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Chen GL, Wang SC, Shen TC, Tsai CW, Chang WS, Li HT, Wu CN, Chao CY, Hsia TC, Bau DT. The association of matrix metalloproteinas-2 promoter polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility in Taiwan. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:210-216. [PMID: 31670285 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_43_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2) has been reported to be overexpressed in various types of cancer. However, the contribution of various genotypes of MMP2 to lung cancer is controversial and not yet been examined in Taiwan. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the association of MMP2 genotypes with lung cancer risk among Taiwanese. In this hospital-based, case-control study, 358 lung cancer patients and 716 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited, and the genotypic distributions of MMP2-1306 and MMP2- 735 were determined. Then, their association with lung cancer was evaluated, and their interaction with personal smoking status was also examined via stratification analysis. The results showed that the percentages of variant CT and TT at MMP2-1306 were 17.3% and 1.7% among the lung cancer patients, respectively, much lower than those of 28.7% and 2.4%, respectively, among the healthy controls (P for trend = 0.0001). The allelic frequency distribution analysis showed that the variant T allele at MMP2-1306 conferred a statistically significantly lower lung cancer risk than the wild-type C allele (adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.72, P = 0.0001). There was an obvious effect of MMP2-1306 genotype on lung cancer risk among the subpopulations of ever smokers but not nonsmokers. As for the genotypes of MMP2-735, there was no such differential distribution in the aspects of genotypic or allelic frequencies, or combinative effects with smoking status. The genotypes of MMP2-1306 may act as a biomarker in determining personal susceptibility to lung cancer in Taiwan. The contribution of MMP2 genotypes alone and its joint effects with personal cigarette smoking habit on lung cancer susceptibility should be taken into consideration of the clinical practices for early detection and prediction of lung cancer in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University; Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung; National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Cheng Wang
- Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung; National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Shen
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ting Li
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University; Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Merchant N, Nagaraju GP, Rajitha B, Lammata S, Jella KK, Buchwald ZS, Lakka SS, Ali AN. Matrix metalloproteinases: their functional role in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Esmailzadeh S, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B. siRNA-Mediated Silencing of HMGA2 Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Colorectal Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2016; 48:156-163. [DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Conjugates of small targeting molecules to non-viral vectors for the mediation of siRNA. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:21-41. [PMID: 27045350 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To use siRNA (small interfering RNA) for gene therapy, a gene delivery system is often necessary to overcome several challenging requirements including rapid excretion, low stability in blood serum, non-specific accumulation in tissues, poor cellular uptake and inefficient intracellular release. Active and/or passive targeting should help the delivery system to reach the desired tissue or cell, to be internalized, and to deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm so that siRNA can inhibit protein synthesis. This review covers conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems for the mediation of siRNA, with a focus on their transfection properties in order to help the development of new and efficient siRNA delivery systems, as the therapeutic solutions of tomorrow. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The delivery of siRNA into cells or tissues remains to be a challenge for its applications, an alternative strategy for siRNA delivery systems is direct conjugation of non-viral vectors with targeting moieties for cellular delivery. In comparison to macromolecules, small targeting molecules have attracted great attention due to their many potential advantages including significant simplicity and ease of production, good repeatability and biodegradability. This review will focus on the most recent advances in the delivery of siRNA using conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems. Based the editor's suggestions, we hope the revised manuscript could provide more profound understanding to the conjugates of targeting molecules to vectors for mediation of siRNA.
