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Husch JFA, Araújo-Gomes N, Willemen NGA, Cofiño-Fabrés C, van Creij N, Passier R, Leijten J, van den Beucken JJJP. Upscaling Osteoclast Generation by Enhancing Macrophage Aggregation Using Hollow Microgels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403272. [PMID: 39087382 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin formed by macrophage fusion, are essential in bone health and disease. However, in vitro research on osteoclasts remains challenging due to heterogeneous cultures that only contain a few multinucleated osteoclasts. Indeed, a strategy to generate homogeneous populations of multinucleated osteoclasts in a scalable manner has remained elusive. Here, the investigation focuses on whether microencapsulation of human macrophages in microfluidically generated hollow, sacrificial tyramine-conjugated dextran (Dex-TA) microgels could facilitate macrophage precursor aggregation and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts. Therefore, human mononuclear cells are isolated from buffy coats and differentiated toward macrophages. Macrophages are encapsulated in microgels using flow focus microfluidics and outside-in enzymatic oxidative phenolic crosslinking, and differentiated toward osteoclasts. Morphology, viability, and osteoclast fusion of microencapsulated cells are assessed. Furthermore, microgels are degraded to allow cell sorting of released cells based on osteoclastic marker expression. The successful encapsulation and osteoclast formation of human macrophages in Dex-TA microgels are reported for the first time using high-throughput droplet microfluidics. Intriguingly, osteoclast formation within these 3D microenvironments occurs at a significantly higher level compared to the conventional 2D culture system. Furthermore, the feasibility of establishing a pure osteoclast culture from cell transfer and release from degradable microgels is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F A Husch
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Department of Dentistry, Radboudumc, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen, 6525EX, The Netherlands
- Leijten Laboratory, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Nuno Araújo-Gomes
- Leijten Laboratory, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G A Willemen
- Leijten Laboratory, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabrés
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Nils van Creij
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Department of Dentistry, Radboudumc, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen, 6525EX, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Leijten Laboratory, Department of BioEngineering Technologies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Department of Dentistry, Radboudumc, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen, 6525EX, The Netherlands
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Osteoclastogenesis of human peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood monocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3763. [PMID: 36882450 PMCID: PMC9992388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated bone resorbing cells that can be differentiated from human monocytes in vitro. There are few studies comparing osteoclastogenesis of different monocyte sources. We compared monocytes from human bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), and umbilical cord blood (CB) and their osteoclastogenic potential by culturing them with RANKL (20 and 80 ng/ml) and M-CSF (10 ng/ml) for 14 days. We also cultured cells without growth factors, as umbilical cord blood monocytes have been reported to be able to fuse spontaneously into osteoclasts. The data was analysed on d4, d8, d11, and d14. After culture with RANKL and M-CSF, all types of cell cultures developed TRACP -positive multinuclear cells that were able to form resorption pits on human bone slices. Only occasional multinuclear cells and small infrequent resorbed areas could be found in PB and CB-derived cultures without growth factors. BM-derived cells formed greater resorption areas than PB- and CB-derived monocytes. The greatest monocyte population in BM samples were intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and in PB and CB classical monocytes (76.3% and 54.4%, respectively). In conclusion, our data demonstrates that bone resorbing osteoclasts can be differentiated from BM, PB and CB. However, the osteoclast precursor origin can affect the osteoclast properties and function.
