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Hernandez-Nicols BF, Robledo-Pulido JJ, Alvarado-Navarro A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:348-415. [PMID: 38240030 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2302823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Fernanda Hernandez-Nicols
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan José Robledo-Pulido
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Guo Y, Jin L, Dong L, Zhang M, Kuang Y, Chen X, Zhu W, Yin M. NHWD-1062 ameliorates inflammation and proliferation by the RIPK1/NF-κB/TLR1 axis in Psoriatic Keratinocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114638. [PMID: 37011486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. RIPK1 plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. At present, the clinical efficacy of the RIPK1 inhibitor is limited and the regulatory mechanism is unclear in the treatment of psoriasis. Therefore, our team developed a new RIPK1 inhibitor, NHWD-1062, which showed a slightly lower IC50 in U937 cells than that of GSK'772 (a RIPK1 inhibitor in clinical trials) (11 nM vs. 14 nM), indicating that the new RIPK1 inhibitor was no less inhibitory than GSK'772. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of NHWD-1062 using an IMQ-induced mouse model of psoriasis and explored the precise regulatory mechanism involved. We found that gavage of NHWD-1062 significantly ameliorated the inflammatory response and inhibited the abnormal proliferation of the epidermis in IMQ-induced psoriatic mice. We then elucidated the mechanism of NHWD-1062, which was that suppressed the proliferation and inflammation of keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo through the RIPK1/NF-κB/TLR1 axis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that P65 can directly target the TLR1 promoter region and activate TLR1 expression, leading to inflammation. In summary, our study demonstrates that NHWD-1062 alleviates psoriasis-like inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the RIPK1/NF-κB/TLR1 axis, which has not been previously reported and further provides evidence for the clinical translation of NHWD-1062 in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Guo
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Liping Jin
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Dong
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yehong Kuang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wu Zhu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Th2 Cytokines Affect the Innate Immune Barrier without Impairing the Physical Barrier in a 3D Model of Normal Human Skin. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051941. [PMID: 36902728 PMCID: PMC10003590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by T helper (Th) 2 and Th22 cells producing interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and IL-22, respectively. The specific contribution of each cytokine to the impairment of the physical and the immune barrier via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is poorly addressed concerning the epidermal compartment of the skin. (2) Methods: The effect of IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, and the master cytokine IL-23 is evaluated in a 3D model of normal human skin biopsies (n = 7) at the air-liquid interface for 24 and 48 h. We investigated by immunofluorescence the expressions of (i) claudin-1, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 filaggrin, involucrin for the physical barrier and (ii) TLR2, 4, 7, 9, human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) for the immune barrier. (3) Results: Th2 cytokines induce spongiosis and fail in impairing tight junction composition, while IL-22 reduces and IL-23 induces claudin-1 expression. IL-4 and IL-13 affect the TLR-mediated barrier largely than IL-22 and IL-23. IL-4 early inhibits hBD-2 expression, while IL-22 and IL-23 induce its distribution. (4) Conclusions: This experimental approach looks to the pathogenesis of AD through molecular epidermal proteins rather than cytokines only and paves the way for tailored patient therapy.
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Leishmania major Strain-Dependent Macrophage Activation Contributes to Pathogenicity in the Absence of Lymphocytes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0112622. [PMID: 36190414 PMCID: PMC9603372 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01126-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of C57BL/6 wild-type mice with Leishmania major 5-ASKH or Friedlin strains results in relatively similar pathogenicity with self-healing lesions within weeks. Parasite clearance depends on nitric oxide production by activated macrophages in response to cytokines produced mainly by CD4+ Th1 cells. In contrast, C57BL/6 Rag2 knockout mice, which lack T and B lymphocytes, show distinct pathologies during infection with these strains. Despite of the similar parasite number, the 5-ASKH infection induced severe inflammation rather than the Friedlin. To determine the immunological factors behind this phenomenon, we infected C57BL/6 Rag2 knockout mice with these two strains and compared immune cell kinetics and macrophage activation status. Compared with the Friedlin strain, the 5-ASKH strain elicited increased pathology associated with the accumulation of CD11bhigh, Ly6Ghigh neutrophils by week four and increased the expression of macrophage activation markers. We then analyzed the differentially expressed transcripts in infected bone marrow-derived macrophages by RNA sequencing. It showed upregulation of multiple inflammatory transcripts, including Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2), CD69, and CARD14, upon 5-ASKH infection. Our findings suggest that different L. major strains can trigger distinct macrophage activation, contributing to the disease outcome observed in the absence of lymphocytes but not in the presence of lymphocytes. IMPORTANCE Disease manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to chronic forms of the disease, depending on the infecting Leishmania sp. and host immune protection. Previous works on mouse models of CL show the distinct pathogenicity of Leishmania major strains in the absence of lymphocytes. However, the mechanisms of this pathology remain uncovered. In the trial to understand the immunological process involved in lymphocyte-independent pathology, we have found a specific induction of macrophages by different L. major strains that affect their ability to mount innate responses leading to neutrophilic pathology when lymphocytes are ablated.