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Karami H, Baradaran B, Esfahani A, Estiar MA, Naghavi-Behzad M, Sakhinia M, Sakhinia E. siRNA-mediated silencing of survivin inhibits proliferation and enhances etoposide chemosensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7719-24. [PMID: 24460358 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of survivin, a known inhibitor of apoptosis, is associated with tumor progression and drug resistance in numerous malignancies, including leukemias. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a specific survivin small interference RNA (siRNA) on proliferation and the sensitivity of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cells were transfected with siRNAs using LipofectamineTM2000 transfection reagent. Relative survivin mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Trypan blue exclusion assays were performed to monitor tumor cell proliferation after siRNA transfection. The cytotoxic effects of etoposide and survivin siRNA, alone and in combination, on leukemic cells were determined using MTT assay. Apoptosis was assessed by ELISA cell death assay. RESULTS Survivin siRNA markedly reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels in a time-dependent manner, leading to distinct inhibition of cell proliferation and increased spontaneous apoptosis. Surprisingly, survivin siRNA synergistically increased the cell toxic effects of etoposide. Moreover, survivin down-regulation significantly enhanced its induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that down-regulation of survivin by siRNA can trigger apoptosis and overcome drug resistance of leukemia cells. Therefore, survivin siRNA may be an effective adjuvant in AML chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Karami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail : ,
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Karami H, Baradaran B, Esfahani A, Sakhinia M, Sakhinia E. Therapeutic Effects of Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 siRNA on Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:243-8. [PMID: 24754007 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Up-regulation of Mcl-1, a known anti-apoptotic protein, is associated with the survival and progression of various malignancies including leukemia. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Mcl-1 small interference RNA (siRNA) on the proliferation and apoptosis of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. METHODS siRNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine™2000 reagent. Relative mRNA and protein expressions were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Trypan blue assay was performed to assess tumor cell proliferation after siRNA transfection. The cytotoxic effect of Mcl-1 siRNA on leukemic cells was measured using MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using ELISA cell death assay. RESULTS Mcl-1 siRNA clearly lowered both Mcl-1 mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner, leading to marked inhibition of cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, Mcl-1 down-regulation significantly enhanced the extent of HL-60 apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the down-regulation of Mcl-1 by siRNA can effectively trigger apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of leukemic cells. Therefore, Mcl-1 siRNA may be a potent adjuvant in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Karami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Esfahani
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Ghazi Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Sakhinia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Reseach Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zou M, Xia S, Zhuang L, Han N, Chu Q, Chao T, Peng P, Chen Y, Gui Q, Yu S. Knockdown of the Bcl-2 gene increases sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the H1975 lung cancer cell line harboring T790M mutation. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:2094-102. [PMID: 23588221 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are being widely used as targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but most cases acquire drug-resistance in 9 months. However, the mechanisms of resistance are still not fully understood. Since it has been demonstrated that EGFR-TKI-mediated repression of downstream signaling cascades and apoptosis induction is a key mechanism through which EGFR-TKIs exert their cytotoxic effects, we reasoned that activation of downstream signaling pathways and changes in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins contribute to the acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. We analyzed the protein levels of p-Akt, Bcl-2, Bax between gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cell lines and evaluated whether targeting the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 induces cell apoptosis and further sensitizes resistant H1975 cells to gefitinib. The data showed that p-Akt was activated and accompanied by substantial Bcl-2 in the H1975 lung cancer cell line, whereas no evidence was observed in HCC827 cells. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence Bcl-2 in H1975 cells led to significant downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression, decreased cell viability in vitro and induced intrinsic apoptosis confirmed by flow cytometry and PARP cleavage. In Bcl-2 siRNA-transfected cells, adding gefitinib further reduced the number of viable cells, induced apoptosis to a greater extent compared to either treatment alone. These preclinical data suggested that downregulation of Bcl-2 by RNAi in the gefitinib-resistant H1975 lung cancer cell line with T790M mutation enhanced the effects of gefitinib and may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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Li Y, Xu S, Wang X, Shi H, Sun Z, Yang Z. Tumor-specific RNA Interference Targeting Pokemon Suppresses Tumor Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer. Urology 2013; 81:467.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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HSP47 siRNA conjugated with cationized gelatin microspheres suppresses peritoneal fibrosis in mice. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2688-96. [PMID: 22487929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, is essential for the biosynthesis and secretion of collagen and is expressed in the fibrotic peritoneum. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of HSP47 small interfering RNA (siRNA) to suppress the development of peritoneal fibrosis induced by chlorhexidine gluconate in mice. We initially confirmed that biodegradable cationized gelatin microspheres (CGMs) containing HSP47 siRNA could continuously release siRNA over 21 days as a result of microsphere degradation. We then determined that a single injection of CGMs incorporating HSP47 siRNA suppressed collagen expression and macrophage infiltration, thereby preventing peritoneal fibrosis. Therefore, we suggest that this controlled-release technology using HSP47 siRNA is a potential treatment for peritoneal fibrosis. Additionally, RNA interference combined with CGMs as a drug-delivery system may lead to new strategies for knocking down specific genes in vivo.
