma membrane, based on the very same molecules but responding to different rules. The model herewith proposed is based on the following assumptions on the biomolecules of extant organisms: i) amphiphils can be converted into structured aggregates by hydrophobic forces thus giving rise to functional platforms for the interaction of other biomolecules and to their compartmentalization; ii) fundamental biochemical pathways, including protein synthesis, can be sustained by natural ribozymes of ancient origin; iii) ribozymes and nucleotide-derived coenzymes could have existed long before protein enzymes emerged; iv) signaling molecules, both derived from phospholipids and from RNAs could have guided the evolution of complex metabolic processes before the emergence of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir M Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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5
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Bryant JM, Blind RD. Signaling through non-membrane nuclear phosphoinositide binding proteins in human health and disease. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:299-311. [PMID: 30201631 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r088518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide membrane signaling is critical for normal physiology, playing well-known roles in diverse human pathologies. The basic mechanisms governing phosphoinositide signaling within the nucleus, however, have remained deeply enigmatic owing to their presence outside the nuclear membranes. Over 40% of nuclear phosphoinositides can exist in this non-membrane state, held soluble in the nucleoplasm by nuclear proteins that remain largely unidentified. Recently, two nuclear proteins responsible for solubilizing phosphoinositides were identified, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1; NR5A1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2), along with two enzymes that directly remodel these phosphoinositide/protein complexes, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN; MMAC) and inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK; ipk2). These new footholds now permit the assignment of physiological functions for nuclear phosphoinositides in human diseases, such as endometriosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis, glioblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The unique nature of nuclear phosphoinositide signaling affords extraordinary clinical opportunities for new biomarkers, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Thus, phosphoinositide biology within the nucleus may represent the next generation of low-hanging fruit for new drugs, not unlike what has occurred for membrane phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase drug development. This review connects recent basic science discoveries in nuclear phosphoinositide signaling to clinical pathologies, with the hope of inspiring development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal M Bryant
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Raymond D Blind
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Phosphoinositides in the nucleus and myogenic differentiation: how a nuclear turtle with a PHD builds muscle. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:299-306. [PMID: 26862219 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a family of phospholipid messenger molecules that control various aspects of cell biology in part by interacting with and regulating downstream protein partners. Importantly, phosphoinositides are present in the nucleus. They form part of the nuclear envelope and are present within the nucleus in nuclear speckles, intra nuclear chromatin domains, the nuclear matrix and in chromatin. What their exact role is within these compartments is not completely clear, but the identification of nuclear specific proteins that contain phosphoinositide interaction domains suggest that they are important regulators of DNA topology, chromatin conformation and RNA maturation and export. The plant homeo domain (PHD) finger is a phosphoinositide binding motif that is largely present in nuclear proteins that regulate chromatin conformation. In the present study I outline how changes in the levels of the nuclear phosphoinositide PtdIns5P impact on muscle cell differentiation through the PHD finger of TAF3 (TAF, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor), which is a core component of a number of different basal transcription complexes.
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Kolay S, Basu U, Raghu P. Control of diverse subcellular processes by a single multi-functional lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Biochem J 2016; 473:1681-92. [PMID: 27288030 PMCID: PMC6609453 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is a multi-functional lipid that regulates several essential subcellular processes in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its well-established function as a substrate for receptor-activated signalling at the plasma membrane (PM), it is now recognized that distinct PI(4,5)P2 pools are present at other organelle membranes. However, a long-standing question that remains unresolved is the mechanism by which a single lipid species, with an invariant functional head group, delivers numerous functions without loss of fidelity. In the present review, we summarize studies that have examined the molecular processes that shape the repertoire of PI(4,5)P2 pools in diverse eukaryotes. Collectively, these studies indicate a conserved role for lipid kinase isoforms in generating functionally distinct pools of PI(4,5)P2 in diverse metazoan species. The sophistication underlying the regulation of multiple functions by PI(4,5)P2 is also shaped by mechanisms that regulate its availability to enzymes involved in its metabolism as well as molecular processes that control its diffusion at nanoscales in the PM. Collectively, these mechanisms ensure the specificity of PI(4,5)P2 mediated signalling at eukaryotic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kolay
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Urbashi Basu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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8
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Tribble EK, Ivanova PT, Grabon A, Alb JG, Faenza I, Cocco L, Brown HA, Bankaitis VA. Quantitative profiling of the endonuclear glycerophospholipidome of murine embryonic fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1492-506. [PMID: 27256690 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable method for purifying envelope-stripped nuclei from immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) was established. Quantitative profiling of the glycerophospholipids (GPLs) in envelope-free iMEF nuclei yields several conclusions. First, we find the endonuclear glycerophospholipidome differs from that of bulk membranes, and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine species are the most abundant endonuclear GPLs by mass. By contrast, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) represents a minor species. We also find only a slight enrichment of saturated versus unsaturated GPL species in iMEF endonuclear fractions. Moreover, much lower values for GPL mass were measured in the iMEF nuclear matrix than those reported for envelope-stripped IMF-32 nuclei. The collective results indicate that the nuclear matrix in these cells is a GPL-poor environment where GPL occupies only approximately 0.1% of the total nuclear matrix volume. This value suggests GPL accommodation in this compartment can be satisfied by binding to resident proteins. Finally, we find no significant role for the PtdIns/PtdCho-transfer protein, PITPα, in shuttling PtdIns into the iMEF nuclear matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Tribble
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN
| | - Aby Grabon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - James G Alb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
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9
