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Carreira LM, Alves J, Inacio F, Pires G, Azevedo P. Sex diferences in serum and synovial fluid C-reactive protein concentration in healthy dogs. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10386-0. [PMID: 38662317 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Differences between serum C-reactive protein (SCRP) and synovial fluid C-reactive protein (SFCRP) concentrations in healthy animals may be influenced by the sex of the individual and associated with various factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the disparities in SCRP and SFCRP concentrations between females and males, as well as within each sex. Sixty healthy dogs (N = 60), comprising both sexes, were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood and knee synovial fluid samples were collected for SCRP and SFCRP analysis, respectively. Serum C-reactive protein (SCRP) and SFCRP concentrations were measured, with mean of 9.61 ± 4.96 mg/L for SCRP and 1.28 ± 3.05 mg/L for SFCRP. Notably, SFCRP concentrations were consistently lower than SCRP concentrations in both sexes. Statistically significant differences were observed between sexes for both SCRP (P = 0.021) and SFCRP (P = 0.007). Further analysis within females revealed statistically significant differences between SCRP and SFCRP concentrations (P = 0.002), whereas in males, such differences were not significant (P = 0.175). Additionally, weak correlations were found between SCRP and SFCRP concentrations for both sexes (females r = 0.07; males r = 0.29). Joint capsule thickness was assessed using ultrasonography, revealing thicker joint capsules in males. A robust positive association was noted between joint capsule thickness and the SFCRP concentration in both sexes. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of CRP in the context of joint health in male and female patients, elucidating the underlying pathological mechanisms of joint disease and inflammation. Overall, this underscores the importance of considering sex-specific factors in the assessment and management of joint health, as well as in the design and interpretation of studies involving SFCRP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Miguel Carreira
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre - CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9 -9A, 2830-077, Barreiro, Portugal.
- Department of Clinics - Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV-ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA) - University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa) Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculty of Amercian, LASER Study Club - ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL, 32714, USA.
- Privat Human Dentistry (PHD), 1200, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Inacio
- Department of Clinics - Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV-ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Pires
- Department of Clinics - Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV-ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA) - University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa) Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Azevedo
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre - CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9 -9A, 2830-077, Barreiro, Portugal
- Faculty of Amercian, LASER Study Club - ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL, 32714, USA
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2
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Brooks MB, Goggs R, Frye AH, Armato J, Forman M, Hertl J, Koch M, Loftus JP, Lucy J, Mattison B, Merriam J, Shropshire S, Van Vertloo L, Viall A, LeVine DN. A prospective cohort study to identify clinical diagnostic and prognostic markers of primary immune thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1022-1034. [PMID: 38205735 PMCID: PMC10937499 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge, and clinical markers of severity are lacking. OBJECTIVES Identify clinicopathologic features that differentiate pITP from secondary ITP (sITP) and markers related to bleeding severity, transfusion, and survival of dogs with pITP. ANIMALS Ninety-eight thrombocytopenic dogs (58 pITP and 40 sITP). METHODS Client-owned dogs with platelet counts <50 000/μL were enrolled in a prospective, multi-institution cohort study. History and treatment information, through a maximum of 7 days, was recorded on standard data forms. Bleeding severity was scored daily using a bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT). At-admission blood samples were collected for CBC, biochemistry, C-reactive protein concentration, and coagulation panels, and to measure platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin G (PSAIg) and expression of platelet membrane proteins and phospholipids. Dogs with evidence of coincident disease were classified as sITP. RESULTS No definitive pITP diagnostic test was found. However, pITP cases were characterized by lower platelet counts, D dimer concentrations, and platelet membrane protein expression than sITP cases. Differentiation between pITP and sITP was further enhanced using logistic regression modeling combining patient sex, coagulation profile, platelet count, D dimer, and PSAIg. A second model of pITP severity indicated that low hematocrit and high BUN concentration were associated with non-survival. Low hematocrit at admission, but not platelet count or DOGiBAT score, was associated with transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pending validation studies, models constructed from at-admission clinicopathologic findings may improve differentiation of pITP from sITP and identify the most severe pITP cases at the time of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory B. Brooks
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Clinical Sciences, C3‐502D Clinical Programs CenterCornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853‐0001USA
| | - Amelia H. Frye
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Jessica Armato
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Marnin Forman
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Julia Hertl
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Veterinary Internal Medicine ConsultingRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - John P. Loftus
- Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - John Lucy
- Internal Medicine, Oradell Animal HospitalParamusNew JerseyUSA
| | - Brandi Mattison
- Arizona Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care CenterPeoriaArizonaUSA
| | - Julia Merriam
- Blue Pearl Pet Hospital NorthfieldNorthfieldIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Laura Van Vertloo
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dana N. LeVine
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1600 S 16th StAuburn, Alabama 36849USA
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3
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Choi J, Yoo MJ, Jang YJ, Na B, Seo SK, Moon J, Lee J, Seol JW. Development and clinical evaluation of a quantitative fluorescent immunoassay for detecting canine CRP. Int J Vet Sci Med 2023; 11:87-93. [PMID: 37649734 PMCID: PMC10464547 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2023.2247250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is one of the major positive acute phase proteins in dogs and is commonly measured to detect and monitor systemic inflammation as well as the efficacy of treatment. Traditional methods for testing cCPR, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have some drawbacks, such as a long time for diagnosis and the requirement of well-equipped laboratories. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and precise diagnostic test for cCRP at point-of-care. This study assessed the accuracy, precision, and validated clinical effectiveness of a diagnostic test based on fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay to detect cCRP. For the standard cCRP concentration ranging from 0 to 200 μg/mL, the cCRP diagnostic test showed strong linearity with R2 of 0.9977 (p < 0.001), and both inter- and intra-assay CVs were <14%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 4.0 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. The cCRP serum concentration was evaluated in 21 client-owned dogs and the results were compared to a previously validated ELISA. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the diagnostic test kit and ELISA was 0.942 [95% confidence interval: 0.859 to 0.976, p < 0.001], and the Bland-Altman plot indicated a bias of 26.82% [95% limits of agreement: -56.03 to 109.67], indicating a significant correlation and the agreement between the data from the cCRP diagnostic test and ELISA. In conclusion, the fluorescent immunoassay based diagnostic test is a suitable option for rapidly and precisely detecting cCRP in dogs, providing a convenient alternative to traditional methods for diagnosing acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawun Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-jae Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghak Na
- Product Business Office, GenBody Biotech Institute, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-ki Seo
- Product Business Office, GenBody Biotech Institute, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungdae Moon
- Product Business Office, GenBody Biotech Institute, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoo Lee
- Raw Material Business Office, GenBody Biotech Institute, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-won Seol
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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4
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Alkhuder K. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: a universal optical sensing technique with auspicious application prospects in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103606. [PMID: 37187270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are poorly understood clinical syndromes due to breakdown of immune tolerance towards specific types of self-antigens. They are generally associated with an inflammatory response mediated by lymphocytes T, autoantibodies or both. Ultimately, chronic inflammation culminates in tissue damages and clinical manifestations. AIDs affect 5% of the world population, and they represent the main cause of fatality in young to middle-aged females. In addition, the chronic nature of AIDs has a devastating impact on the patient's quality of life. It also places a heavy burden on the health care system. Establishing a rapid and accurate diagnosis is considered vital for an ideal medical management of these autoimmune disorders. However, for some AIDs, this task might be challenging. Vibrational spectroscopies, and more particularly Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, have emerged as universal analytical techniques with promising applications in the diagnosis of various types of malignancies and metabolic and infectious diseases. The high sensitivity of these optical sensing techniques and their minimal requirements for test reagents qualify them to be ideal analytical techniques. The aim of the current review is to explore the potential applications of FTIR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and management of most common AIDs. It also aims to demonstrate how this technique has contributed to deciphering the biochemical and physiopathological aspects of these chronic inflammatory diseases. The advantages that can be offered by this optical sensing technique over the traditional and gold standard methods used in the diagnosis of these autoimmune disorders have also been extensively discussed.