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Kong SH, Kim JH, Kim SW, Jeong AJ, Lee SH, Ye SK, Shin CS. Effect of Denosumab on the Change of Osteoclast Precursors Compared to Zoledronate Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:93-101. [PMID: 35718926 PMCID: PMC9208900 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A rapid increase in bone turnover and bone loss has been observed in response to the discontinuation of denosumab. It led to an acute increase in the fracture risk, similar to that observed in the untreated patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of denosumab on osteoclast (OC) precursor cells compared to that of zoledronate. Methods The study compared the effects of denosumab (60 mg/24-week) and zoledronate (5 mg/48-week) over 48 weeks in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. From patients’ peripheral mononuclear cells, CD14+/CD11b+/vitronectin receptor (VNR)- and CD14+/CD11b+/VNR+ cells were isolated using fluorescent-activated cell sorting, representing early and late OC precursors, respectively. The primary endpoint was the changes in OC precursors after 48 weeks of treatment. Results Among the 23 patients, 11 were assigned to the denosumab group and 12 to the zoledronate group (mean age, 69 years). After 48 weeks, the changes in OC precursors were similar between and within the groups. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels were inversely correlated with OC precursor levels after denosumab treatment (r=−0.72, P<0.001). Lumbar spine, femur neck, and total hip bone mineral density (BMD) increased in both groups. Lumbar spine BMD increased more significantly in the denosumab group than in the zoledronate group. Conclusions Denosumab and zoledronate treatments induced similar changes in OC precursors. During denosumab treatment, old age and suppressed bone turnover were associated with increased OC precursor cell populations. Further validation studies with prospective designs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hye Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Sun Y, Li J, Xie X, Gu F, Sui Z, Zhang K, Yu T. Recent Advances in Osteoclast Biological Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788680. [PMID: 34957116 PMCID: PMC8694526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the progress of the aging population, bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis have become urgent problems. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis, implying these will be an important mediator in the treatment of bone-related diseases. Up to now, several reviews have been performed on part of osteoclast biological behaviors such as differentiation, function, or apoptosis. However, few reviews have shown the complete osteoclast biology and research advances in recent years. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the origin, differentiation, apoptosis, behavior changes and coupling signals with osteoblasts, providing a simple but comprehensive overview of osteoclasts for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangbi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjiang Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Husch JFA, Stessuk T, den Breejen C, van den Boom M, Leeuwenburgh SCG, van den Beucken JJJP. A Practical Procedure for the In Vitro Generation of Human Osteoclasts and Their Characterization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:421-432. [PMID: 34162266 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from the hematopoietic monocyte/macrophage lineage that possess the unique capacity to resorb bone. Due to the crucial role of osteoclasts in maintaining bone homeostasis and pathologies, this cell type is pivotal in multiple research areas dedicated to bone physiology in health and disease. Although numerous methods for generation of human osteoclasts are already available, those rely either on cell labeling-based purification or an intermediate adhesion step after which cells are directly differentiated toward osteoclasts. While the former requires additional reagents and equipment, the latter harbors the risk of variable osteoclast formation due to varying numbers of osteoclast precursors available for different donors. In this study, we report a facile and reliable three-step method for the generation of human osteoclasts from blood-derived precursor cells. Monocytes were obtained after adhering peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells to plastic substrates followed by macrophage induction and proliferation resulting in a homogeneous population of osteoclast precursors. Finally, macrophages were seeded into suitable culture vessels and differentiated toward osteoclasts. Osteoclastogenesis was monitored longitudinally using nondestructive techniques, while the functionality of mature osteoclasts was confirmed after 14 days of culture by analysis of functional (e.g., elevated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP]-activity, resorption) and morphological (e.g., presence of TRAP, actin ring, and integrin β3) characteristics. Furthermore, we propose to use combinatory staining of three morphological osteoclast markers, rather than previously reported staining of a single or maximal two markers, to clearly distinguish osteoclasts from undifferentiated mononuclear cells. Impact statement Research related to bone biology requires a standardized and reliable method for in vitro generation of human osteoclasts. We here describe such a procedure which avoids shortcomings of previously published protocols. Further, we report on nondestructive methods to qualitatively and quantitatively monitor osteoclastogenesis longitudinally, and on analysis of osteoclast generation and functionality after 14 days. Specifically, we recommend assessment of morphological human osteoclast characteristics using combinatory staining of three markers to confirm successful osteoclast generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F A Husch
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Talita Stessuk
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cèzanne den Breejen
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manouk van den Boom