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Smrcka AV. Regulation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C at the nuclear envelope in cardiac myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:203-10. [PMID: 25658460 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis at the plasma membrane by phospholipase C is one of the major hormone regulated intracellular signaling systems. The system generates the diffusible second messenger IP3 and the membrane bound messenger diacylglycerol. Spatial regulation of this system has been thought to be through specific subcellular distributions of the IP3 receptor or PKC. As is becoming increasingly apparent, receptor-stimulated signaling systems are also found at intracellular membranes. As discussed in this issue, G protein-coupled receptors have been identified at the nuclear envelope implying intracellular localization of the signaling systems that respond to G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we discuss the evidence for the existence of PLC signals that regulate nuclear processes, as well as the evidence for nuclear and nuclear envelope localization of PLC signaling components, and their implications for cardiac physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Arastoo M, Hacker C, Popovics P, Lucocq JM, Stewart AJ. Phospholipase C-η2 interacts with nuclear and cytoplasmic LIMK-1 during retinoic acid-stimulated neurite growth. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:163-73. [PMID: 26671787 PMCID: PMC4735258 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurite growth is central to the formation and differentiation of functional neurons, and recently, an essential role for phospholipase C-η2 (PLCη2) in neuritogenesis was revealed. Here we investigate the function of PLCη2 in neuritogenesis using Neuro2A cells, which upon stimulation with retinoic acid differentiate and form neurites. We first investigated the role of the PLCη2 calcium-binding EF-hand domain, a domain that is known to be required for PLCη2 activation. To do this, we quantified neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells, stably overexpressing wild-type PLCη2 and D256A (EF-hand) and H460Q (active site) PLCη2 mutants. Retinoic acid-induced neuritogenesis was highly dependent on PLCη2 activity, with the H460Q mutant exhibiting a strong dominant-negative effect. Expression of the D256A mutant had little effect on neurite growth relative to the control, suggesting that calcium-directed activation of PLCη2 is not essential to this process. We next investigated which cellular compartments contain endogenous PLCη2 by comparing immunoelectron microscopy signals over control and knockdown cell lines. When signals were analyzed to reveal specific labeling for PLCη2, it was found to be localized predominantly over the nucleus and cytosol. Furthermore in these compartments (and also in growing neurites), a proximity ligand assay revealed that PLCη2 specifically interacts with LIMK-1 in Neuro2A cells. Taken together, these data emphasize the importance of the PLCη2 EF-hand domain and articulation of PLCη2 with LIMK-1 in regulating neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arastoo
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Christian Hacker
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK
- Bioimaging Centre, Geoffrey Pope Building, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Petra Popovics
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - John M Lucocq
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK.
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Fiume R, Stijf-Bultsma Y, Shah ZH, Keune WJ, Jones DR, Jude JG, Divecha N. PIP4K and the role of nuclear phosphoinositides in tumour suppression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:898-910. [PMID: 25728392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PtdIns5P)-4-kinases (PIP4Ks) are stress-regulated lipid kinases that phosphorylate PtdIns5P to generate PtdIns(4,5)P₂. There are three isoforms of PIP4Ks: PIP4K2A, 2B and 2C, which localise to different subcellular compartments with the PIP4K2B isoform being localised predominantly in the nucleus. Suppression of PIP4K expression selectively prevents tumour cell growth in vitro and prevents tumour development in mice that have lost the tumour suppressor p53. p53 is lost or mutated in over 70% of all human tumours. These studies suggest that inhibition of PIP4K signalling constitutes a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target. In this review we will discuss the role of PIP4K in tumour suppression and speculate on how PIP4K modulates nuclear phosphoinositides (PPIns) and how this might impact on nuclear functions to regulate cell growth. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Yvette Stijf-Bultsma
- Inositide Laboratory, Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Zahid H Shah
- Inositide Laboratory, Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Willem Jan Keune
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - David R Jones
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Julian Georg Jude
- IMP - Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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12
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García del Caño G, Aretxabala X, González-Burguera I, Montaña M, López de Jesús M, Barrondo S, Barrio RJ, Sampedro C, Goicolea MA, Sallés J. Nuclear diacylglycerol lipase-α in rat brain cortical neurons: evidence of 2-arachidonoylglycerol production in concert with phospholipase C-β activity. J Neurochem 2014; 132:489-503. [PMID: 25308538 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the localization of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGLα) in nuclei from adult cortical neurons, as assessed by double-immunofluorescence staining of rat brain cortical sections and purified intact nuclei and by western blot analysis of subnuclear fractions. Double-labeling assays using the anti-DAGLα antibody and NeuN combined with Hoechst staining showed that only nuclei of neuronal origin were DAGLα positive. At high resolution, DAGLα-signal displayed a punctate pattern in nuclear subdomains poor in Hoechst's chromatin and lamin B1 staining. In contrast, SC-35- and NeuN-signals (markers of the nuclear speckles) showed a high overlap with DAGLα within specific subdomains of the nuclear matrix. Among the members of the phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) family, PLCβ1, PLCβ2, and PLCβ4 exhibited the same distribution with respect to chromatin, lamin B1, SC-35, and NeuN as that described for DAGLα. Furthermore, by quantifying the basal levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and by characterizing the pharmacology of its accumulation, we describe the presence of a mechanism for 2-AG production, and its PLCβ/DAGLα-dependent biosynthesis in isolated nuclei. These results extend our knowledge about subcellular distribution of neuronal DAGLα, providing biochemical grounds to hypothesize a role for 2-AG locally produced within the neuronal nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gontzal García del Caño
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Xabier Aretxabala
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Mario Montaña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Ramón J Barrio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Carmen Sampedro
- Servicio General de Análisis, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - M Arantzazu Goicolea
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
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13
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Ibarra C, Vicencio JM, Varas-Godoy M, Jaimovich E, Rothermel BA, Uhlén P, Hill JA, Lavandero S. An integrated mechanism of cardiomyocyte nuclear Ca(2+) signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:40-8. [PMID: 24997440 PMCID: PMC4626248 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In cardiomyocytes, Ca(2+) plays a central role in governing both contraction and signaling events that regulate gene expression. Current evidence indicates that discrimination between these two critical functions is achieved by segregating Ca(2+) within subcellular microdomains: transcription is regulated by Ca(2+) release within nuclear microdomains, and excitation-contraction coupling is regulated by cytosolic Ca(2+). Accordingly, a variety of agonists that control cardiomyocyte gene expression, such as endothelin-1, angiotensin-II or insulin-like growth factor-1, share the feature of triggering nuclear Ca(2+) signals. However, signaling pathways coupling surface receptor activation to nuclear Ca(2+) release, and the phenotypic responses to such signals, differ between agonists. According to earlier hypotheses, the selective control of nuclear Ca(2+) signals by activation of plasma membrane receptors relies on the strategic localization of inositol trisphosphate receptors at the nuclear envelope. There, they mediate Ca(2+) release from perinuclear Ca(2+) stores upon binding of inositol trisphosphate generated in the cytosol, which diffuses into the nucleus. More recently, identification of such receptors at nuclear membranes or perinuclear sarcolemmal invaginations has uncovered novel mechanisms whereby agonists control nuclear Ca(2+) release. In this review, we discuss mechanisms for the selective control of nuclear Ca(2+) signals with special focus on emerging models of agonist receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Ibarra
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Jose Miguel Vicencio