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5
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An SA, Oh YI, Choi US, Lee JB, Seo KW. Evaluation of the Randox and Fuji Dri-Chem vcCRP-P assays of canine C-reactive protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:842-847. [DOI: 10.1177/10406387221108450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, measurement of canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is used widely to detect inflammatory diseases. We evaluated the precision of Randox and Fuji assays for cCRP, as well as accuracy, correlation, and agreement compared to a reference ELISA. Blood samples from 71 client-owned dogs (20 healthy, 51 diseased) were analyzed with the 3 assays. Inter-assay CVs were ~3.5% with both the Randox and Fuji assays. The mean biases were −1.90% for the Randox and −5.93% for the Fuji test; the targeted biases were ~8.5% for both assays. The CV, bias, and observed total error were acceptable for the 2 assays compared to ASVCP recommendations based on biological variation studies. The Spearman correlation coefficient for cCRP concentration compared with the reference ELISA was 0.83 for the Randox test and 0.92 for the Fuji test. Both assays measured cCRP precisely at intermediate and increased concentrations. Correlation with the reference ELISA was good, and both assays could be used to evaluate cCRP concentrations in veterinary practice. However, the assays did not reach analytical agreement; hence the results obtained by these assays are not interchangeable, and serial monitoring of cCRP requires the use of the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ah An
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ul-Soo Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cheonbook National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bok Lee
- Division of Animal Care, Yonam College, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Covin MA, Steiner JM. Measurement and clinical applications of C-reactive protein in gastrointestinal diseases of dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 50 Suppl 1:29-36. [PMID: 35014071 PMCID: PMC9303876 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a positive acute-phase protein, serum concentrations of which increase nonspecifically in response to inflammatory processes of the dog. As such, it can aid in the identification of inflammatory disease and, maybe more importantly, the objective monitoring of disease progression. In dogs, CRP is frequently used to evaluate dogs with gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic inflammatory enteropathies (also termed idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), acute pancreatitis, canine parvovirus infection, hepatic disease, acute abdomen, and protein-losing enteropathy. The diversity of the assays available to measure CRP in dogs is nearly as numerous as the diseases in which serum concentrations of this protein are increased. Assay methodologies include laser nephelometric immunoassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoturbidimetric assays, and time-resolved immunofluorometric assays. While many of these assays are acceptable for clinical use in the dog, the same assay and analyzer should be used to measure a patient's CRP concentration longitudinally. By looking at the uses of CRP in human gastroenterology, including reducing the duration of antibiotic therapy, the veterinary profession can gain insight into novel ways in which serum CRP concentration measurements might be applied in veterinary medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal A Covin
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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7
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Ruggerone B, Scavone D, Troìa R, Giunti M, Dondi F, Paltrinieri S. Comparison of Protein Carbonyl (PCO), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Septic Inflammation in Dogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060093. [PMID: 34072427 PMCID: PMC8228102 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers of sepsis are lacking, but essential in veterinary medicine. We aimed to assess the accuracy of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), protein carbonyls (PCO) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in differentiating dogs with sepsis from those with sterile inflammation and healthy ones, and predict the outcome in septic dogs. These analytes were retrospectively evaluated at admission in 92 dogs classified into healthy, septic and polytraumatized. Groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by a Mann–Whitney U test to assess differences between survivors and non-survivors. Correlation between analytes was assessed using the Spearman’s test, and their discriminating power was assessed through a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs with sepsis compared with polytraumatized and clinically healthy dogs (p < 0.001 for both the analytes), and also in dogs with trauma compared with healthy dogs (p = 0.011 and p = 0.017, respectively). PCO were significantly increased in septic (p < 0.001) and polytraumatized (p < 0.005) as compared with healthy dogs. PON1 and CRP were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in dogs that died compared with survivors (p < 0.001 for both analytes). Ultimately, evaluation of CRP and PON1 at admission seems a reliable support to diagnose sepsis and predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ruggerone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57/a, Zola Predosa, 40069 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Scavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Troìa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emila (BO), 40064 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.R.); (D.S.); (S.P.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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8
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Seok JS, Ju H. Plasmonic Optical Biosensors for Detecting C-Reactive Protein: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E895. [PMID: 32992442 PMCID: PMC7599671 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), a potent acute-phase reactant that increases rapidly in response to inflammation, tissue damage or infections, is also considered an indicator of the risk of cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Recent advances in nanofabrication and nanophotonic technologies have prompted the optical plasmonic phenomena to be tailored for specific detection of human serum CRP into label-free devices. We review the CRP-specific detection platforms with high sensitivity, which feature the thin metal films for surface plasmon resonance, nano-enhancers of zero dimensional nanostructures, and metal nanoparticles for localized surface plasmon resonance. The protocols used for various types of assay reported in literature are also outlines with surface chemical pretreatment required for specific detection of CRPs on a plasmonic surface. Properties including sensitivity and detection range are described for each sensor device reviewed, while challenges faced by plasmonic CRP sensors are discussed in the conclusion, with future directions towards which research efforts need to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Seon Seok
- Department of Physics, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Heongkyu Ju
- Department of Physics, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
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9
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Berlanda M, Valente C, Bonsembiante F, Badon T, Bedin S, Contiero B, Guglielmini C, Poser H. Evaluation of an automated immunoturbidimetric assay for detecting canine C-reactive protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:948-952. [PMID: 32964794 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720960065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute-phase protein, and it is produced by the liver in response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Given that human and canine CRP have a similar molecular structure, the assays used for human CRP detection have been used to measure CRP concentrations in dogs. We evaluated the use of a human CRP assay (Biotecnica CRP assay) and validated its application in dogs. We analyzed 91 canine serum samples with a fully automated analyzer. Our validation was based on the evaluation of imprecision, limits of linearity, limits of quantification, and an evaluation of interferences. The new assay was also compared with the Randox CRP assay, a validated assay for the measurement of CRP. Intra- and inter-assay repeatability were <8% and <11%, respectively. The tested assay proportionally measured canine CRP in an analytical range up to 60 mg/L; however, hemoglobin, triglycerides, and bilirubin interfered with the determination. Good agreement, with the presence of proportional systematic bias, was observed between Biotecnica and Randox assays. The Biotecnica CRP assay provides reliable measurement of CRP in canine serum, provided that samples are free of interferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Berlanda