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Nemunaitis J, Rao DD, Liu SH, Brunicardi FC. Personalized cancer approach: using RNA interference technology. World J Surg 2011; 35:1700-14. [PMID: 21557010 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal cellular survival is dependent on the cooperative expression of genes' signaling through a broad array of DNA patterns. Cancer, however, has an Achilles' heel. Its altered cellular survival is dependent on a limited subset of signals through mutated DNA, possibly as few as three. Identification and control of these signals through the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology may provide a unique clinical opportunity for the management of cancer that employs genomic-proteomic profiling to provide a molecular characterization of the cancer, leading to targeted therapy customized to an individual cancer signal. Such an approach has been described as "personalized therapy." The present review identifies unique developing technology that employs RNAi as a method to target, and therefore block, signaling from mutated DNA and describes a clinical pathway toward its development in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, 1700 Pacific Avenue, Suite 1100, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Xiao ZY, Wu W, Eagleton N, Chen HQ, Shao J, Teng H, Liu TH, Jiang ZM, Yao HR. Silencing Fas-associated phosphatase 1 expression enhances efficiency of chemotherapy for colon carcinoma with oxaliplatin. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:112-8. [PMID: 20039457 PMCID: PMC2799906 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether silencing Fas-associated phosphatase 1 (FAP-1) expression enhances the efficiency of chemotherapy for colon carcinoma with oxaliplatin.
METHODS: Expression of FAP-1 in mRNA and protein was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed according to the FAP-1 mRNA sequence. Cell proliferation was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Anenxin V- and propidine iodine (PI) were assayed by flow cytometry for the detection of apoptosis.
RESULTS: The expression of FAP-1 was increased in SW480 cells after chemotherapy with oxaliplatin. Transfection of FAP-1 siRNA into SW480 cells silenced the expression of FAP-1 and consequently abolished the inhibitory function of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis pathway, thus increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy for colon carcinoma with oxaliplatin.
CONCLUSION: RNA interference combined with conventional chemotherapy is more effective against colon cancer.
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Nemunaitis J, Roth J. Gene-Based Therapies for Lung Cancer. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Formation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) occurs in two steps involving binding of the RNA nucleases to a large double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its cleavage into fragments called siRNA. In the second step, these siRNAs join a multinuclease complex, which degrades the homologous single‐stranded mRNAs. The delivery of siRNA involves viral‐ and non‐viral‐mediated delivery systems; the approaches for chemical modifications have also been developed. It has various therapeutic applications for disorders like cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatic disorders, etc. The present review gives an overview of the applications of siRNA and their potential for treating many hitherto untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika R Goyal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad 382 481, Gujarat, India.
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shRNAs Aiming at Glycosyltransferase Inhibit Invasive and Proliferative Ability of LoVo Cell Line in vitro*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen YY, Wang ZX, Chang PA, Li JJ, Pan F, Yang L, Bian ZH, Zou L, He JM, Liang HJ. Knockdown of focal adhesion kinase reverses colon carcinoma multicellular resistance. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1708-13. [PMID: 19500106 PMCID: PMC11158389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors is broad and encompasses diverse unrelated drugs. Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) are a good model for studying in vitro drug resistance. In the current study, we investigated the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance in colon carcinoma MCS culture cells. The expression of FAK was inhibited significantly by specific small hairpin RNA targeting FAK. The suppression of FAK expression did not affect the growth of spheroid cells. However, silencing of FAK combined with 5-FU treatment significantly decreased the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 5-FU and markedly increased the population of apoptosis cells, which was associated with the reduction of the levels of Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). Moreover, knockdown of FAK could inhibit tumor growth and increase the sensitivity of the tumor to 5-FU in the nude mouse xenograft. These results indicate that while not affecting cellular proliferation in the absence of 5-FU, RNA interference targeting FAK potentiated 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and partially reversed multicellular resistance, which may contribute to its chemosensitizing effect through efficiently suppressing Akt/NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rao DD, Vorhies JS, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. siRNA vs. shRNA: similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:746-59. [PMID: 19389436 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process through which expression of a targeted gene can be knocked down with high specificity and selectivity. Using available technology and bioinformatics investigators will soon be able to identify relevant bio molecular tumor network hubs as potential key targets for knockdown approaches. Methods of mediating the RNAi effect involve small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and bi-functional shRNA. The simplicity of siRNA manufacturing and transient nature of the effect per dose are optimally suited for certain medical disorders (i.e. viral injections). However, using the endogenous processing machinery, optimized shRNA constructs allow for high potency and sustainable effects using low copy numbers resulting in less off-target effects, particularly if embedded in a miRNA scaffold. Bi-functional design may further enhance potency and safety of RNAi-based therapeutics. Remaining challenges include tumor selective delivery vehicles and more complete evaluation of the scope and scale of off-target effects. This review will compare siRNA, shRNA and bi-functional shRNA.