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Resende RR, Andrade LM, Oliveira AG, Guimarães ES, Guatimosim S, Leite MF. Nucleoplasmic calcium signaling and cell proliferation: calcium signaling in the nucleus. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:14. [PMID: 23433362 PMCID: PMC3599436 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential signal transduction element involved in the regulation of several cellular activities and it is required at various key stages of the cell cycle. Intracellular Ca2+ is crucial for the orderly cell cycle progression and plays a vital role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Recently, it was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies that nucleoplasmic Ca2+ regulates cell growth. Even though the mechanism by which nuclear Ca2+ regulates cell proliferation is not completely understood, there are reports demonstrating that activation of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) leads to translocation of RTKs to the nucleus to generate localized nuclear Ca2+ signaling which are believed to modulate cell proliferation. Moreover, nuclear Ca2+ regulates the expression of genes involved in cell growth. This review will describe the nuclear Ca2+ signaling machinery and its role in cell proliferation. Additionally, the potential role of nuclear Ca2+ as a target in cancer therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Resende
- Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Cellular neurochemical characterization and subcellular localization of phospholipase C β1 in rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 222:239-68. [PMID: 22735577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a complete and detailed neuroanatomical distribution map of the phospholipase C beta1 (PLCβ1) isoform along the adult rat neuraxis, and defines the phenotype of cells expressing PLCβ1, along with its subcellular localization in cortical neurons as assessed by double-immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed a considerable morphological heterogeneity among PLCβ1-positive cells in the cortex, even though there was a marked predominance of pyramidal morphologies. As an exception to the general non-matching distribution of GFAP and PLCβ1, a high degree of co-expression was observed in radial glia-like processes of the spinal cord white matter. In the somatosensory cortex, the proportion of GABAergic neurons co-stained with PLCβ1 was similar (around 2/3) in layers I, II-III, IV and VI, and considerably lower in layer V (around 2/5). Double immunofluorescence against PLCβ1 and nuclear speckle markers SC-35 and NeuN/Fox3 in isolated nuclei from the rat cortex showed a high overlap of both markers with PLCβ1 within the nuclear matrix. In contrast, there was no apparent co-localization with markers of the nuclear envelope and lamina. Finally, to assess whether the subcellular expression pattern of PLCβ1 involved specifically one of the two splice variants of PLCβ1, we carried out Western blot experiments in cortical subcellular fractions. Notably, PLCβ1a/1b ratios were statistically higher in the cytoplasm than in the nuclear and plasma membrane fractions. These results provide a deeper knowledge of the cellular distribution of the PLCβ1 isoform in different cell subtypes of the rat brain, and of its presence in the neuronal nuclear compartment.
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16
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components of cellular membranes that play critical regulatory roles in several intracellular functions. This chapter describes the main enzymes regulating the turnover of each of the seven PIs in mammalian cells and introduces to some of their intracellular functions and to some evidences of their involvement in human diseases. Due to the complex interrelation between the distinct PIs and the plethora of functions that they can regulate inside a cell, this chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of PI signalling but rather an introduction to this complex signalling field. For more details of their regulation/functions and extensive description of their intracellular roles, more detailed reviews are suggested on each single topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Inositide Signalling Group, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
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17
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Fiume R, Keune WJ, Faenza I, Bultsma Y, Ramazzotti G, Jones DR, Martelli AM, Somner L, Follo MY, Divecha N, Cocco L. Nuclear phosphoinositides: location, regulation and function. Subcell Biochem 2012; 59:335-361. [PMID: 22374096 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3015-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid signalling in human disease is an important field of investigation and stems from the fact that phosphoinositide signalling has been implicated in the control of nearly all the important cellular pathways including metabolism, cell cycle control, membrane trafficking, apoptosis and neuronal conduction. A distinct nuclear inositide signalling metabolism has been identified, thus defining a new role for inositides in the nucleus, which are now considered essential co-factors for several nuclear processes, including DNA repair, transcription regulation, and RNA dynamics. Deregulation of phoshoinositide metabolism within the nuclear compartment may contribute to disease progression in several disorders, such as chronic inflammation, cancer, metabolic, and degenerative syndromes. In order to utilize these very druggable pathways for human benefit there is a need to identify how nuclear inositides are regulated specifically within this compartment and what downstream nuclear effectors process and integrate inositide signalling cascades in order to specifically control nuclear function. Here we describe some of the facets of nuclear inositide metabolism with a focus on their relationship to cell cycle control and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
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18
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Martelli AM, Ognibene A, Buontempo F, Fini M, Bressanin D, Goto K, McCubrey JA, Cocco L, Evangelisti C. Nuclear phosphoinositides and their roles in cell biology and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:436-57. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.609530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Cocco L, Follo MY, Faenza I, Fiume R, Ramazzotti G, Weber G, Martelli AM, Manzoli FA. Physiology and pathology of nuclear phospholipase C β1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:2-12. [PMID: 21035488 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence and function of inositide signaling in the nucleus is well documented and we know that the existence of the inositide cycle inside the nucleus has a biological role. An autonomous lipid-dependent signaling system, independently regulated from its plasma membrane counterpart, acts in the nucleus and modulates cell cycle progression and differentiation.We and others focused on PLCβ1, which is the most extensively investigated PLC isoform in the nuclear compartment. PLCβ1 is a key player in the regulation of nuclear inositol lipid signaling, and, as discussed above, its function could also be involved in nuclear structure because it hydrolyses PtdIns(4,5)P2, a well accepted regulator of chromatin remodelling. The evidence, in a number of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, that the mono-allelic deletion of PLCβ1 is associated with an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia paves the way for an entirely new field of investigation. Indeed the genetic defect evidenced, in addition to being a useful prognostic tool, also suggests that altered expression of this enzyme could have a role in the pathogenesis of this disease, by causing an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis. The epigenetics of PLCβ1 expression in MDS has been reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Keune WJ, Bultsma Y, Sommer L, Jones D, Divecha N. Phosphoinositide signalling in the nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:91-9. [PMID: 21035491 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Wang M, Bond N, Letcher A, Richardson J, Lilley K, Irvine R, Clarke J. Genomic tagging reveals a random association of endogenous PtdIns5P 4-kinases IIalpha and IIbeta and a partial nuclear localization of the IIalpha isoform. Biochem J 2010; 430:215-21. [PMID: 20569199 PMCID: PMC2943749 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PtdIns5P 4-kinases IIalpha and IIbeta are cytosolic and nuclear respectively when transfected into cells, including DT40 cells [Richardson, Wang, Clarke, Patel and Irvine (2007) Cell. Signalling 19, 1309-1314]. In the present study we have genomically tagged both type II PtdIns5P 4-kinase isoforms in DT40 cells. Immunoprecipitation of either isoform from tagged cells, followed by MS, revealed that they are associated directly with each other, probably by heterodimerization. We quantified the cellular levels of the type II PtdIns5P 4-kinase mRNAs by real-time quantitative PCR and the absolute amount of each isoform in immunoprecipitates by MS using selective reaction monitoring with 14N,13C-labelled internal standard peptides. The results suggest that the dimerization is complete and random, governed solely by the relative concentrations of the two isoforms. Whereas PtdIns5P 4-kinase IIbeta is >95% nuclear, as expected, the distribution of PtdIns4P 4-kinase IIalpha is 60% cytoplasmic (all bound to membranes) and 40% nuclear. In vitro, PtdIns5P 4-kinase IIalpha was 2000-fold more active as a PtdIns5P 4-kinase than the IIbeta isoform. Overall the results suggest a function of PtdIns5P 4-kinase IIbeta may be to target the more active IIalpha isoform into the nucleus.
