1
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Usanov SA, Kliuchenovich AV, Strushkevich NV. Drug design strategies for Cushing's syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:143-151. [PMID: 30572739 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1559146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a metabolic disorder caused by chronic hypercortisolism. CS is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal and psychological dysfunctions and can be fatal if left untreated. The first-line treatment for all forms of CS is a surgery. However, medical therapy has to be chosen if surgical resection is not an option or is deemed ineffective. Currently available therapeutics are either not selective and have side effects or are only available as an injection (pasireotide). Areas covered: The authors discuss the recent drug developments for the medical treatment of CS through two validated molecular targets. Specifically, the authors look at selective inhibitors of CYP11B1 that reduce cortisol production by inhibiting steroid 11beta-hydroxylase and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists that interrupt cortisol-mediating transcriptional regulation of related genes. Expert opinion: Patients with CS have limited treatment options; indeed, there is an unmet need for new compounds that target CYP11B1 selectively versus several steroidogenic enzymes and/or GR-signaling pathways. The complexity of steroid biosynthesis and signaling requires the application of structure-based drug discovery techniques that use molecular targets and highly similar off-targets. Significant differences in steroidogenesis between humans and other species necessitates caution over the choice of in vivo model for the preclinical evaluation of future potential compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Usanov
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - A V Kliuchenovich
- b Target Medicals LLC , Skolkovo Innovation Center (Technopark) , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - N V Strushkevich
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
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2
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Rew Y, Du X, Eksterowicz J, Zhou H, Jahchan N, Zhu L, Yan X, Kawai H, McGee LR, Medina JC, Huang T, Chen C, Zavorotinskaya T, Sutimantanapi D, Waszczuk J, Jackson E, Huang E, Ye Q, Fantin VR, Sun D. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (ORIC-101). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7767-7784. [PMID: 30091920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been linked to therapy resistance across a wide range of cancer types. Preclinical data suggest that antagonists of this nuclear receptor may enhance the activity of anticancer therapy. The first-generation GR antagonist mifepristone is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in various oncology settings. Structure-based modification of mifepristone led to the discovery of ORIC-101 (28), a highly potent steroidal GR antagonist with reduced androgen receptor (AR) agonistic activity amenable for dosing in androgen receptor positive tumors and with improved CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 inhibition profile to minimize drug-drug interaction potential. Unlike mifepristone, 28 could be codosed with chemotherapeutic agents readily metabolized by CYP2C8 such as paclitaxel. Furthermore, 28 demonstrated in vivo antitumor activity by enhancing response to chemotherapy in the GR+ OVCAR5 ovarian cancer xenograft model. Clinical evaluation of safety and therapeutic potential of 28 is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosup Rew
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - John Eksterowicz
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Haiying Zhou
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nadine Jahchan
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Liusheng Zhu
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Xuelei Yan
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Hiroyuki Kawai
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Lawrence R McGee
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Julio C Medina
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Tom Huang
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Chelsea Chen
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Tatiana Zavorotinskaya
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Dena Sutimantanapi
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Joanna Waszczuk
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Erica Jackson
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Qiuping Ye
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Valeria R Fantin
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Daqing Sun
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals , 240 East Grand Avenue, Fl2 , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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3
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Christodoulou MS, Dapiaggi F, Ghiringhelli F, Pieraccini S, Sironi M, Lucafò M, Curci D, Decorti G, Stocco G, Chirumamilla CS, Vanden Berghe W, Balaguer P, Michel BY, Burger A, Beccalli EM, Passarella D, Martinet N. Imidazo[2,1- b]benzothiazol Derivatives as Potential Allosteric Inhibitors of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:339-344. [PMID: 29670697 PMCID: PMC5900336 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) transactivation reporter gene assays were used as an initial high-throughput screening on a diversified library of 1200 compounds for their evaluation as GCR antagonists. A class of imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole and imidazo[2,1-b]benzoimidazole derivatives were identified for their ability to modulate GCR transactivation and anti-inflammatory transrepression effects utilizing GCR and NF-κB specific reporter gene assays. Modeling studies on the crystallographic structure of the GCR ligand binding domain provided three new analogues bearing the tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole scaffold able to antagonize the GCR in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX) and also defined their putative binding into the GCR structure. Both mRNA level measures of GCR itself and its target gene GILZ, on cells treated with the new analogues, showed a GCR transactivation inhibition, thus suggesting a potential allosteric inhibition of the GCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Christodoulou