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Smith JB, Herbert JJ, Truong NR, Cunningham AL. Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936235. [PMID: 36211447 PMCID: PMC9538770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous infections in humans. They cause orofacial and genital herpes with occasional severe complications. HSV2 also predisposes individuals to infection with HIV. There is currently no vaccine or immunotherapy for these diseases. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of HSV infections is essential to progress towards these goals. Both HSV viruses result in initial infections in two major sites - in the skin or mucosa, either after initial infection or recurrence, and in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia where the viruses establish latency. HSV1 can also cause recurrent infection in the eye. At all of these sites immune cells respond to control infection. T cells and resident dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin/mucosa and around reactivating neurones in the ganglia, as well as keratinocytes in the skin and mucosa, are major sources of cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as the Type I and II interferons synergise in their local antiviral effects. Chemokines such as CCL2, 3 and 4 are found in lesion vesicle fluid, but their exact role in determining the interactions between epidermal and dermal DCs and with resident memory and infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells in the skin/mucosa is unclear. Even less is known about these mechanisms in the ganglia. Here we review the data on known sources and actions of these cytokines and chemokines at cellular and tissue level and indicate their potential for preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anthony L. Cunningham,
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Gao S, Khan A, Chen X, Xiao G, van der Veen S, Chen Y, Lin X. Cyclic-di-GMP stimulates keratinocyte innate immune responses and attenuates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a murine skin wound infection model. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35804301 PMCID: PMC9264594 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality associated with skin and burn wound infections. Therapeutic options for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have dwindled and therefore alternative treatments are urgently needed. In this study, the immuno-stimulating and anti-MRSA effects of cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a uniquely bacterial second messenger and immuno-modulator, were investigated in HaCaT human epidermal keratinocytes and a murine skin wound infection model. Results Stimulation of HaCaT cells with 125 μM c-di-GMP for 12 h prior to MRSA challenge resulted in a 20-fold reduction in bacterial colonization compared with untreated control cells, which was not the result of a direct c-di-GMP toxic effect, since bacterial viability was not affected by this dose in the absence of HaCaT cells. C-di-GMP-stimulated or MRSA-challenged HaCaT cells displayed enhanced secretion of the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1), hBD-2, hBD-3 and LL-37, but for hBD1 and LL-37 the responses were additive in a c-di-GMP-dose-dependent manner. Secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 was also elevated after stimulation of HaCaT cells with lower c-di-GMP doses and peaked at a dose of 5 μM. Finally, pre-treatment of mice with a 200 nmol dose of c-di-GMP 24 h before a challenge with MRSA in skin wound infection model resulted in a major reduction (up to 1,100-fold by day 2) in bacterial CFU counts recovered from challenged skin tissue sections compared PBS-treated control animals. Tissue sections displayed inflammatory cell infiltration and enhanced neutrophil influx in the c-di-GMP pre-treated animals, which might account for the reduced ability of MRSA to colonize c-di-GMP pre-treated mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that c-di-GMP is a potent immuno-modulator that can stimulate anti-MRSA immune responses in vivo and might therefore be a suitable alternative prophylactic or therapeutic agent for MRSA skin or burn wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Abidullah Khan
- Department of Burns, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Fetter T, Braegelmann C, de Vos L, Wenzel J. Current Concepts on Pathogenic Mechanisms and Histopathology in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:915828. [PMID: 35712102 PMCID: PMC9196867 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.915828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an interferon (IFN)-driven autoimmune disease that may be limited to the skin or can be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CLE occurs in several morphologic subtypes ranging from isolated, disc-shaped plaques to disseminated skin lesions. The typical histopathologic pattern of skin lesions is named interface dermatitis and characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate and necroptotic keratinocytes at the dermo-epidermal junction. Other histopathologic patterns primarily involve the dermis or subcutis, depending on the subtype. One critical mechanism in CLE is the chronic reactivation of innate and adaptive immune pathways. An important step in this process is the recognition of endogenous nucleic acids released from dying cells by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other cytosolic receptors. Crucial cells in CLE pathogenesis comprise plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as major producers of type I IFN, T cells exerting cytotoxic effects, and B cells, previously believed to contribute via secretion of autoantibodies. However, B cells are increasingly considered to have additional functions, supported by studies finding them to occur in highest numbers in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), a subtype in which autoantibodies are often absent. More precise knowledge of how CLE subtypes differ pathophysiologically may allow a tailored pharmacotherapy in the future, taking into account the specific molecular signature in relation to the morphologic subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fetter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Luka de Vos
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Xiong L, McCoy M, Murtazina R, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. Timely Wound Healing is Dependent upon Endothelial but not Hair Follicle Stem Cell Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3082-3092.e1. [PMID: 35561753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a part of innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an important function in most defensive responses of the organism, including but not limited to infections. Cutaneous injury, one of the most common challenges for mammals, mobilizes a number of cell types, including epithelial, immune, and vascular cells for timely tissue repair. However, in contrast to immune cells, little is known about TLR2 function on non-immune cells during skin regeneration. Here, we used two tissue-specific conditional TLR2 knockout mouse lines to address the impact of TLR2 in endothelial and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) on cutaneous wound healing. The loss of TLR2 on endothelial cells diminishes their ability to migrate, sprout, and proliferate in response to specific TLR2 ligands, and also reduces the secretion of key pro-angiogenic factors. Lack of TLR2 on endothelial cells prolongs wound healing due to diminished angiogenesis. TLR2 is expressed in key structures of hair follicle including HFSCs, secondary hair germ, and dermal papilla. Despite the prominent role for HFSCs in skin regeneration, excision of TLR2 from HFSCs has no impact on their proliferation or wound healing potential. Our study demonstrates that timely tissue regeneration after skin injury is dependent upon endothelial TLR2 for robust angiogenesis, while HFSC TLR2 is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael McCoy
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rakhilya Murtazina
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Rodrigues de Souza I, Savio de Araujo-Souza P, Morais Leme D. Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:43-95. [PMID: 34979876 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.2013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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Shehata WA, Shoeib M, Shoeib MM, Shokhba H, Shams A. Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain 2 in psoriasis: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 43:43-53. [PMID: 34137669 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1941095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease, affecting about 2 to 3% of the population worldwide. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2-like receptor has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases. The current work aims to investigate the expression of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2-like receptor in psoriatic skin through an immunohistochemical study. This cross-sectional case-control study included 20 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 20 age- and sex-matched normal subjects as controls. Psoriasis severity was assessed through the use of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. Skin biopsies were taken under local anesthesia from cases and from matched sites of controls. Expression of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 in epidermis of studied cases and controls showed positive epidermal expression of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 in all cases (100%) versus 6 (30%) controls with a significant increase (χ2 = 21.54, P˂0.001). Moreover, dermal expression of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 was higher in psoriatic skin lesion (95%) compared to controls (15%) with a significant difference (χ2 = 25.86, P˂0.001). We concluded that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 may be implicated in psoriasis pathogenesis being higher in cases in comparison to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Ahmed Shehata