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Key Words
- dt40 cell
- genomic tagging
- nuclear signalling
- phosphatidylinositol
- phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate kinase
- aqua, absolute quantification
- cul3, cullin 3
- dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- qrt-pcr, quantitative real-time pcr
- spop, speckle-type poz protein
- srm, selective reaction monitoring
- uplc, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- utr, untranslated region
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchuan Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Bond
- †Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Letcher
- *Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | | | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- †Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Robin F. Irvine
- *Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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22
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Ramazzotti G, Faenza I, Fiume R, Matteucci A, Piazzi M, Follo MY, Cocco L. The physiology and pathology of inositide signaling in the nucleus. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:14-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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A novel HPLC-based approach makes possible the spatial characterization of cellular PtdIns5P and other phosphoinositides. Biochem J 2010; 428:375-84. [PMID: 20370717 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PtdIns5P was discovered in 1997 [Rameh, Tolias, Duckworth and Cantley (1997) Nature 390, 192-196], but still very little is known about its regulation and function. Hitherto, studies of PtdIns5P regulation have been hindered by the inability to measure cellular PtdIns5P using conventional HPLC, owing to poor separation from PtdIns4P. In the present paper we describe a new HPLC method for resolving PtdIns5P from PtdIns4P, which makes possible accurate measurements of basal and inducible levels of cellular PtdIns5P in the context of other phosphoinositides. Using this new method, we found that PtdIns5P is constitutively present in all cells examined (epithelial cells, fibroblasts and myoblasts, among others) at levels typically 1-2% of PtdIns4P levels. In the beta-pancreatic cell line BTC6, which is specialized in insulin secretion, PtdIns5P levels were higher than in most cells (2.5-4% of PtdIns4P). Using subcellular fractionation, we found that the majority of the basal PtdIns5P is present in the plasma membrane, but it is also enriched in intracellular membrane compartments, especially in SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) and/or Golgi, where high levels of PtdIns3P were also detected. Unlike PtdIns3P, PtdIns5P was also found in fractions containing very-low-density vesicles. Knockdown of PIP4K (PtdIns5P 4-kinase) leads to accumulation of PtdIns5P in light fractions and fractions enriched in SER/Golgi, whereas treatment with Brefeldin A results in a subtle, but reproducible, change in PtdIns5P distribution. These results indicate that basal PtdIns5P and the PtdIns5P pathway for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) synthesis may play a role in Golgi-mediated vesicle trafficking.
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24
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Clarke JH, Wang M, Irvine RF. Localization, regulation and function of type II phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:12-8. [PMID: 19896968 PMCID: PMC2877797 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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25
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides constitute only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet their importance in the regulation of cellular functions can hardly be overstated. The rapid metabolic response of phosphoinositides after stimulation of certain cell surface receptors was the first indication that these lipids could serve as regulatory molecules. These early observations opened research areas that ultimately clarified the plasma membrane role of phosphoinositides in Ca(2+) signaling. However, research of the last 10 years has revealed a much broader range of processes dependent on phosphoinositides. These lipids control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, and they modulate lipid distribution and metabolism more generally via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. Phosphoinositides also regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters as well as both endocytic and exocytic processes. The significance of phosphoinositides found within the nucleus is still poorly understood, and a whole new research concerns the highly phosphorylated inositols that also appear to control multiple nuclear processes. The expansion of research and interest in phosphoinositides naturally created a demand for new approaches to determine where, within the cell, these lipids exert their effects. Imaging of phosphoinositide dynamics within live cells has become a standard cell biological method. These new tools not only helped us localize phosphoinositides within the cell but also taught us how tightly phosphoinositide control can be linked with distinct effector protein complexes. The recent progress allows us to understand the underlying causes of certain human diseases and design new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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26
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Mellman DL, Anderson RA. A novel gene expression pathway regulated by nuclear phosphoinositides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 49:11-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Klein BM, Andrews JB, Bannan BA, Nazario-Toole AE, Jenkins TC, Christensen KD, Oprisan SA, Meyer-Bernstein EL. Phospholipase C beta 4 in mouse hepatocytes: rhythmic expression and cellular distribution. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2008; 7:8. [PMID: 18957089 PMCID: PMC2583973 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian regulated physiological processes have been well documented in the mammalian liver. Phospholipases are important mediators of both cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling mechanisms in hepatocytes, and despite a potentially critical role for these enzymes in regulating the temporal aspect of hepatic physiology, their involvement in the circadian liver clock has not been the subject of much investigation. The phospholipase C beta4 (PLCbeta4) enzyme is of particular interest as it has been linked to circadian clock function. In general, there is no knowledge of the role of the PLCbeta4 isozyme in mammalian hepatocytes as this is the first report of its expression in the mammalian liver. RESULTS We found that in the liver of mice housed on a light:dark cycle, PLCbeta4 protein underwent a significant circadian rhythm with a peak occurring during the early night. In constant darkness, the protein rhythm was more robust and peaked around dusk. We also observed a significant oscillation in plcbeta4 gene expression in the livers of mice housed in both photoperiodic and constant dark conditions. The cellular distribution of the protein in hepatocytes varied over the course of the circadian day with PLCbeta4 primarily cytoplasmic around dusk and nuclear at dawn. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that PLCbeta4 gene and protein expression is regulated by a circadian clock in the mouse liver and is not dependent on the external photoperiod. A light-independent daily translocation of PLCbeta4 implies that it may play a key role in nuclear signaling in hepatocytes and serve as a daily temporal cue for physiological processes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Klein
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA.