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Dapiaggi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Pieraccini
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM), CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sironi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM), CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department
of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Debora Curci
- PhD
School in Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Department
of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Institute
for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chandra Sekhar Chirumamilla
- Laboratory
of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp
(UA), 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory
of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp
(UA), 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM,
INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Y. Michel
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Burger
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Nadine Martinet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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4
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Suzuki M, Doi H. Pd0-Mediated Rapid C-[11C]Methylations and C-[18F]Fluoromethylations: Revolutionary New Methodologies for the Synthesis of Short-Lived PET Molecular Probes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Pecci A, Alvarez LD, Veleiro AS, Ceballos NR, Lantos CP, Burton G. New lead compounds in the search for pure antiglucocorticoids and the dissociation of antiglucocorticoid effects. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:155-62. [PMID: 19167494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiglucocorticoids that act as antagonists at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) level may be used to block or modulate the undesirable effects of glucocorticoid excess (from endogenous or exogenous origin). RU486 developed in the early 80s, is an antiglucocorticoid but also a potent antiprogestin and abortifacient, nevertheless it still remains as the only GR antagonist drug in the market. Further on, in view of the variety of physiological processes in which glucocorticoids are involved, selective antiglucocorticoids that can block only some of these processes (eventually with tissue specificity) would be highly desirable. The bridged pregnane 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone, was developed as an alternative lead being an antagonist of the GR with no affinity for mineralocorticoid and progesterone receptors. Antagonistic activity was evidenced by partial blocking of dexamethasone induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and thymocyte apoptosis. Replacement of the oxygen bridge by a sulfur bridge gave a less bent, more flexible molecule. 21-Hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone exhibited improved antiapoptotic activity on thymocytes but was not effective blocking TAT induction. This selectivity was improved further by oxidation to the sulfone. The sulfone but not the reduced compound also reverted the dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of NFkappaB activity in HeLa cells. Blocking of the apoptotic effect of TNFalpha by dexamethasone in the L929 cell line (mouse fibroblasts), was only reverted partially by the sulfone which exhibited a mild agonistic/antagonistic activity in this assay. None of these compounds showed antiprogestin activity. Similar overall molecular shapes but more lipophylic and with higher metabolic stability were obtained by introduction of a methylene bridge (6,19-methanoprogesterone) or by a direct bond between C-6 and C-19 (6,19-cycloprogesterone and its 21-hydroxy derivative). The latter highly bent steroids showed affinity for the GR. Recently we performed molecular dynamics simulations of GR-ligand complexes to investigate the molecular basis of the passive antagonism exhibited by 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone. On the basis of our findings, we proposed that the passive antagonist mode of action of this antiglucocorticoid analog resides, at least in part, in the incapacity of GR-21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone complex to dimerize, making the complex unable to activate gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adali Pecci
- Departamento de Química Biológica (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-g]hexahydro-isoquinolines as selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists with high functional activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1312-7. [PMID: 18226897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the 4-fluorophenylpyrazole group to the previously described 2-azadecalin glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist 1 resulted in significantly enhanced functional activity. SAR of the bridgehead substituent indicated that whereas groups as small as methyl afforded high GR binding, GR functional activity was enhanced by larger groups such as benzyl, substituted ethers, and aminoalkyl derivatives. GR antagonists with binding and functional activity comparable to mifepristone were discovered (e.g., 52: GR binding K(i) 0.7 nM; GR reporter gene functional K(i) 0.6 nM) and found to be highly selective over other steroid receptors. Analogues 43 and 45 had >50% oral bioavailability in the dog.