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibn Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shoeib
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibn Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - May Mohamed Shoeib
- Department of Dermatology, Researcher at the National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend Shokhba
- General Practitioner in Health Sector, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shams
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibn Al Kawm, Egypt
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11
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Passelli K, Billion O, Tacchini-Cottier F. The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649348. [PMID: 33732265 PMCID: PMC7957080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected infectious vector-borne diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from local cutaneous, to visceral forms of the diseases. The parasites are deposited in the mammalian skin during the blood meal of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. The skin is a complex organ acting as the first line of physical and immune defense against pathogens. Insults to skin integrity, such as that occurring during insect feeding, induces the local secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules generating the rapid recruitment of neutrophils. At the site of infection, skin keratinocytes play a first role in host defense contributing to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected dermis, of which neutrophils are the first recruited cells. Although neutrophils efficiently kill various pathogens including Leishmania, several Leishmania species have developed mechanisms to survive in these cells. In addition, through their rapid release of cytokines, neutrophils modulate the skin microenvironment at the site of infection, a process shaping the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils may also be recruited later on in unhealing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the spleen and liver in visceral forms of the disease. Here, we will review the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment to the skin following Leishmania infection focusing on the role of keratinocytes in this process. We will also discuss the distinct involvement of neutrophils in the outcome of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oaklyne Billion
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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McCarthy S, Agudo J. Immune-keratinocyte crosstalk in healthy and cancerous epidermis. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Wang WM, Li F, Jin HZ. Role of interferon regulatory factor-mediated signaling in psoriasis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3794-3799. [PMID: 34790055 PMCID: PMC8579288 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Type I interferons (IFNs), the production of which is partially regulated by toll-like receptors (TLRs), play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, especially psoriasis caused by skin trauma, known as the Koebner phenomenon. IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) function in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and their effect is associated with the regulation of type I IFNs. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the expression of TLRs, IRFs, and type I IFNs in psoriasis. We also highlight the interplay among TLRs, IRFs, and type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Gandhi S, Ravindra K. Toll-Like Receptors in Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:223. [PMID: 34188292 PMCID: PMC8208254 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_486_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a family of Type I transmembrane proteins characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and a cytoplasmic domain. TLRs represent a conserved group of receptors which help the immune system to function properly. Different TLRs are associated with an array of skin diseases. TLR agonists and antagonists have great potential for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Gandhi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, GIMS, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - K Ravindra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, JJMMC, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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15
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Koike S, Yamasaki K. Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249769. [PMID: 33371432 PMCID: PMC7767451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is located in the outermost layer of the living body and is the place where external stimuli such as ultraviolet rays and microorganisms first come into contact. Melanocytes and melanin play a wide range of roles such as adsorption of metals, thermoregulation, and protection from foreign enemies by camouflage. Pigmentary disorders are observed in diseases associated with immunodeficiency such as Griscelli syndrome, indicating molecular sharing between immune systems and the machineries of pigment formation. Melanocytes express functional toll-like receptors (TLRs), and innate immune stimulation via TLRs affects melanin synthesis and melanosome transport to modulate skin pigmentation. TLR2 enhances melanogenetic gene expression to augment melanogenesis. In contrast, TLR3 increases melanosome transport to transfer to keratinocytes through Rab27A, the responsible molecule of Griscelli syndrome. TLR4 and TLR9 enhance tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis through p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NFκB signaling pathway, respectively. TLR7 suppresses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and MITF reduction leads to melanocyte apoptosis. Accumulating knowledge of the TLRs function of melanocytes has enlightened the link between melanogenesis and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan;
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-717-7271
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16
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Turnier JL, Kahlenberg JM. The Role of Cutaneous Type I IFNs in Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2941-2950. [PMID: 33229366 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IFNs are well known as mediators of the antimicrobial response but also serve as important immunomodulatory cytokines in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. An increasingly critical role for IFNs in evolution of skin inflammation in these patients has been recognized. IFNs are produced not only by infiltrating immune but also resident skin cells, with increased baseline IFN production priming for inflammatory cell activation, immune response amplification, and development of skin lesions. The IFN response differs by cell type and host factors and may be modified by other inflammatory pathway activation specific to individual diseases, leading to differing clinical phenotypes. Understanding the contribution of IFNs to skin and systemic disease pathogenesis is key to development of new therapeutics and improved patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize the immunomodulatory role of IFNs in skin, with a focus on type I, and provide insight into IFN dysregulation in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Turnier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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17
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Toll-like-Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Tunisian Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6541761. [PMID: 33204706 PMCID: PMC7661111 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6541761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is considered to be caused by the combined effects of susceptibility genes and environmental triggers. The polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) genes have been associated with the risk of various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential association of TLR2-3-4 and 7 gene polymorphisms with Tunisian PF. Fourteen polymorphisms were analyzed in 93 Tunisian PF patients compared to 193 matched healthy controls: rs5743703-rs5743709 and (GT)n repeat (TLR2); rs5743305, rs3775294, and rs3775291 (TLR3), rs4986790 and rs4986791 (TLR4); and rs3853839 (TLR7). Our results showed that the genetic factors varied depending on the epidemiological feature stratification. In fact, in the whole population, no association with the susceptibility to PF was found. The TLR2 GT repeat seems to be closely associated with PF risk in patients originated from the endemic localities (group 3); the GT18 allele and the heterozygous genotype GT18/GT19 seem to confer risk to endemic PF (P = 0.02; OR = 2.3 [1.1-4.9] and P = 0.0002, OR = 20 [2.5-171], respectively). In contrast, the GT23 repeat could be considered as protector allele (P = 0.02, OR = 0.2 [0.06-0.87]). Furthermore, medium GT alleles which induce high promoter activity were also significantly more frequent in patients versus short or long GT repeats (P = 0.0018 with OR = 3.26 [1.5-7]). On the other hand, the TLR3-rs574305 AA genotype and A allele were significantly more frequent in patients whose age of the onset was above 35 years (group 2) (P = 0.038, OR = 1.78 and P = 0.009, OR = 3.92, respectively). Besides, the TLR4>rs3775294 A allele was found to be protector only in patients with sporadic features (groups 2 and 4) (P = 0.03, OR = 0.57 [0.3-0.9] and P = 0.006, OR = 0.24 [0.08-0.74], respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of TLR-4 and TLR-7 gene polymorphisms. The present data suggest that TLR2and TLR3 polymorphisms are significantly associated with increased susceptibility to PF in the Tunisian population.
