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Reed RM, Whyte MB, Goff LM. Cardiometabolic disease in Black African and Caribbean populations: an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology? Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38230432 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In the UK, populations of Black African and Caribbean (BAC) ethnicity suffer higher rates of cardiometabolic disease than White Europeans (WE). Obesity, leading to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL), has long been associated with cardiometabolic risk, driving insulin resistance and defective fatty acid/lipoprotein metabolism. These defects are compounded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by dysfunctional adipose tissue. Emerging evidence has highlighted associations between central complement system components and adipose tissue, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation; it may therefore sit at the intersection of various cardiometabolic disease risk factors. However, increasing evidence suggests an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology, whereby current theories fail to explain the high rates of cardiometabolic disease in BAC populations. Lower fasting and postprandial TAG has been reported in BAC, alongside lower VAT and IHL deposition, which are paradoxical to the high rates of cardiometabolic disease exhibited by this ethnic group. Furthermore, BAC have been shown to exhibit a more anti-inflammatory profile, with lower TNF-α and greater IL-10. In contrast, recent evidence has revealed greater complement activation in BAC compared to WE, suggesting its dysregulation may play a greater role in the high rates of cardiometabolic disease experienced by this population. This review outlines the current theories of how obesity is proposed to drive cardiometabolic disease, before discussing evidence for ethnic differences in disease pathophysiology between BAC and WE populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben M Reed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin B Whyte
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Louise M Goff
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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2
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Mannes M, Halbgebauer R, Wohlgemuth L, Christian Messerer DA, Savukoski S, Schultze A, Berger B, Knapp CL, Schmidt CQ, Fürst D, Hillmer M, Siebert R, Eriksson O, Persson B, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Huber-Lang M. Combined Heterozygous Genetic Variations in Complement C2 and C8B: An Explanation for Multidimensional Immune Imbalance? J Innate Immun 2023; 15:412-427. [PMID: 36858027 PMCID: PMC10015110 DOI: 10.1159/000528607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a crucial role in host defense, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration and bridges the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Although the genetic variants in complement C2 (c.839_849+17del; p.(Met280Asnfs*5)) and C8B (c.1625C>T; p.(Thr542Ile)) are known individually, here, we report on a patient carrying their combination in a heterozygous form. The patient presented with a reduced general condition and suffers from a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. While no autoimmune disease-specific autoantibodies could be detected, genetic analysis revealed abnormalities in the two complement genes C2 and C8B. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the innate immune system on a cellular and humoral level to define the functional consequences. We found slightly impaired functionality of neutrophils and monocytes regarding phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species generation and a diminished expression of the C5aR1. An extensive complement analysis revealed a declined activation potential for the alternative and classical pathway. Reconstitution with purified C2 and C8 into patient serum failed to normalize the dysfunction, whereas the addition of C3 improved the hemolytic activity. In clinical transfer, in vitro supplementation of the patient's plasma with FFP as a complement source could fully restore full complement functionality. This study describes for the first time a combined heterozygous genetic variation in complement C2 and C8B which, however, cannot fully explain the overall dysfunctions and calls for further complement deficiency research and corresponding therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mannes
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Halbgebauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susa Savukoski
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Schultze
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bettina Berger
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Leonie Knapp
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Q. Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Ulm, and University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Morten Hillmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Hospital Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Hospital Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oskar Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbro Persson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Pan J, Li Q, Sun Y, Gu Y, Ding Y, Pang N, Zhou Y, Pei L, Gao M, Ma S, Xiao Y, Wu F, Hu D, Chen YM, Yang L. Increased Serum Adipsin Correlates with MAFLD and Metabolic Risk Abnormalities. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:187-200. [PMID: 36760590 PMCID: PMC9882414 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s396335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A panel of international experts proposed a new definition of fatty liver in 2020, namely metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). As an adipokine, adipsin is closely related to metabolic-related diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship among MAFLD, serum adipsin, and metabolic risk abnormalities. METHODS Our study was a cross-sectional study based on the first follow-up of the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). A total of 908 patients with hepatic steatosis were involved in our study. Detailed data of patients were collected based upon questionnaire information, physical examination, and blood biochemical test. RESULTS Among the 908 patients, 789 patients were diagnosed with MAFLD. The levels of serum adipsin in the MAFLD group and non-MAFLD group were (3543.00 (3187.94-3972.50) ng/mL) and (3095.33 (2778.71-3354.77) ng/mL) (P < 0.001), respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, adipsin levels were found to be associated with MAFLD. The OR was 3.46 (95% CI: 1.57-7.64) for adipsin when comparing subjects in the highest tertile with those in the lowest tertile. With the increase in the number of metabolic risk abnormalities, both the levels of serum adipsin and the proportion of moderate to severe fatty liver increased (all p-trend < 0.001). CONCLUSION Increased serum adipsin correlates with MAFLD. Both adipsin levels as well as fatty liver severity increase with higher numbers of metabolic risk abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijie Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nengzhi Pang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sixi Ma
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feilong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - De Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lili Yang, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-20-87330625, Email
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Jin S, Kusters YHAM, Houben AJHM, Plat J, Joris PJ, Mensink RP, Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA, van Greevenbroek MMJ. A randomized diet-induced weight-loss intervention reduces plasma complement C3: Possible implication for endothelial dysfunction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1401-1410. [PMID: 35785477 PMCID: PMC9545581 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement C3 and other components of the alternative pathway are higher in individuals with obesity. Moreover, C3 has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study investigated whether, and how, a weight-loss intervention reduced plasma C3, activated C3 (C3a), and factor D and explored potential biological effects of such a reduction. METHODS The study measured plasma C3, C3a, and factor D by ELISA and measured visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and intrahepatic lipid by magnetic resonance imaging in lean men (n = 25) and men with abdominal obesity (n = 52). The men with obesity were randomized to habitual diet or an 8-week dietary weight-loss intervention. RESULTS The intervention significantly reduced C3 (-0.15 g/L [95% CI: -0.23 to -0.07]), but not C3a or factor D. The C3 reduction was mainly explained by reduction in visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue or intrahepatic lipid. This reduction in C3 explained a part of the weight-loss-induced improvement of markers of endothelial dysfunction, particularly the reduction in soluble endothelial selectin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule. CONCLUSIONS Diet-induced weight loss in men with abdominal obesity could be a way to lower plasma C3 and thereby improve endothelial dysfunction. C3 reduction may be part of the mechanism via which diet-induced weight loss could ameliorate the risk of cardiovascular disease in men with abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxin Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Yvo H. A. M. Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Top Institute of Food and NutritionWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Top Institute of Food and NutritionWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Top Institute of Food and NutritionWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Top Institute of Food and NutritionWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Top Institute of Food and NutritionWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marleen M. J. van Greevenbroek
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University and Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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5
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Variation of Complement Protein Levels in Maternal Plasma and Umbilical Cord Blood during Normal Pregnancy: An Observational Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133611. [PMID: 35806894 PMCID: PMC9267899 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system constitutes a crucial part of the innate immunity, mediating opsonization, lysis, inflammation, and elimination of potential pathogens. In general, there is an increased activity of the complement system during pregnancy, which is essential for maintaining the host’s defense and fetal survival. Unbalanced or excessive activation of the complement system in the placenta is associated with pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, and premature birth. Nonetheless, the actual clinical value of monitoring the activation of the complement system during pregnancy remains to be investigated. Unfortunately, normal reference values specifically for pregnant women are missing, and for umbilical cord blood (UCB), data on complement protein levels are scarce. Herein, complement protein analyses (C1q, C3, C4, C3d levels, and C3d/C3 ratio) were performed in plasma samples from 100 healthy, non-medicated and non-smoking pregnant women, collected during different trimesters and at the time of delivery. In addition, UCB was collected at all deliveries. Maternal plasma C1q and C3d/C3 ratio showed the highest mean values during the first trimester, whereas C3, C4, and C3d had rising values until delivery. We observed low levels of C1q and C4 as well as increased C3d and C3d/C3 ratio, particularly during the first trimester, as a sign of complement activation in some women. However, the reference limits of complement analyses applied for the general population appeared appropriate for the majority of the samples. As expected, the mean complement concentrations in UCB were much lower than in maternal plasma, due to the immature complement system in neonates.