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7
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Clark RD, Ray NC, Blaney P, Crackett PH, Hurley C, Williams K, Dyke HJ, Clark DE, Lockey PM, Devos R, Wong M, White A, Belanoff JK. 2-Benzenesulfonyl-8a-benzyl-hexahydro-2H-isoquinolin-6-ones as selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5704-8. [PMID: 17822897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2-azadecalin ring system was evaluated as a scaffold for the preparation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. High affinity, selective GR antagonists were discovered based on a hypothetical binding mode related to the steroidal GR antagonist RU-43044. 2-Benzenesulfonyl substituted 8a-benzyl-hexahydro-2H-isoquinolin-6-ones exemplified by (R)-37 had low nanomolar affinity for GR with moderate functional activity (200 nM) in a reporter gene assay. These compounds were devoid of affinity for other steroidal receptors (ER, AR, MR, and PR). Analogues based on an alternative putative binding mode (CP-like) were found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clark
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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8
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Richards SJ, von Geldern TW, Jacobson P, Wilcox D, Nguyen P, Öhman L, Österlund M, Gelius B, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Wang J, Fung S, Kalmanovich M. Synthesis and activity of novel bile-acid conjugated glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6086-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Peeters BWMM, Tonnaer JADM, Groen MB, Broekkamp CLE, van der Voort HAA, Schoonen WGFJ, Smets RJM, Vanderheyden PML, Gebhard R, Ruigt GSF. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists: new tools to investigate disorders characterized by cortisol hypersecretion. Stress 2004; 7:233-41. [PMID: 16019588 DOI: 10.1080/10253890400019672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased cortisol levels have been observed in patients suffering from a number of metabolic and psychiatric disorders. In some of these disorders a causal relationship has been suggested between the increased cortisol secretion and the observed clinical phenomena. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists which block cortisol effects might have a benefit in both the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. Selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists with in vivo potency have not been described thus far, partly due to the similarity between the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. In the present studies, we report on three different chemical classes derived from the glucocorticoid/progestagen antagonist RU486. Selected compounds from the classes 11-monoaryl steroids, 11,21-bisaryl steroids and 11-aryl, 16-hydroxy steroids proved to be selective glucocorticoid receptor binders with in vivo antagonistic activity. Most compounds were able to pass the blood-brain barrier. These compounds offer the opportunity to investigate and possibly treat patients with a disturbed hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis without side effects caused by an antiprogestagenic action.
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10
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Rapid methylation on carbon frameworks leading to the synthesis of a PET tracer capable of imaging a novel CNS-type prostacyclin receptor in living human brain. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Honer C, Nam K, Fink C, Marshall P, Ksander G, Chatelain RE, Cornell W, Steele R, Schweitzer R, Schumacher C. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism by cyproterone acetate and RU486. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:1012-20. [PMID: 12695529 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.5.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid compound cyproterone acetate was identified in a high-throughput screen for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding compounds. Cyproterone (Schering AG) is clinically used as an antiandrogen for inoperable prostate cancer, virilizing syndromes in women, and the inhibition of sex drive in men. Despite its progestin properties, cyproterone shares a similar pharmacological profile with the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU486; Roussel Uclaf SA). The binding affinities of cyproterone and RU486 for the GR and progesterone receptor were similar (K(d), 15-70 nM). Both compounds were characterized as competitive antagonists of dexamethasone without intrinsic transactivating properties in rat hepatocytes (K(i), 10-30 nM). In osteosarcoma cells, RU486 revealed a higher potency than cyproterone acetate to prevent responses to dexamethasone-induced GR transactivation and NF kappa B transrepression. Upon administration to Sprague-Dawley rats, both compounds were found to be orally bioavailable and to inhibit transactivation of liver GR. Molecular docking of cyproterone acetate and RU486 into the homology model for the GR ligand binding domain illustrated overlapping steroid scaffolds in the binding pocket. However, in contrast to RU486, cyproterone lacks a bulky side chain at position C11 beta that has been proposed to trigger active antagonism of nuclear receptors by displacing the C-terminal helix of the ligand-binding domain, thereby affecting activation function 2. Cyproterone may therefore inhibit transactivation of the GR by a molecular mechanism recently described as passive antagonism. New therapeutic profiles may result from compounds designed to selectively stabilize the inactive and active conformations of certain nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Honer
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Summit, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Morgan BP, Swick AG, Hargrove DM, LaFlamme JA, Moynihan MS, Carroll RS, Martin KA, Lee E, Decosta D, Bordner J. Discovery of potent, nonsteroidal, and highly selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2417-24. [PMID: 12036351 DOI: 10.1021/jm0105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An approach to the computer-assisted, pharmacophore design of nonsteroidal templates for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that contained an element of pseudo-C2 symmetry was developed. The enatiomer of the initial design, 1Ra, and not the designed molecule, 1S, showed the desired ligand binding to the GR. The pseudo-C2 symmetry of the template allowed for rapid improvements in GR activity resulting in potent, selective, nonsteroidal GR antagonists, CP-394531 and CP-409069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06371, USA.