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18
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Maharjan S, Cecen B, Zhang YS. 3D Immunocompetent Organ-on-a-Chip Models. SMALL METHODS 2020; 4:2000235. [PMID: 33072861 PMCID: PMC7567338 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant platforms, known as organs-on-chips (OOCs), has been explored to establish in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the microenvironments found in native organs and tissues. However, most of these models have overlooked the important roles of immune cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in modulating the tissue microenvironments during pathophysiology. Significantly, gradual progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated microphysiologically relevant human-based OOC models that allow the studies of the key biophysiological aspects of specific tissues or organs, interactions between cells (parenchymal, vascular, and immune cells) and their extracellular matrix molecules, effects of native tissue architectures (geometry, dynamic flow or mechanical forces) on tissue functions, as well as unravelling the mechanism underlying tissue-specific diseases and drug testing. In this Progress Report, we discuss the different components of the immune system, as well as immune OOC platforms and immunocompetent OOC approaches that have simulated one or more components of the immune system. We also outline the challenges to recreate a fully functional tissue system in vitro with a focus on the incorporation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Berivan Cecen
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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19
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Yu H, Lin X, Cen J, Cheng H, Seifert O. Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 in vitiligo melanocytes: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:89-95. [PMID: 32945011 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on human melanocytes, and play an important role in innate and acquired immunity. The role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of vitiligo has not been fully described. AIM To investigate the expression of TLRs in melanocytes from patients with vitiligo and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Primary cultured vitiligo and control melanocytes were obtained from perilesional normal skin of patients with generalized vitiligo and HCs. TLRs mRNA expression in melanocytes were determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR and protein expression by western blotting. Apoptosis was analysed using an annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate apoptosis detection kit, and tyrosinase activity and melanin content were measured by a modified dopachrome and colorimetric method. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and soluble cell adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 expression were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In vitiligo melanocytes, compared with control melanocytes, apoptosis rate, expression of TLR7 and TLR9 mRNA and protein, and production of IL-8, IL-6 and sICAM-1 were significantly increased, whereas tyrosinase activity and melanin content were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased expression of TLR7 and TLR9 might correlate with melanocyte dysfunction in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Cen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - O Seifert
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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20
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Hile GA, Gudjonsson JE, Kahlenberg JM. The influence of interferon on healthy and diseased skin. Cytokine 2020; 132:154605. [PMID: 30527631 PMCID: PMC6551332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are an immunomodulatory class of cytokines that serve to protect against viral and bacterial infection. In addition, mounting evidence suggests IFNs, particularly type I but also IFNγ, are important to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases, such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Understanding the role of IFNs is relevant to anti-viral responses in the skin, skin biology, and therapeutics for these IFN-related conditions. Type I IFNs (α and β) are produced by recruited inflammatory cells and by the epidermis itself (IFNκ) and have important roles in autoimmune and inflammatory skin disease. Here, we review the current literature utilizing a PubMed database search using terms [interferon/IFN/type I IFN AND lupus/ cutaneous lupus/CLE/dermatomyositis/Sjogrens/psoriasis/lichen planus/morphea/alopecia areata/vitiligo] with a focus on the role of IFNs in basic keratinocyte biology and their implications in the cutaneous autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, psoriasis, lichen planus, alopecia areata and vitiligo. We provide information about genes and proteins induced by IFNs and how downstream mechanisms relate to clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hile
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Shah M, Kim GY, Achek A, Cho EY, Baek WY, Choi YS, Lee WH, Kim DJ, Lee SH, Kim W, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Suh CH, Choi S. The αC helix of TIRAP holds therapeutic potential in TLR-mediated autoimmune diseases. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119974. [PMID: 32220799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite being crucial for combating microbes, paradoxical Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling have been associated with the aggravation of multiple immune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The stoichiometry and precise arrangement of the interaction of adapters (via their Toll/interleukin-1 receptor [TIR] domains) are indispensable for the activation of TLRs and of downstream signaling cascades. Among adapters, plasma membrane-anchored MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL) has the potential for BB-loop-mediated self-oligomerization and interacts with other TIR domain-containing adaptors through αC and αD helices. Here, we used information on the MAL-αC interface to exploit its pharmacophores and to design a decoy peptide (MIP2) with broad-range TLR-inhibitory abilities. MIP2 abrogated MyD88- and TRIF-dependent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 signaling in murine and human cell lines and manifested a therapeutic potential in models of psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and sepsis. Levels of hallmark serological and histological biomarkers were significantly restored and the disease symptoms were substantially ameliorated by MIP2 treatment of the animals. Collectively, our biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo findings suggest that MIP2 has broad specificity for TLRs and may be effective in modulating autoimmune complications caused by microbial or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yang Seon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Klein K, Habiger C, Iftner T, Stubenrauch F. A TGF-β– and p63-Responsive Enhancer Regulates IFN-κ Expression in Human Keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1825-1835. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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A peptide derived from the core β-sheet region of TIRAP decoys TLR4 and reduces inflammatory and autoimmune symptoms in murine models. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102645. [PMID: 32014819 PMCID: PMC6997517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLRs are some of the actively pursued drug-targets in immune disorders. Owing to a recent surge in the cognizance of TLR structural biology and signalling pathways, numerous therapeutic modulators, ranging from low-molecular-weight organic compounds to polypeptides and nucleic acid agents have been developed. METHODS A penetratin-conjugated small peptide (TIP3), derived from the core β-sheet of TIRAP, was evaluated in vitro by monitoring the TLR-mediated cytokine induction and quantifying the protein expression using western blot. The therapeutic potential of TIP3 was further evaluated in TLR-dependent in vivo disease models. FINDINGS TIP3 blocks the TLR4-mediated cytokine production through both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. A similar inhibitory-effect was exhibited for TLR3 but not on other TLRs. A profound therapeutic effect was observed in vivo, where TIP3 successfully alleviated the inflammatory response in mice model of collagen-induced arthritis and ameliorated the disease symptoms in psoriasis and SLE models. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that TIP3 may be a potential lead candidate for the development of effective therapeutics against TLR-mediated autoimmune disorders. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019M3A9A8065098, 2019M3D1A1078940 and 2019R1A6A1A11051471). The funders did not have any role in the design of the present study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, or the writing of the manuscript.
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24
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Chambers ES, Vukmanovic-Stejic M. Skin barrier immunity and ageing. Immunology 2019; 160:116-125. [PMID: 31709535 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body with an extensive surface area of approximately 1·8 m2 , and is the first line of defence against a multitude of external pathogens and environmental insults. The skin also has important homeostatic functions such as reducing water loss and contributing to thermoregulation of the body. The structure of the skin and its cellular composition work in harmony to prevent infections and to deal with physical and chemical challenges from the outside world. In this review, we discuss how the structural cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and adipocytes contribute to barrier immunity. We also discuss specialized immune cells that are resident in steady-state skin including mononuclear phagocytes, such as Langerhans cells, dermal macrophages and dermal dendritic cells in addition to the resident memory T cells. Ageing results in an increased incidence of cancer and skin infections. As we age, the skin structure changes with thinning of the epidermis and dermis, increased water loss, and fragmentation of collagen and elastin. In addition, the skin immune composition is altered with reduced Langerhans cells, decreased antigen-specific immunity and increased regulatory populations such as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Together, these alterations result in decreased barrier immunity in the elderly, explaining in part their increased susceptiblity to cancer and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Chambers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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25
