1
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Barrios AA, Mouhape C, Schreiber L, Zhang L, Nell J, Suárez-Martins M, Schlapp G, Meikle MN, Mulet AP, Hsu TL, Hsieh SL, Mourglia-Ettlin G, González C, Crispo M, Barth TFE, Casaravilla C, Jenkins SJ, Díaz Á. Mucins Shed from the Laminated Layer in Cystic Echinococcosis Are Captured by Kupffer Cells via the Lectin Receptor Clec4F. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0003123. [PMID: 37162364 PMCID: PMC10269144 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00031-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is caused by the larval stages (hydatids) of cestode parasites belonging to the species cluster Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, with E. granulosus sensu stricto being the main infecting species. Hydatids are bladderlike structures that attain large sizes within various internal organs of livestock ungulates and humans. Hydatids are protected by the massive acellular laminated layer (LL), composed mainly of mucins. Parasite growth requires LL turnover, and abundant LL-derived particles are found at infection sites in infected humans, raising the question of how LL materials are dealt with by the hosts. In this article, we show that E. granulosus sensu stricto LL mucins injected into mice are taken up by Kupffer cells, the liver macrophages exposed to the vascular space. This uptake is largely dependent on the intact mucin glycans and on Clec4F, a C-type lectin receptor which, in rodents, is selectively expressed in Kupffer cells. This uptake mechanism operates on mucins injected both in soluble form intravenously (i.v.) and in particulate form intraperitoneally (i.p.). In mice harboring intraperitoneal infections by the same species, LL mucins were found essentially only at the infection site and in the liver, where they were taken up by Kupffer cells via Clec4F. Therefore, shed LL materials circulate in the host, and Kupffer cells can act as a sink for these materials, even when the parasite grows in sites other than the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella A. Barrios
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila Mouhape
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Linyun Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane Nell
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mariana Suárez-Martins
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Geraldine Schlapp
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Meikle
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Paula Mulet
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Martina Crispo
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Hou X, Shi Y, Kang X, Rousu Z, Li D, Wang M, Ainiwaer A, Zheng X, Wang M, Jiensihan B, Li L, Li J, Wang H, Zhang C. Echinococcus granulosus: The establishment of the metacestode in the liver is associated with control of the CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune response in patients with cystic echinococcosis and a mouse model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983119. [PMID: 36046744 PMCID: PMC9422084 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) caused a chronic infection, known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a worldwide public health problem. The human secondary CE is caused by the dissemination of protoscoleces (PSCs) when fertile cysts are accidentally ruptured, followed by development of PSCs into new metacestodes. The local immune mechanisms responsible for the establishment and established phases after infection with E. granulosus s.l. are not clear. Here, we showed that T cells were involved in the formation of the immune environment in the liver in CE patients and Echinococcus granulosus sensu strict (E. granulosus s.s.)-infected mice, with CD4+ T cells being the dominant immune cells; this process was closely associated with cyst viability and establishment. Local T2-type responses in the liver were permissive for early infection establishment by E. granulosus s.s. between 4 and 6 weeks in the experimental model. CD4+ T-cell deficiency promoted PSC development into cysts in the liver in E. granulosus s.s.-infected mice. In addition, CD4+ T-cell-mediated cellular immune responses and IL-10-producing CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the establishment phase of secondary E. granulosus s.s. PSC infection. These data contribute to the understanding of local immune responses to CE and the design of new therapies by restoring effective immune responses and blocking evasion mechanisms during the establishment phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zibigu· Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abidan· Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - MingKun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bahejiang· Jiensihan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
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3
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Anvari D, Rezaei F, Ashouri A, Rezaei S, Majidiani H, Pagheh AS, Rezaei F, Shariatzadeh SA, Fotovati A, Siyadatpanah A, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E. Current situation and future prospects of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine candidates: A systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1080-1096. [PMID: 32762075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease, represents a threat for livestock and humans, manifests as a quiescent, subclinical and chronic hydatid cyst infection. The disease imposes high expenditures and economic losses in medical and veterinary. Prophylactic vaccination would be one of the effective preventive health care against echinococcosis. During the last decades, many studies have characterized the protective antigens of Echinococcus granulosus and their role in immunization of various animal host species. Herein, we aimed to systematically evaluate and represent the best antigens as possible vaccine candidates for cystic echinococcosis. Data were systematically searched from five databases including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, up to 1 February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed data extraction and quality assessment. A total of 47 articles were eligible for inclusion criteria in the current study. The most common antigens used for vaccination against E. granulosus were EG95 and antigen B. Freund's adjuvant and Quil A have been predominantly utilized. In addition, regarding the antigen delivery, animal models, measurement of immune responses and reduction in hydatid cyst have been discussed in the text. The data demonstrated that DNA vaccines with antigen B and recombinant protein vaccines based on EG95 antigen have the best results and elicited protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashouri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nourmohammadi H, Javanmardi E, Shams M, Shamsinia S, Nosrati MC, Yousefi A, Nemati T, Fatollahzadeh M, Ghasemi E, Kordi B, Majidiani H, Irannejad H. Multi-epitope vaccine against cystic echinococcosis using immunodominant epitopes from EgA31 and EgG1Y162 antigens. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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5