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13
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Fryer CJ, Kinyamu HK, Rogatsky I, Garabedian MJ, Archer TK. Selective activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by steroid antagonists in human breast cancer and osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:17771-7. [PMID: 10748103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m908729199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate the transcription of numerous genes via high affinity receptors that act in concert with chromatin remodeling complexes, coactivators and corepressors. We have compared the activities of a variety of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists in breast cancer and osteosarcoma cell lines engineered to stably maintain the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. In both cell types, GR activation by dexamethasone occurs via the disruption of mouse mammary tumor virus chromatin structure and the recruitment of receptor coactivator proteins. However, when challenged with a variety of antagonists the GR displays differential ability to activate transcription within the two cell types. For the breast cancer cells, the antagonists fail to activate the promoter and do not promote the association of the GR with either remodeling or coactivator proteins. In contrast, in osteosarcoma cells, the antiglucocorticoids, RU486 and RU43044, exhibit partial agonist activity. The capacity of these antagonists to stimulate transcription in the osteosarcoma cells is reflected in the ability of the RU486-bound receptor to remodel chromatin and associate with chromatin-remodeling proteins. Similarly, the observation that the RU486-bound receptor does not fully activate transcription is consistent with its inability to recruit receptor coactivator proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fryer
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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14
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Wagner BL, Pollio G, Giangrande P, Webster JC, Breslin M, Mais DE, Cook CE, Vedeckis WV, Cidlowski JA, McDonnell DP. The novel progesterone receptor antagonists RTI 3021-012 and RTI 3021-022 exhibit complex glucocorticoid receptor antagonist activities: implications for the development of dissociated antiprogestins. Endocrinology 1999; 140:1449-58. [PMID: 10067874 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.3.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have identified two novel compounds (RTI 3021-012 and RTI 3021-022) that demonstrate similar affinities for human progesterone receptor (PR) and display equivalent antiprogestenic activity. As with most antiprogestins, such as RU486, RTI 3021-012, and RTI 3021-022 also bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with high affinity. Unexpectedly, when compared with RU486, the RTI antagonists manifest significantly less GR antagonist activity. This finding indicates that, with respect to antiglucocorticoid function, receptor binding affinity is not a good predictor of biological activity. We have determined that the lack of a clear correlation between the GR binding affinity of the RTI compounds and their antagonist activity reflects the unique manner in which they modulate GR signaling. Previously, we proposed a two step "active inhibition" model to explain steroid receptor antagonism: 1) competitive inhibition of agonist binding; and 2) competition of the antagonist bound receptor with that activated by agonists for DNA response elements within target gene promoters. Accordingly, we observed that RU486, RTI 3021-012, and RTI 3021-022, when assayed for PR antagonist activity, accomplished both of these steps. Thus, all three compounds are "active antagonists" of PR function. When assayed on GR, however, RU486 alone functioned as an active antagonist. RTI 3021-012 and RTI 3021-022, on the other hand, functioned solely as "competitive antagonists" since they were capable of high affinity GR binding, but the resulting ligand receptor complex was unable to bind DNA. These results have important pharmaceutical implications supporting the use of mechanism based approaches to identify nuclear receptor modulators. Of equal importance, RTI 3021-012 and RTI 3021-022 are two new antiprogestins that may have clinical utility and are likely to be useful as research reagents with which to separate the effects of antiprogestins and antiglucocorticoids in physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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15
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Hendry LB, Bransome ED, Mahesh VB. The ligand insertion hypothesis in the genomic action of steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 65:75-89. [PMID: 9699860 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation by steroids is tightly coupled to hormone concentration and stereochemistry. A key step is binding of hormones to receptors which interact with consensus DNA sequences known as hormone response elements (HREs). The specificity and strength of hormone binding do not correlate well with hormonal activity suggesting an additional step involving recognition of ligand by the gene. Stereospecific fit of hormones between base pairs and correlation of fit with hormonal activity led to the proposal that such recognition involves insertion of hormone into DNA. Here, the feasibility of insertion was investigated using computer models of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain bound to its HRE. The site reported to accommodate glucocorticoids was found in the HRE and was exposed to permit unwinding at this locus. The resulting cavity in the unwound DNA/receptor interface fit cortisol remarkably well; cortisol formed hydrogen bonds to both the receptor and DNA. Current experimental evidence is generally consistent with ligand binding domains of receptors undergoing a conformational change which facilitates transfer of the ligand into the unwound DNA/receptor interface. We propose this step is rate limiting and alterations in receptor, DNA or hormone which attenuate insertion impair hormonal regulation of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Hendry