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Koike S, Yamasaki K, Yamauchi T, Shimada-Omori R, Tsuchiyama K, Ando H, Aiba S. TLR3 stimulation induces melanosome endo/phagocytosis through RHOA and CDC42 in human epidermal keratinocyte. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:168-177. [PMID: 31776046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocytes and melanocytes in human epidermis express Toll-like receptors (TLR) and induce immune responses. We previously reported that TLR3 stimulation increases melanosome transport from perinuclear to cell membrane in melanocytes and enhanced release of melanosome from melanocytes, which were followed by increase in melanosome uptake into keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether TLR3 stimuli directly affect keratinocytes to enhance melanosome uptake. METHODS To observe keratinocyte's melanosome uptake ability precisely without melanocytes influences, we isolated melanosomes from human melanocytes and applied isolated melanosomes to keratinocytes stimulated by Poly(I:C). RESULTS Poly(I:C)-stimulated keratinocytes enhanced uptake of isolated melanosome-rich globules five-times as much as control. Poly(I:C) increases the RNA and protein expressions of RHOA and CDC42, which are small GTP-binding proteins inducing the endocytosis. Pull-down assay showed that Poly(I:C) increased the GTP-binding RHOA and CDC42, suggesting TLR3 stimulation activated RHOA and CDC42. The knockdown of TLR3 suppressed RHOA and CDC42 induction by Poly(I:C). Consistently, the knockdown of RHOA and CDC42 significantly suppressed the melanosome-rich globules uptake by Poly(I:C)-stimulated keratinocytes. CONCLUSION Because RHOA and CDC42 activation induces endocytosis by modification of actin stress fiber and filopodia formation, respectively, these results suggested that TLR3 stimulation enhances melanosome uptake into keratinocytes through endocytosis mechanisms. Combining with the data of our previous publications, TLR3, which signal is activated by sensing viral molecules, enhance pigmentation by controlling both melanin transport system by RAB GTPases induction in melanocytes and uptake system by RHOA and CDC42 in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shimada-Omori
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tsuchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Yuan Y, Qiu J, Lin Z, Li W, Haley C, Mui UN, Ning J, Tyring SK, Wu T. Identification of Novel Autoantibodies Associated With Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:941-951. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yuan
- People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China, and University of Houston Houston Texas
| | | | | | - Wen Li
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston
| | | | | | - Jing Ning
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston
| | - Stephen K. Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas, and University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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27
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Gürel G, Sabah-Özcan S. Evaluation of Toll-like receptor expression profile in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Gene 2019; 702:166-170. [PMID: 30935923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TLRs are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of such dermatological diseases as leprosy, acne and psoriasis. The study included 20 patients with plaque psoriasis, as well as 20 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluation was made of the messenger RNA expression of TLRs 1-10 in lesional tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples in psoriasis patients. TLR 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 lesional tissue mRNA expressions were increased significantly when compared to the expression levels in the PBMCs of the same patients (p = 0.0082, p = 0.0176, p = 0.0239, p = 0.0261, p = 0.0223, p = 0.0206). A comparison of the TLR expression in the PBMCs of healthy subjects and the PBMCs of patients with psoriasis showed a significant increase in the TLR 1, 8 and 10 mRNA expressions in the patient group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0035). The TLR 5 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group (p = 0.0037). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in literature to evaluate mRNA TLR expression levels in the lesional tissue and PBMCs of patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülhan Gürel
- Department of Dermatology, Bozok University School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Seda Sabah-Özcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Bozok University School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.
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Benhadou F, Mintoff D, Del Marmol V. Psoriasis: Keratinocytes or Immune Cells - Which Is the Trigger? Dermatology 2018; 235:91-100. [PMID: 30566935 DOI: 10.1159/000495291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disorder, which can significantly impact quality of life. Despite major breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the chronological order of the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of psoriatic plaques remains to be completely understood. SUMMARY Although psoriasis is classically perceived as a T-cell disease, it is now well recognized that T lymphocytes do not function in exclusivity. This theory is supported by evidence from transgenic murine models that develop marked psoriasiform disease. In addition, immune cells and cytokines regulate both early and late events involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Key Messages: Psoriasis is a complex disease - a dynamic interplay between immune cells, keratinocytes, and various other skin-resident cells, such as endothelial and immune cells. The contribution of each cell type is crucial in the initiation and maintenance phases of psoriatic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Benhadou
- Dermatology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles - ULB, Brussels, Belgium, .,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Unversité Libre de Bruxelles - ULB, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Dillon Mintoff
- Dermatology Department, Sir Paul Boffa Hospital, Floriana, Malta
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Dermatology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles - ULB, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Balasubramanian PK, Kim J, Son K, Durai P, Kim Y. 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone: A Potent Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory Activity Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Kkabi Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | | | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
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30
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Shanti A, Teo J, Stefanini C. In Vitro Immune Organs-on-Chip for Drug Development: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E278. [PMID: 30558264 PMCID: PMC6320867 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current drug development practice lacks reliable and sensitive techniques to evaluate the immunotoxicity of drug candidates, i.e., their effect on the human immune system. This, in part, has resulted in a high attrition rate for novel drugs candidates. Organ-on-chip devices have emerged as key tools that permit the study of human physiology in controlled in vivo simulating environments. Furthermore, there has been a growing interest in developing the so called "body-on-chip" devices to better predict the systemic effects of drug candidates. This review describes existing biomimetic immune organs-on-chip, highlights their physiological relevance to drug development and discovery and emphasizes the need for developing comprehensive immune system-on-chip models. Such immune models can enhance the performance of novel drug candidates during clinical trials and contribute to reducing the high attrition rate as well as the high cost associated with drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York City, P.O. Box 903, NY 10276-0903, USA.
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
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31
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Nguyen LTH, Ahn SH, Nguyen UT, Yang IJ. Dang-Gui-Liu-Huang Tang a traditional herbal formula, ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by inhibiting IL-22 production. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 47:48-57. [PMID: 30166108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional herbal formula, Dang-Gui-Liu-Huang Tang (DGLHT) has been previously shown to inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation and suppress dendritic cell function. Hypothesis/Purpose: To assess the therapeutic value of DGLHT for the treatment of psoriasis, a Th1 and/or Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease, and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS An in vivo mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like inflammation was used to investigate the effect of DGLHT. The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of DGLHT (DGLHT-E) and the mechanism responsible were examined in an in vitro model using IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, plus TNF-α (M5) stimulated HaCaT cells. The anti-proliferative effect of DGLHT-E was examined by analyzing the expression levels of K16, K17 and Ki67 in IL-22 stimulated HaCaT cells. RESULTS Topical application of 1% DGLHT-E significantly reduced psoriasis-like symptoms including scaling and epidermal hyperplasia in IMQ-treated mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed that DGLHT-E exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-22 production in local skin lesions. DGLHT-E also attenuated the productions of CXCL10 and CCL20 in M5-stimulated HaCaT cells by suppressing the ERK1/2, JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, berberine hydrochloride, a primary constituent of DGLHT-E inhibited the expressions of the proliferation markers K16 and K17 in IL-22 stimulated HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION These results suggested that DGLHT-E offers a possible treatment for psoriasis, and that berberine hydrochloride might be a useful component of ointment-based treatments for psoriatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Thai Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Taking the lead - how keratinocytes orchestrate skin T cell immunity. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:43-51. [PMID: 29969603 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin comprises a complex coordinated system of epithelial tissue cells and immune cells that ensure adequate immune reactions against trauma, toxins and pathogens, while maintaining tissue homeostasis. Keratinocytes form the outermost barrier of the skin, and sense changes in barrier integrity, intrusion of microbial components and stress molecules. Thus, they act as sentinels that continuously communicate the status of the organ to the cutaneous immune system. Upon damage the keratinocytes initiate a pro-inflammatory signaling cascade that leads to the activation of resident immune cells. Simultaneously, the tissue mediates and supports immune-suppressive functions to contain inflammation locally. After resolution of inflammation, the skin provides a niche for regulatory and effector memory T cells that can quickly respond to reoccurring antigens. In this review we discuss the central role of keratinocyte-derived signals in controlling cutaneous T cell immunity.