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C G Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kylmäoja E, Nakamura M, Turunen S, Patlaka C, Andersson G, Lehenkari P, Tuukkanen J. Peripheral blood monocytes show increased osteoclast differentiation potential compared to bone marrow monocytes. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00780. [PMID: 30225379 PMCID: PMC6138956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) derived mononuclear cells are precursors of in vitro osteoclast differentiation. However, few studies have compared the phenotypic and functional properties of osteoclasts generated from these sources and the effects of different growth factors on osteoclastogenesis. Both cell types differentiated into functional osteoclasts, but culturing the cells with or without transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and dexamethasone revealed differences in their osteoclastogenic capacity. When receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were used for differentiation, we did not observe differences in bone resorption activity or expression of osteoclastogenic genes calcitonin receptor (CR) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1) between the osteoclasts formed from the two sources. Addition of TGF-β and dexamethasone led to higher number of nuclei in multinuclear cells and increased expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) 5a and 5b, CR and NFATc1 in PB- derived osteoclasts depicting the higher osteoclastogenic potential and responsiveness to TGF-β and dexamethasone in PB monocytes. These results conclude that the choice of the osteoclast precursor source as well as the choice of osteoclastogenic growth factors are essential matters in determining the phenotypic characteristics of heterogeneous osteoclast populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kylmäoja
- Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Finland
| | - Miho Nakamura
- Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Finland
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 1010062, Japan
| | - Sanna Turunen
- Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Finland
| | - Christina Patlaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology F46, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology F46, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Finland
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7
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Meagher J, Zellweger R, Filgueira L. Functional Dissociation of the Basolateral Transcytotic Compartment from the Apical Phago-lysosomal Compartment in Human Osteoclasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:665-70. [PMID: 15872059 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6476.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is essential for elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, the main infectious agent responsible for osteomyelitis. This in vitro study investigated uptake and processing of fluorescence-labeled S. aureus by human osteoclasts and dendritic cells. The cells were stained for TRAP and the acidic compartment using a fluorescence-based protocol. In dendritic cells, TRAP and bacteria were colocalized. In osteoclasts, there was no colocalization of bacteria, TRAP, or the acidic compartment, indicating that there are three distinct vesicular compartments: the apical phago-lysosomal compartment, the basal secretory compartment, and the basolateral transcytotic compartment. Dissociation of the TRAP-containing transcytotic vesicles from the apical phago-lysosomal compartment may restrain osteoclasts from eliminating S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meagher
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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8
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Kleinhans C, Schmid FF, Schmid FV, Kluger PJ. Comparison of osteoclastogenesis and resorption activity of human osteoclasts on tissue culture polystyrene and on natural extracellular bone matrix in 2D and 3D. J Biotechnol 2015; 205:101-10. [PMID: 25562421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoblasts (bone formation) and osteoclasts (bone resorption). While there have been numerous studies investigating mesenchymal stem cells and their potential to differentiate into osteoblasts as well as their interaction with different bone substitute materials, there is only limited knowledge concerning in vitro generated osteoclasts. Due to the increasing development of degradable bone-grafting materials and the need of sophisticated in vitro test methods, it is essential to gain deeper insight into the process of osteoclastogenesis and the resorption functionality of human osteoclasts. Therefore, we focused on the comparison of osteoclastogenesis and resorption activity on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and bovine extracellular bone matrices (BMs). Cortical bone slices were used as two-dimensional (2D) substrates, whereas a thermally treated cancellous bone matrix was used for three-dimensional (3D) experiments. We isolated primary human monocytes and induced osteoclastogenesis by medium supplementation. Subsequently, the expression of the vitronectin receptor (αVβ3) and cathepsin K as well as the characteristic actin formation on TCPS and the two BMs were examined. The cell area of human osteoclasts was analyzed on TCPS and on BMs, whereas significantly larger osteoclasts could be detected on BMs. Additionally, we compared the diameter of the sealing zones with the measured diameter of the resorption pits on the BMs and revealed similar diameters of the sealing zones and the resorption pits. We conclude that using TCPS as culture substrate does not affect the expression of osteoclast-specific markers. The analysis of resorption activity can successfully be conducted on cortical as well as on cancellous bone matrices. For new in vitro test systems concerning bone resorption, we suggest the establishment of a 2D assay for high throughput screening of new degradable bone substitute materials with osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kleinhans
- Institute for Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Medical University Graz, Department of Orthopaedics, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - F F Schmid
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) , Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F V Schmid
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) , Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P J Kluger
- Institute for Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) , Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Reutlingen University, Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany.
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9