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Milek M, Moulla Y, Kern M, Stroh C, Dietrich A, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Lohmann T, Dressler M, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Guiu-Jurado E. Adipsin Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in People with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042222. [PMID: 35216336 PMCID: PMC8878597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Adipsin is an adipokine that may link increased fat mass and adipose tissue dysfunction to obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we investigated whether adipsin serum concentrations and adipose tissue (AT) adipsin mRNA expression are related to parameters of AT function, obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). (2) Methods: A cohort of 637 individuals with a wide range of age and body weight (Age: 18–85 years; BMI: 19–70 kg/m2) with (n = 237) or without (n = 400) T2D was analyzed for serum adipsin concentrations by ELISA and visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipsin mRNA expression by RT-PCR. (3) Results: Adipsin serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with T2D compared to normoglycemic individuals. We found significant positive univariate relationships of adipsin serum concentrations with age (r = 0.282, p < 0.001), body weight (r = 0.264, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.136, p = 0.006) and leptin serum concentrations (r = 0.362, p < 0.001). Neither VAT nor SAT adipsin mRNA expression correlated with adipsin serum concentrations after adjusting for age, sex and BMI. Independent of T2D status, we found significantly higher adipsin expression in SAT compared to VAT (4) Conclusions: Our data suggest that adipsin serum concentrations are strongly related to obesity and age. However, neither circulating adipsin nor adipsin AT expression reflects parameters of impaired glucose or lipid metabolism in patients with obesity with or without T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Milek
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.); (P.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Yusef Moulla
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Matthias Kern
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christine Stroh
- Department of General, Abdominal and Pediatric Surgery, Municipal Hospital, 07548 Gera, Germany;
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Clinic for Visceral, Transplantation and Thorax and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael R Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Tobias Lohmann
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, 01129 Dresden, Germany; (T.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Miriam Dressler
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, 01129 Dresden, Germany; (T.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.); (P.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.); (P.K.); (M.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.); (P.K.); (M.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (E.G.-J.); Tel.: +49-341-972-2901 (M.B.); +49-341-971-5895 (E.G.-J.)
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.); (P.K.); (M.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V., 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (E.G.-J.); Tel.: +49-341-972-2901 (M.B.); +49-341-971-5895 (E.G.-J.)
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Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) with medical and nutritional management. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow-up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days and one year later, and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment interleukins; IL17-alpha and IL-2, and serum amyloid P were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain during 60 days. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. Soluble CD14, beta-2 microglobulin, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Glutathione peroxidase 3 was positively associated with weight and MUAC gain during one year. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on reducing inflammation on growth among children with SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Aaron N, Kraakman MJ, Zhou Q, Liu Q, Costa S, Yang J, Liu L, Yu L, Wang L, He Y, Fan L, Hirakawa H, Ding L, Lo J, Wang W, Zhao B, Guo E, Sun L, Rosen CJ, Qiang L. Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cells. eLife 2021; 10:69209. [PMID: 34155972 PMCID: PMC8219379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has been shown to be vital for regulating metabolism and maintaining skeletal homeostasis in the bone marrow (BM) niche. As a reflection of BM remodeling, MAT is highly responsive to nutrient fluctuations, hormonal changes, and metabolic disturbances such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Expansion of MAT has also been strongly associated with bone loss in mice and humans. However, the regulation of BM plasticity remains poorly understood, as does the mechanism that links changes in marrow adiposity with bone remodeling. Methods We studied deletion of Adipsin, and its downstream effector, C3, in C57BL/6 mice as well as the bone-protected PPARγ constitutive deacetylation 2KR mice to assess BM plasticity. The mice were challenged with thiazolidinedione treatment, calorie restriction, or aging to induce bone loss and MAT expansion. Analysis of bone mineral density and marrow adiposity was performed using a μCT scanner and by RNA analysis to assess adipocyte and osteoblast markers. For in vitro studies, primary bone marrow stromal cells were isolated and subjected to osteoblastogenic or adipogenic differentiation or chemical treatment followed by morphological and molecular analyses. Clinical data was obtained from samples of a previous clinical trial of fasting and high-calorie diet in healthy human volunteers. Results We show that Adipsin is the most upregulated adipokine during MAT expansion in mice and humans in a PPARγ acetylation-dependent manner. Genetic ablation of Adipsin in mice specifically inhibited MAT expansion but not peripheral adipose depots, and improved bone mass during calorie restriction, thiazolidinedione treatment, and aging. These effects were mediated through its downstream effector, complement component C3, to prime common progenitor cells toward adipogenesis rather than osteoblastogenesis through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions Adipsin promotes new adipocyte formation and affects skeletal remodeling in the BM niche. Our study reveals a novel mechanism whereby the BM sustains its own plasticity through paracrine and endocrine actions of a unique adipokine. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health T32DK007328 (NA), F31DK124926 (NA), R01DK121140 (JCL), R01AR068970 (BZ), R01AR071463 (BZ), R01DK112943 (LQ), R24DK092759 (CJR), and P01HL087123 (LQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Aaron
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Medicine, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Qiuzhong Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiongming Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughUnited States,School of Medicine, Tufts UniversityBostonUnited States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
| | - Jing Yang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Longhua Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lexiang Yu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Liheng Wang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Medicine, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ying He
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lihong Fan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hiroyuki Hirakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - James Lo
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityUnited States
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Cliff J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughUnited States
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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9
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Alshubrami S, Al-Regaiey K, Alfadda AA, Iqbal M. Impact of Gastric Sleeve Surgery on Plasma Retinol Binding Protein 4 and Adipsin Levels in Healthy Male Population. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:1495-1499. [PMID: 33235563 PMCID: PMC7674898 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.7.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bariatric surgery provides most substantial and sustainable weight loss measures in individuals with obesity. Caloric restriction is not only intervention, changes in hormonal secretions are also leading contributory mechanisms to reduce body weight and improve the glycaemic control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of gastric sleeve surgery on plasma retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and adipsin levels among Saudi male obese population. Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Departments of Physiology and Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University. Thirty-three obese (BMI>38.3) male patients age ranged from 25 to 50 years were recruited. RBP4 and adipsin levels were analyzed before and 6-12 months after gastric sleeve surgery by ELISA along with plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipid profile. Results Circulating RBP4 levels were not significantly changed by bariatric surgery (4382.85±40.35 ng before, and 4393.28±33.13 ng after surgery, p=0.842), neither did adipsin (2949.68±46.86 pg before, and 2917.90±41.90 pg after surgery, p=0.535). Segregation of study participants into two age groups, 25-35 and 35-50 years of age, revealed that before surgery older age group (35-50) had higher RBP4 levels compared to younger group (25-35) (p=0.016). However, after surgery RBP4 levels were decreased in older group but not to a significant level (p=0.174). In younger age group after surgery, there was a near significant increase in RBP4 levels (p=0.052). There were no significant changes in RBP4 levels in both age groups after surgery (p=0.461). For adipsin, there were no significant differences before and after surgery in both age groups. Insulin, BMI and HOMA-IR index were decreased after surgery, however there was no correlation with RBP4 and adipsin levels. Conclusions The present study findings do not suggest a role for RBP4 and adipsin in the improvement of insulin sensitivity in Saudi male obese population after gastric sleeve surgery. However, a decrease in RBP4 levels in older individuals after surgery needs further investigations to understand its effect on weight and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad Alshubrami
- Suad Alshubrami Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Current Address: Director of Academic and Training Affairs Continuous Professional, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al-Regaiey
- Khalid Al-Regaiey Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assim A Alfadda