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33
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Kawahara T, Hanzawa N, Sugiyama M. Effect of Lactobacillus strains on thymus and chemokine expression in keratinocytes and development of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:643-652. [PMID: 29798706 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains, a major group of lactic acid bacteria, are representative food microorganisms that have many potential beneficial effects via their interactions with immune and intestinal epithelial cells. However, little is known about the effect of Lactobacillus strains on atopic dermatitis via keratinocytes, which comprise the physical barrier of the skin. In this study, we report that Lactobacillus strains have a significant suppressive effect on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression and production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), a T helper 2 cell chemokine responsible for atopic dermatitis, in human keratinocytes. An RNA interference study showed that the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri strain Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) 1112, the most suppressive strain, depended on the presence of Toll-like receptor 2 and the induction of A20 (also known as TNF-α-induced protein 3) and cylindromatosis in HaCaT cells. Topical application of a water-soluble extract of homogenised JCM 1112 cells significantly suppressed the development of house dust mite-induced atopic skin lesions and TARC expression at the lesion sites in NC/Nga mice. Our study provides new insights into the use of Lactobacillus strains as suppressive agents against keratinocyte-involved atopic inflammation of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawahara
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.,2 Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (IBS-ICCER) Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - N Hanzawa
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - M Sugiyama
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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34
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Mohseni Moghadam Z, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Amin M, Behzadi E, Imani Fooladi AA. Microbial metabolite effects on TLR to develop autoimmune diseases. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1469512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohseni Moghadam
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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35
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Eosinophils Accelerate Pathogenesis of Psoriasis by Supporting an Inflammatory Milieu that Promotes Neutrophil Infiltration. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2185-2194. [PMID: 29580867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are proinflammatory granulocytes that are involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory reactions. However, their roles in psoriasis remain largely unknown. In this study, by examining the inflammatory features of the eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 and an imiquimod-induced murine model of psoriasis, we show that eosinophils provide inflammatory signals that accelerate the pathogenesis of psoriasis. EoL-1 cells constitutively expressed TLR7, which mediates acute and rapidly developing psoriatic inflammation. The activation of TLR7 on EoL-1 cells using R837 resulted in the secretion of inflammatory mediators that support the migration, activation, and survival of neutrophils. The underlying pathologic role of eosinophils in psoriatic inflammation was further substantiated by markedly decreased psoriasiform inflammation in imiquimod-treated ΔdblGATA mice, which have a systemic eosinophil deficiency. While imiquimod-treated wild-type mice showed a significant increase in the eosinophils in their skin, neutrophils remarkably outnumbered the eosinophils in the skin, lymph nodes, and spleen in wild-type mice after imiquimod application. In addition, lesional skin samples from psoriasis patients also showed up-regulated eosinophil cytotoxic granules, accompanied by marked neutrophil infiltration. Based on these collective data, we propose that eosinophils accelerate psoriatic inflammation by supporting inflammatory microenvironments to favor the activation and infiltration of neutrophils.
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36
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Ondet T, Muscatelli-Groux B, Coulouarn C, Robert S, Gicquel T, Bodin A, Lagente V, Grimaud JA. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mediated via mitogen-activated protein kinases rather than by the inflammasome signalling pathway in keratinocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:827-838. [PMID: 28425217 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in the skin and airway epithelial tissues, which are the most important sites of host-pathogen interactions. TLRs recognize the 3-D structures of pathogen-associated molecules and are therefore useful markers of the innate immune response. Here, we investigated the role of lipopolysaccharides and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the activation of the TLR and NOD-like receptor (NLR) pathways in human keratinocytes. Analysis of the inflammasome compounds revealed that NOD-like receptor P3 and TLR4, both of which are components of inflammasome complexes involved in the activation of interleukin (IL)-1β, were not expressed in keratinocytes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the combination of MSU and lipopolysaccharide priming did not elicit significant results compared to MSU treatment, which induced the expression of TLR2, IL-6 and IL-8/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 CXCL8 in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Furthermore, MSU promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and MAPK14/p38α mitogen-activated protein kinases. We concluded that MSU stimulates a pro-inflammatory response in keratinocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to induce production of IL-8/CXCL8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 and TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ondet
- MATRISCIENCE SAS, Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France.,NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Cédric Coulouarn
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sacha Robert
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Bodin
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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37
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Danis J, Janovák L, Gubán B, Göblös A, Szabó K, Kemény L, Bata-Csörgő Z, Széll M. Differential Inflammatory-Response Kinetics of Human Keratinocytes upon Cytosolic RNA- and DNA-Fragment Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518010 PMCID: PMC5877635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are non-professional immune cells contributing actively to innate immune responses partially by reacting to a wide range of molecular patterns by activating pattern recognition receptors. Cytosolic nucleotide fragments as pathogen- or self-derived trigger factors are activating inflammasomes and inducing anti-viral signal transduction pathways as well as inducing expression of inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to compare the induced inflammatory reactions in three keratinocyte cell types—normal human epidermal keratinocytes, the HaCaT cell line and the HPV-KER cell line—upon exposure to the synthetic RNA and DNA analogues poly(I:C) and poly(dA:dT) to reveal the underlying signaling events. Both agents induced the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α in all cell types; however, notable kinetic and expression level differences were found. Western blot analysis revealed rapid activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinase and signal transducers of activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathways in keratinocytes upon poly(I:C) treatment, while poly(dA:dT) induced slower activation. Inhibition of NF-κB, p38, STAT-1 and STAT-3 signaling resulted in decreased cytokine expression, whereas inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) signaling showed a negative feedback role in both poly(I:C)- and poly(dA:dT)-induced cytokine expression. Based on our in vitro results nucleotide fragments are able to induce inflammatory reactions in keratinocytes, but with different rate and kinetics of cytokine expression, explained by faster activation of signaling routes by poly(I:C) than poly(dA:dT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Danis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-54-52-78
| | - Luca Janovák
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Barbara Gubán
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Anikó Göblös
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Kornélia Szabó
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Márta Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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38
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Rudraiah S, Shamilov R, Aneskievich BJ. TNIP1 reduction sensitizes keratinocytes to post-receptor signalling following exposure to TLR agonists. Cell Signal 2018; 45:81-92. [PMID: 29413846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell level inflammatory signalling is a combination of initiation at cell membrane receptors and modulation by cytoplasmic regulatory proteins. For keratinocytes, the predominant cell type in the epidermis, this would include toll-like receptors (TLR) and cytoplasmic proteins that propagate or dampen post-receptor signalling. We previously reported that increased levels of tumor necrosis factor α induced protein 3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) in HaCaT keratinocytes leads to decreased expression of stress response and inflammation-associated genes. This finding suggested decreased TNIP1 levels, as seen in some cutaneous disease states, may produce the opposite effect, sensitizing cells to triggers of inflammatory signalling including those sensed by TLR. In this study of TNIP1-deficient HaCaT keratinocytes we examined intracellular signalling consequences especially those expected to produce gene expression changes downstream of TLR3 or TLR2/6 activation by Poly (I:C) or FSL-1, agonists modeling skin relevant pathogens. We found TNIP1-deficient keratinocytes are hyper-sensitive to TLR activation compared to control cells with a normal complement of TNIP1 and receiving the same agonist stimulation. TNIP1-deficient keratinocytes have increased levels of activated (phosphorylated) cytoplasmic mediators such as JNK and p38 and greater nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phospho-p38 when exposed to TLR ligands. This is consistent with significantly increased expression of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8. These results describe how decreased TNIP1 levels promote a hyper-sensitive state in HaCaT keratinocytes evidenced by increased activation of signalling molecules downstream of TLR agonists and increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. TNIP1 keratinocyte deficiency as reported for some skin diseases may predispose these cells to excessive inflammatory signalling upon exposure to viral or bacterial ligands for TLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA.