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Miles S, Velasco-De-Andrés M, Armiger-Borràs N, Cucher M, Dematteis S, Lozano F. The ectodomains of the lymphocyte scavenger receptors CD5 and CD6 interact with tegumental antigens from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and protect mice against secondary cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006891. [PMID: 30500820 PMCID: PMC6267981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger Receptors (SRs) from the host’s innate immune system are known to bind multiple ligands to promote the removal of non-self or altered-self targets. CD5 and CD6 are two highly homologous class I SRs mainly expressed on all T cells and the B1a cell subset, and involved in the fine tuning of activation and differentiation signals delivered by the antigen-specific receptors (TCR and BCR, respectively), to which they physically associate. Additionally, CD5 and CD6 have been shown to interact with and sense the presence of conserved pathogen-associated structures from bacteria, fungi and/or viruses. Methodology/Principal findings We report herein the interaction of CD5 and CD6 lymphocyte surface receptors with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Binding studies show that both soluble and membrane-bound forms of CD5 and CD6 bind to intact viable protoscoleces from E. granulosus s.l. through recognition of metaperiodate-resistant tegumental components. Proteomic analyses allowed identification of thioredoxin peroxidase for CD5, and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (cyclophilin) and endophilin B1 (antigen P-29) for CD6, as their potential interactors. Further in vitro assays demonstrate that membrane-bound or soluble CD5 and CD6 forms differentially modulate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release induced following peritoneal cells exposure to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, prophylactic infusion of soluble CD5 or CD6 significantly ameliorated the infection outcome in the mouse model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, the results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and provide novel evidence for their therapeutic potential in human cystic echinococcosis. Scavenger Receptors (SRs) are constituents of host’s innate immune system able to sense and remove altered-self and/or pathogen components. Data on their interaction with helminth parasites is scarce. In this work, we describe that CD5 and CD6 -two lymphoid SRs previously reported to interact with conserved structures from bacteria, fungi and viruses- recognize tegumental components in the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Moreover, both receptors differentially modulate the cytokine release by host cells exposed to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, the infusion of soluble forms of CD5 or CD6 improve infection outcomes in a murine model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. In summary, our results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and suggest their therapeutic potential against helminth infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD5 Antigens/genetics
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/genetics
- Echinococcosis/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/parasitology
- Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
- Echinococcus granulosus/metabolism
- Female
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Binding
- Proteomics
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Velasco-De-Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
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6
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Díaz A, Casaravilla C, Barrios AA, Ferreira AM. Parasite molecules and host responses in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:193-205. [PMID: 26425838 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is the infection by the larvae of cestode parasites belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex. Local host responses are strikingly subdued in relation to the size and persistence of these larvae, which develop within mammalian organs as 'hydatid cysts' measuring up to tens of cm in diameter. In a context in which helminth-derived immune-suppressive, as well as Th2-inducing, molecules garner much interest, knowledge on the interactions between E. granulosus molecules and the immune system lags behind. Here, we discuss what is known and what are the open questions on E. granulosus molecules and structures interacting with the innate and adaptive immune systems, potentially or in demonstrated form. We attempt a global biological approach on molecules that have been given consideration primarily as protective (Eg95) or diagnostic antigens (antigen B, antigen 5). We integrate glycobiological information, which traverses the discussions on antigen 5, the mucin-based protective laminated layer and immunologically active preparations from protoscoleces. We also highlight some less well-known molecules that appear as promising candidates to possess immune-regulatory activities. Finally, we point out gaps in the molecular-level knowledge of this infectious agent that hinder our understanding of its immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Casaravilla
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A A Barrios
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A M Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
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8