- Assim A. Alfadda Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) when medically and nutritionally treated. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth in the first 60 days post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days later and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 alpha (IL17α), interleukin 2 (IL2), and serum amyloid P (SAP) were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. sCD14, beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP1β) were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated with similar diet in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on the role of inflammation on growth among children with SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Fan HH, Lin IC, Chen JE, Lee WH, Fang SB. Anorexia nervosa manifesting as massive ascites, hypercholesterolemia, and sequential binge eating in an 11-year-old girl: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21739. [PMID: 32871893 PMCID: PMC7458216 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder associated with a distorted body image. Hypercholesterolemia has been found in patients with AN but the mechanism of hyperlipidemia in AN remains little known. Ascites in patients with AN has been attributed to hypoalbuminemia and liver diseases, but massive ascites without the aforementioned etiologies has never been reported in AN. PATIENT CONCERNS An 11-year-old girl was admitted for exclusion of organic underlying diseases due to severe body weight loss (18% within 3 weeks), poor appetite, and hypercholesterolemia (274 mg/dL). She complained of heartburn sensation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and postprandial dull abdominal pain with fullness. DIAGNOSES The patient's condition met with all 3 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for diagnosing AN. On admission, her total cholesterol level was 337 mg/dL and hypocomplementemia (C3 55.5 mg/dL) was also found. Abdominal sonography and computed tomography scans showed massive ascites. However, neither proteinuria nor hypoalbuminemia was found. Upper gastroduodenal endoscopy showed chronic superficial gastritis and colonoscopy revealed negative findings. Ascites obtained by paracentesis demonstrated a transudate without bacterial infection, tuberculosis, or pancreatitis. Exploratory laparoscopy showed nonpurulent ascites. However, biopsies from the small intestine, mesentery, and liver showed chronic inflammation and fibrosis. INTERVENTIONS The intensive nutritional therapy by increasing total energy intake stepwise with a combination of high-energy formula and her favorite foods. OUTCOMES Her hypercholesterolemia, hypocomplementemia, and massive ascites resolved after her weight was restored. She developed binge eating with continuous weight gain after discharge. Her weight significantly increased to an obese level (body mass index [BMI] 25.9 kg/m) after loss to follow-up for 4 years until she returned to our emergency room due to suicide attempt. CONCLUSION Diagnostic crossover between subtypes in anorexia nervosa might be a potential risk factor for illness severity and poor prognosis. AN can manifest as massive ascites with normal albumin concentrations that could possibly be due to chronic inflammation of the intestinal serosa, mesentery, and peritoneal surface of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hao Fan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | | | - Jing-Er Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Shiuh-Bin Fang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Saleh J, Al-Maqbali M, Abdel-Hadi D. Role of Complement and Complement-Related Adipokines in Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Fat Storage. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1411-1429. [PMID: 31688967 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue releases many cytokines and inflammatory factors described as adipokines. In obesity, adipokines released from expanding adipose tissue are implicated in disease progression and metabolic dysfunction. However, mechanisms controlling the progression of adiposity and metabolic complications are not fully understood. It has been suggested that expanding fat mass and sustained release of inflammatory adipokines in adipose tissue lead to hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cellular damage. These changes trigger an immune response involving infiltration of adipose tissue with immune cells, complement activation and generation of factors involved in opsonization and clearance of damaged cells. Abundant evidence now indicates that adipose tissue is an active secretory source of complement and complement-related adipokines that, in addition to their inflammatory role, contribute to the regulation of metabolic function. This article highlights advances in knowledge regarding the role of these adipokines in energy regulation of adipose tissue through modulating lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. Several adipokines will be discussed including adipsin, Factor H, properdin, C3a, Acylation-Stimulating Protein, C1q/TNF-related proteins, and response gene to complement-32 (RGC-32). Interactions between these factors will be described considering their immune-metabolic roles in the adipose tissue microenvironment and their potential contribution to progression of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction. The differential expression and the role of complement factors in gender-related fat partitioning will also be addressed. Identifying lipogenic adipokines and their specific autocrine/paracrine roles may provide means for adipose-tissue-targeted therapeutic interventions that may disrupt the vicious circle of adiposity and disease progression. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1411-1429, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muna Al-Maqbali
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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13
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Kobos LM, Alqatani S, Ferreira CR, Aryal UK, Hedrick V, Sobreira TJP, Shannahan JH. An Integrative Proteomic/Lipidomic Analysis of the Gold Nanoparticle Biocorona in Healthy and Obese Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:150-166. [PMID: 32292798 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2019.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: When nanoparticles (NPs) enter a physiological environment, a coating of biomolecules or biocorona (BC) forms on the surface. Formation of the NP-BC is dependent on NP properties, the physiological environment, and time. The BC influences NP properties and biological interactions such as cellular internalization, immune responses, biodistribution, and others, leading to pharmacological and toxicological consequences. To date, examination of the NP-BC has focused primarily on protein components and healthy conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the protein and lipid content of BCs that formed on physicochemically distinct gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under healthy and obese conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the NP-BC is necessary for the translation of in vitro toxicity assessments to clinical applications. Materials and Methods: AuNPs with two coatings (poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone [PVP] or citrate) and diameters (20 or 100 nm) were incubated in pooled human serum, and an integrated proteomic/lipidomic approach was used to evaluate BC composition. Macrophages were utilized to evaluate differential immune responses due to variations in the AuNP-BC. Results: AuNPs form distinct BCs based on physicochemical properties and the surrounding environment, with the obese BC containing more proteins and fewer lipids than the healthy BC. Differential macrophage inflammatory responses were observed based on AuNP properties and BC composition. Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, these findings demonstrate that AuNP size and coating, as well as physiological environment, influence the protein and lipid composition of the BC, which impacts cellular responses following exposure. These findings demonstrate that incorporation of BCs representing distinct physiological conditions may enhance the translatability of nanosafety in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kobos
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Saeed Alqatani
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,National Center for Pharmaceuticals, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina R Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Victoria Hedrick
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Computational Life Sciences and Informatics, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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14
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Role of complement in diabetes. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:270-277. [PMID: 31400630 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a role for the complement system in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the vascular complications that characterise this condition. Complement proteins contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) by enhancing the underlying organ-specific autoimmune processes. Complement upregulation and activation is also an important feature of insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, animal and human studies indicate that complement proteins are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms leading to diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. The adverse vascular effects of complement appear to be related to enhancement of the inflammatory process and the predisposition to a thrombotic environment, eventually leading to vascular occlusion. Complement proteins have been considered as therapeutic targets to prevent or treat vascular disease but studies have been mainly conducted in animal models, while human work has been both limited and inconclusive so far. Further studies are needed to understand the potential role of complement proteins as therapeutic targets for reversal of the pathological processes leading to T1D and T2D and for the prevention/treatment of diabetic vascular complications.
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15
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Identification of changes in serum analytes and possible metabolic pathways associated with canine obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Vet J 2018; 244:51-59. [PMID: 30825895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to identify analytes that could change and that could help to clarify the metabolic and physiopathological changes related to canine obesity-related metabolic dysfunction (ORMD). For this, serum from 35 overweight/obese dogs, with and without ORMD, was submitted to a comprehensive panel of biochemistry analysis, a gel-free tandem mass tag isobaric label-based proteomic analysis, and, finally, selected proteins were used as a starting point for creating a protein interaction network. Dogs with ORMD showed significantly higher serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Ca, total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in comparison with dogs without ORMD. Proteomic analysis revealed that 23 proteins related to lipid metabolism, the complement factor system, cellular adhesion and functionality, inflammation, and coagulation were altered in dogs with ORMD. Finally, the obtained protein interaction network highlighted that the central term of this network was the negative regulation of the immune response. These data suggest that canine ORMD is associated with changes in analytes that reflect altered lipid metabolism, and liver and immune function impairment and suggests the potential for a prothrombotic state and lung function alterations.