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Liu WS, Yan HJ, Qin RY, Tian R, Wang M, Jiang JX, Shen M, Shi CJ. siRNA directed against survivin enhances pancreatic cancer cell gemcitabine chemosensitivity. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:89-96. [PMID: 18594980 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is known to be overexpressed in various human malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, and to cause resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, so the regulation of this molecule could be a new strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. In our study, a short interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmid expression vector against survivin was constructed and transfected into human pancreatic cancer cell lines of Panc-1 and BxPC3. The expression of survivin mRNA and protein among the stable transfected cells and the untransfected cells was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Tumor cell growth in vitro was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity assay was measured by the MTT test. Our results showed that survivin siRNA treatment caused a specific and profound decrease of survivin mRNA and protein that was associated with decreased cell growth, spontaneous apoptosis, and a specific G0/G1 arrest. Furthermore, the suppression of survivin can enhance the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine significantly. We suggest that the RNAi against survivin gene strategy would be a potential approach to chemosensitization therapy in human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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Li DB, Zheng ZG, Xu XM, Guo H, Zhao XL, Huang LF, Cai JH. Effect of short hairpin RNA on K-ras expression in human pancreatic cancer cell line. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3941-3945. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i35.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the specific inhibitory effect of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) on the mutant K-ras gene expression in PANC-1 cells.
METHODS: Plasmid pGensil-1 recombinant plasmids targeting mutant K-ras gene was established. After transfection into PANC-1 cells, the expression of K-ras gene was detected using RT-PCR, Western blot techniques, and the effect of cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 test. And a tumor model of nude mouse was constructed through rejecting the recombination plasmids to observe the volume of tumor.
RESULTS: The recombinant plasmid encoding mutant-specific shRNA for K-ras inhibited the expression of mutant K-ras significantly (P = 0.01). Rates of K-ras protein expression in non-treatment group, negative control group and treatment group were 100%, 99.0% ± 0.73%, 39.9% ± 2.1%, respectively. No significant difference in K-ras protein expression was observed between non-treatment group and negative control group. A 60.1% reduction in K-ras protein expression from the treatment group to non-treatment group indicated that cell growth was significantly inhibited (P = 0.02); and after fourteen day's recombinant plasmid treatment, the volume of tumor grew slowly in nude mice and was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: The specific shRNA inhibits the K-ras expression efficiently, and the growth of cells and nude mice is inhibited.
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Yu C, Zhang X, Sun G, Guo X, Li H, You Y, Jacobs JL, Gardner K, Yuan D, Xu Z, Du Q, Dai C, Qian Z, Jiang K, Zhu Y, Li QQ, Miao Y. RNA interference-mediated silencing of the polo-like kinase 1 gene enhances chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2334-49. [PMID: 18266952 PMCID: PMC4514112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas; however, chemoresistance to gemcitabine remains a major cause of failure for the clinical treatment of this disease. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk-1) is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic tumour tissues, and is involved in a wide variety of cell cycle processes. Nevertheless, its biological role and implication for gemcitabine resistance are not clearly defined. In this study, we used RNA-interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of Plk-1 to determine its potential for sensitizing pancreatic tumour cells to gemcitabine. We showed that the level of Plk-1 protein was correlated significantly with gemcitabine resistance in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells and that overexpression of Plk-1 reduced sensitivity to gemcitabine in these cells. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Plk-1 caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M and the reduction of cellular proliferation. More importantly, the treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with Plk-1 siRNA followed by exposure to gemcitabine dramatically decreased cell viability and increased cellular apoptosis, as compared with treatment with either agent alone. These observations indicate that down-regulation of Plk-1 expression by RNAi enhances gemcitabine sensitivity and increases gemcitabine cytotoxicity in pancreatic tumour cells. This is the first demonstration that the combination of Plk-1 gene therapy and gemcitabine chemotherapy has synergistic anti-tumour activity against pancreatic carcinoma in vitro. This combination treatment warrants further investigation as an effective therapeutic regimen for patients with resistant pancreatic cancer and other tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Aerospace General HospitalBeijing, P. R. China
| | - X Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - G Sun
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - X Guo
- Institute of Pediatric Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - H Li
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Y You
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - J L Jacobs
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Gardner
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Yuan
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Medical School ofHubei Institute for NationalitiesEnshi, P. R. China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Q Du
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - C Dai
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Z Qian