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Saha S, Chowdhury P, Mazumdar A, Pal A, Das P, Chakrabarti MK. Role of Yersinia enterocolitica heat-stable enterotoxin (Y-STa) on differential regulation of nuclear and cytosolic calcium signaling in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:297-308. [PMID: 18563600 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The heat-stable enterotoxin (Y-STa) produced by the pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica is a causative agent of secretory diarrhea. We have reported earlier that Y-STa-induced inositol trisphosphate-mediated cytosolic calcium rise occurs in rat intestinal epithelial cells. In the present communication, the involvement of a nuclear calcium store in the action mechanism of Y-STa in rat intestinal epithelial cells has been shown. Calcium imaging with time series confocal microscopy shows that Y-STa stimulates both the nuclear and cytosolic calcium levels in rat intestinal epithelial cells where a rise in nuclear calcium precedes the cytosolic events. Moreover, Y-STa stimulates both cytosolic and nuclear inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) levels in a time-dependent manner. Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis reveal a higher density of IP(3) receptor type II in the nuclear membrane compared to the cytosol, which may be the cause of an early rise of the nuclear calcium level. Therefore, it is suggested that Y-STa regulates the nuclear and cytosolic calcium signals in a distinct temporal manner in rat intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Saha
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
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29
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Mellström B, Savignac M, Gomez-Villafuertes R, Naranjo JR. Ca2+-Operated Transcriptional Networks: Molecular Mechanisms and In Vivo Models. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:421-49. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is the most universal signal used by living organisms to convey information to many different cellular processes. In this review we present well-known and recently identified proteins that sense and decode the calcium signal and are key elements in the nucleus to regulate the activity of various transcriptional networks. When possible, the review also presents in vivo models in which the genes encoding these calcium sensors-transducers have been modified, to emphasize the critical role of these Ca2+-operated mechanisms in many physiological functions.
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Luo D, Yang D, Lan X, Li K, Li X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xiao RP, Han Q, Cheng H. Nuclear Ca2+ sparks and waves mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cell Calcium 2008; 43:165-74. [PMID: 17583790 PMCID: PMC2266086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear Ca(2+) signals play pivotal roles in diverse cellular functions including gene transcription, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here we report a novel nuclear Ca(2+) regulatory mechanism mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) around the nucleus in developing cardiac myocytes. Activation of IP(3)Rs by alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(1)AR) stimulation or by IP(3) application (in saponin-permeabilized cells) increases Ca(2+) spark frequency preferentially in the region around the nucleus in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. A nuclear enrichment of IP(3)R distribution supports the higher responsiveness of Ca(2+) release in this particular region. Strikingly, we observed "nuclear Ca(2+)waves" that engulf the entire nucleus without spreading into the bulk cytosol. alpha(1)AR stimulation enhances the occurrence of nuclear Ca(2+) waves and confers them the ability to trigger cytosolic Ca(2+) waves via IP(3)R-dependent pathways. This finding accounts, at least partly, for a profound frequency-dependent modulation of global Ca(2+) oscillations during alpha(1)AR stimulation. Thus, IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) waves traveling in the nuclear region provide active, autonomous regulation of nuclear Ca(2+) signaling, which provides for not only the local signal transduction, but also a pacemaker to drive global Ca(2+) transient in the context of alpha(1)AR stimulation in developing cardiac myocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/drug effects
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/physiology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Nuclear Envelope/physiology
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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31
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Sun L, Mao G, Kunapuli SP, Dhanasekaran DN, Rao AK. Alternative splice variants of phospholipase C-beta2 are expressed in platelets: effect on Galphaq-dependent activation and localization. Platelets 2007; 18:217-23. [PMID: 17497434 DOI: 10.1080/09537100601016133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) beta2 plays a pivotal role in G-protein dependent signal transduction in platelets. We have previously demonstrated in platelets, leukocytes and human erythroleukemia cells the presence of transcripts of two forms of PLC-beta2 generated by alternative splicing. They differ by 45 nucleotides in the carboxyl-terminal region and are designated as PLC-beta2a and PLC-beta2b, with and without by 15 amino acid residues (corresponding to 864-878). The presence of the two variants has not been shown at the protein level in cells. Moreover, the carboxy-terminal region of PLC-beta has been implicated in Galphaq activation, particulate association, and nuclear localization, suggesting that the PLC-beta2 splice variants may be regulated differentially. We demonstrate for the first time that both PLC-beta2 isoforms are expressed in platelets at the protein level. Studies in CV-1 cells transfected with PLC-beta2a or beta2b cDNAs, along with constitutively activated Galphaq (Q209L), showed that inositolphosphate formation was comparable between the two variants. However, the nuclear localization of the two isoforms was different with a higher cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio for PLC-beta2b compared to PLC-beta2a, suggesting that a great proportion of the total PLC-beta2a was in the nucleus relative to PLC-beta2b. There was no difference in the relative distribution of the two variants between the cytosol and particulate fractions. Both PLC-beta2 alternative splice variants are expressed at the protein level in platelets. In transfected CV-1 cells, PLC-beta2a is relatively more enriched in the nuclei than PLC-beta2b suggesting that the two variants may have different effects in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Sun
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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32
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Zima AV, Bare DJ, Mignery GA, Blatter LA. IP3-dependent nuclear Ca2+ signalling in the mammalian heart. J Physiol 2007; 584:601-11. [PMID: 17761776 PMCID: PMC2277156 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.140731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In cardiac myocytes the type-2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R2) is the predominant isoform expressed. The IP(3)R2 channel is localized to the SR and to the nuclear envelope. We studied IP(3)-dependent nuclear Ca(2+) signals ([Ca(2+)](Nuc)) in permeabilized atrial myocytes and in isolated cardiac nuclei. In permeabilized myocytes IP(3) (20 microm) and the more potent IP(3)R agonist adenophostin (5 microm) caused an elevation of [Ca(2+)](Nuc). An IP(3)-dependent increase of [Ca(2+)](Nuc) was still observed after pretreatment with tetracaine to block Ca(2+) release from ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and the effect of IP(3) was partially reversed or prevented by the IP(3)R blockers heparin and 2-APB. Isolated nuclei were superfused with an internal solution containing the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-4 dextran. Exposure to IP(3) (10 microm) and adenophostin (0.5 microm) increased [Ca(2+)](Nuc) by 25 and 27%, respectively. [Ca(2+)](Nuc) increased to higher levels than [Ca(2+)](Cyt) immediately adjacent to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, suggesting that a significant portion of nuclear IP(3) receptors are facing the nucleoplasm. When nuclei were pretreated with heparin or 2-APB, IP(3) failed to increase [Ca(2+)](Nuc). Isolated nuclei were also loaded with the membrane-permeant low-affinity Ca(2+) probe fluo-5N AM which compartmentalized into the nuclear envelope. Exposure to IP(3) and adenophostin resulted in a decrease of the fluo-5N signal that could be prevented by heparin. Stimulation of IP(3)R caused depletion of the nuclear Ca(2+) stores by approximately 60% relative to the maximum depletion produced by the ionophores ionomycin and A23187. The fluo-5N fluorescence decrease was particularly pronounced in the nuclear periphery, suggesting that the nuclear envelope may represent the predominant nuclear Ca(2+) store. The data indicate that IP(3) can elicit Ca(2+) release from cardiac nuclei resulting in localized nuclear Ca(2+) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Zima