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Song X, Hu D, Zhong X, Wang N, Gu X, Wang T, Peng X, Yang G. Characterization of a Secretory Annexin in Echinococcus granulosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:626-33. [PMID: 26787154 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a widespread parasitic zoonosis causing economic loss and public health problems. Annexins are important proteins usually present in the plasma membrane, but previous studies have shown that an annexin B33 protein of E. granulosus (Eg-ANX) could be detected in the excretory/secretory products and cyst fluid. In this study, we cloned and characterized Eg-ANX. In silico analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of Eg-ANX was conserved and lacked any signal peptides. The phospholipid-binding activity of recombinant Eg-ANX (rEg-ANX) was tested; liposomes could bind to rEg-ANX only in the presence of Ca(2+). In addition, we performed western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses to further validate the secretory properties of Eg-ANX. The protein could be detected in the cyst fluid of E. granulosus and was also present in the intermediate host tissues, which suggested that Eg-ANX might play an important role in parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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9
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Hu D, Song X, Xie Y, Zhong X, Wang N, Zheng Y, Gu X, Wang T, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular insights into a tetraspanin in the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:311. [PMID: 26055542 PMCID: PMC4464875 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease), caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (class Cestoda; family Taeniidae), is a neglected tropical disease that results in morbidity and mortality in millions of humans, as well as in huge economic losses in the livestock industry globally. Proteins from the tetraspanin family in parasites have recently become regarded as crucial molecules in interaction with hosts in parasitism and are therefore suitable for the development of vaccines and diagnostic agents. However, no information is available to date on E. granulosus tetraspanin. Methods In this study, a uroplakin-I-like tetraspanin (Eg-TSP1) of E. granulosus was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The immunolocalization of Eg-TSP1 in different life stages of E. granulosus was determined using specific polyclonal antibody. The antibody and cytokine profiles of mice that immunized with recombinant Eg-TSP1 (rEg-TSP1) were measured for the immunogenicity analysis of this protein. Additionally, we use RNA interference method to explore the biological function of Eg-TSP1 in larva of E. granulosus. Results Immunofluorescence analysis showed that endogenous Eg-TSP1 mainly localized in the tegument of larvae and adults. Significantly elevated levels of antibodies IgG1 and IgG2a and of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 were observed in the sera of mice after immunization with rEg-TSP1, suggesting a typical T helper (Th)1-mediated immune response elicited by rEg-TSP1. On further probing the role of Eg-TSP1 in E. granulosus by RNA interference, we found that a thinner tegmental distal cytoplasm was induced in protoscoleces treated with siRNA-132 compared to controls. Conclusions This is the first report characterizing a tetraspanin from the tapeworm E. granulosus. Our results suggest that Eg-TSP1 is associated with biogenesis of the tegument and maintenance of structural integrity of E. granulosus and could therefore be a candidate intervention target for control of hydatid disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0926-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Xiuqin Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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11
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Morel N, Lassabe G, Elola S, Bondad M, Herrera S, Marí C, Last JA, Jensen O, Gonzalez-Sapienza G. A monoclonal antibody-based copro-ELISA kit for canine echinococcosis to support the PAHO effort for hydatid disease control in South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1967. [PMID: 23326610 PMCID: PMC3542170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is still a major concern in South America. While some regions show advances in the control of the disease, others have among the highest incidence in the world. To reverse this situation the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has launched a regional project on cystic echinococcosis control and surveillance. An early concern of the program was the lack of a standardized diagnostic tool to monitor infection in dogs, a key target of control programs. Under this premise, we have developed a new copro-ELISA test after extensive screening of a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal sera, which performs with high standards of sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (86.4%) as established by necropsy diagnosis of dogs. The key component of the test, MAbEg9 has a convenient IgG isotype and reacts with a periodate-resistant epitope found in high molecular weight components of the worm. Time-course analysis of experimentally infected dogs showed that even animals with a very low number of parasites could be detected as early as day 20 post infection. The test was formulated in a ready-to-use kit format with proven stability of each component for a minimum of 3 months at room temperature. This characteristic facilitates its standardized use and shipping to other laboratories, which was demonstrated by the identical results obtained by two different laboratories in Peru and our own laboratory when a large number of field samples were analyzed independently in a blind fashion. Cystic echinococcosis, caused by infection with the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm, is a life-threatening zoonosis of worldwide distribution. The adult worm parasitizes the small intestine of dogs, which become infected after eating offal of an animal contaminated with the parasite, and releases eggs into the environment that can be accidentally ingested by domestic animals or humans, maintaining the life cycle of the parasite. Deworming of dogs is a major component of control programs, and simple and reliable methods are needed to monitor the base-line infection in the canine population. The lack of these tests was recognized as a major obstacle to the PAHO effort to control the disease in South America. This paper describes the development of a diagnostic assay that detects parasite antigens in dog feces. The key component is a monoclonal antibody carefully selected to attain high levels of sensitivity and specificity, which were established with a large panel of field fecal samples obtained from animals diagnosed by necropsy. Several aspects of the long-term stability of the test were optimized to facilitate its shelf-life and transference to other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Morel