- Drug Design and Development Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Endocrinology CLW3134, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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16
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Rao PN, Cessac JW, Blye RP, Kim HK. 11 beta-substituted 13 beta-ethyl gonane derivatives exhibit reversal of antiprogestational activity. Steroids 1998; 63:50-7. [PMID: 9437795 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(97)00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of three 17 alpha-acetoxy-13 beta-ethyl-11 beta-aryl-18,19-dinorpregna-4,9-diene-3,20 diones from levonorgestrel are described. Despite their close structural similarity to the antiprogesterone CDB-2914, one of the compounds exhibits agonistic progestational activity, and the other two compounds are totally inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Rao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549, USA
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17
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Hamann LG, Farmer LJ, Johnson MG, Bender SL, Mais DE, Wang MW, Crombie D, Goldman ME, Jones TK. Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists based on cyclocymopol monomethyl ether. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1778-89. [PMID: 8627601 DOI: 10.1021/jm950747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of nonsteroidal progesterone receptor antagonists has been synthesized and was shown to exhibit moderate binding affinity for hPR-A, the ability to inhibit the transcriptional activity of human progesterone receptor (hPR) in cell-based assays, and anti-progestational activity in a murine model. Cyclocymopol monomethyl ether, a component of the marine alga Cymopolia barbata was weakly active in random screening against PR. Investigations into the SAR surrounding the core of this natural product lead structure resulted in improved in vitro activity. In contrast to the cross-reactivity profiles observed with known steroidal antiprogestins, compounds of the general structural class described display a high degree of selectivity for the progesterone receptor and no functional activity on the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hamann
- Department of Endocrine Chemistry Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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18
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Abstract
The receptor binding of a library of 187 steroids to five steroid hormone receptors (estrogen, progestin, androgen, mineralocorticoid, and glucocorticoid) has been analyzed by correspondence factor analysis (CFA) in order to illustrate how the method could be used to derive structure-activity-relationships from much larger libraries. CFA is a cartographic multivariate technique that provides objective distribution maps of the data after reduction and filtering of redundant information and noise. The key to the analysis of very complex data tables is the formation of barycenters (steroids with one or more common structural fragments) that can be introduced into CFA analyses used as mathematical models. This is possible in CFA because the method uses X2-metrics and is based on the distributional equivalence of the rows and columns of the transformed data matrix. We have thus demonstrated, in purely objective statistical terms, the general conclusions on the specificity of various functional and other groups derived from prior analyses by expert intuition and reasoning. A finer analysis was made of a series of A-ring phenols showing the high degree of glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor binding that can be generated by certain C-11-substitutions despite the presence of the phenolic A-ring characteristic of estrogen receptor-specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ojasoo
- Groupe Cristallographie et Simulations Interactives des Macromolécules Biologiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (VI), France
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19
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Abstract
Antiprogestins of the 11 beta-aryl-substituted 19-norsteroid family are effectively used in inhibiting nidation and in terminating pregnancies. They are potentially useful in the treatment of progesterone-related diseases such as meningiomas and endometriosis and in inhibiting the growth of mammary tumors. However their long-term use is limited because of their inherent antiglucocorticoid activity. Here we have used molecular biological techniques to examine the antiglucocorticoid activity of a series of antiprogestins. The compounds we have analyzed contain different substituents at the C-17 position and a change from the trans to cis configuration of the C-D steroid rings. Our results show that minor changes at the C-17 position but not in the configuration of the C and D rings produced antiprogestins with reduced antiglucocorticoid activity. Thus only subtle changes in the structure of classical antiprogestins are needed for the reduction of their antiglucocorticoid activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wehle
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Genetics, Germany
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20
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Heck S, Kullmann M, Gast A, Ponta H, Rahmsdorf HJ, Herrlich P, Cato AC. A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1. EMBO J 1994; 13:4087-95. [PMID: 8076604 PMCID: PMC395330 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors activate and repress genes. An important class of genes that they repress is controlled by the transcription factor AP-1. The activity of AP-1 is inhibited by the receptor, a mechanism exploited for the therapy of various forms of pathological hyperproliferation in humans. We show here by point mutations in the DNA binding domain and by the choice of steroid ligands that repression of AP-1 activity and transactivation functions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are separable entities. While DNA binding and activation of glucocorticoid-regulated promoters require GR dimerization, we present data that suggest that repression is a function of GR monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heck