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carlotta Valente
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tamara Badon
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Bedin
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Helen Poser
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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10
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Xie J, Tang MQ, Chen J, Zhu YH, Lei CB, He HW, Xu XH. A sandwich ELISA-like detection of C-reactive protein in blood by citicoline-bovine serum albumin conjugate and aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles nanozyme. Talanta 2020; 217:121070. [PMID: 32498852 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular events in higher-risk populations. We present a sandwich ELISA-like assay for the determination of CRP in blood by citicoline-bovine serum albumin (citicoline-BSA) conjugate and aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (aptamer-AuNPs) nanozyme. The CRP in the blood sample was selectively adsorbed to the ELISA plate coated by citicoline-BSA, and then incubated with added aptamer-AuNPs. AuNPs exhibited peroxidase activity and oxidized 3,3'5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine from colorless to blue, achieving the measurement at 652 nm. The amplified signal increased linearly in a wide range from 0.1 to 200 ng mL-1 and with a detection limit of 8 pg mL-1. Finally, the method was further tested using rat blood from an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction experimental model to confirm its applicability. The developed method could directly determine CRP in blood sample after dilution with high accuracy and sensitivity. This method has many advantages, such as easiness to prepare materials, good stability between batches, high specificity, low detection limit, low-cost, easiness to operate with simple instruments, the most remarkable of which is its excellent lot-to-lot stability over the classical ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Ming-Qing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Ya-Han Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Chao-Bo Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Hong-Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
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11
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Buser FC, Schweighauser A, Im Hof-Gut M, Bigler B, Marti E, Mirkovitch J, Francey T. Evaluation of C-reactive protein and its kinetics as a prognostic indicator in canine leptospirosis. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:477-485. [PMID: 31006872 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate C-reactive protein at presentation and during hospitalisation in dogs with acute kidney injury resulting from leptospirosis to compare C-reactive protein at presentation in dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology and to study its correlation with markers of inflammation, azotaemia and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective observational study of 41 dogs with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis and 15 control dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology. C-reactive protein was measured at presentation in both groups and daily for 7 days in a subgroup of 28 dogs with leptospirosis. The associations of C-reactive protein with neutrophil count, albumin, urea, creatinine and survival were analysed. RESULTS C-reactive protein was increased at presentation in all dogs with leptospirosis but was not significantly different from dogs with acute kidney injury of different cause. It was associated with markers of inflammation (neutrophil count, albumin) but not with azotaemia (creatinine, urea). It decreased gradually from presentation to day 4, with significantly lower concentrations in survivors than non-survivors. Initial C-reactive protein was only weakly associated with outcome, but its average concentration from presentation to day 2 was more strongly associated. Absolute and relative changes in C-reactive protein during hospitalisation and creatinine at presentation were not associated with survival. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Serial assessment of C-reactive protein may improve outcome prediction in dogs with leptospirosis compared with a single measurement at presentation or with markers of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Buser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - A Schweighauser
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - M Im Hof-Gut
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - B Bigler
- Weissenbühlweg 23, 3007, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Marti
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research (Clinical Immunology), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - J Mirkovitch
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research (Clinical Immunology), Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - T Francey
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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Köster LS, Fosgate GT, Suchodolski J, Lidbury J, Steiner JM. Comparison of biomarkers adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, S100A12, and the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) score as mortality predictors in critically ill dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:154-160. [PMID: 30861273 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if selected serum biomarkers are superior to the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) complete score in predicting 30-day mortality in a non-homogeneous disease population of critically ill dogs. DESIGN Prospective cohort study comparing the serum biomarkers adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, and S100A12 concentrations between surviving and nonsurviving critically ill dogs. SETTING University small animal teaching hospital. ANIMALS Seventy critically ill dogs were prospectively recruited, and an APPLE complete score was calculated within 24 hours of being admitted to the intensive care unit. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate the association between biomarkers and 30-day survival. Results were interpreted at the 5% level of significance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Leptin was the only biomarker that was significantly correlated with the APPLE complete score (P < 0.001). Only the APPLE complete score (P = 0.003) and illness duration of < 1 day (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with outcome. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, there appears to be no benefit in using biomarkers over the APPLE score for disease severity stratification. Serum leptin concentration was significantly correlated with disease severity as determined by APPLE scoring. Longer duration of illness prior to admission was associated with a higher risk of death. APPLE scores were highest in dogs with infectious and immune-mediated diseases and bite wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Köster