- Comisión Nacional de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Lassabe
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susana Elola
- Comisión Nacional de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Bondad
- Comisión Nacional de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Carlos Marí
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Lima, Peru
| | - Jerold A. Last
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud, Chubut, Argentina
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Lin G, Todeschini AR, Koizumi A, Neves JL, González H, Dematteis S, Hada N, Previato JO, Ferreira F, Mendonça-Previato L, Díaz A. Further structural characterization of the Echinococcus granulosus laminated layer carbohydrates: The blood-antigen P1-motif gives rise to branches at different points of the O-glycan chains. Glycobiology 2012; 23:438-52. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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MOURGLIA-ETTLIN G, AMEZCUA-VESELY MC, FRAGA R, BAZ A, MERINO MC, GRUPPI A, DEMATTEIS S. Echinococcus granulosus glycoconjugates induce peritoneal B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells and cytokine production. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:621-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Early peritoneal immune response during Echinococcus granulosus establishment displays a biphasic behavior. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1293. [PMID: 21912714 PMCID: PMC3166041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide distributed helminth zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Human secondary cystic echinococcosis is caused by dissemination of protoscoleces after accidental rupture of fertile cysts and is due to protoscoleces ability to develop into new metacestodes. In the experimental model of secondary cystic echinococcosis mice react against protoscoleces producing inefficient immune responses, allowing parasites to develop into cysts. Although the chronic phase of infection has been analyzed in depth, early immune responses at the site of infection establishment, e.g., peritoneal cavity, have not been well studied. Because during early stages of infection parasites are thought to be more susceptible to immune attack, this work focused on the study of cellular and molecular events triggered early in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice. Principal Findings Data obtained showed disparate behaviors among subpopulations within the peritoneal lymphoid compartment. Regarding B cells, there is an active molecular process of plasma cell differentiation accompanied by significant local production of specific IgM and IgG2b antibodies. In addition, peritoneal NK cells showed a rapid increase with a significant percentage of activated cells. Peritoneal T cells showed a substantial increase, with predominance in CD4+ T lymphocytes. There was also a local increase in Treg cells. Finally, cytokine response showed local biphasic kinetics: an early predominant induction of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-15), followed by a shift toward a Th2-type profile (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13). Conclusions Results reported here open new ways to investigate the involvement of immune effectors players in E. granulosus establishment, and also in the sequential promotion of Th1- toward Th2-type responses in experimental secondary cystic echinococcosis. These data would be relevant for designing rational therapies based on stimulation of effective responses and blockade of evasion mechanisms. Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus and shows a cosmopolitan distribution with a worldwide prevalence of roughly 6 million infected people. Human cystic echinococcosis can develop in two types of infection. Primary infection occurs by ingestion of oncospheres, while secondary infection is caused by dissemination of protoscoleces after accidental rupture of fertile cysts. Murine experimental secondary infection in Balb/c mice is the current model to study E. granulosus-host interaction. Secondary infection can be divided into two stages: an early stage in which protoscoleces develop into hydatid cysts (infection establishment) and a later stage in which already differentiated cysts grow and eventually become fertile cysts (chronic infection). During infection establishment parasites are more susceptible to immune attack, thus our study focused on the immunological phenomena triggered early in the peritoneal cavity of experimentally infected mice. Our results suggest that early and local Th2-type responses are permissive for infection establishment.
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15
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Uddin J, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Thomas LH, Rodriguez S, Evans CAW, Remick DG, Garcia HH, Friedland JS. Mechanisms regulating monocyte CXCL8 secretion in neurocysticercosis and the effect of antiparasitic therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4478-84. [PMID: 20826750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) due to infection with Taenia solium is a major cause of epilepsy worldwide. Larval degeneration, which may follow antiparasitic treatment, results in clinical symptoms due to inflammatory cell influx. Mechanisms regulating this are not well understood, but chemokines have a key role. Stimulation of human monocytes by cyst Ags from NCC-infected pigs showed that scolex and membrane Ags drive CXCL8 and CCL2 secretion. Antiparasitic treatment of pigs increased CXCL8 in response to brain, but not muscle, cyst Ags. Cyst-fluid Ags did not elicit monocyte chemokine secretion, inhibited LPS-induced CXCL8 by up to 89%, but did not alter CCL2 secretion. This effect was inhibited by anti-IL-10 Abs. Plasma CXCL8, TNF-α, IL-10, eotaxin, IL-1, IL-1ra, soluble IL-1R-II, and soluble TNFR-I and -II levels were evaluated in 167 NCC patients. Patients had lower plasma CXCL8 and TNF-α concentrations than control subjects. In summary, larval Ags from brain and muscle cysts differentially regulate chemokine secretion. Cyst-fluid inhibits CXCL8, and this is blocked by anti-IL-10 Abs. CXCL8 concentrations are decreased in patient plasma. Following anti-parasitic therapy, scolex and membrane Ags are exposed, and cyst fluid is decreased, leading to inflammatory cell influx. Taken together, the cellular, porcine, and human data may explain, in part, why NCC is usually asymptomatic but may cause proinflammatory symptoms, particularly following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim Uddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