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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33
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Heck JN, Mellman DL, Ling K, Sun Y, Wagoner MP, Schill NJ, Anderson RA. A conspicuous connection: structure defines function for the phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase family. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42:15-39. [PMID: 17364683 DOI: 10.1080/10409230601162752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinases are a unique family of enzymes that generate an assortment of lipid messengers, including the pivotal second messenger phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2). While members of the PIP kinase family function by catalyzing a similar phosphorylation reaction, the specificity loop of each PIP kinase subfamily determines substrate preference and partially influences distinct subcellular targeting. Specific protein-protein interactions that are unique to particular isoforms or splice variants play a key role in targeting PIP kinases to appropriate subcellular compartments to facilitate the localized generation of PI4,5P2 proximal to effectors, a mechanism key for the function of PI4,5P2 as a second messenger. This review documents the discovery of the PIP kinases and their signaling products, and summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the localized generation of PI4,5P2 by PIP kinases for the regulation of cellular events including actin cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, cell migration, and an assortment of nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Heck
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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34
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Visnjic D, Banfic H. Nuclear phospholipid signaling: phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:19-30. [PMID: 17558519 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of nuclear phosphoinositide signaling distinct from the one at the plasma membrane. The activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the generation of diacylglycerol, and the accumulation of the 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides have been documented in the nuclei of different cell types. In this review, we summarize some recent studies of the subnuclear localization, mechanisms of activation, and the possible physiological roles of the nuclear PI-PLC and PI-3 kinases in the regulation of cell cycle, survival, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Visnjic
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Miyara F, Pesty A, Migne C, Djediat C, Huang XB, Dumont-Hassan M, Debey P, Lefèvre B. Spontaneous calcium oscillations and nuclear PLC-β1 in human GV oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 75:392-402. [PMID: 17620288 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate if human oocytes, like mouse oocytes, exhibit spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations and nuclear translocation of PLC-beta1 prior to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and to correlate these events with the evolution of chromatin configuration as a landmark for the meiosis resumption kinetics. Human germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were either loaded with Fluo-3 probe to record Ca(2+) signals or fixed for subsequent fluorescent labeling of both chromatin and PLC-beta1, and immunogold labeling of PLC-beta1. Here for the first time, we show that human oocytes at the GV-stage exhibit spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations. Interestingly, only oocytes with a large diameter and characterized by a compact chromatin surrounding the nucleolus of the GV could reveal these kind of oscillations. We also observed a translocation of PLC-beta1 from the cytoplasm towards the nucleus during in vitro maturation of human oocytes. Spontaneous calcium oscillations and nuclear translocation of PLC-beta1 may reflect some degree of oocyte maturity. The impact of our results may be very helpful to understand and resolve many enigmatic problems usually encountered during the in vitro meiotic maturation of human GV oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miyara
- INRA, UMR 1198, INRA Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
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36
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Cocco L, Faenza I, Fiume R, Maria Billi A, Gilmour RS, Manzoli FA. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) β1 and nuclear lipid-dependent signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:509-21. [PMID: 16624616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, evidence has suggested that phosphoinositides, which are involved in the regulation of a large variety of cellular processes both in the cytoplasm and in the plasma membrane, are present also within the nucleus. A number of advances has resulted in the discovery that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C signalling in the nucleus is involved in cell growth and differentiation. Remarkably, the nuclear inositide metabolism is regulated independently from that present elsewhere in the cell. Even though nuclear inositol lipids hydrolysis generates second messengers such as diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, it is becoming increasingly clear that in the nucleus polyphosphoinositides may act by themselves to influence pre-mRNA splicing and chromatin structure. Among phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, the beta(1) isoform appears to be one of the key players of the nuclear lipid signaling. This review aims at highlighting the most significant and up-dated findings about phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C beta(1) in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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37
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Bezin S, Charpentier G, Fossier P, Cancela JM. The Ca2+-releasing messenger NAADP, a new player in the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 99:111-8. [PMID: 16458493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many physiological processes are controlled by a great diversity of Ca2+ signals. Within cell, Ca2+ signals depend upon Ca2+ entry and/or Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores. The control of Ca2+-store mobilization is ensured by a family of messengers comprising inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate, cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). From recent works, new concepts have emerged where activation of the cells by outside stimuli, acting at the plasma membrane, results in the synthesis of multiple Ca2+-releasing messengers which may interact and shape complex Ca2+ signals in the cytosol as well as in the nucleus. This contribution will cover the most recent advances on NAADP signalling with some emphasis on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bezin
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 9040, 1 Avenue de La Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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38