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16
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KOLATOROVA L, SRAMKOVA M, VITKU J, VCELAK J, LISCHKOVA O, STARKA L, DUSKOVA M. Parabens and Their Relation to Obesity. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S465-S472. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens are a group of chemicals used as preservatives in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. They are known to possess estrogenic effects, and therefore have been classified as endocrine disruptors. In addition to the classical endocrine organs, other tissues have endocrine activity, including adipose tissue. Several chemicals are known to cause obesogenic effects, and parabens are currently being studied in this context. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible connections of paraben exposure and obesity. Blood plasma from 27 healthy women was collected during their menstrual cycle. Basal anthropometric measures, levels of parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben), adipokines (adiponectin, adipsin, leptin, resistin and visfatin) and hormones affecting energy balance and metabolic health (c-peptide, ghreline, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, PAI-1) were measured. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed higher methylparaben and propylparaben levels in women with BMI 25-34.9 compared to those with BMI 18.5-24.9. Plasma levels of methylparaben as well as the sum of parabens were positively associated with the plasma adipsin levels. Negative associations for methylparaben were found for glucagon, leptin and PAI-1. In accordance with other experimental studies we observed important associations of methylparaben and hormones affecting energy balance and metabolic health, indicating its obesogenic potential.
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17
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Kennedy SN, Wilhite B, Margaret Castellini J, Rea LD, Kuhn TB, Ferrante A, O'Hara TM. Enhanced quantification of serum immunoglobulin G from a non-model wildlife species, the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), using a protein A ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:42-47. [PMID: 30099015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are proteins that preserve immune homeostasis and are quantified to infer changes to the acquired humoral immune response in mammals. Measuring Ig in non-model wildlife for immune surveillance often requires ingenuity, and rigorous standardization of methodologies to provide reliable results especially when lacking species-specific reagents. We modified and optimized existing ELISA methodology utilizing the binding properties of Staphylococcus-derived Protein A (PrtA) to immunoglobulin G (IgG). We enhanced the assay for quantifying IgG in Steller sea lion (SSL) serum using critical quality control measures including dilution linearity, spike and percent recoveries, and internal controls. Of the modifications made, heat treatment of SSL serum enhanced accuracy and precision of IgG measurements by improving linearity and percent recovery in parallel dilutions and serum spikes. Purified canine IgG standard was not affected by heat inactivation. These results support that confounding serum proteins interfere with binding of PrtA with IgG demonstrating the need for heat treatment of serum to optimize IgG quantification using the PrtA-ELISA. Further, essential validation measures ensure proper assay performance. Consequently, the improved PrtA-ELISA provides species-independent IgG detection with validation criteria to enhance accuracy and precision for addressing future immunological questions in non-model wildlife in clinical, ecological, and conservation contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA.
| | - Brittany Wilhite
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - J Margaret Castellini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757750, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Lorrie D Rea
- Institute of Northern Engineering, 1764 Tanana Loop, ELIF Suite 240, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Thomas B Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Andrea Ferrante
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Todd M O'Hara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757750, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
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18
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Dobó J, Kocsis A, Gál P. Be on Target: Strategies of Targeting Alternative and Lectin Pathway Components in Complement-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 30135690 PMCID: PMC6092519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has moved into the focus of drug development efforts in the last decade, since its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation has been recognized in many diseases. Some of them are primarily complement-mediated rare diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, C3 glomerulonephritis, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Complement also plays a role in various multifactorial diseases that affect millions of people worldwide, such as ischemia reperfusion injury (myocardial infarction, stroke), age-related macular degeneration, and several neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the potential advantages of targeting various complement proteins with special emphasis on the components of the lectin (LP) and the alternative pathways (AP). The serine proteases (MASP-1/2/3, factor D, factor B), which are responsible for the activation of the cascade, are straightforward targets of inhibition, but the pattern recognition molecules (mannose-binding lectin, other collectins, and ficolins), the regulatory components (factor H, factor I, properdin), and C3 are also subjects of drug development. Recent discoveries about cross-talks between the LP and AP offer new approaches for clinical intervention. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are not just responsible for LP activation, but they are also indispensable for efficient AP activation. Activated MASP-3 has recently been shown to be the enzyme that continuously supplies factor D (FD) for the AP by cleaving pro-factor D (pro-FD). In this aspect, MASP-3 emerges as a novel feasible target for the regulation of AP activity. MASP-1 was shown to be required for AP activity on various surfaces, first of all on LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Horvath P, Tarnoki DL, Tarnoki AD, Karlinger K, Lazar Z, Losonczy G, Kunos L, Bikov A. Complement system activation in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2018; 27:e12674. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horvath
- Department of Pulmonology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - David L. Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Adam D. Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Kinga Karlinger
- Department of Radiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsofia Lazar
- Department of Pulmonology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Losonczy
- Department of Pulmonology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Laszlo Kunos
- Department of Pulmonology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Andras Bikov
- Department of Pulmonology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
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Longitudinal associations of the alternative and terminal pathways of complement activation with adiposity: The CODAM study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 12:286-292. [PMID: 29174517 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate longitudinal associations of components of the alternative (C3, C3a, Bb, factor D [FD], factor H [FH], and properdin) and the terminal complement pathway (C5a, sC5b-9) with adiposity. METHODS A prospective human cohort study (n=574 at baseline, n=489 after 7 years follow-up) was analyzed. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the longitudinal associations between complement components (standardized values) and adiposity (main outcome BMI [kg/m2]). Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between change in complement levels and change in BMI. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, medication and lifestyle. RESULTS Over the 7-year period, baseline C3 was positively associated with BMI (β=1.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35; 2.09]). Positive associations were also observed for C3a (β=0.64 [0.31; 0.97]), FD (β=1.00 [0.59; 1.42]), FH (β=1.17 [0.82; 1.53]), and properdin (β=0.60 [0.28; 0.92]), but not for Bb, C5a or sC5b-9. Moreover, changes in C3 (β=0.52 [0.34; 0.71]) and FH (β=0.51 [0.32; 0.70]) were significantly associated with changes in BMI. CONCLUSIONS The complement system, particularly activation of the alternative pathway, may be involved in development of adiposity. Whether individual aspects of alternative pathway activation have a causal role in human obesity, remains to be investigated.
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. The complement system is dysfunctional in metabolic disease: Evidences in plasma and adipose tissue from obese and insulin resistant subjects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:164-172. [PMID: 29107169 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship among chronic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and other obesity-associated metabolic disturbances is increasingly recognized. The possible mechanisms that trigger these immunologic alterations remain to be fully understood. The complement system is a crucial element of immune defense system, being important in the activation of innate and adaptative immune response, promoting the clearance of apoptotic and damaged endogenous cells and participating in processes of tissue development, degeneration, and regeneration. Circulating components of the complement system appear to be dysregulated in obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. The activation of the complement system is also evident in adipose tissue from obese subjects, in association with subclinical inflammation and alterations in glucose metabolism. The possible contribution of some components of the complement system in the development of insulin resistance and obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, and the possible role of complement system in adipose tissue physiology is reviewed here. The modulation of the complement system could constitute a potential target in the pathophysiology and therapy of obesity and associated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.
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22
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Zhao Y, Li M, Sun Y, Wu W, Kou G, Guo L, Xing D, Wu Y, Li D, Zhao B. Life-history dependent relationships between body condition and immunity, between immunity indices in male Eurasian tree sparrows. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 210:7-13. [PMID: 28499964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In free-living animals, recent evidence indicates that innate, and acquired, immunity varies with annual variation in the demand for, and availability of, food resources. However, little is known about how animals adjust the relationships between immunity and body condition, and between innate and acquired immunity to optimize survival over winter and reproductive success during the breeding stage. Here, we measured indices of body condition (size-corrected mass [SCM], and hematocrit [Hct]), constitutive innate immunity (plasma total complement hemolysis activity [CH50]) and acquired immunity (plasma immunoglobulin A [IgA]), plus heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios, in male Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) during the wintering and the breeding stages. We found that birds during the wintering stage had higher IgA levels than those from the breeding stage. Two indices of body condition were both negatively correlated with plasma CH50 activities, and positively with IgA levels in wintering birds, but this was not the case in the breeding birds. However, there was no correlation between CH50 activities and IgA levels in both stages. These results suggest that the relationships between body condition and immunity can vary across life-history stage, and there are no correlations between innate and acquired immunity independent of life-history stage, in male Eurasian tree sparrows. Therefore, body condition indices predict immunological state, especially during the non-breeding stage, which can be useful indicators of individual immunocompetences for understanding the variations in innate and acquired immunity in free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China; Ocean College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Qinhuangdao 066003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Kou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Danning Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baohua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China.