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Zhang W, Ross AG, McManus DP. Mechanisms of Immunity in Hydatid Disease: Implications for Vaccine Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6679-85. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Baz A, Carol H, Fernández V, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Nieto A, Örn A, Dematteis S. Echinococcus granulosus: Induction of T-independent antibody response against protoscolex glycoconjugates in early experimental infection. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:460-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The induction of T helper type 1 response by cytokine gene transfection protects mice against secondary hydatidosis. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1151-5. [PMID: 18247053 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus constitutes a model for the study of secondary hydatidosis (SH) and the associated immune response in immunization and infection trials. This study aimed at testing the efficacy of the cytokine gene expression approach to modulate the immune response and the magnitude of cyst development in mice with secondary hydatidosis. At the time of cyst development (28 days post infection), mice were injected intramuscularly with an expression vector containing murine promoter and carrying the open reading frames of IFN-gamma, IL-12 (Th1 cytokines), or IL-4 (Th2 cytokine). Assessment of cyst load at 22 weeks of infection showed a significant reduction in cyst load in mice injected with IFN-gamma and IL-12 genes at 60% and 47%, respectively. In contrast, the IL-4-gene-injected mice displayed six times higher cyst load in comparison to control-infected mice (injected with empty plasmids). Parasite-specific IgG2a peaked in IL-12-gene-injected mice at week 7 of infection (3 weeks after gene transfection), whereas in IFN-gamma-gene-injected mice IgG2a started to elevate after week 9 and continued to increase steadily until the termination of the experiment (22 weeks post infection). In contrast, in IL-4-gene-transfected mice, the IgG1 elevation started after week 9 and continued steadily thereafter. In conclusion, a significant high protection rate against secondary hydatidosis in BALB/c mice was accompanied with the induction of Th1 response. Moreover, in vivo IL-12 gene expression induced earlier IgG2a in comparison to IFN-gamma.
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20
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Breijo M, Anesetti G, Martínez L, Sim RB, Ferreira AM. Echinococcus granulosus: The establishment of the metacestode is associated with control of complement-mediated early inflammation. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:188-96. [PMID: 17905232 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we studied the evolution of early inflammation, complement activation and parasite survival/death along the establishment phase of Echinococcus granulosus metacestode. Using a chamber model of infection in mice, we examined cell infiltration and C3 deposition on individual parasites during their development from protoscoleces to cystic forms. We found that the intensity of the initial inflammation decreased around undamaged but not around damaged parasites: at 43dpi undamaged parasites were mostly associated with poor/mild inflammation while damaged parasites with a strong inflammation. In addition, whereas complement activation participated in the induction of early inflammation, the deposition of C3 on undamaged parasites progressively diminished. Interestingly, we observed some parasites in pre-cystic stage with no/poor C3 deposition at 3dpi. Overall, these results indicated that the establishment and survival of the hydatid cyst is associated with the control of complement and, consequently, of local inflammation at the initial phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breijo
- Departamento de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Area Inmunología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, A. Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo CP11600, Uruguay
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21
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Hemphill A, Spicher M, Stadelmann B, Mueller J, Naguleswaran A, Gottstein B, Walker M. Innovative chemotherapeutical treatment options for alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Parasitology 2007; 134:1657-70. [PMID: 17631693 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are cestode parasites, of which the metacestode (larval) stages cause the diseases cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Albendazole and mebendazole are presently used for chemotherapeutical treatment. However, these benzimidazoles do not appear to be parasiticidal in vivo against AE. In addition, failures in drug treatments as well as the occurrence of side-effects have been reported. New drugs are needed to cure AE and CE, which are considered to be neglected diseases. Strategies currently being implemented to identify novel chemotherapeutical treatment options include (i) conventional primary in vitro testing of broad-spectrum anti-infective drugs, either in parallel with, or followed by, animal experimentation; (ii) studies of drugs which interfere with the proliferation of cancer cells and of Echinococcus metacestodes; (iii) exploitation of the similarities between the parasite and mammalian signalling machineries, with a special focus on targeting specific signalling receptors; (iv) in silico approaches, employing the current Echinococcus genomic database information to search for suitable targets for compounds with known modes of action. In the present article, we review the efforts toward obtaining better anti-parasitic compounds which have been undertaken to improve chemotherapeutical treatment of echinococcosis, and summarize the achievements in the field of host-parasite interactions which may also lead to new immuno-therapeutical options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. The infection can have fatal consequences in humans if treatment is not provided, so early diagnosis is fundamental for initiating treatment and reducing morbidity and mortality. In addition, detection of the parasite in the definitive host plays a central role in epidemiological studies and surveillance programmes for control of AE. This review presents an overview of the present situation regarding the immunodiagnosis of E. multilocularis infection. Special attention is given to the description of the native, partially purified and recombinant antigens available currently for immunodiagnostic purposes. Recent advances in the primary serodiagnosis and follow-up of AE patients are highlighted, including the detection of specific cytokine profiles. Progress in the immunodiagnosis of intestinal E. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts, particularly the detection of excretory-secretory and integument products of the worm in faeces (copro-antigens) by ELISA, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carmena