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Federation of St Kitts, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jonathan Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Hindenberg S, Keßler M, Zielinsky S, Langenstein J, Moritz A, Bauer N. Evaluation of a novel quantitative canine species-specific point-of-care assay for C-reactive protein. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:99. [PMID: 29554960 PMCID: PMC5859731 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species-specific point-of-care tests (POCT) permit a rapid analysis of canine C-reactive protein (CRP), enabling veterinarians to include CRP in clinical decisions. Aim of the study was to evaluate a novel POCT for canine CRP (Point Strip™ Canine CRP Assay) run on a small in-house-analyzer (Point Reader™ V) using lithium heparin plasma and to compare assay performance to an already established canine CRP assay (Gentian Canine CRP Immunoassay) run on two different bench top analyzers serving as reference methods (ABX Pentra 400, AU 5800). Linearity was assessed by stepwise dilution of plasma samples with high CRP concentrations. Limit of quantification (LoQ) was determined by repeated measurements of samples with low CRP concentrations. Coefficient of variation (CV) at low (10-50 mg/l), moderate (50-100 mg/l), and high (100-200 mg/l) CRP concentrations was investigated as well as possible interferences. Method comparison study was performed using 45 samples of healthy and diseased dogs. Quality criteria were fulfilled if the total observed error (TEobs = 2CV% + bias%) was below the minimal total allowable error of 44.4% (TE min). Additionally, a reference range (n = 60 healthy dogs) was established. RESULTS Linearity was present at CRP concentrations of 10-132 mg/l (≙ 361 mg/l CRP with reference method) with a LoQ set at 10 mg/l. At moderate to high CRP concentrations, intra- and inter-assay CVs were ≤ 8% and ≤ 11% respectively, while CVs ≤ 22% and ≤ 28% were present at low concentrations. No interferences were observed at concentrations of 4 g/l hemoglobin, 800 mg/l bilirubin and 8 g/l triglycerides. Method comparison study demonstrated an excellent correlation with both reference methods (r = 0.98 for ABX Pentra 400; 0.99 for AU 5800), though revealing a proportional bias of 19.7% (ABX Pentra 400) and 10.7% (AU 5800) respectively. TEobs was 26.7-31.9% and 16.7-21.9% and thus < TEmin. Healthy dogs presented with CRP values ≤11.9 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS The POCT precisely detects canine CRP at clinically relevant moderate and high CRP concentrations. The assay correlates well with both reference methods. Due to the bias, however, follow-up examinations should be performed with the same assay and analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hindenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Keßler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zielinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Piñeiro M, Pato R, Soler L, Peña R, García N, Torrente C, Saco Y, Lampreave F, Bassols A, Canalias F. A new automated turbidimetric immunoassay for the measurement of canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:130-137. [PMID: 29377276 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, as in humans, C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein that is rapidly and prominently increased after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. CRP measurements are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES The study aim was to develop and validate a turbidimetric immunoassay for the quantification of canine CRP (cCRP), using canine-specific reagents and standards. METHODS A particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was developed. The assay was set up in a fully automated analyzer, and studies of imprecision, limits of linearity, limits of detection, prozone effects, and interferences were carried out. The new method was compared with 2 other commercially available automated immunoassays for cCRP: one turbidimetric immunoassay (Gentian CRP) and one point-of-care assay based on magnetic permeability (Life Assays CRP). RESULTS The within-run and between-day imprecision were <1.7% and 4.2%, respectively. The assay quantified CRP proportionally in an analytic range up to 150 mg/L, with a prozone effect appearing at cCRP concentrations >320 mg/L. No interference from hemoglobin (20 g/L), triglycerides (10 g/L), or bilirubin (150 mg/L) was detected. Good agreement was observed between the results obtained with the new method and the Gentian cCRP turbidimetric immunoassay. CONCLUSIONS The new turbidimetric immunoassay (Turbovet canine CRP, Acuvet Biotech) is a rapid, robust, precise, and accurate method for the quantification of cCRP. The method can be easily set up in automated analyzers, providing a suitable tool for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Piñeiro
- Acuvet Biotech, Zaragoza, Spain.,PigCHAMP Pro Europa, Segovia, Spain
| | - Raquel Pato
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària (SBCV), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Soler
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Peña
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària (SBCV), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratori de Referència d'Enzimologia Clínica (LREC), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Torrente
- Servicio de Urgencias y Cuidados Intensivos, FHCV-UAB, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Saco
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària (SBCV), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermín Lampreave
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària (SBCV), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Canalias
- Laboratori de Referència d'Enzimologia Clínica (LREC), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Gommeren K, Desmas I, Garcia A, Bauer N, Moritz A, Roth J, Peeters D. Inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 28:9-19. [PMID: 29236338 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) kinetics in dogs with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) presented to an emergency service. We hypothesized serum CRP concentrations would increase and vary during hospitalization, and would correlate with plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, vary in magnitude according to the underlying disease, and predict survival. DESIGN Prospective, observational, clinical study. SETTING University emergency department. ANIMALS Sixty-nine dogs with SIRS weighing over 5 kg who could tolerate the blood sampling. INTERVENTIONS Serum and plasma were collected (and stored at -80°C) at presentation (T0), after 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24), and 72 (T72) hours, and at a follow-up visit at least 1 month after discharge (T1m). Underlying diseases were categorized as infection (I), neoplasia (N), trauma (T), gastric-dilation and volvulus (GDV), other gastrointestinal (GI), renal (R), and miscellaneous (M) disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum CRP concentration was measured using a canine-specific immunoturbidimetric assay. Biologically active plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were assessed using bioassays. Forty-four dogs survived, 8 died, and 17 were euthanized. Nineteen dogs had follow-up visits. At T0, serum CRP concentration was above the reference interval in 73.1% (49/67), and was within the reference interval (0-141.9 nmol/L) throughout hospitalization in only 6% (4/67). Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) at T0 (882.9 ± 1082.9 nmol/L) and at all time points during hospitalization (P < 0.0001) compared to T1m, with highest concentrations observed at T24 (906. 7 ± 859.0 nmol/L). At T1m, serum CRP concentrations were within the reference interval (22.9 ± 42.9 nmol/L) in 95% (18/19) of dogs. Logarithmic concentrations of serum CRP and plasma IL-6 were significantly correlated (P < 0.001, r = 0.479). None of the measured cytokines were associated with disease category or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum CRP concentration is increased in dogs with SIRS, and decreases during treatment and hospitalization. Serum CRP, plasma IL-6, and plasma TNF-α concentrations cannot predict outcome in dogs with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desmas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natalie Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominique Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Severo JS, Santana AE, Aoki V, Michalany NS, Mantovani MM, Larsson CE, Larsson CE. Evaluation of C-reactive protein as an inflammatory marker of pemphigus foliaceus and superficial pyoderma in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:128-e51. [PMID: 29168248 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein in dogs and may be an inflammatory marker of autoimmune diseases. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To measure pre- and post-treatment CRP levels in dogs with superficial pyoderma (SP) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) compared to normal dogs; to evaluate possible correlation between CRP values, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and pemphigus foliaceus extent and severity index (PEFESI) scores. ANIMALS Fifty nine dogs divided into three groups: Group I (control, n = 31), Group II (SP, n = 14) and Group III (PF, n = 14). METHODS CRP levels were measured in Group I dogs. Skin biopsies of Groups II and III dogs were obtained for histopathological examination. In Group II dogs, CRP levels were measured at days 0, 15, 30 and 60. In Group III dogs were evaluated by PEFESI, IIF and CRP levels at days 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90. RESULTS Group III showed a higher median CRP (37.4 mg/mL) compared to the other groups (Group I, CRP 2.9 mg/mL, P < 0.0001; Group II CRP 3.8 mg/mL, P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in CRP levels between groups I and II. IIF titres and CRP levels decreased in most cases of PF with clinical improvement. Dogs with CRP >10.6 μg/mL were 5.5 times more likely to have PF than SP. There was a strong positive correlation between CRP values and PEFESI and a weak positive correlation between CRP values and IIF titres. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE CRP levels are increased in dogs with PF and exceed levels found in most dogs with SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia So Severo