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, de Torre C, Ljubić BB, Holden SL, Queau Y, Morris PJ, Pastor J, German AJ. Obese dogs with and without obesity-related metabolic dysfunction - a proteomic approach. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:211. [PMID: 27646300 PMCID: PMC5028949 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 20 % of obese dogs have metabolic disturbances similar to those observed in human metabolic syndrome, a condition known as obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. This condition is associated with insulin resistance and decreased circulating adiponectin concentrations, but clinical consequences have not been reported. In order to define better the metabolic changes associated with obesity-related metabolic dysfunction (ORMD), we compared the plasma proteomes of obese dogs with and without ORMD. A proteomic analysis was conducted on plasma samples from 8 obese male dogs, 4 with ORMD and 4 without ORMD. The samples were first treated for the depletion of high-abundance proteins and subsequently analysed by using 2-DE DIGE methodology. Results Using mass spectrometry, 12 proteins were identified: albumin, apoliprotein A-I, C2, C3, C5, C4BPA, A2M, Uncharacterised protein (Fragment) OS = Canis familiaris, fibrinogen, IGJ, ITIH2, and glutathione peroxidase. In obese dogs with ORMD, the relative amounts of ten proteins (albumin, apoliprotein A-I, C2, C3, C5, C4BPA, A2M, Uncharacterised protein (Fragment) OS = Canis familiaris, fibrinogen, and ITIH2) were increased and two proteins (IGJ and glutathione peroxidase) were decreased, compared with obese dogs without ORMD. Specific assays were then used to confirm differences in serum albumin, apoliprotein A-I and glutathione peroxidase in a separate group of 20 overweight dogs, 8 with ORMD and 12 without ORMD. Conclusions The current study provides evidence that, in obese dogs with ORMD, there are changes in expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, and antioxidant status. The clinical significance of these changes remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Iterlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose J Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Iterlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos de Torre
- Unidad de Proteómica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Blanka B Ljubić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Shelley L Holden
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Yann Queau
- Royal Canin Research Center, B.P.4-650 Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | - Penelope J Morris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Josep Pastor
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander J German
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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The effect of aerobic exercise training on β-cell function and circulating levels of adipsin in community of obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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25
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Schleinitz D. Genetic Determination of Serum Levels of Diabetes-Associated Adipokines. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:277-98. [PMID: 26859657 PMCID: PMC5275755 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes an abundance of proteins. Some of these proteins are known as adipokines and adipose-derived hormones which have been linked with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, and even with cancer. Variance in serum adipokine concentration is often closely associated with an increase (obesity) or decrease (lipodystrophy) in fat tissue mass, and it is affected by age, gender, and localization of the adipose tissue. However, there may be genetic variants which, in consequence, influence the serum concentration of a certain adipokine, and thereby promote metabolic disturbances or, with regard to the "protective" allele, exert beneficial effects. This review focuses on the genetic determination of serum levels of the following adipokines: adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, progranulin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, vaspin, adipsin, apelin, and omentin. The article reports on the latest findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, showing variants located in/nearby the adipokine genes and other (non-receptor) genes. An extra chapter highlights adipokine-receptor variants. Epigenetic studies on adipokines are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Guan L, Rizzello L, Battaglia G. Polymersomes and their applications in cancer delivery and therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2757-80. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymersomes have been proposed as a platform for drug delivery systems since late 90s. They are exploited to deliver hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The relatively robust membrane, the colloidal stability, along with a significant biocompatibility and easy ligands conjugation methods make polymersomes primary candidates for therapeutic drugs delivery in cancer clinical treatments. In addition, they represent an optimal choice as imaging tools in noninvasive diagnostic. As a result, polymersomes have been proposed and widely studied for anticancer treatments. However, there are not sufficient clinic translation data of human studies yet. In this critical review, we will discuss such topics, focusing on the self-assembly of membrane-forming copolymers, on their tunable physicochemical properties and on the consequential applications of these biocompatible polymersomes in drug delivery and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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27
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Lo JC, Ljubicic S, Leibiger B, Kern M, Leibiger IB, Moede T, Kelly ME, Chatterjee Bhowmick D, Murano I, Cohen P, Banks AS, Khandekar MJ, Dietrich A, Flier JS, Cinti S, Blüher M, Danial NN, Berggren PO, Spiegelman BM. Adipsin is an adipokine that improves β cell function in diabetes. Cell 2014; 158:41-53. [PMID: 24995977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the development of pancreatic β cell failure, which results in insulinopenia and hyperglycemia. We show that the adipokine adipsin has a beneficial role in maintaining β cell function. Animals genetically lacking adipsin have glucose intolerance due to insulinopenia; isolated islets from these mice have reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Replenishment of adipsin to diabetic mice treated hyperglycemia by boosting insulin secretion. We identify C3a, a peptide generated by adipsin, as a potent insulin secretagogue and show that the C3a receptor is required for these beneficial effects of adipsin. C3a acts on islets by augmenting ATP levels, respiration, and cytosolic free Ca(2+). Finally, we demonstrate that T2DM patients with β cell failure are deficient in adipsin. These findings indicate that the adipsin/C3a pathway connects adipocyte function to β cell physiology, and manipulation of this molecular switch may serve as a therapy in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanda Ljubicic
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilo Moede
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Molly E Kelly
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diti Chatterjee Bhowmick
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Incoronata Murano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melin J Khandekar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Nika N Danial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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The complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:135-48. [PMID: 25017306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system has been implicated in obesity, fatty liver, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Complement factors are produced in adipose tissue and appear to be involved in adipose tissue metabolism and local inflammation. Thereby complement links adipose tissue inflammation to systemic metabolic derangements, such as low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Furthermore, complement has been implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of diet- and alcohol induced liver damage, hyperglycaemia, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and fibrinolysis. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the role of the complement system in several processes of human cardiometabolic disease. C3 is the central component in complement activation, and has most widely been studied in humans. C3 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, liver dysfunction, risk of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD. C3 can be activated by the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement activation; and downstream activation of C3 activates the terminal pathway. Complement may also be activated via extrinsic proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolysis and the kinin systems. Studies on the different complement activation pathways in human cardiometabolic disease are limited, but available evidence suggests that they may have distinct roles in processes underlying cardiometabolic disease. The lectin pathway appeared beneficial in some studies on type 2 diabetes and CVD, while factors of the classical and the alternative pathway were related to unfavourable cardiometabolic traits. The terminal complement pathway was also implicated in insulin resistance and liver disease, and appears to have a prominent role in acute and advanced CVD. The available human data suggest a complex and potentially causal role for the complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Further, preferably longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle which aspects of the complement system and complement activation affect the different processes in human cardiometabolic disease.