| | - Rambon Shamilov
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
| | - Brian J Aneskievich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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39
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Steffen S, Abraham S, Herbig M, Schmidt F, Blau K, Meisterfeld S, Beissert S, Guck J, Günther C. Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Upregulation of CXCL16 in Psoriasis Orchestrates Neutrophil Activation. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:344-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Hamonic G, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Recognizing conserved non-canonical localization patterns of toll-like receptors in tissues and across species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:1-11. [PMID: 29330675 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were originally characterized as exclusively expressed on the cell surface and TLR 3, 7, 8 and 9 were said to be localized to the endosomes. However, continued research in this area shows that TLR localization may be altered across cell-types, and in response to stimulation, age or disease. Mucosal surfaces must remain tolerant to the commensal flora and thus intracellular or basal lateral localization of TLRs at mucosal surfaces may be necessary to prevent induction of an inflammatory response to commensal flora while still allowing the possibility for the receptors to prime an immune response when a pathogen has crossed the epithelial barrier. Here, we highlight the research specifying 'non-canonical' localization of TLRs in human and animal mucosal tissues and blood-derived cells, while excluding cultured polarized immortalized cells. Reports that only indicate TLR gene/protein expression and/or responsiveness to agonists have been excluded unless the report also indicates surface/intracellular distribution in the cell. Understanding the tissue- and species-specific localization of these specific pattern recognition receptors will lead to a greater appreciation of the way in which TLR ligands promote innate immunity and influence the adaptive immune response. A more comprehensive understanding of this information will potentially aid in the exploitation of the therapeutic or adjuvant potential of selectively localized TLRs and in opening new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hamonic
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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41
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Hsu PC, Chiou BH, Huang CM. On revealing the gene targets of Ebola virus microRNAs involved in the human skin microbiome. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4138. [PMID: 29312814 PMCID: PMC5757418 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus, a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever and has a high mortality rate. Histopathological and immunopathological analyses of Ebola virus have revealed that histopathological changes in skin tissue are associated with various degrees of endothelial cell swelling and necrosis. The interactions of microbes within or on a host are a crucial for the skin immune shield. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Ebola virus implies that immune escape, endothelial cell rupture, and tissue dissolution during Ebola virus infection are a result of the effects of Ebola virus miRNAs. Keratinocytes obtained from normal skin can attach and spread through expression of the thrombospondin family of proteins, playing a role in initiation of cell-mediated immune responses in the skin. Several miRNAs have been shown to bind the 3′ untranslated region of thrombospondin mRNA, thereby controlling its stability and translational activity. In this study, we discovered short RNA sequences that may act as miRNAs from Propionibacterium acnes using a practical workflow of bioinformatics methods. Subsequently, we deciphered the common target gene. These RNA sequences tended to bind to the same thrombospondin protein, THSD4, emphasizing the potential importance of the synergistic binding of miRNAs from Ebola virus, Propionibacterium acnes, and humans to the target. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of thrombospondin proteins and miRNAs in Ebola virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Hao Chiou
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5095293. [PMID: 29180836 PMCID: PMC5664322 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5095293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not only being a passive protective barrier but a network of effector cells and molecular mediators that constitute a highly sophisticated compound known as the “skin immune system” (SIS). Studies of skin immune sentinels provided essential insights of a complex and dynamic immunity, which was achieved through interaction between the external and internal cutaneous compartments. In fact, the skin surface is cohabited by microorganisms recognized as skin microbiota that live in complete harmony with the immune sentinels and contribute to the epithelial barrier reinforcement. However, under stress, the symbiotic relationship changes into a dysbiotic one resulting in skin disorders. Hence, the skin microbiota may have either positive or negative influence on the immune system. This review aims at providing basic background information on the cutaneous immune system from major cellular and molecular players and the impact of its microbiota on the well-coordinated immune responses in host defense.