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Kanan JHC, Chain BM. Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation and cytokine secretion by the hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus. Immunology 2006; 118:271-8. [PMID: 16771863 PMCID: PMC1782286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by Echinococcus granulosus results in establishment of fluid-filled cysts (hydatid cysts) in liver or lungs of infected hosts, which can escape destruction by the host immune system for long periods. This study explores the modulation by hydatid cyst fluid of the in vitro human monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) transition induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Addition of the fluid to adherent peripheral blood monocytes cultured in GM-CSF/IL-4 stimulates release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-6. Exposure of differentiating DC to the fluid during the 7-day culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 impairs their subsequent ability to secrete IL-12, IL-6 or PGE2 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. This inhibition is not dependent on the initial release of PGE2. The presence of hydatid cyst fluid also modulates the phenotype of the cells generated during culture, resulting in increased CD14 expression and decreased expression of CD1a. Finally, hydatid fluid can stimulate predifferentiated DC to mature, as evidenced by release of IL-12 and IL-6, and by up-regulation of class II major histocompatibility complex and CD86. The possible role of dendritic cell modulation in regulating the host immune response to hydatid cysts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H C Kanan
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Carmena D, Benito A, Eraso E. Antigens for the immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection: An update. Acta Trop 2006; 98:74-86. [PMID: 16527225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The taeniid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of the echinococcal disease, an important zoonosis with worldwide distribution. Accurate immunodiagnosis of the infection requires highly specific and sensitive antigens to be used in immunodiagnostic assays. The choice of an appropriate source of antigenic material is a crucial point in the improvement of the diagnostic features of tests, and must be based on the developmental stage of the parasite and the host. The most common antigenic sources used for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcal disease are hydatid cyst fluid, somatic extracts and excretory-secretory products from protoscoleces or adults of E. granulosus. Hydatid cyst fluid is the antigenic source of reference for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis, which is mainly based on the detection of antigens B and 5. Somatic extracts have been widely used in the serodiagnosis for E. granulosus infection in dogs and ruminant intermediate hosts, although in the last few years the detection of excretory-secretory products of the worm in faeces (coproantigens) have become the most reliable method for the detection of the parasite in the definitive host. This review emphasizes recent advances in the identification and characterization of novel antigens with potential for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcal disease. Progress in recombinant technologies and synthetic peptides are also discussed. The paper highlights the need to search for new antigenic components with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, a fact that remains a crucial task in the improvement of the immunodiagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carmena
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Baz A, Ettlin GM, Dematteis S. Complexity and function of cytokine responses in experimental infection by Echinococcus granulosus. Immunobiology 2006; 211:3-9. [PMID: 16446166 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important in the regulation of the immune system and are secreted by a variety of cells in response to self and non-self stimuli. Communication within cells, in the same or distant anatomical sites, occurs via cytokines which determine the quality and intensity of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. Infection by helminths is characterized by a dominant secretion of type-2 cytokines; IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 (among others), which down-regulates the induction and functions of type-1 cytokines. The molecular mechanisms involved in the polarization of type-2 responses and their biological significance in helminthic infections are unknown, and probably depends on each host-parasite system. Understanding these issues may contribute to immune therapy against parasitic infections. Here we summarize our data obtained in Echinococcus granulosus experimental infection regarding type-2 cytokine induction and its putative role in the host-parasite interaction. Results suggest that induction of cytokine responses at different stages of infection is complex and depends on several parameters. In addition, they support the hypothesis that early IL-10, secreted by B cells in response to non-proteic antigens, may favour parasite survival and the establishment of a polarized type-2 cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Baz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Casilla de Correos 1157, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Al-Qaoud KM, Abdel-Hafez SK. Humoral and cytokine response during protection of mice against secondary hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2005; 98:54-60. [PMID: 16261354 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mouse with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus constitutes a model for the study of secondary hydatidosis and the associated immune response in