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Aline Elisa Santana
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 255, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Nilceo S Michalany
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of São Paulo, Av. Brig. Luis Antônio, 4315, São Paulo, SP, 01401-002, Brazil
| | - Matheus Matioli Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Larsson
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Larsson
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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Hindenberg S, Klenner-Gastreich S, Kneier N, Zielinsky S, Gommeren K, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of a species-specific C-reactive protein assay for the dog on the ABX Pentra 400 clinical chemistry analyzer. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:146. [PMID: 28558755 PMCID: PMC5450169 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A canine-specific immunoturbidimetric CRP assay, Gentian Canine CRP Immunoassay) with species-specific controls and calibrators was introduced and recently evaluated on the clinical chemistry analyzer Abbott Architect c4000 as well as on the Olympus AU600. Aims of our study were 1) to independently evaluate the canine-specific CRP assay on the ABX Pentra 400 clinical chemistry analyzer in comparison to the previously validated human-based immunoturbidimetric assay (Randox Canine CRP assay) and 2) to assess the impact of different sample types (serum versus heparinized plasma) on the results. Imprecision, accuracy, interference and the prozone effect were determined using samples from healthy and diseased dogs (n = 278). The Randox Canine CRP assay calibrated with canine specific control calibration material served as a reference method. Additionally, the impact of the sample type (serum and lithium heparin) was evaluated based on samples of healthy and diseased dogs (n = 49) in a second part of the study. Results Linearity was present for CRP concentrations ranging from 4 to 281 mg/l. For clinically relevant CRP concentrations of 7–281 mg/l, recovery ranged between 90 and 105% and intra- and inter-assay CVs ranged between 0.68% - 12.12% and 0.88% - 7.84%, respectively. CV was thus lower than 12.16%, i.e. the desired CV% based on biological variation. Interference was not present up to a concentration of 5 g/l hemoglobin, 800 mg/l bilirubin and 10 g/l triglycerides. No prozone effect occurred up to 676 mg/l CRP. Method comparison study revealed a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of rs = 0.98 and a mean constant bias of 5.2%. The sample type had a significant (P = 0.008) but clinically not relevant impact on the results (median CRP of 30.9 mg/l in lithium heparin plasma versus 31.4 mg/l in serum). Conclusions The species-specific Gentian Canine CRP Immunoassay reliably detects canine CRP on the ABX Pentra 400 clinical chemistry analyzer whereby both serum and heparin plasma can be used. The quality criteria reached on the Abbott Architect c4000 and Olympus AU600 could be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hindenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Nicole Kneier
- Scil animal care company GmbH, 68519, Viernheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Zielinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Use of heterologous immunoassays for quantification of serum proteins: The case of canine C-reactive protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172188. [PMID: 28222144 PMCID: PMC5319752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of heterologous immunoassays containing antibodies raised against a different biological species for quantification of serum proteins is studied and discussed, taking as example the case of the use of a commercially available heterologous assay containing antibodies against human C-reactive protein (hCRP) for quantification of CRP in serum of dogs. This assay was adapted and validated for measurements of canine CRP (cCRP) and compared with three different homologous assays containing species-specific canine antibodies, which are currently commercially available for cCRP determination. Serum samples from healthy and diseased dogs (n = 44) were used. Analytical evaluation included precision, accuracy, limit of detection and lower limit of quantification for all assays. In the case of the heterologous assay also cross-reactivity of the antibody of the heterologous assay with cCRP was evaluated by a Western-Blot analysis giving a positive result. The heterologous assay showed similar results than the homologous assays in all the tests of the analytical evaluation that indicated that the assay was precise and accurate. Method comparison showed a high correlation between all assays (r≥0.9). The Bland-Altman test revealed that the heterologous assay showed a proportional error when compared with the homologous automated assays and a random error when compared with the point-of-care assay. All four CRP assays were able to detect higher CRP values in dogs with inflammatory conditions compared with healthy dogs. It is concluded that heterologous immunoassays could be used for quantification of serum proteins in different species, provided that the antibody has cross-reactivity with the protein to be measured and the assay give satisfactory results in the analytical validation tests. In addition, use of species-specific calibrators and an appropriate batch validation are recommended in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Smith KF, Quinn RL, Rahilly LJ. Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 2--Lower airway, thromboembolic, and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:330-48. [PMID: 26040815 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current veterinary and relevant human literature regarding biomarkers of respiratory diseases leading to dyspnea and to summarize the availability, feasibility, and practicality of using respiratory biomarkers in the veterinary setting. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent textbooks. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Numerous biomarkers have been evaluated in people for discriminating respiratory disease processes with varying degrees of success. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Although biomarkers should not dictate clinical decisions in lieu of gold standard diagnostics, their use may be useful in directing care in the stabilization process. Serum immunoglobulins have shown promise as an indicator of asthma in cats. A group of biomarkers has also been evaluated in exhaled breath. Of these, hydrogen peroxide has shown the most potential as a marker of inflammation in asthma and potentially aspiration pneumonia, but methods for measurement are not standardized. D-dimers may be useful in screening for thromboembolic disease in dogs. There are a variety of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which are being evaluated for their ability to assess the severity and type of underlying disease process. Of these, amino terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide may be the most useful in determining if antibiotic therapy is warranted. Although critically evaluated for their use in respiratory disorders, many of the biomarkers which have been evaluated have been found to be affected by more than one type of respiratory or systemic disease. CONCLUSION At this time, there are point-of-care biomarkers that have been shown to reliably differentiate between causes of dyspnea in dogs and cats. Future clinical research is warranted to understand of how various diseases affect the biomarkers and more bedside tests for their utilization.