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MacLellan LM, Montgomery J, Sugiyama F, Kitson SM, Thümmler K, Silverman GJ, Beers SA, Nibbs RJB, McInnes IB, Goodyear CS. Co-opting endogenous immunoglobulin for the regulation of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in humans and mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 63:3897-907. [PMID: 22127707 DOI: 10.1002/art.30629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cells of the monocytic lineage play fundamental roles in the regulation of health, ranging from the initiation and resolution of inflammation to bone homeostasis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the inflamed synovium exhibits characteristic infiltration of macrophages along with local osteoclast maturation, which, together, drive chronic inflammation and downstream articular destruction. The aim of this study was to explore an entirely novel route of immunoglobulin-mediated regulation, involving simultaneous suppression of the inflammatory and erosive processes in the synovium. METHODS Using in vivo and in vitro studies of human cells and a murine model of RA, the ability of staphylococcal protein A (SPA) to interact with and modulate cells of the monocytic lineage was tested. In addition, the efficacy of SPA as a therapeutic agent was evaluated in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS SPA showed a capacity to appropriate circulating IgG, by generating small immunoglobulin complexes that interacted with monocytes, macrophages, and preosteoclasts. Formation of these complexes resulted in Fcγ receptor type I-dependent polarization of macrophages to a regulatory phenotype, rendering them unresponsive to activators such as interferon-γ. The antiinflammatory complexes also had the capacity to directly inhibit differentiation of preosteoclasts into osteoclasts in humans. Moreover, administration of SPA in the early stages of disease substantially alleviated the clinical and histologic erosive features of CIA in mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the overarching utility of immunoglobulin complexes for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. The results shed light on the interface between immunoglobulin complex-mediated pathways, osteoclastogenesis, and associated pathologic processes. Thus, therapeutic agents designed to harness all of these properties may be an effective treatment for arthritis, by targeting both the innate inflammatory response and prodestructive pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/pharmacology
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/physiology
- Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoclasts/cytology
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Osteoclasts/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Staphylococcal Protein A/pharmacology
- Staphylococcal Protein A/therapeutic use
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/physiology
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10
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Gupta N, Barhanpurkar AP, Tomar GB, Srivastava RK, Kour S, Pote ST, Mishra GC, Wani MR. IL-3 inhibits human osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through downregulation of c-Fms and diverts the cells to dendritic cell lineage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2261-72. [PMID: 20644169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-3 is an important cytokine that regulates hematopoiesis and functions as a link between the immune and the hematopoietic system. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of IL-3 action on human osteoclast formation and bone resorption using PBMCs. PBMCs differentiate into functional osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand as evaluated by 23c6 expression and bone resorption. We found that IL-3 dose-dependently inhibited formation of 23c6-positive osteoclasts, bone resorption and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, a collagen degradation product. The inhibitory effect of IL-3 on bone resorption was irreversible. To investigate the mechanism of IL-3 action, we analyzed the effect of IL-3 on the receptor activator of NF-kappaB and c-Fms receptors and c-Fos, PU.1, NFAT cytoplasmic 1, and RelB transcription factors essential for osteoclastogenesis. IL-3 significantly inhibited c-Fms and downregulated both PU.1 and c-Fos at both mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, IL-3-treated cells showed increased expression of dendritic cell markers CD1a and CD80 and decreased expression of monocyte/macrophage marker CD14. Interestingly, IL-3 inhibited formation of human osteoclasts derived from blood monocytes and bone marrow cells of osteoporotic individuals. Thus, IL-3 may have therapeutic potential as an antiosteolytic agent in treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navita Gupta
- National Center for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune, India
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11
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Perrotti V, Nicholls BM, Horton MA, Piattelli A. Human osteoclast formation and activity on a xenogenous bone mineral. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:238-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Perrotti V, Nicholls BM, Piattelli A. Human osteoclast formation and activity on an equine spongy bone substitute. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:17-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Muzylak M, Arnett TR, Price JS, Horton MA. The in vitro effect of pH on osteoclasts and bone resorption in the cat: implications for the pathogenesis of FORL. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:144-50. [PMID: 17477347 PMCID: PMC7167146 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dental disease due to osteoclast over‐activity reaches epidemic proportions in older domestic cats and has also been reported in wild cats. Feline osteoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) involve extensive resorption of the tooth leaving it liable to root fracture and subsequent tooth loss. The aetio‐pathogenesis of FORL is not known. Recent work has shown that systemic acidosis causes increased osteoclast activation and that loci of infection or inflammation in cat mouth are likely to be acidotic. To investigate this, we generated osteoclasts from cat blood and found that they formed in large numbers (∼400) in cultures on bovine cortical bone slices. Acidosis caused an increase in the size of cells—in cultures maintained up to 14 days at basal pH 7.25, mean osteoclast area was 0.01 ± 0.003 mm2, whereas an 8.6‐fold increase was observed in cells cultured between 11 and 14 days at pH 7.15 (0.086 ± 0.004 mm2). Acidosis caused a modest increase in the number of osteoclasts. Exposure to pH 6.92 exhibited a 5‐fold increase in the area of bone slices covered by resorption lacunae (∼70% bone slice resorbed). In line with this finding, significant increases were observed in the expression of cathepsin K and proton pump enzymes (both approximately 3‐fold) that are key enzymes reflective of resorptive activity in osteoclasts. These results demonstrate that acidosis is a major regulator of osteoclast formation and functional activation in the cat, and suggest that local pH changes may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of FORL. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 144–150, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Muzylak
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Joanna S. Price
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Michael A. Horton
- Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK
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Bozec L, Horton MA. Skeletal tissues as nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2006; 17:1043-8. [PMID: 17122917 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and, though the fibre-forming collagens have a 'common' structure, it is adapted to perform a large range of functions-from the differing mechanical needs of tendon versus bone to forming a transparent support structure in the cornea. This perfidy also suggests that collagen could form a generic basis for a range of scaffold needs for tissue engineering or medical device coating applications. We at the London Centre for Nanotechnology--a joint venture between University College London and Imperial College--are taking a bottom-up approach having decided that many of the 'accepted dogmas' of collagen biology may not be quite as soundly based as currently held. We are using several of the tools of 'hard' nanotechnology--such as atomic force microscopy--to re-examine collagen structure with the longer term aim of using such information to design materials with appropriate physical attributes. Examples of our current research on mineralised and soft tissue collagens are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bozec
- The Department of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JJ, UK
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15
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Muzylak M, Price JS, Horton MA. Hypoxia induces giant osteoclast formation and extensive bone resorption in the cat. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 79:301-9. [PMID: 17048066 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-006-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dental disease due to osteoclast (OC) overactivity reaches epidemic proportions in older domestic cats and has also been reported in wild cats. Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) involve extensive resorption of the tooth, leaving it liable to root fracture and subsequent loss. The etiopathogenesis of FORL remains unclear. Here, we explore the hypothesis that FORL is associated with hypoxia in the oral microenvironment, leading to increased OC activity. To investigate this, we developed a method of generating OCs from cat blood. Reducing O2 from 20% to 2% increased the mean area of OC eightfold from 0.01 to 0.08 mm2. In hypoxic cultures, very large OCs containing several hundred nuclei were evident (reaching a maximum size of approximately 14 mm2). Cultures exposed to 2% O2 exhibited an increase of approximately 13-fold in the area of bone slices covered by resorption lacunae. In line with this finding, there was a significant increase in cells differentiating under hypoxic conditions, reflected in increased expression of cathepsin K and proton pump enzymes. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that oxygen tension is a major regulator of OC formation in the cat. However, in this species, hypoxia induces the formation of "giant" OCs, which can be so large as to be visible with the naked eye and yet also actively resorb. This suggests that local hypoxia is likely to play a key role in the pathogenesis of FORL and other inflammatory conditions that are associated with bone resorption in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muzylak
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 OTU, UK
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16
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Nicolin V, Baldini G, Bareggi R, Zweyer M, Zauli G, Vaccarezza M, Narducci P. Morphological features of osteoclasts derived from a co-culture system. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:171-7. [PMID: 16977429 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the receptor activator of NfKB (RANK) and its ligand receptor activator of NfKB ligand (RANKL) has recently been proven to be pivotal for osteoclast differentiation and activation. The influence of RANK-RANKL signaling on osteoclast formation was established by co-culturing murine osteoblasts (type CRL-12257) and murine mononuclear monocytes (RAW 264.7). The aim of the present study was to examine, by means of morphological techniques, the interaction between these two cell lines grown in the absolute absence of exogenous cytokines and other stimulating factors. Moreover, we wanted to show that our model could provide a system to analyze the bone resorption process. Mineralized matrix induced morphological changes of osteoclasts (OC) by the formation of organized ruffled-border and a large number of secondary lysosomal vesicles. On the contrary, OC grown on glass coverslips without dentin showed no organized ruffled border or secondary lysosomes. The study of the relationship between these two cell types could establish new approaches for a potential pharmacological control of these cell types and tissues in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Nicolin
- Department of Biomedicine, Section of Human Morphology and Molecular Biology, University of Trieste, Via manzoni,16, Trieste, 34138, Italy.
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17
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Evans CE, Mylchreest S, Andrew JG. Age of donor alters the effect of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on production by human macrophages and osteoblasts of sRANKL, OPG and RANK. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006; 7:21. [PMID: 16519799 PMCID: PMC1475864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclic hydrostatic pressure within bone has been proposed both as a stimulus of aseptic implant loosening and associated bone resorption and of bone formation. We showed previously that cyclical hydrostatic pressure influenced macrophage synthesis of several factors linked to osteoclastogenesis. The osteoprotegerin/soluble receptor activator of NF-kappa β ligand /receptor activator of NF-kappa β (OPG/ RANKL/ RANK) triumvirate has been implicated in control of bone resorption under various circumstances. We studied whether cyclical pressure might affect bone turnover via effects on OPG/ sRANKL/ RANK. Methods In this study, cultures of human osteoblasts or macrophages (supplemented with osteoclastogenic factors) or co-cultures of macrophages and osteoblasts (from the same donor), were subjected to cyclic hydrostatic pressure. Secretion of OPG and sRANKL was assayed in the culture media and the cells were stained for RANK and osteoclast markers. Data were analysed by nonparametric statistics. Results In co-cultures of macrophages and osteoblasts, pressure modulated secretion of sRANKL or OPG in a variable manner. Examination of the OPG:sRANKL ratio in co cultures without pressurisation showed that the ratio was greater in donors <70 years at the time of operation (p < 0.05 Mann