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43
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Iotzova-Weiss G, Freiberger SN, Johansen P, Kamarachev J, Guenova E, Dziunycz PJ, Roux GA, Neu J, Hofbauer GFL. TLR4 as a negative regulator of keratinocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185668. [PMID: 28982115 PMCID: PMC5628845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 is an innate immune receptor with expression in human skin, keratinocytes as well as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In the present study we investigate the role of TLR4 as a negative regulator of keratinocyte proliferation. We present here that the expression of TLR4 increased with the differentiation of cultured keratinocytes in a passage-dependent manner or under calcium-rich conditions. Moreover, the down-regulation of TLR4 by specific knockdown increased the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. In addition, subcutaneously injected HaCaT keratinocytes with shTLR4 formed growing tumors in nude mice. In contrast, we observed lower proliferation and increased migration in vitro of the SCC13 cell line stably overexpressing TLR4 in comparison to SCC13 TLR4 negative cells. In vivo, SCC13 TLR4-overexpressing tumors showed delayed growth in comparison to TLR4 negative tumors. The overexpression of TLR4 in SCC13 tumor cells was followed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK and increased expression of ATF3. In gene expression arrays, the overexpression of TLR4 in tumor cells correlated with gene expression of ATF-3, IL-6, CDH13, CXCL-1 and TFPI. In summary, TLR4 negatively regulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and its overexpression reduces tumor growth of SCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Kamarachev
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piotr J. Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume A. Roux
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Chen L, DiPietro LA. Toll-Like Receptor Function in Acute Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:344-355. [PMID: 29062591 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation is an integral part of immune response and supports optimal wound healing in adults. Inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and mast cells produce important cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These immune cells interact with keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (ECs), as well as the extracellular matrix within a complicated network that promotes and regulates wound healing. Aberrant and persistent inflammation may result in delayed wound healing, scar formation, or chronic wounds. Targeting the molecules involved in the inflammatory response may have great potential therapeutic value. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microbes or danger-associated molecular patterns from damaged cells. The discovery of TLRs sheds new light on the mechanism by which the inflammatory or innate immune response is initiated in wound healing. Convincing evidence now shows that multiple types of cells, including infiltrating or resident inflammatory cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and ECs, express specific types of TLRs. Experimental reduction of certain TLRs or treatment of wounds with TLR ligands has been shown to affect wound healing. A better understanding of the involvement of TLRs in the innate immune response during skin wound healing may suggest novel strategies to improve the quality of tissue repair. Future Directions: Despite the indisputable role of TLRs in regulating the immune response in acute wound healing, the functions of TLRs that are relevant to human wound healing and chronic wounds are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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45
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Donetti E, Cornaghi L, Arnaboldi F, Ricceri F, Pescitelli L, Maiocchi M, Carriero F, Baruffaldi Preis F, Prignano F. Epidermal barrier reaction to an in vitro psoriatic microenvironment. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:180-188. [PMID: 28890293 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes (KCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) contribute to create the epidermal barrier. To form a functional epidermis, KCs express filaggrin and Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). LCs are the first line of epidermal defence and can be activated by interleukin (IL)-17 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha. In psoriasis, an alteration of TLR expression, a defective expression of filaggrin, and LC activation occur. In organotypic cultures of human skin we investigated the interplay between IL-17 and TNF-alpha on i) expression of filaggrin, TLR2, 7 and 9, and Nuclear Factor (NF)-kB localization by immunofluorescence and ii) LC ultrastructural features by transmission electron microscopy. Normal human skin was obtained after aesthetic surgery (n=7), overnight incubated in a Transwell system, and exposed to TNF-alpha and/or IL-17 for 24 (T24), 48 (T48), and 72 (T72) hours. Cytokines always influenced the expression of filaggrin. TNF-alpha alone activated LCs only starting from T48. TLR2 and TLR7 expressions were affected at T24 by IL-17 and the combination of cytokines, but not by TNF-alpha. TLR9-positive cells were detectable in the granular layer after cytokine exposure. A nuclear localization of NF-kB was always observed after cytokine incubation. In conclusion, each cytokine possess an intrinsic activity on the different components of the epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Cornaghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ricceri
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Piero Palagi Hospital, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Michelangelo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pescitelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Piero Palagi Hospital, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Michelangelo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Maiocchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Prignano
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Piero Palagi Hospital, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Michelangelo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy
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46
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Wang H, Wang Z, Rani PL, Fu X, Yu W, Bao F, Yu G, Li J, Li L, Sun L, Yue Z, Zhao Q, Pan Q, Cao J, Wang C, Chi X, Wang Y, Yang Q, Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Identification of PTPN22
,ST6GAL1
and JAZF1
as psoriasis risk genes demonstrates shared pathogenesis between psoriasis and diabetes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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48
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Takagi M, Takakubo Y, Pajarinen J, Naganuma Y, Oki H, Maruyama M, Goodman SB. Danger of frustrated sensors: Role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic inflammations around total hip replacements. J Orthop Translat 2017; 10:68-85. [PMID: 29130033 PMCID: PMC5676564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), can recognize not only exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also endogenous molecules created upon tissue injury, sterile inflammation, and degeneration. Endogenous ligands are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and include endogenous molecules released from activated and necrotic cells as well as damaged extracellular matrix. TLRs and NLRs can interact with various ligands derived from PAMPs and DAMPs, leading to activation and/or modulation of intracellular signalling pathways. Intensive research on the innate immune sensors, TLRs and NLRs, has brought new insights into the pathogenesis of not only various infectious and rheumatic diseases, but also aseptic foreign body granuloma and septic inflammation of failed total hip replacements (THRs). In this review, recent knowledge is summarized on the innate immune system, including TLRs and NLRs and their danger signals, with special reference to their possible role in the adverse local host response to THRs. Translational potential of this article: A clear understanding of the roles of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic loosening of joint replacements will facilitate potential strategies to mitigate these events, thereby extending the longevity of implants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Naganuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Elloumi N, Fakhfakh R, Ayadi L, Sellami K, Abida O, Ben Jmaa M, Sellami T, Kammoun K, Masmoudi H. The Increased Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Renal and Skin Lesions in Lupus Erythematosus. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:389-398. [PMID: 28530841 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417709234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), a bacterial lipopolysaccharide sensor, is an innate immunity essential modulator. It is expressed on both immune and non-immune cells and may contribute to the cutaneous and renal manifestations during lupus erythematosus (LE). Our purpose is to evaluate TLR-4 expression and analyzing its role in lupus nephritis (LN) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) pathogenesis. TLR-4 immunohistochemical staining was performed on 30 LN renal biopsies compared with 11 healthy renal tissues and 30 skin biopsies from CLE patients compared with 15 normal individuals. CLE patients' biopsies showed a strong and diffuse TLR-4 expression throughout the epidermis and labeled inflammatory infiltrate and glands in the dermis whereas controls' skin expressed weakly TLR-4 only in the epidermis basal layer. LN glomeruli and tubules showed an increased and more intense TLR-4 expression compared with normal controls where TLR-4 expression was weak and rarely detected in glomeruli, diffuse and weak in tubules. A significant difference in TLR-4 expression between LN classes, both in glomeruli and tubules, was observed. These data confirm an up-regulation of TLR-4 expression in the affected tissues of CLE and LN patients and highlight the critical role of TLR-4 in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and renal disorders in LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Elloumi
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (NE, RF, OA, MBJ, HM), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raouia Fakhfakh
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (NE, RF, OA, MBJ, HM), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Ayadi
- Anatomopathology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (LA, TS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Sellami
- Dermatology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital (KS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Abida
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (NE, RF, OA, MBJ, HM), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben Jmaa
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (NE, RF, OA, MBJ, HM), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahya Sellami
- Anatomopathology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (LA, TS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Kammoun
- Nephrology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital (KK), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital (NE, RF, OA, MBJ, HM), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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50
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The significance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 9 gene polymorphisms in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:85-86. [PMID: 28261037 PMCID: PMC5329111 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.65628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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