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Albarracín V, Teles M, Meléndez-Lazo A, Rodón J, Pastor J. Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase and C-reactive Protein in Dogs Treated With Anticonvulsants (Phenobarbital and Potassium Bromide). Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:57-61. [PMID: 26359725 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animals treated with anticonvulsant drugs may have increased canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPLI) values. Inflammatory conditions and specifically acute pancreatitis are of major concern in these animals. Elevation in C-reactive protein is being associated with inflammatory status in dogs and it has been correlated with the clinical severity of pancreatitis. In the present study, we investigated if there is a correlation between the cPLI increase, changes in C-reactive protein and hepatic enzymes, as well as the incidence of severe acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs with anticonvulsant treatment (phenobarbital, or potassium bromide or both). Increased values of pancreas-specific lipase were found in 6.8% of the animals in treatment with anticonvulsants, and this increase is correlated with the increase in triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase but not with C-reactive protein levels, which suggests a possible induction or release phenomenon rather than a clear severe AP. C-reactive protein levels did not affect cPLI values on the population studied. Only 2 animals had clinical and analytical data suggestive of AP, indicating a low prevalence (0.6%). In conclusion, cPLI may be increased in a low percentage of animals with anticonvulsants treatment and its increase may not be associated with severe AP. It may be induced by the anticonvulsants drugs; however, further studies are advised to rule out other possible causes that increased cPLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Albarracín
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari Fundation, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Antonio Meléndez-Lazo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clinic Veterinari Fundation, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clinic Veterinari Fundation, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Jasensky AK, Klenner S, Einspanier R, Kohn B. Evaluation of three different point-of-care tests for quantitative measurement of canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:205-14. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katherine Jasensky
- Institute of Veterinary-Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Clinic of Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary-Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic of Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Hillström A, Hagman R, Söder J, Häggström J, Ljungvall I, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Validation and application of a canine-specific automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:182-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715575751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of low concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs has previously been performed with nonautomated assays. The aim of this study was to validate an automated high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) assay, developed by modifying a routinely used canine-specific immunoturbidimetric CRP test (cCRP). Imprecision, linearity under dilution, limit of blank (LOB), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined for the hsCRP test, as well as the presence of prozone effect and interferences. The imprecision, measured as intra-assay variation, was ≤2.7%. The assay was acceptably linear under dilution. An analytically relevant prozone effect was present for samples with CRP concentration >150 mg/L, and there were mild interferences from hemolysis and lipemia. The LOB, LOD, and LOQ were 0.10 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, and 0.50 mg/L, respectively. A method comparison study with a canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed, showing poor agreement between the hsCRP test and the ELISA. An additional aim of the study was to apply the hsCRP test to clinical research samples. Serum samples from 7 dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were collected pre- and postoperatively, and CRP was measured with both the cCRP and hsCRP assay. The expected postoperative increase in CRP was detected earlier with the hsCRP test, compared with the cCRP test. The hsCRP assay was further applied on samples from 6 lean and 9 overweight dogs. There was no significant difference in CRP concentration between the groups ( P = 0.06). In conclusion, the hsCRP test had acceptable analytical performance, and the assay was successfully applied to clinical research samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hillström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Josefin Söder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
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23
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Hillström A, Hagman R, Tvedten H, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Validation of a commercially available automated canine-specific immunoturbidimetric method for measuring canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:235-43. [PMID: 24798319 PMCID: PMC4257579 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) is used for diagnosing and monitoring systemic inflammatory disease in canine patients. An automated human immunoturbidimetric assay has been validated for measuring canine CRP, but cross-reactivity with canine CRP is unpredictable. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to validate a new automated canine-specific immunoturbidimetric CRP method (Gentian cCRP). METHODS Studies of imprecision, accuracy, prozone effect, interference, limit of quantification, and stability under different storage conditions were performed. The new method was compared with a human CRP assay previously validated for canine CRP determination. Samples from 40 healthy dogs were analyzed to establish a reference interval. RESULTS Total imprecision was < 2.4% for 4 tested serum pools analyzed twice daily over 10 days. The method was linear under dilution, and no prozone effect was detected at a concentration of 1200 mg/L. Recovery after spiking serum with purified canine CRP at 2 different concentrations was 123% and 116%, respectively. No interference from hemoglobin or triglycerides (10 g/L) was detected. CRP was stable for 14 days at 4°C and 22°C. In the method comparison study, there was good agreement between the validated human CRP assay and the new canine-specific assay. Healthy dogs had CRP concentrations that were less than the limit of quantification of the Gentian cCRP method (6.8 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS The new canine-specific immunoturbidimetric CRP assay is a reliable and rapid method for measuring canine CRP, suitable for clinical use due to the option for an automated assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hillström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Harold Tvedten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
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Langhorn R, Persson F, Åblad B, Goddard A, Schoeman JP, Willesen JL, Tarnow I, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Myocardial injury in dogs with snake envenomation and its relation to systemic inflammation. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 24:174-81. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Langhorn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Frida Persson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Björn Åblad
- The Blue Star Animal Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Johan P. Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Jakob L. Willesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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25
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Karlsson I, Wernersson S, Ambrosen A, Kindahl H, Södersten F, Wang L, Hagman R. Increased concentrations of C-reactive protein but not high-mobility group box 1 in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Bennett D, Eckersall PD, Waterston M, Marchetti V, Rota A, McCulloch E, Sbrana S. The effect of robenacoxib on the concentration of C-reactive protein in synovial fluid from dogs with osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:42. [PMID: 23452411 PMCID: PMC3610148 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Robenacoxib is a novel and highly selective inhibitor of COX-2 in dogs and cats and because of its acidic nature is regarded as being tissue-selective. Thirty four dogs with stifle osteoarthritis secondary to failure of the cranial cruciate ligament were recruited into this study. Lameness, radiographic features, synovial cytology and C-reactive protein concentrations in serum and synovial fluid were assessed before and 28 days after commencing a course of Robenacoxib at a dose of 1 mg/kg SID. Results There was a significant reduction in the lameness score (P < 0.01) and an increase in the radiographic score (P < 0.05) between pre- and post-treatment assessments. There was no difference between pre- (median 1.49 mg/l; Q1-Q3 0.56-4.24 mg/L) and post – (1.10 mg/L; 0.31-1.78 mg/L) treatment serum C-reactive protein levels although synovial fluid levels were significantly reduced (pre- : 0.44 mg/L; 0.23-1.62 mg/L; post- : 0.17 mg/L; 0.05-0.49 mg/L) (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between C-reactive protein concentrations in serum and matched synovial fluid samples. Conclusions Robenacoxib proved effective in reducing lameness in dogs with failure of the cranial cruciate ligament and osteoarthritis of the stifle joint. The drug also reduced levels of C-reactive protein in the synovial fluid taken from the affected stifle joint. Robenacoxib appears to reduce articular inflammation as assessed by C-reactive protein which supports the concept that Robenacoxib is a tissue-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland.