Whitney U) than it was in patients >70 years. However, with pressure the difference in the OPG:sRANKL ratios between young and old donors was not significant. It was striking that in some patients the OPG:sRANKL ratio increased with pressure whereas in some it decreased. The tendency was for the ratio to decrease with pressure in patients younger than 70 years, and increase in patients ≥ 70 years (Fishers exact p < 0.01). Cultures of osteoblasts alone showed a significant increase in both sRANKL and OPG with pressure, and again there was a decrease in the ratio of OPG:RANKL. Secretion of sRANKL by cultures of macrophages alone was not modulated by pressure. Only sRANKL was assayed in this study, but transmembrane RANKL may also be important in this system. Macrophages subjected to pressure (both alone and in co-culture) stained more strongly for RANK on immunohistochemstry than non-pressurized controls and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 D3) further increased this. Immunocytochemical staining also demonstrated that more cells in pressurized co-cultures exhibited osteoclast markers (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, vitronectin receptor and multinuclearity) than did unpressurized controls. Conclusion These data show that in co-cultures of osteoblasts and macrophages the ratio of OPG : sRANKL was decreased by pressure in younger patients but increased in older patients. As falls in this ratio promote bone resorption, this finding may be important in explaining the relatively high incidence of osteolysis around orthopaedic implants in young patients. The finding that secretion of OPG and sRANKL by osteoblasts in monoculture was sensitive to hydrostatic pressure, and that hydrostatic pressure stimulated the differentiation of macrophages into cells exhibiting osteoclast markers indicates that both osteoblasts and preosteoclasts are sensitive to cyclic pressure. However, the effects of pressure on cocultures were not simply additive and coculture appears useful to examine the interaction of these cell types. These findings have implications for future therapies for aseptic loosening and for the development of tests to predict the development of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- CE Evans
- Laboratory & Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - S Mylchreest
- Laboratory & Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - JG Andrew
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, LL57 2PW, UK
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Kirstein B, Chambers TJ, Fuller K. Secretion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by osteoclasts correlates with resorptive behavior. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1085-94. [PMID: 16475168 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There have been dramatic advances recently in our understanding of the regulation of osteoclastic differentiation. However, much less is known of the mechanisms responsible for the induction and modulation of resorptive behavior. We have developed a strategy whereby osteoclasts can be generated in vitro and released into suspension in a fully-functional state. We now exploit this approach to show that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is released by osteoclasts during bone resorption. TRAP release was inhibited by the secretion-inhibitor Brefeldin A, and was not accompanied by LDH release. This suggests that TRAP release is due to secretion, rather than cell death. Consistent with this, TRAP secretion was stimulated by resorbogenic cytokines, was inhibited by the resorption-inhibitor calcitonin, and correlated with excavation of the bone surface. We found that, in contrast to incubation on bone, incubation on plastic, glass, or vitronectin-coated plastic substrates did not induce secretion of TRAP. This suggests that the induction of resorptive behavior in osteoclasts depends upon stimulation by bone matrix of a putative osteoclastic "mineral receptor." Release of TRAP by osteoclasts thus represents not only a productive approach to the analysis of the mechanisms that modulate the rate of resorptive activity, but also a system whereby the mechanism through which bone substrates induce resorptive behavior can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Kirstein
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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19
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Nicholls BM, Bredius RGM, Hamdy NAT, Gerritsen EJA, Lankester AC, Hogendoorn PCW, Nesbitt SA, Horton MA, Flanagan AM. Limited rescue of osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis after successful engraftment by cord blood from an unrelated donor. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2264-70. [PMID: 16294279 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report on a case of osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis who received a hematopoietic stem cell graft and, despite hematological engraftment, showed little signs of response in the skeletal defect. Clinical and laboratory studies supported the concept that the bone microenvironment remained abnormal, thus reducing the clinical response to transplantation. INTRODUCTION Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severely reduced bone resorption resulting from a defect in either osteoclast development (osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis) or activation (osteoclast-rich osteopetrosis). Patients with osteoclast-rich osteopetrosis can be rescued by allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; however, little information exists concerning the success of transplantation as a treatment for osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis. We report on a child with osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis whose diagnosis was delayed, consequently receiving a cord blood transplant from an unrelated donor at the age of 8 years. Engraftment was deemed successful by peripheral blood genotyping, although >3 years after transplantation there was little rescue of the skeletal defect and anemia, and extramedullary hematopoiesis persisted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the osteopetrosis patient, before and after transplantation, were used to generate osteoclasts in vitro in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. RESULTS Before transplantation few, small mononuclear osteoclasts formed (F-actin ring-positive cells, co-localizing with vitronectin receptor [alphavbeta3 integrin] and TRACP) associated with occasional, small resorption lacunae. Low levels of collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) fragments were released from these cultures as assessed by ELISA (CrossLaps; patient, 12.85 nM; control, 448.6 nM). In contrast, osteoclasts formed in cultures after transplantation formed to a similar degree to control cultures from healthy individuals: large numbers of osteoclasts containing numerous nuclei were present, and approximately 50% of the surface of bone slices was resorbed, associated with intermediate levels of collagen fragment release (116.48 nM). The culture data reflect the histopathology and radiological findings and also support previous studies showing that neither M-CSF nor RANKL rescues osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first case reported in which a successful hematopoietic engraftment failed to correct an osteopetrotic skeletal defect, and this finding may be credited to the age at which the child was transplanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nicholls