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Woodcock EA, Matkovich SJ. Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors and inositol phosphates in the heart-evolutionary artefacts or active signal transducers? Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:240-51. [PMID: 15908009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3)) and its associated release of Ca(2+) from internal stores is a highly conserved module in intracellular signaling from Drosophila to mammals. Many cell types, often nonexcitable cells, depend on this pathway to couple external signals to intracellular Ca(2+) release. However, despite the presence of the requisite Ins(1,4,5)P(3) signaling machinery, excitable cells such as cardiac myocytes employ a robust alternate system of intracellular Ca(2+) release, namely, a coupled system of Ca(2+) influx, followed by Ca(2+) release via the IP(3)R-related ryanodine receptors. In these systems, Ins(1,4,5)P(3) signaling pathways appear to be largely dormant. In this review, we consider the general features of inositol phosphate (InsP) responses in cardiac myocytes and the molecules mediating these responses. The spatial localization of Ins(1,4,5)P(3) generation and Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptor (IP(3)Rs) is likely of key importance, and we examine the state of knowledge in atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje myocytes. Several studies have implicated Ins(1,4,5)P(3) generation in both arrhythmogenic and hypertrophic responses, and possible mechanisms involving Ins(1,4,5)P(3) are discussed. While Ins(1,4,5)P(3) is unlikely to be a key player in cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, its potential role in an alternate Ca(2+) release system to signal changes in gene transcription warrants further investigation. Such studies will help to determine whether cardiac Ins(1,4,5)P(3) generation represents a vestigial pathway or plays an active role in cardiac signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Woodcock
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia.
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Brandizzi F, Irons SL, Evans DE. The plant nuclear envelope: new prospects for a poorly understood structure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:227-246. [PMID: 33873618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is one of the least characterized cellular structures in plant cells. In particular, knowledge of its dynamic behaviour during the cell cycle and of its protein composition is limited. This review summarizes current views on the plant NE and highlights fundamental differences with other organisms. We also introduce the power of new technology available to investigate the NE and how this has already begun to revolutionize our knowledge of the biology of the plant NE. Contents Summary 227 I. Introduction 227 II. The membranes of the nuclear envelope 228 III. Functions of the nuclear envelope 231 IV. Proteins associated with the nuclear envelope 236 V. New tools for studying the nuclear envelope 239 VI. Conclusions and future prospects 241 Acknowledgements 242 References 242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Sarah L Irons
- Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David E Evans
- Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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40
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Crljen V, Visnjić D, Banfić H. Presence of different phospholipase C isoforms in the nucleus and their activation during compensatory liver growth. FEBS Lett 2004; 571:35-42. [PMID: 15280014 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) was purified from the membrane-depleted rat liver nuclei. About 60% of the total PLC-activity corresponded to beta1b isoform, 30% to PLC-gamma1 and less than 10% to PLC-delta1. PLC-beta1b and -gamma1 were found in the nuclear matrix, while PLC-delta1 was detected in the chromatin. Two peaks of an increase in the total PLC-activity were detected occurring at 6 and 20 h after partial hepatectomy. An early increase in PLC-beta1b activity in the nuclear matrix was associated with serine phosphorylation of the enzyme, while the later increase paralleled the increase in the amount of protein. The increase in the PLC-gamma1 activity measured at 6 and 20 h after partial hepatectomy was associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme. The activity of PLC-delta1 and the amount of the protein found in the chromatin was increased only at 20 h after partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladiana Crljen
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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Weeber EJ, Caldwell KK. Delay fear conditioning modifies phospholipase C-β1a signaling in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78:155-64. [PMID: 15159145 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of the single-trial fear conditioning paradigm allows for control over the exact moment when an animal is exposed to a learning event, making it possible to study both the initial neurobiological changes that are associated with learning and changes that take place over long periods of time. In the present study, we performed detailed analyses of the alterations in phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-beta1a (PLC-beta1a) levels and enzyme activities in subcellular fractions prepared from the hippocampal formation (HPF) and medial frontal cortex (MFC) 1, 3, 5, 7, 24, and 72 h following single-trial fear conditioning. We observed tissue- and time-dependent changes in both PLC-beta1a enzyme activity and anti-PLC-beta1a immunoreactivity in each subcellular fraction. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that changes in PLC-beta1a catalytic activity and subcellular distribution play important roles in neuronal signaling processes that are required for fear-conditioned learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Weeber
- Department of Neurosciences, MSC08 4740, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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42
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Abstract
Although the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3))-induced nuclear Ca(2+) release has been shown to play key roles in nuclear functions, the presence of IP(3) receptor (IP(3)R)/Ca(2+) channels in the nucleoplasm has not been found. Recently, the IP(3)R/Ca(2+) channels were reported to exist in the nucleoplasmic reticulum structure, an extension of the nuclear envelope. Here we investigated the potential existence of the IP(3)Rs in the nucleoplasm and found the presence of all three IP(3)R isoforms in neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine cells. The IP(3)Rs were widely scattered in the nucleoplasm, localizing in both the heterochromatin and euchromatin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hoon Huh
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Secretory Granule Research, and Department of Biochemistry, Inha University College of Medicine, Jung Gu, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
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43
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Abstract
Strong evidence has been accumulating over the last 15 years suggesting that phosphoinositides, which are involved in the regulation of a large variety of cellular processes in the cytoplasm and in the plasma membrane, are present within the nucleus. Several advances have resulted in the discovery that nuclear phosphoinositides are involved in cell growth and differentiation. Remarkably, the nuclear inositide metabolism is regulated independently from that present elsewhere in the cell. Although nuclear inositol lipids generate second messengers such as diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, it is becoming increasingly clear that in the nucleus polyphosphoinositides may act by themselves to influence pre-mRNA splicing and chromatin structure. This review aims at highlighting the most significant and updated findings about inositol lipid metabolism in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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44
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Abstract