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Wlazlo N, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Ferreira I, Feskens EJM, van der Kallen CJH, Schalkwijk CG, Bravenboer B, Stehouwer CDA. Complement factor 3 is associated with insulin resistance and with incident type 2 diabetes over a 7-year follow-up period: the CODAM Study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1900-9. [PMID: 24760264 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune dysregulation can affect insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function and hence contribute to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The complement system, as a regulator of immune and inflammatory homeostasis, may be a relevant contributor therein. However, longitudinal studies focusing on complement as a determinant of T2DM and IR are scarce. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the association of plasma complement factor 3 (C3) with (estimates of) IR in muscle, liver, and adipocytes, as well as with glucose tolerance, including incident T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting C3, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin (the latter two during oral glucose tolerance tests) were measured at baseline (n = 545) and after 7 years of follow-up (n = 394) in a prospective cohort study. RESULTS Over the 7-year period, C3 levels (per 0.1 g/L) were longitudinally associated with higher homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA2-IR; β = 15.2% [95% CI 12.9-17.6]), hepatic IR (β = 6.1% [95% CI 4.7-7.4]), adipocyte IR (β = 16.0% [95% CI 13.0-19.1]), fasting glucose (β = 1.8% [95% CI 1.2-2.4]), 2-h glucose (β = 5.2% [95% CI 3.7-6.7]), and area under the curve for glucose (β = 3.6% [95% CI 2.7-4.6]). In addition, greater changes in C3 (per 0.1 g/L) were associated with greater changes in HOMA2-IR (β = 0.08 [95% CI 0.02-0.15]) and greater changes in hepatic IR (β = 0.87 [95% CI 0.12-1.61]) over 7 years, but not glucose tolerance. Moreover, baseline C3 was associated with the 7-year incidence of T2DM (odds ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.0]). CONCLUSIONS Changes in C3 were associated with changes in several measures of IR and may reflect progression of metabolic dysregulation, which eventually leads to abnormalities in glucose tolerance and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wlazlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the NetherlandsCARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen M J van Greevenbroek
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the NetherlandsCAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Section of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J H van der Kallen
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Bravenboer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Internal Medicine/Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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30
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Nova E, Marcos A. Immunocompetence to assess nutritional status in eating disorders. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:433-44. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bays H, Blonde L, Rosenson R. Adiposopathy: how do diet, exercise and weight loss drug therapies improve metabolic disease in overweight patients? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:871-95. [PMID: 17173503 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in bodyweight is generally associated with an increased risk of excessive fat-related metabolic diseases (EFRMD), including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, not all patients who are overweight have EFRMD, and not all patients with EFRMD are significantly overweight. The adipocentric paradigm provides the basis for a unifying, pathophysiological process whereby fat gain in susceptible patients leads to fat dysfunction ('sick fat'), and wherein pathological abnormalities in fat function (adiposopathy) are more directly related to the onset of EFRMD than increases in fat mass (adiposity) alone. But just as worsening fat function worsens EFRMD, improved fat function improves EFRMD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists increase the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes ('healthy fat') and cause apoptosis of hypertrophic and dysfunctional (including visceral) adipocytes resulting in improved fat function and improved metabolic parameters associated with EFRMD. Weight loss interventions, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise, in addition to agents such as orlistat, sibutramine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, may have favorable effects upon fat storage (lipogenesis and fat distribution), nutrient metabolism (such as free fatty acids), favorable effects upon adipose tissue factors involved in metabolic processes and inflammation, and enhanced 'cross-talk' with other major organ systems. In some cases, weight loss therapeutic agents may even affect metabolic parameters and adipocyte function independently of weight loss alone, suggesting that the benefit of these agents in improving EFRMD may go beyond their efficacy in weight reduction. This review describes how adiposopathy interventions may affect fat function, and thus improve EFRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, Medical Director/President, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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32
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1-58. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Carter D, Lieber A. Protein engineering to target complement evasion in cancer. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:334-40. [PMID: 24239543 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is composed of soluble factors in plasma that enhance or "complement" immune-mediated killing through innate and adaptive mechanisms. Activation of complement causes recruitment of immune cells; opsonization of coated cells; and direct killing of affected cells through a membrane attack complex (MAC). Tumor cells up-regulate complement inhibitory factors - one of several strategies to evade the immune system. In many cases as the tumor progresses, dramatic increases in complement inhibitory factors are found on these cells. This review focuses on the classic complement pathway and the role of major complement inhibitory factors in cancer immune evasion as well as on how current protein engineering efforts are being employed to increase complement fixing or to reverse complement resistance leading to better therapeutic outcomes in oncology. Strategies discussed include engineering of antibodies to enhance complement fixation, antibodies that neutralize complement inhibitory proteins as well as engineered constructs that specifically target inhibition of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States; Compliment Corp., Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - André Lieber
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062.metabolic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Wlazlo N, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Ferreira I, Jansen EJHM, Feskens EJM, van der Kallen CJH, Schalkwijk CG, Bravenboer B, Stehouwer CDA. Low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance independently explain substantial parts of the association between body fat and serum C3: the CODAM study. Metabolism 2012; 61:1787-96. [PMID: 22762725 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) in adiposity-related increases in serum complement factor 3 (C3). Although C3 has been linked to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, and C3 levels are closely related to body fat, the underlying mechanisms explaining this association are still unknown. METHODS Adiposity measures (including BMI, waist circumference (WC), sagittal diameter and several skinfolds), HOMA2-IR and markers of inflammation (hs-CRP, IL-6, SAA, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, sICAM-1) were determined in 532 individuals (62% men, mean age 59±6.9 yrs) from the Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht study. Markers of inflammation were standardized and compiled into an averaged inflammation score. Cross-sectional associations between adiposity measures and C3 and the mediating role of low-grade inflammation and/or HOMA2-IR herein were analysed with multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Adiposity measurements were significantly associated with C3 levels, with the strongest (adjusted) associations found for WC (β=0.383; 95%CI 0.302-0.464) and sagittal diameter (β=0.412; 95%CI 0.333-0.490). Further adjustment for inflammation and HOMA2-IR attenuated these associations to β=0.115 (95%CI 0.030-0.200) and β=0.163 (95%CI 0.082-0.244) respectively. Multiple mediation analyses showed that inflammation [β=0.090 (95%CI 0.060-0.126)] and HOMA2-IR [β=0.179 (95%CI 0.128-0.236)] each explained, independently of one another, a significant portion of the association between WC and C3 (23% and 47%, respectively). Similar mediation by inflammation (19-27%) and HOMA2-IR (37-56%) was found for other adiposity measures. CONCLUSION Systemic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance may represent two independent pathways by which body fat leads to elevated C3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wlazlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The innate immune system is a prewired set of cellular and humoral components that has developed to sense perturbations in normal physiology and trigger responses to restore the system back to baseline. It is now understood that many of these components can also sense the physiologic changes that occur with obesity and be activated. While the exact reasons for this chronic immune response to obesity are unclear, there is strong evidence to suggest that innate inflammatory systems link obesity and disease. Based on this, anti-inflammatory therapies for diseases like type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome may form the core of future treatment plans. This review will highlight the components involved in the innate immune response and discuss the evidence that they contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Hernández-Mijares A, Bañuls C, Bellod L, Jover A, Solá E, Morillas C, Víctor VM, Rocha M. Effect of weight loss on C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:503-9. [PMID: 21985442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating C3 levels are elevated in obese patients, but how this factor is affected after weight loss through diet is a question that is yet unanswered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of weight loss on lipid and hydrocarbonated metabolism parameters and on the levels of C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients. DESIGN This is a longitudinal intervention study based on a 6-week very low-calorie diet (VLCD), a liquid formula of 603 kcal/day. A total of 131 middle-aged patients were distributed among grades II, III and IV of obesity. Anthropometric parameters, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLc, apolipoproteins A-I and B-100, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and C3 and C4 levels were evaluated at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. RESULTS After VLCD, the moderate weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in C3 levels in grade III and grade IV patients (10.2% and 15.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). C4 levels were not altered. Adherence to the diet improved anthropometric parameters and was accompanied by a significant decrease in all lipid profile parameters (P < 0.001). In addition, weight loss was associated with an improvement in hydrocarbonated metabolism as shown by the decrease in glucose levels and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that in severely obese patients following a VLCD for 6 weeks produces reductions in factor C3, a biomarker of cardiovascular disease, and a significant improvement in some features of metabolic syndrome. In this way, the abovementioned diet may represent an effective strategy for treating obesity and related cardiovascular risk factors.