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
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20
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Horton MA, Massey HM, Rosenberg N, Nicholls B, Seligsohn U, Flanagan AM. Upregulation of osteoclast alpha2beta1 integrin compensates for lack of alphavbeta3 vitronectin receptor in Iraqi-Jewish-type Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Br J Haematol 2003; 122:950-7. [PMID: 12956766 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts utilize alphavbeta3 integrin adhesion to bone matrix during bone resorption. We have generated osteoclasts from the peripheral blood of Iraqi-Jewish patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) who are completely deficient in beta3 integrin and exhibit a haemorrhagic diathesis resulting from the absence of platelet alphaIIbbeta3. We show that, in contrast to osteoclasts generated from normal subjects or patients with alphaIIb integrin deficiency, GT osteoclasts lack alphavbeta3. These osteoclasts exhibited a two- to fourfold increase in alpha2 and beta1 integrin expression, whereas other alphav integrins, including alphavbeta5, were not significantly affected. An accompanying decrease in bone resorption was observed, with 44% and 59% declines in pit number and depth, respectively, and resorption lacunae showed abnormal morphology on scanning electron microscopy. However, osteoclasts from GT developed in similar numbers to controls and exhibited an otherwise 'normal' phenotype. We conclude that the observed rise in alpha2beta1 expression compensates for the chronic genetic deficiency of alphavbeta3 in osteoclasts from patients with GT and is sufficient to enable bone resorption to proceed, albeit to a submaximal extent. This explains why Iraqi-Jewish patients with GT do not have osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Horton
- Departments of Medicine and Histopathology, University College London, London, UK.
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21
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Breuil V, Schmid-Antomarchi H, Schmid-Alliana A, Rezzonico R, Euller-Ziegler L, Rossi B. The receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a new chemotactic factor for human monocytes. FASEB J 2003; 17:1751-3. [PMID: 12958198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1188fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption is regulated by the immune system, where receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)kappaB ligand (RANKL), a new member of the tumor-necrosis factor family, may contribute to pathological conditions. Due to the role of RANKL in the maturation of monocyte-derived osteoclasts, we hypothesized that RANKL could exert chemotactic properties toward monocytic cells. Our results demonstrate that RANKL induces the migration of MonoMac-6 monocytic cells as well as human freshly isolated total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD14+ purified PBMC. RANKL induces the migration of MonoMac-6 cells in a dose-dependent manner and with an efficacy similar to MCP-1. After an 8-h incubation, the soluble form of RANKL (sRANKL) started to exhibit a chemoattractive effect on MonoMac-6 cells, with an increased effect observed up to 24 h. RANKL elicits an additive chemotactic effect to MCP-1. Furthermore, addition of the RANKL decoy receptor osteoprotegerin in the lower well or RANKL in the upper well abrogates the RANKL-induced migration of MonoMac-6 cells, hallmarking a true specific activity. RNase protection assay experiments indicate that exposure of MonoMac-6 cells to RANKL had no significant effect on the expression of a variety of chemokines, known to attract monocytes. This study provides evidence that RANKL behaves as a chemotactic factor for monocytic cells, emphazing the cross-talk between bone and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Breuil
- Unit INSERM 364, IFR 50 Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, Avenue de Valombrose 06107, Nice, Cedex, France
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Gupta A, Lee BS, Khadeer MA, Tang Z, Chellaiah M, Abu-Amer Y, Goldknopf J, Hruska KA. Leupaxin is a critical adaptor protein in the adhesion zone of the osteoclast. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:669-85. [PMID: 12674328 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.4.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein that was first identified in human macrophages and was found to share homology with the focal adhesion protein, paxillin. Leupaxin possesses several protein-binding domains that have been implicated in targeting proteins such as focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) to focal adhesions. Leupaxin can be detected in monocytes and osteoclasts, both cells of hematopoietic origin. We have identified leupaxin to be a component of the osteoclast podosomal signaling complex. We have found that leupaxin in murine osteoclasts is associated with both PYK2 and pp125FAK in the osteoclast. Treatment of osteoclasts with TNF-alpha and soluble osteopontin were found to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of both leupaxin and leupaxin-associated PYK2. Leupaxin was found to co-immunoprecipitate with the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST. The cellular distribution of leupaxin, PYK2, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation-PEST co-localized at or near the osteoclast podosomal complex. Leupaxin was also found to associate with the ARF-GTPase-activating protein, paxillin kinase linker p95PKL, thereby providing a link to regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics in the osteoclast. Overexpression of leupaxin by transduction into osteoclasts evoked numerous cytoplasmic projections at the leading edge of the cell, resembling a motile phenotype. Finally, in vitro inhibition of leupaxin expression in the osteoclast led to a decrease in resorptive capacity. Our data suggest that leupaxin may be a critical nucleating component of the osteoclast podosomal signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandarup Gupta
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1586, USA.