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Sharif H, Hagman R, Wang L, Eriksson S. Elevation of serum thymidine kinase 1 in a bacterial infection: Canine pyometra. Theriogenology 2013; 79:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Luo Y, Zhang B, Chen M, Jiang T, Zhou D, Huang J, Fu W. Sensitive and rapid quantification of C-reactive protein using quantum dot-labeled microplate immunoassay. J Transl Med 2012; 10:24. [PMID: 22309411 PMCID: PMC3295717 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) assay is of great clinical importance in predicting risks associated with coronary heart disease. Existing hs-CRP assays either require complex operation or have low throughput and cannot be routinely implemented in rural settings due to limited laboratory resources. Methods We developed a novel hs-CRP assay capable of simultaneously quantifying over 90 clinical samples by using quantum dots-labeled immunoassay within a standard 96-well microplate. The specificity of the assay was enhanced by adopting two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target distinct hs-CRP epitopes, serving as the coating antibody and the detection antibody, respectively. In the presence of hs-CRP antigen, the fluorescence intensity of the mAb-Ag-mAb sandwich complex captured on the microplate can be read out using a microplate reader. Results The proposed hs-CRP assay provides a wide analytical range of 0.001-100 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.06 (0.19) μg/L within 1.5 h. The accuracy of the proposed assay has been confirmed for low coefficient of variations (CVs), 2.27% (intra-assay) and 8.52% (inter-assay), together with recoveries of 96.7-104.2%. Bland-Altman plots of 104 clinical samples exhibited good consistency among the proposed assay, commercial high-sensitivity ELISA, and nephelometry, indicating the prospects of the newly developed hs-CRP assay as an alternative to existing hs-CRP assays. Conclusion The developed assay meets the needs of the rapid, sensitive and high-throughput determination of hs-CRP levels within a short time using minimal resources. In addition, the developed assay can also be used to detect and quantify other diagnostic biomarkers by immobilizing specific monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chong Qing 400038, Peoples' Republic of China
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29
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Wong VM, Kidney BA, Snead ECR, Myers SL, Jackson ML. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:380-3. [PMID: 21848676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker for inflammation in people and dogs. In people, an association between CRP concentration and atherosclerosis has been reported. Atherosclerosis is rare in dogs, but the Miniature Schnauzer breed may be at increased risk for developing this vascular disease. It is not known if CRP concentrations in Miniature Schnauzer dogs differ from those in other dog breeds. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to validate an automated human CRP assay for measuring CRP in dogs and compare CRP concentrations in healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs with those in non-Miniature Schnauzer breeds. METHODS Sera from 37 non-Miniature Schnauzer dogs with inflammatory disease were pooled and used to validate a human CRP immunoturbidimetric assay for measuring canine CRP. Blood was collected from 20 healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs and 41 healthy dogs of other breeds. Median serum CRP concentration of healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs was compared with that of healthy non-Miniature Schnauzer dogs. RESULTS The human CRP assay measured CRP reliably with linearity between 0 and 20 mg/L. CRP concentration for healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs (median 4.0 mg/L, minimum-maximum 0-18.2 mg/L) was significantly higher than for the healthy non-Miniature Schnauzer dogs (median 0.1 mg/L, minimum-maximum 0-10.7 mg/L); 17 of the 20 Miniature Schnauzer dogs had values that overlapped with those of the non-Miniature Schnauzer dogs. CONCLUSIONS Median CRP concentration of Miniature Schnauzer dogs was slightly higher than that of other breeds of dogs. A relationship between higher CRP concentration in Miniature Schnauzer dogs and idiopathic hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, and possible increased risk for atherosclerosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Plickert HD, Einspanier R, Arndt G, Brunnberg L, Kohn B. Evaluation of a point-of-care test for canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:384-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ljungvall I, Rajamäki MM, Crosara S, Olsen LH, Kvart C, Borgarelli M, Höglund K, Häggström J. Evaluation of plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1022-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. C-reactive protein concentrations in serum of dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:710-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate the relation between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and parameters of renal function in dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. Dogs were assigned to groups according to plasma creatinine concentration, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/UC), and exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (P-ClCr) rates. Group A (healthy control dogs; n = 8): non-azotemic (plasma creatinine <125 µmol/l) and nonproteinuric (UP/UC <0.2), with P-ClCr rates >90 ml/min/m2; group B (n = 11): non-azotemic, nonproteinuric dogs with reduced P-ClCr rates (50–89 ml/min/m2); group C (n = 7): azotemic, borderline proteinuric dogs (P-ClCr rates: 22–67 ml/min/m2); and group D (n = 6): uremic, proteinuric dogs (not tested for P-ClCr). The serum CRP concentrations were measured via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CRP concentrations in the clinically healthy dogs (group A) ranged from 2.09 mg/l to 8.60 mg/l (median: 3.21 mg/l). In comparison with dogs of group A, median CRP concentrations were significantly ( P < 0.01) elevated in dogs of group B (17.6 mg/l, range: 17.0–19.2 mg/l), group C (24.8 mg/l, range: 18.0–32.5 mg/l), and group D (59.7 mg/l, range: 17.7–123 mg/l). Serum CRP was significantly related to P-ClCr ( r = –0.83; P < 0.001), plasma creatinine ( r = 0.81; P < 0.001), UP/UC ( r = 0.70; P < 0.001), and leukocytes ( r = 0.49; P < 0.01). The significant relations between serum CRP concentrations and biochemical parameters of kidney function in plasma and urine suggest that a stimulation of the acute phase response is implicated in the pathogenesis of canine renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (Raila, Schweigert)
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Kohn)
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Mansfield C, James F, Steiner J, Suchodolski J, Robertson I, Hosgood G. A Pilot Study to Assess Tolerability of Early Enteral Nutrition via Esophagostomy Tube Feeding in Dogs with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:419-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Tugirimana PL, De Clercq D, Holderbeke AL, Kint JA, De Cooman L, Deprez P, Delanghe JR. A Functional Turbidimetric Method to Determine C-Reactive Protein in Horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:308-11. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A turbidimetric method to determine serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, based on soybean oil–phosphocholine interaction, was performed on horse serum samples to evaluate its potential diagnostic value in veterinary medicine. Intralipid 20% in 0.1 M Tris–calcium buffer (pH 7.5) was added to horse serum. After 30 min of incubation at 37°C, the CRP–phosphocholine complexes were turbidimetrically, bichromatically (660 nm/700 nm) quantified on a commercial analyzer. Furthermore, comparison between CRP and other inflammatory markers, including white blood cell and neutrophil counts, was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of both tests. Standardization of the assay was done using a commercial human CRP calibrator. The CRP measurements were performed on serum samples (296 patients and 34 controls). Reference values were found to be lower than 10 mg/l. The method was found to be linear between 1 and 400 mg/l. A moderate correlation was observed between CRP values and the relative neutrophil counts. Receiver-operating characteristics analysis demonstrated the area under the curve for CRP was 0.928, which was superior ( P < 0.001) to the neutrophil count (0.804) and the leukocyte count (0.664) in detecting the presence of inflammation. This CRP assay showed reliable results as an acute phase test in horses, confirming its species-independent capability to detect CRP in various mammals, including horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Astrid L. Holderbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jos A. Kint
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Cooman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Joris R. Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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Martínez-Subiela S, Caldin M, Parra MD, Ottolini N, Bertolini G, Bernal LJ, García-Martinez JD, Cerón JJ. Canine C-Reactive Protein Measurements in Cerebrospinal Fluid by a Time-Resolved Immunofluorimetric Assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:63-7. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the quantification of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs using an adapted time-resolved immunofluorimetric assay (TR-IFMA) was investigated, as well as whether the assay could be used to detect the range of CRP concentrations found in different clinical situations. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were below 15% in all cases. The TR-IFMA measured the CRP values in a proportional and linear manner ( r = 0.99); also CRP concentrations measured in CSF and in serum were significantly correlated ( r = 0.80, P = 0.003). The limit of detection of the method was 7.1 × 10−6 mg/l. The assay was able to detect differences in CRP concentrations in CSF of dogs with inflammatory disorders compared with dogs with spinal cord compression or idiopathic epilepsy. In conclusion, TR-IFMA constitutes a very sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the measurement of CRP concentrations in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marco Caldin
- The San Marco Veterinary Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Dolores Parra