Lipids have long been recognized as quantitatively minor components of the nucleus, where they were initially thought to have little functional importance; but they now command growing interest, with recognition of their diverse signaling and modulating properties in that organelle. This applies to the lipid-poor compartments of the nucleoplasm as well as the relatively lipid-rich nuclear envelope. Phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin, as the predominant lipids, have attracted the most interest among researchers, but some of the less-abundant lipids such as gangliosides, sphingosine, and sphingosine phosphate are now becoming recognized as functionally important nuclear constituents. Among recent advances in this emerging field are detailed findings on the metabolic enzymes that synthesize and catabolize nuclear lipids; the fact that these are localized primarily within the nucleus itself indicates considerable autonomy with respect to lipid metabolism. Current studies suggest several key processes involving RNA and DNA reactivity that are dependent on these lipid-initiated events. Neural cell nuclei have been the subject of such investigations, with results that closely parallel the more numerous studies on nuclei of extraneural cells. This review attempts to outline some of the major findings on nuclear lipids of diverse cell types; results with nonneural nuclei will hopefully provide useful guideposts to further studies of neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Albi E, Rossi G, Maraldi NM, Magni MV, Cataldi S, Solimando L, Zini N. Involvement of nuclear phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases C in cell cycle progression during rat liver regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2003; 197:181-8. [PMID: 14502557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Modulation of the expression and activity of nuclear PI-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been reported during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, although it has not been determined whether different PLC isoforms play specific roles in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Here, we report evidence that the increased activity of nuclear PLCs in regenerating rat liver occurs before the peak of DNA replication and involves the enzyme activity associated to the chromatin and not that associated to the nuclear membrane. Immunocytochemical analyses indicate that PI-PLC beta(1) isoform is exclusively localized at the chromatin level, PI-PLC beta(1) co-localizes with DNA replication sites much more than PI-PLC gamma(1), which is also present at the nuclear envelope. These findings and the increased amount of PI-PLC gamma(1) occurring after the peak of DNA replication suggest that PI-PLC beta(1) and gamma(1) play different roles in cell cycle progression during regenerating liver. The increased activity of PI-PLC beta(1) constitutively present within the hepatocyte nucleus, should trigger DNA replication, whereas PI-PLC gamma(1) should be involved in G2/M phase transition through lamin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Physiopathology, Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy
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Zini N, Lisignoli G, Solimando L, Bavelloni A, Grassi F, Guidotti L, Trimarchi C, Facchini A, Maraldi NM. IL1-beta and TNF-alpha induce changes in the nuclear polyphosphoinositide signalling system in osteoblasts similar to that occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an immunochemical and immunocytochemical study. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 120:243-50. [PMID: 12915944 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common joint diseases that can lead to destruction of cartilage and structural changes in the subchondral bone. In this study we show by western blot and quantitative immunocytochemistry that nuclear phospholipase C beta(1) (PLC beta(1)) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)), two key elements of the polyphosphoinositide signal transduction system that regulate different cellular processes, increase in primary osteoblast cultures of RA patients when compared with post-traumatic after fall (PT) patients, whilst those of OA are not significantly affected. Moreover, we demonstrate that these alterations could be induced in PT osteoblasts by proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. This suggests that proinflammatory cytokines, highly produced by RA infiltrating mononuclear cells, can modulate the nuclear polyphosphoinositide signalling pathway of the osteoblasts involved in bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Zini
- Sezioni di Bologna c/o IOR, ITOI-CNR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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47
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Abstract
During the past twenty years, evidence has accumulated for the presence of phospholipids within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. These phospholipids are distinct from those that are obviously present in the nuclear envelope. The best characterized of the intranuclear lipids are the inositol lipids that form the components of a phosphoinositide-phospholipase C cycle. However, exactly as has been discovered in the cytoplasm, this is just part of a complex picture that involves many other lipids and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK.
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48
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Echevarría W, Leite MF, Guerra MT, Zipfel WR, Nathanson MH. Regulation of calcium signals in the nucleus by a nucleoplasmic reticulum. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5:440-6. [PMID: 12717445 PMCID: PMC3572851 DOI: 10.1038/ncb980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2002] [Revised: 01/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a second messenger in virtually all cells and tissues. Calcium signals in the nucleus have effects on gene transcription and cell growth that are distinct from those of cytosolic calcium signals; however, it is unknown how nuclear calcium signals are regulated. Here we identify a reticular network of nuclear calcium stores that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. This network expresses inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors, and the nuclear component of InsP3-mediated calcium signals begins in its locality. Stimulation of these receptors with a little InsP3 results in small calcium signals that are initiated in this region of the nucleus. Localized release of calcium in the nucleus causes nuclear protein kinase C (PKC) to translocate to the region of the nuclear envelope, whereas release of calcium in the cytosol induces translocation of cytosolic PKC to the plasma membrane. Our findings show that the nucleus contains a nucleoplasmic reticulum with the capacity to regulate calcium signals in localized subnuclear regions. The presence of such machinery provides a potential mechanism by which calcium can simultaneously regulate many independent processes in the nucleus.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus Structures/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus Structures/ultrastructure
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Eukaryotic Cells/cytology
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/pharmacology
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Nuclear Envelope/metabolism
- Nuclear Envelope/ultrastructure
- Photochemistry
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Transport/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Wihelma Echevarría
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-801, USA
| | - M. Fatima Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mateus T. Guerra
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-801, USA
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Department of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2501, USA
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-801, USA
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49
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Bregoli L, Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM. DGK and nuclear signaling nuclear diacylglycerol kinases in IIC9 cells. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:213-26. [PMID: 12123717 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bregoli
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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50
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