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Pap T, Claus A, Ohtsu S, Hummel KM, Schwartz P, Drynda S, Pap G, Machner A, Stein B, George M, Gay RE, Neumann W, Gay S, Aicher WK. Osteoclast-independent bone resorption by fibroblast-like cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:R163-73. [PMID: 12723988 PMCID: PMC165048 DOI: 10.1186/ar752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2002] [Revised: 01/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2003] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, mesenchymal cells have only been associated with bone resorption indirectly, and it has been hypothesized that the degradation of bone is associated exclusively with specific functions of osteoclasts. Here we show, in aseptic prosthesis loosening, that aggressive fibroblasts at the bone surface actively contribute to bone resorption and that this is independent of osteoclasts. In two separate models (a severe combined immunodeficient mouse coimplantation model and a dentin pit formation assay), these cells produce signs of bone resorption that are similar to those in early osteoclastic resorption. In an animal model of aseptic prosthesis loosening (i.e. intracranially self-stimulated rats), it is shown that these fibroblasts acquire their ability to degrade bone early on in their differentiation. Upon stimulation, such fibroblasts readily release acidic components that lower the pH of their pericellular milieu. Through the use of specific inhibitors, pericellular acidification is shown to involve the action of vacuolar type ATPases. Although fibroblasts, as mesenchymal derived cells, are thought to be incapable of resorbing bone, the present study provides the first evidence to challenge this widely held belief. It is demonstrated that fibroblast-like cells, under pathological conditions, may not only enhance but also actively contribute to bone resorption. These cells should therefore be considered novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of bone destructive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pap
- Division of Experimental Rheumatology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Muzylak M, Flanagan AM, Ingham K, Gunn N, Price J, Horton MA. A feline assay using osteoclasts generated in vitro from peripheral blood for screening anti-resorptive agents. Res Vet Sci 2002; 73:283-90. [PMID: 12443687 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Musculo-skeletal diseases are a major cause of pain and suffering in cats and several conditions involve increased bone resorption by osteoclasts. However, little is known about the biology of these cells in the cat. In this study we established a method to generate feline osteoclasts from blood mononuclear cells stimulated by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Cultured osteoclasts are multinucleated, express tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), form F-actin rings and resorb bone. They express alpha(v)beta3 vitronectin receptor and osteoclast enzymes, cathepsin K and MMP9; the myeloid antigen, CD18, and the megakaryocyte/platelet integrin, CD41, are absent. This phenotype is typical of osteoclasts from other species. Three resorption inhibitors were examined for activity against feline osteoclasts. Calcitonin, bisphosphonate and RGD integrin inhibitory peptide all reduced bone resorption at doses similar to those efficacious in rabbit or human. We conclude that blood-derived osteoclast cultures are a suitable in vitro system for assessing the ability of drugs to inhibit bone resorption in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muzylak
- Bone and Mineral Centre, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
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25
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Scopes J, Massey HM, Ebrahim H, Horton MA, Flanagan AM. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13: bidirectional effects on human osteoclast formation. Bone 2001; 29:203-8. [PMID: 11557362 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone; they derive from macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent hematopoietic precursors in the presence of soluble activator of NFkappaB ligand (sRANKL). Because transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a macrophage deactivator, enhances osteoclast formation we hypothesized that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, also macrophage deactivators, should exert a similar effect. However, IL-4 and IL-13 have been reported as suppressors of murine osteoclast formation. In contrast to the effect of these molecules on murine osteoclast formation, IL-4 and IL-13 were found to be powerful inducers of osteoclast formation and bone resorption when added to human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures for 4 days. This stimulatory effect was only observed in cultures containing nonadherent PBMCs. In contrast, both molecules significantly suppressed osteoclast formation in lymphocyte-depleted cultures. These data demonstrate that the cytokine milieu and/or state of cell activation determines how cells of the osteoclast precursor respond to IL-4 and IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scopes
- Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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