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis J. Bernal
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan D. García-Martinez
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose J. Cerón
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
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36
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Klenner S, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of three automated human immunoturbidimetric assays for the detection of C-reactive protein in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:544-52. [PMID: 20622224 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major, acute-phase protein in dogs; however, there is a need for automated assays to ensure in-time patient monitoring. Three automated immunoturbidimetric assays (Randox, Thermo, and Wako) developed for human beings were evaluated for their ability to detect canine CRP, including method validation, evaluation of diagnostic use, and establishment of exploratory reference intervals. Sera from 36 healthy dogs and 82 diseased dogs were included for method comparison with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Tridelta) serving as the reference method. A nonparametric estimate of the 1-sided 95% reference interval was established (n = 36). Precision study revealed good intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 1-10%, 0-9%, and 2-13% for the Randox, Thermo, and Wako assays, respectively. Interassay CVs were 18%, 24%, and 19% respectively. Because of a low linear range, the Thermo test was considered unsuitable for use with canine specimens. No significant differences were present between the results obtained with the Randox and Wako assays with CRP concentrations less than 15 mg/l; however, median CRP results differed significantly between the Thermo test and the ELISA (P = 0.03). Bland-Altman analysis detected a proportional bias of 0.28, -0.59, and 0.61 mg/l for the Randox, Thermo, and Wako assays, respectively. For all tests, median CRP values were significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with neoplasia. The upper limit of the reference intervals were 8.2 and 9.9 mg/l for the Randox and Wako assays, respectively. In contrast to the Thermo test, the Randox and Wako assays were suitable for detection of abnormally high canine CRP concentrations; however, improvement of assay precision and evaluation of accuracy are warranted before their clinical use with canine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology, and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurterstrasse 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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McMichael M, Smith S, Galligan A, Swanson K, Fan T. Effect of Leukoreduction on Transfusion-Induced Inflammation in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1131-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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38
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Maddens BE, Daminet S, Demeyere K, Demon D, Smets P, Meyer E. Validation of immunoassays for the candidate renal markers C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, thromboxane B2 and retinol binding protein in canine urine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 134:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Ljungvall I, Höglund K, Tidholm A, Olsen L, Borgarelli M, Venge P, Häggström J. Cardiac Troponin I Is Associated with Severity of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease, Age, and C-Reactive Protein in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:153-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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40
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Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen AL. Subjectivity in defining quality specifications for quality control and test validation. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 39:134-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00232_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Griebsch C, Arndt G, Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. C-reactive protein concentration in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:421-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Gebhardt C, Hirschberger J, Rau S, Arndt G, Krainer K, Schweigert FJ, Brunnberg L, Kaspers B, Kohn B. Use of C-reactive protein to predict outcome in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:450-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Mitchell K, Kruth S, Wood R, Jefferson B. Serum Acute Phase Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:585-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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44
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Mansfield CS, James FE, Robertson ID. Development of a clinical severity index for dogs with acute pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:936-44. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.6.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Fransson BA, Bergström A, Wardrop KJ, Hagman R. Assessment of three automated assays for C-reactive protein determination in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1281-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Nielsen L, Toft N, Eckersall PD, Mellor DJ, Morris JS. Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration as an Indicator of Remission Status in Dogs with Multicentric Lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Paltrinieri, S., 2007. Early biomarkers of inflammation in dogs and cats: the acute phase proteins. Veterinary Research Communications, 31(Suppl. 1), 125–129
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Tecles F, Fuentes P, Martínez Subiela S, Parra MD, Muñoz A, Cerón JJ. Analytical validation of commercially available methods for acute phase proteins quantification in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:133-9. [PMID: 17141287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate commercially available methods for porcine haptoglobin (Hp), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) determinations. Intra and inter assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were lower than 20% in all cases with exception of inter assay CVs for CRP and Pig-MAP assays with samples of low acute phase proteins concentration, and for SAA assay at any acute phase proteins concentration. All methods showed good linearity and detection limits were low enough to detect APPs levels in healthy animals. Hp and SAA were very affected by haemolysis. Lipaemia influenced mainly on SAA determination. Over 15-fold increase was observed in CRP and SAA concentrations after artificially induced inflammation by a single subcutaneous dose of turpentine, whereas Hp and Pig-MAP increased less than 5-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tecles
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, s/n 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Matijatko V, Mrljak V, Kis I, Kucer N, Forsek J, Zivicnjak T, Romić Z, Simec Z, Ceron JJ. Evidence of an acute phase response in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:242-50. [PMID: 17116368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), haematocrit (HCT) and platelet number (PLT) were quantified and compared with the acute phase proteins (APPs) in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis and healthy dogs. Both groups were treated with imidocarb dipropionate on the day of admission and both groups were monitored for all parameters on the admission day and on the first, second, third, fourth and seventh days in order to determine the presence of an acute phase reaction, to assess the diagnostic value of these markers in uncomplicated canine babesiosis and to evaluate the use of APPs in treatment monitoring. It was demonstrated that an acute phase response occurs in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis, with significant increases in the concentration of major acute phase proteins. The serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) decreased daily after treatment and approached reference range values by the eighth day. PLT and haematocrit (HCT) increased daily after treatment and approached reference range values by the fourth day. WBC and haptoglobin increased after treatment and then decreased from the third and fourth days, respectively, to the eighth day. The diagnostic sensitivity of CRP, SAA and PLT was significantly higher compared to haptoglobin, ESR, HCT and the WBC count. CRP and SAA were of clinical use in monitoring the response to antibabesial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Luntang-Jensen M, Willesen J, Jensen AL. Measurement of serum interleukin-10 in the dog. Vet J 2007; 173:361-5. [PMID: 16459112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate independently the reliability of a commercially available canine serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and to investigate canine serum IL-10 concentrations in healthy dogs, in dogs with a naturally-occurring acute phase reaction and in dogs following surgical stimulus by assessing intra- and interassay imprecision, inaccuracy and detection limits. Median (and range) serum IL-10 concentrations (ng/L) in the various groups were as follows: healthy dogs (n=15), 18.9 (11.2-71.5); dogs with pyometra (n=9), 37.9 (12.4-201.8); dogs with angiostrongylosis (n=8), 20.29 (14.3-108.7) and values in dogs following surgical stimulus (n=15), 14.8 (10.7-65.8). The assay measured canine serum IL-10 reliably (intra- and interassay imprecision 4.9-8.3% and 9.9-10.9%, respectively; detection limit 10.7 ng/L with no significant inaccuracy). No significant increases in IL-10 were observed following surgical stimulus and no difference in IL-10 was observed between the diagnostic groups. IL-10 values showed a higher degree of variation in dogs with an inflammatory response, i.e. those with elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, compared to healthy dogs. As anticipated, healthy dogs had low levels of both analytes, whereas dogs with an acute phase response had IL-10 levels with no clear relationship to CRP concentrations, with observed low IL-10 values even when there was a marked inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Central Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 3 Gronnegaardsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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