immunization and infection trials. The aims of this study were to induce a protective immunity against secondary hydatidosis using conventional vaccination approaches and to analyse the immune responses that accompany this protection. Mice immunized with antigen B (AgB), a component of crude sheep hydatid fluid (CSHF), showed a significant level of protection as indicated by a 98.3% reduction in cyst load. This reduction in cyst development was accompanied by a high concentration of interferon gamma secreted by antigen-stimulated spleen cells, as compared with those secreted by cells of mice immunized with CSHF or protoscoleces homogenate (PSH) antigens. In contrast, interleukin-4 was significantly higher in the supernatants of cells stimulated with CSHF or PSH compared with AgB (191.5, 195.7 and 127.5 pg, respectively). Kinetic analysis of immunoglobulin subclasses showed persistently high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses in immunized infected animals until 6 months of infection, whereas IgG3 showed a significant decline after 1 month of infection. In infected non-immunized control mice, all IgG subclasses showed a gradual increase after the first month of infection until the experiment termination (8 months after infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Al-Qaoud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
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Hunter MM, Wang A, Hirota CL, McKay DM. Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7368-75. [PMID: 15905584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that parasitic helminth infection has the ability to ameliorate other disease conditions. In this study the ability of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, to modulate dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in mice is assessed. Mice receiving DNBS (3 mg intrarectally) developed colitis by 72 h after treatment. Mice infected 8 days before DNBS with five H. diminuta larvae were significantly protected from the colitis, as gauged by reduced clinical disease, histological damage scores, and myeloperoxidase levels. This anticolitic effect was dependent on a viable infection and helminth rejection, because no benefit was observed in mice given killed larvae or in infected STAT6 knockout mice or rats, neither of which eliminate H. diminuta. The anticolitic effect of H. diminuta was associated with increased colonic IL-10 mRNA and stimulated splenocytes from H. diminuta- plus DNBS-treated mice produced more IL-10 than splenocytes from DNBS-only treated mice. Coadministration of an anti-IL-10 Ab blocked the anticolitic effect of prophylactic H. diminuta infection. Also, mice infected 48 h after DNBS treatment showed an enhanced recovery response. Finally, using a model of OVA hypersensitivity, we found no evidence of concomitant H. diminuta infection enhancing enteric responsiveness to subsequent ex vivo OVA challenge. The data show that a viable infection of H. diminuta in a nonpermissive system exerts a profound anticolitic effect (both prophylactically and as a treatment) that is mediated at least in part via IL-10 and does not predispose to enhanced sensitivity to bystander proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan M Hunter
- Intestinal Disease Research Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Aumüller E, Schramm G, Gronow A, Brehm K, Gibbs BF, Doenhoff MJ, Haas H. Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode extract triggers human basophils to release interleukin-4. Parasite Immunol 2005; 26:387-95. [PMID: 15752116 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infections with parasitic helminths are associated with a T helper 2 (Th2) immune response and IgE production. The underlying mechanism, however, is only partially understood. Recently we have isolated a protein from extracts of Schistosoma mansoni eggs that triggers human basophils from non-sensitized donors to release interleukin-4 (IL-4), the key cytokine of a Th2 response. We called this protein IPSE (for IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs). Supposing that IPSE-like IL-4-inducing activities might be a general principle shared among different helminth species, we investigated extracts from the cestode E. multilocularis for its effect on human basophils. Our results showed that extracts from metacestodes of E. multilocularis cause basophil degranulation, as well as the secretion of histamine, IL-4 and IL-13, in a dose-dependent manner. IgE stripping and resensitization of basophils indicated that the mechanism of IL-4 induction requires the presence of IgE on the cells. Since analogous properties have been demonstrated earlier for IPSE, we think that S. mansoni and E. multilocularis may induce a Th2 response in their hosts via a related mechanism, namely, by the induction of IL-4 release from basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aumüller
- Division of Cellular Allergology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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29
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Kato N, Nonaka N, Oku Y, Kamiya M. Modified cellular immune responses in dogs infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitol Res 2005; 95:339-45. [PMID: 15719262 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasite-specific antigen responses and lymphocyte blastogenesis in dogs orally inoculated with Echinococcus multilocuralis metacestodes were examined. Serum IgG1 (Th2-oriented) and IgG2 (Th 1-oriented) levels against somatic and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of protoscoleces and adult worms increased from 7 days post-infection (DPI), with the highest responses against protoscolex excretory-secretory antigen (PES). Specific blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against the parasite antigens was not observed during the 21-day infection period, but Peyer's patches cells from one out of two dogs at 21 DPI showed blastogenesis against PES (stimulation index: 4.65). Interestingly, only at 7 DPI were concanavalin A (ConA)-induce proliferative responses of PBMC reduced. Moreover, ConA-induced proliferative responses of lymphocytes from various origins were suppressed by the addition of parasite antigens, especially with PES. These data suggest that although both Th1- and Th2-oriented humoral immune responses were observed in E. multilocularis infected dogs, the parasite antigens, especially PES, may have incompletely suppressed lymphocyte responses in these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818 Sapporo, Japan.