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Haddouche M, Aribi M, Moulessehoul S, Smahi MCEI, Lammani M, Benyoucef M. Alteration of antioxidant defense status precedes humoral immune response abnormalities in macrosomia. Med Sci Monit 2012; 17:CR650-656. [PMID: 22037745 PMCID: PMC3539498 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate whether the anomalies affecting the antioxidant and humoral immune defenses could start at birth and to check whether the decrease in antioxidant defenses may precede the immune abnormalities in macrosomic newborns. Material/Methods Thirty macrosomic and 30 sex-matched control newborns were recruited for a retrospective case-control study at the Maghnia Maternity Hospital of Tlemcen Department (Algeria). Results The serum IgG levels were similar in both groups. However, plasma ORAC, albumin, vitamin E, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels were significantly decreased in macrosomic as compared to control newborns, yet no difference was observed after adjustment for weight. Additionally, serum concentrations of complement C3, MDA and XO were significantly higher in macrosomic as compared to controls before adjustment for weight. Moreover, macrosomia was significantly associated with high levels of complement C3 (OR=8, p=0.002); whereas no association with those of IgG was observed (OR<1, p>0.05). Furthermore, macrosomia was significantly associated with low levels of ORAC (OR=4.96, p=0.027), vitamin E (OR=4.5, p=0.018), SOD (OR=6.88, p=0.020) and CAT (OR=5.67, p=0.017), and with high levels of MDA (OR=10.29, p=0.005). Conclusions Abnormalities of the humoral defense system in excessive weight could be preceded by alterations of the anti-oxidative defense and by inflammatory response and activation of innate immunity at birth. Additionally, excessive weight could be a potential factor contributing to decreased anti-oxidative capacity and increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Haddouche
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, Tlemcen Abou-Bekr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Flierl MA, Gaudiani JL, Sabel AL, Long CS, Stahel PF, Mehler PS. Complement C3 serum levels in anorexia nervosa: a potential biomarker for the severity of disease? Ann Gen Psychiatry 2011; 10:16. [PMID: 21542928 PMCID: PMC3110119 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. Even the most critically ill anorexic patients may present with normal 'standard' laboratory values, underscoring the need for a new sensitive biomarker. The complement cascade, a major component of innate immunity, represents a driving force in the pathophysiology of multiple inflammatory disorders. The role of complement in anorexia nervosa remains poorly understood. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of complement C3 levels, the extent of complement activation and of complement hemolytic activity in serum, as potential new biomarkers for the severity of anorexia nervosa. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study on 14 patients with severe anorexia nervosa, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) <14 kg/m2. Serum samples were obtained in a biweekly manner until hospital discharge. A total of 17 healthy subjects with normal BMI values served as controls. The serum levels of complement C3, C3a, C5a, sC5b-9, and of the 50% hemolytic complement activity (CH50) were quantified and correlated with the BMIs of patients and control subjects. RESULTS Serum C3 levels were significantly lower in patients with anorexia nervosa than in controls (median 3.7 (interquartile range (IQR) 2.5-4.9) vs 11.4 (IQR 8.9-13.7, P <0.001). In contrast, complement activation fragments and CH50 levels were not significantly different between the two groups. There was a strong correlation between index C3 levels and BMI (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.71, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Complement C3 serum levels may represent a sensitive new biomarker for monitoring the severity of disease in anorexia nervosa. The finding from this preliminary pilot study will require further investigation in future prospective large-scale multicenter trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flierl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
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Effect of Diet and Exercise-induced Weight Reduction on Complement Regulatory Proteins CD55 and CD59 Levels in Overweight Chinese Adolescents. J Exerc Sci Fit 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1728-869x(11)60006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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De Coster G, De Neve L, Martín-Gálvez D, Therry L, Lens L. Variation in innate immunity in relation to ectoparasite load, age and season: a field experiment in great tits (Parus major). J Exp Biol 2010; 213:3012-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.042721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
It remains largely unknown which factors affect the innate immune responses of free-living birds. Nevertheless, the degree of innate immunity may play a crucial role in an individual's survival as it procures the first defence against pathogens. We manipulated the ectoparasite load of great tit (Parus major) nests by infesting them with hen fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) before egg laying. We subsequently quantified natural antibody (NAb) concentration and complement activation in nestlings and adult females during breeding and post-breeding periods. NAb concentrations increased in nestlings and adult females breeding in flea-infested nest boxes during the nestling provisioning period, but not in breeding females during incubation. In contrast, parasite abundance did not affect levels of complement activity in females. NAb levels of nestlings were already fully developed at the end of the nestling stage, but complement activation was only observed post-fledging. Concentrations of NAbs and complement activation of adult females were significantly lower during the breeding season compared with post-breeding levels, but did not differ between incubation and chick rearing. Further experimental studies in species that vary in life-history strategies will allow us to unravel the mechanisms underlying the observed variation in innate immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet De Coster
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Neve
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - David Martín-Gálvez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Lieven Therry
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Lens
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ohsawa I, Inoshita H, Ishii M, Kusaba G, Sato N, Mano S, Onda K, Gohda T, Horikoshi S, Ohi H, Tomino Y. Metabolic impact on serum levels of complement component 3 in Japanese patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 24:113-8. [PMID: 20333766 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association between the serum concentration of complement component 3 (C3) and a variety of metabolic parameters. The study involved 125 patients in our outpatient clinic. Anthropometric and clinical laboratory data were collected and statistical associations between the serum concentration of C3 and other parameters were evaluated in a cross-sectional as well as a prospective manner. A group of male patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets, n=35) were characterized by marked increase in serum concentrations of C3, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hemoglobin (Hb) A1c, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, uric acid, urinary protein, and Hb. In a one-way analysis of variance of all subjects, the serum concentration of C3 was significantly elevated as the number of items of complying with the Mets diagnostic criteria increased. In 60 of 125 patients who did not have diabetes and were given anti-lipogenetic medication, the serum concentration of C3 showed significant positive associations with serum levels of CH50, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, hematocrit, LDL-c, C4, Hb, triglyceride, BMI, and albumin. In a prospective follow-up evaluation (n=35), there was a significant positive association between DeltaC3 (the second concentration of serum C3 minus the first concentration of serum C3)and DeltaHOMA-IR (the second concentration of HOMA-IR minus the first concentration of HOMA-IR). In conclusion, in Japanese patients, there is evidence implicating C3 concentration as a marker of Mets coinciding with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Ohsawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheong HH, Masilamani J, Phan TT, Chan SY. Cord lining progenitor cells: potential in vitro adipogenesis model. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:1625-33. [PMID: 20479764 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of glucose and insulin concentrations on differentiation of umbilical cord lining progenitor cells to adipocyte-like cells (ALCs). METHODS Cord lining mesenchymal cells (CLMCs) were isolated from the explant of human umbilical cord amniotic membrane. CLMCs were subjected to differentiation under various culture conditions for 20 days. Lipid droplets were confirmed with Oil Red O staining. Gene expressions of adipsin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were analyzed using reverse transcription-PCR. Leptin and adiponectin secretions were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS CLMCs became irregular, cuboidal-shaped cells that resemble adipocytes, and Oil Red O staining showed the presence of lipid droplets. The gene expressions of PPARγ and adipsin were upregulated. Leptin and adiponectin secretions by naive CLMCs were below the limits of detection. Matured ALCs cultured in low-glucose medium significantly secreted leptin and adiponectin, whereas those in high-glucose medium significantly secreted only leptin. Insulin concentration affects leptin but not adiponectin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Under different culture conditions, CLMCs can differentiate into ALCs that resemble adipocytes in either normal-weight or obese individuals. Hence, these ALCs have the potential to be used as an in vitro model to study adipogenesis and obesity, and possibly as a drug discovery model for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Hecker LA, Edwards AO, Ryu E, Tosakulwong N, Baratz KH, Brown WL, Charbel Issa P, Scholl HP, Pollok-Kopp B, Schmid-Kubista KE, Bailey KR, Oppermann M. Genetic control of the alternative pathway of complement in humans and age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:209-15. [PMID: 19825847 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement is implicated in common neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We explored the impact of common variation in genes encoding proteins of the alternative pathway on complement activation in human blood and in AMD. Genetic variation across the genes encoding complement factor H (CFH), factor B (CFB) and component 3 (C3) was determined. The influence of common haplotypes defining transcriptional and translational units on complement activation in blood was determined in a quantitative genomic association study. Individual haplotypes in CFH and CFB were associated with distinct and novel effects on plasma levels of precursors, regulators and activation products of the alternative pathway of complement in human blood. Further, genetic variation in CFH thought to influence cell surface regulation of complement did not alter plasma complement levels in human blood. Plasma markers of chronic activation (split-products Ba and C3d) and an activating enzyme (factor D) were elevated in AMD subjects. Most of the elevation in AMD was accounted for by the genetic variation controlling complement activation in human blood. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement in blood is under genetic control and increases with age. The genetic variation associated with increased activation of complement in human blood also increased the risk of AMD. Our data are consistent with a disease model in which genetic variation in the complement system increases the risk of AMD by a combination of systemic complement activation and abnormal regulation of complement activation in local tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Hecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Hecker LA, Edwards AO. Genetic control of complement activation in humans and age related macular degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 703:49-62. [PMID: 20711706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major focus of our research is to understand how age-related macular degeneration (AMD) develops. It is known that genetic variation can explain much of the risk of developing AMD. However, we do not know what controls the transition between a normal fundus and the extensive accumulation of subretinal inflammatory material that we recognize as drusen in AMD. We do know that the accumulation of this inflammatory material that characterizes the maculopathy underlying AMD is by far the most important predictor of late AMD. Late or advanced forms of AMD include geographic atrophy in which there is patchy death of the retina and exudation in which abnormal neovascularization invades the subretinal or subretinal pigment epithelial space. Thus, preventing the accumulation of the inflammatory debris underneath the retina could be expected to alleviate much of the vision loss from this devastating disease.