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Genetik, Germany
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21
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Ottow E, Beier S, Elger W, Fritzemeier KH, Neef G, Wiechert R. Synthesis and biological testing of 4'-(dimethylamino)-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-(1-propynyl)benzo[12,12a]-11 alpha,18-cyclo-12a,12b-dihomo-13 alpha-estr-4-en-3-one: an interesting RU 38 486 analog. Steroids 1994; 59:185-9. [PMID: 8048150 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(94)90026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A partial synthesis of the title compound, 4'-(dimethylamino)-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-(1-propynyl)benzo[12,12a]-11 alpha,18-cyclo-12a,12b- dihomo-13 alpha-estr-4-en-3-one 1, is reported. The key step in this synthesis represents an intramolecular alkenylaryl radical cyclization. Treatment of 18-[bromo-5-(dimethylamino)phenyl]gona-5,9(11)-diene-3,17-dione-3, 17- bis[cyclic 1,2-ethanediyl acetal] 5 with tributyl tin hydride and a radical initiator introduces the desired 11 beta,18-bridge. The reduced progesterone receptor affinity of this RU 38 486 analog contributes valuable information to the empirical characterization of the steroid binding site of the receptor protein and explains the observed lack of in vivo antigestational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ottow
- Research Laboratories, Schering AG Berlin, Germany
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22
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Van de Velde P, Nique F, Bouchoux F, Brémaud J, Hameau MC, Lucas D, Moratille C, Viet S, Philibert D, Teutsch G. RU 58,668, a new pure antiestrogen inducing a regression of human mammary carcinoma implanted in nude mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 48:187-96. [PMID: 8142294 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RU 58,668, a new steroidal antiestrogen, has been synthesized. Its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities have been compared to those of tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. In vitro, it displayed affinities for human and murine estrogen receptors equivalent to those of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, along with moderate affinities for progestin and glucocorticoid receptors. RU 58,668 proved to be a potent antiproliferative agent on MCF-7 cells stimulated by estradiol, or by exogenous or endogenous growth factors (IC50, 0.01 nM). It also inhibited the growth of the insulin-stimulated T47D cell line. In vivo, RU 58,668 displayed a total anti-uterotrophic activity in mice or rats without exhibiting any agonistic effect. Moreover, RU 58,668 was the only antiestrogenic compound tested so far to be able to induce a long term regression of human mammary MCF-7 tumors implanted in nude mice, suggesting its potential use for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
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23
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Yang J, Serres C, Philibert D, Robel P, Baulieu EE, Jouannet P. Progesterone and RU486: opposing effects on human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:529-33. [PMID: 8290559 PMCID: PMC42982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone induced a rapid influx of calcium in capacitated human sperm, followed by a long-lasting, dose-dependent increase of intracellular free calcium. Thereafter, progesterone increased the fraction of hyperactivated sperm and the acrosome reaction. On the contrary, the progesterone antagonist RU486 (mifepristone) induced an immediate and transient, dose-dependent decrease of intracellular free calcium and a drop in the values of sperm movement parameters related to hyperactivation. Moreover, RU486 counteracted the effects of progesterone on calcium influx, lateral sperm head displacement, and the acrosome reaction. Therefore, RU486 effects were opposite to those of progesterone. The nature of the membrane receptor(s) involved is unknown. Several steroids bearing 11 beta-phenyl substitutions, with different pharmacological profiles, were also investigated. It was concluded that the steroid structure and chemical groups added to the 11 beta-phenyl influence effects on calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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24
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Delabre K, Guiochon-Mantel A, Milgrom E. In vivo evidence against the existence of antiprogestins disrupting receptor binding to DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:4421-5. [PMID: 8506282 PMCID: PMC46523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor elicits a sequence of events: activation of the receptor (probably through dissociation from a complex of heat shock proteins), dimerization, binding to hormone responsive elements, and finally modulation of gene transcription. RU 486, the first antiprogestin studied, has been shown to act at the last step of this sequence: provoking an inefficient binding of the receptor to hormone responsive elements. Recently, based on in vitro studies, it has been proposed that ZK 98299 was the prototype of a second class of antiprogestins that were supposed to act through disruption of the binding to DNA. We have devised methods allowing us to study the various steps of agonist or antagonist action in vivo. We show here that RU 486 and ZK 98299 have the same effects on receptor activation, dimerization, and binding to hormone responsive elements; differences in their action are explained by the 10-fold difference in their affinity for the receptor (ZK 98299 having the lower affinity).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Delabre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 135, Hormones et Reproduction, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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