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Walker M, Baz A, Dematteis S, Stettler M, Gottstein B, Schaller J, Hemphill A. Isolation and characterization of a secretory component of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes potentially involved in modulating the host-parasite interface. Infect Immun 2004; 72:527-36. [PMID: 14688134 PMCID: PMC344003 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.527-536.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes are fluid-filled, vesicle-like organisms, which are characterized by continuous asexual proliferation via external budding of daughter vesicles, predominantly in the livers of infected individuals. Tumor-like growth eventually leads to the disease alveolar echinococcosis (AE). We employed the monoclonal antibody (MAb) E492/G1, previously shown to be directed against a carbohydrate-rich, immunomodulatory fraction of Echinococcus granulosus, to characterize potentially related components in E. multilocularis. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that MAb E492/G1-reactive epitopes were found predominantly on the laminated layer and in the periphery of developing brood capsules. The respective molecules were continuously released into the exterior medium and were also found in the parasite vesicle fluid. The MAb E492/G1-reactive fraction in E. multilocularis, named Em492 antigen, was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Em492 antigen had a protein/carbohydrate ratio of 0.25, reacted with a series of lectins, and is related to the laminated layer-associated Em2(G11) antigen. The epitope recognized by MAb E492/G1 was sensitive to sodium periodate but was not affected by protease treatment. Anti-Em492 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 and, at lower levels, IgG3 were found in sera of mice suffering from experimentally induced secondary, but not primary, AE. However, with regard to cellular immunity, a suppressive effect on concanavalin A- or crude parasite extract-induced splenocyte proliferation in these mice was observed upon addition of Em492 antigen, but trypan blue exclusion tests and transmission electron microscopy failed to reveal any cytotoxic effect in Em492 antigen-treated spleen cells. This indicated that Em492 antigen could be modulating the periparasitic cellular environment during E. multilocularis infection through as yet unidentified mechanisms and could be one of the factors contributing to immunosuppressive events that occur at the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Walker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
Over the last decade major advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms and mediators of inflammation that hold the promise of the development of new therapies for inflammatory disease. While much is to be gleaned from the application of new technologies, assessment of the age-old host-parasite relationship may also provide insights on how to counter pathological inflammatory events. In the case of inflammatory bowel disease [particularly Crohn's disease, which is associated with T helper 1 (Th1) events] it is proposed that infection with parasitic helminths would be beneficial: the paradigm being that of immune deviation, where Th2 cytokines mobilized in response to the helminth will prevent or antagonize the disease-promoting Th1 events in the gut. The situation is unlikely to be this simple. Here we review and critique the data in support of helminth therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, drawing attention to the gaps in knowledge and presenting a view on how the field may be advanced. While the concept of helminth therapy may be superficially unappealing, this review may convince the reader of the value of more extensive analyses of the impact of helminth infection on enteric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hunter
- Intestinal Disease Research Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Dematteis S, Rottenberg M, Baz A. Cytokine response and outcome of infection depends on the infective dose of parasites in experimental infection by Echinococcus granulosus. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:189-97. [PMID: 12940962 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We here analysed whether the cytokine responses in early and late experimental infection with Echinococcus granulosus depend on the dose of parasites to which the host is exposed. To this purpose Balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either 500 or 2000 protoscoleces. Splenocytes of mice were obtained at days 3, 7, 14 and 21 and also on week 37 post-infection and cultured in vitro with protoscolex antigens. Type-1 and type-2 cytokines were analysed in supernatants by ELISA. Results showed that the inoculation of 500 protoscoleces induced an early type-0 and a late type-2 cytokine response, whereas the inoculation of 2000 protoscoleces induced an early type-2 and a late type-0 cytokine response. Parasite growth was lower in the group inoculated with the low infective dose. These results indicate that the cytokine response during the infection by the helminth E. granulosus depends on the dose of parasites to which the host has been exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dematteis
- Catedra de Inmunologia, Facultad de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Abstract
Hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis, CE) constitutes a serious public health problem worldwide. Total surgical removal of a hydatid cyst is still considered the gold standard treatment for CE. Percutaneous treatment (PAIR), using either hypertonic saline or alcohol as a larvacidal agent, appears to be an additional effective form of treatment. Benzimidazoles (albendazole, ABZ; mebendazole, MBZ), given either alone or combined with praziquantel (PZ) are currently used for the treatment of non-surgical cases and as a supplementary treatment prior and post-surgery. Combined chemotherapy was found to be more effective than either of the agents given alone. ABZ is easily absorbed and more effective than MBZ. ABZ (12-15 mg/kg/day) and MBZ (30-70 mg/kg/day) given for 14-20 days prior to surgery and continued for an additional 3-24 months in a cyclic monthly form were found effective against the disease. Either increased or decreased circulating antigen levels, which consequently cause changes in the humoral (IgG, IgG1, IgG4, IgE) immune responses, have a prognostic value in successfully treated CE cases. However, although the cellular immune response to echinococcal antigens decreased in improved or cured CE patients, it was not considered of practical use in determining treatment efficacy. In certain cases successful treatment was also followed by elevated eosinophilia and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. In the present article, the mechanism of drug activities as well as the development of resistance against the drugs available are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph El-On
- Soroka University Medical Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis, cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are the three major zoonotic larval cestodiases worldwide and threatening human life. Early therapeutic treatment based on early differential diagnosis at the early stage of infection and epidemiological surveillance with the expectation for control and prevention are the keys for improvement of quality of human life. Recent advances in (1). differential serodiagnosis of these three diseases, (2). molecular identification of human taeniid species and (3). polymorphism of mitochodrial DNA highly informative for future molecular epidemiology are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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Un diagnostic qui nécessite de s'accrocher! Rev Med Interne 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(02)80018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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