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Mamane Y, Chung Chan C, Lavallee G, Morin N, Xu LJ, Huang J, Gordon R, Thomas W, Lamb J, Schadt EE, Kennedy BP, Mancini JA. The C3a anaphylatoxin receptor is a key mediator of insulin resistance and functions by modulating adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and activation. Diabetes 2009; 58:2006-17. [PMID: 19581423 PMCID: PMC2731537 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant new data suggest that metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis all posses an important inflammatory component. Infiltrating macrophages contribute to both tissue-specific and systemic inflammation, which promotes insulin resistance. The complement cascade is involved in the inflammatory cascade initiated by the innate and adaptive immune response. A mouse genomic F2 cross biology was performed and identified several causal genes linked to type 2 diabetes, including the complement pathway. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We therefore sought to investigate the effect of a C3a receptor (C3aR) deletion on insulin resistance, obesity, and macrophage function utilizing both the normal-diet (ND) and a diet-induced obesity mouse model. RESULTS We demonstrate that high C3aR expression is found in white adipose tissue and increases upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Both adipocytes and macrophages within the white adipose tissue express significant amounts of C3aR. C3aR(-/-) mice on HFD are transiently resistant to diet-induced obesity during an 8-week period. Metabolic profiling suggests that they are also protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance and liver steatosis. C3aR(-/-) mice had improved insulin sensitivity on both ND and HFD as seen by an insulin tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test. Adipose tissue analysis revealed a striking decrease in macrophage infiltration with a concomitant reduction in both tissue and plasma proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, C3aR(-/-) macrophages polarized to the M1 phenotype showed a considerable decrease in proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that the C3aR in macrophages, and potentially adipocytes, plays an important role in adipose tissue homeostasis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaël Mamane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Yael Mamane, , or Joseph A. Mancini,
| | - Chi Chung Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Lavallee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Morin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li-Jing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - JingQi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John Lamb
- Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Brian P. Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph A. Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Yael Mamane, , or Joseph A. Mancini,
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Kinzig KP, Coughlin JW, Redgrave GW, Moran TH, Guarda AS. Insulin, glucose, and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a test meal in restricting type anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1441-6. [PMID: 17264227 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00347.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged malnutrition in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with alterations in endocrine function that may play a sustaining role in the disorder. We hypothesized that abnormalities in endocrine responses to ingestion of a meal in AN are reversible and depend on weight restoration. We measured meal-induced endocrine responses in AN subjects at three time points during hospitalization: before refeeding (n = 13, mean BMI 16.7 kg/m(2)), after 2 wk of refeeding (mean BMI 18.0 kg/m(2)), and in the weight-restored state (mean BMI 20.3 kg/m(2)). Control subjects (n = 13, BMI 19-24.9 kg/m(2)) were tested once. Tests were 2.5-h sessions in which blood was drawn every 15 min before, during, and after a approximately 650-kcal test breakfast. Relative to controls, peak levels of glucose were depressed and peak levels of insulin in response to ingestion of the test meal were delayed, with response patterns in the third trial most similar to controls. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels were increased in AN relative to controls regardless of weight status. The delay in insulin release and elevated PP levels did not correct with short-term refeeding and may contribute to the high relapse rates and maintenance of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Kinzig
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Fujita T, Fujioka T, Murakami T, Satomura A, Fuke Y, Matsumoto K. Chylomicron accelerates C3 tick-over by regulating the role of factor H, leading to overproduction of acylation stimulating protein. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 21:14-23. [PMID: 17245758 PMCID: PMC6649021 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is a fragment of the third component of complement (C3) that is generated in the presence of chylomicron, and plays a role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol by transporting free fatty acids into adipocytes. However, the precise mechanism of ASP generation, especially the role of chylomicron in ASP generation, is unknown. We examined the mechanism through which chylomicron induces ASP generation. Ultracentrifugationally separated chylomicron was incubated with normal human serum (NHS) under various conditions, and the amounts of complement activation products and ASP in the incubation mixture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Upon incubation of NHS with various amounts of chylomicron for 120 min, ASP was generated in a dose-dependent manner. The time course of the production of ASP was similar to the time course of the C3 tick-over phenomenon that occurred by depletion of factor H from the serum. The complement activation induced by chylomicron was different from the usual complement activation that occurs under the regulation of factor H and factor I with respect to the time course and the amount of ASP produced. Our results indicate that chylomicron accelerates C3 tick-over by regulating the role of factor H, leading to the overproduction of ASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hivert MF, Langlois MF, Carpentier AC. The entero-insular axis and adipose tissue-related factors in the prediction of weight gain in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:731-42. [PMID: 17130851 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has now reached epidemic proportions. Epidemiological studies in the past decades have shown that adults gain weight and adiposity from the early twenties until their sixties. In the paediatric population, growing numbers of children and adolescents put on unhealthy weight. Many environmental, socio-economical and biological determinants that predispose to weight gain have been identified thus far. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of the circulating levels of adipokines and other entero-insular hormones and biological markers of obesity to predict weight gain in humans. The review focuses on relationship between hormonal and biochemical markers (insulin, insulin-like growth factors, gastrointestinal hormones, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, inflammatory proteins and cytokines) and weight gain in prospective studies. The complex relationships displayed by these hormonal factors with future weight gain in humans are critically reviewed and integrative models are proposed. Overall, most of the studies reported to date made adjustments for baseline body mass index but failed to consider dietary intake and physical activity as confounding factors. Outstanding questions are raised and new directions for future prospective studies are proposed in order to improve our understanding of the role of biological determinants of energy balance and development of obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Hivert
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Wärnberg J, Nova E, Moreno LA, Romeo J, Mesana MI, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Sjöström M, Bueno M, Marcos A. Inflammatory proteins are related to total and abdominal adiposity in a healthy adolescent population: the AVENA Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:505-12. [PMID: 16960163 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation accompanied by moderately high concentrations of acute phase inflammatory proteins. Recent results regarding C-reactive protein (CRP) point to a similar status in adolescents; however, studies of associations of the serum inflammatory proteins CRP, ceruloplasmin, and complement factors C3 and C4 with body fat distribution remain scarce. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish the possible relations of serum inflammatory proteins with body fat estimates and body fat distribution in an apparently healthy adolescent population. DESIGN This report included 472 adolescents (248 males and 224 females) aged 13-18.5 y who were recruited from the Spanish cross-sectional multicenter AVENA Study for whom anthropometric and immunologic data were complete. The concentrations of the serum proteins and the in vitro production of cytokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) by isolated and stimulated white blood cells were measured. Relations with anthropometric measurements were explored by using simple and partial correlations. RESULTS CRP, C3, and C4 were correlated with central obesity (as measured by waist circumference) and total body fat in both sexes (P < 0.01) and with ceruloplasmin in females only. After further adjustment for BMI, C3 remained independently associated with central obesity (P < 0.05). Production of the cytokines by white blood cells did not seem to be affected by an excess of body fat. CONCLUSIONS Total body fat seems to be associated with a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in apparently healthy adolescents. Central obesity is independently associated with C3 concentrations, which makes this marker especially interesting for further studies of obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wärnberg
- Immunonutrition Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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