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - K Jiang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Q Q Li
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Miao
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
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21
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Sikarwar AP, Reddy KVR. siRNA-mediated silencing of c-kit in mouse primary spermatogonial cells induces cell cycle arrest. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:145-60. [PMID: 18637732 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several genes/gene products are known to act in a concert to regulate the process of spermatogenesis. One such gene is c-kit, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor which plays an indispensable role in the maturation and differentiation of spermatogonial germ cells (SGCs). In the present study, siRNA approach was used to assess the role of c-kit in survival and proliferation of murine primary SGCs. The effect of different concentrations of anti-c-kit siRNA-1 and siRNA-2 (0.15, 0.315, 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5, and 10 nM) on c-kit protein and mRNA expression at post-transfection time (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours) was assessed using an array of techniques such as flow cytometry, ELISA, Western blot, and RT-PCR. Transfection of cells with anti-c-kit siRNAs (0.15-10 nM) at various time points after (0-72 hours) showed significant knockdown c-kit mRNA and protein expression. MTT, Alamar blue assays, and RT-PCR were used to investigate the effects of c-kit silencing on survival, proliferation, distribution, and apoptosis of cells. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effects of c-kit knockdown on cell cycle distribution, DNA laddering, and apoptosis. The results indicated that the transfection with anti-c-kit siRNA induces DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase leading to significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation. In addition, enhanced suppression of c-kit protein in P815 cells was observed after transfection as compared to ES-E14TG2alpha cells, suggesting early onset of c-kit protein repression in P815 cells leading to prolongation in cell doubling time. In conclusion, our data provide the first evidence of specific knockdown of c-kit expression in mouse primary SGCs, which emphasizes the critical role played by c-kit in germ cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun P Sikarwar
- Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Parel, Mumbai, India
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22
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Morokoff AP, Novak U. Targeted therapy for malignant gliomas. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 11:807-18. [PMID: 15519855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The identification of markers that are associated with tumour but not normal tissue has allowed the development of highly-specific targeted therapies. Monoclonal antibodies, either alone or linked to radioisotopes or toxins, have provided a powerful tool for research, as well as the basis for promising therapeutic agents with less side effects than standard radiotherapy or chemotherapy. A new class of drugs, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which interfere with the function of key molecules in cancer-promoting pathways, have had a dramatic effect in haematological malignancy and are being trialled in solid tumours, including glioma. Although the problem of achieving specific, high-level delivery of these various agents to tumours in the brain remains a major issue, encouraging early results with some targeted agents support the attractive theoretical principles of this new paradigm. Further work to identify new molecular targets and to develop agents exploiting them, is needed, as well as confirmation of their safety and efficacy by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Li TJ, Song JN, Kang K, Tong SS, Hu ZL, He TC, Zhang BQ, Zhang CQ. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of vascular endothelial growth factor in colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5312-6. [PMID: 17879399 PMCID: PMC4171319 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i40.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To inhibit the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in colon cancer cell line by RNA interference (RNAi).
METHODS: Followed the service of E-RNAi, we designed and constructed two kinds of shRNA expression vectors aiming at the VEGF gene, then transfected them into colon cancer HT29 cells by lipofectamineTM 2000. The level of VEGF mRNA was investigated by RT-PCR and Northern blotting. The protein expression of VEGF was observed by immunofluoresence staining and Western blotting.
RESULTS: We got two kinds of VEGF specific shRNA expression vectors which could efficiently inhibit the expression of VEGF in HT29 cells. RT-PCR, Northern blotting, immunofluoresence staining and Western blotting showed that inhibition rate for VEGF expression was up to 42%, 89%, 73% and 82%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The expression of VEGF can be inhibited by RNA interference in HT29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jun Li
- Department in General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400016, China
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24
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Salem TZ, Maruniak JE. A universal transgene silencing approach in baculovirus–insect cell system. J Virol Methods 2007; 145:1-8. [PMID: 17548118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Baculovirus-insect cell system (BICS) is considered one of the most efficient eukaryotic gene expression systems. This system has also been used for producing different recombinant baculoviruses with increased insect toxicity as potential biopesticides. Establishing a universal gene silencing (UGS) system is very important due to the increasing number of studies using RNA interference (RNAi) with BICS. In this work, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was used as the RNAi consistent target sequence located downstream of a depressant insect-neurotoxin gene, LqqIT2 used as a model of the gene of interest. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and inverted repeats of EGFP gene (IR-EG) were examined in targeting the EGFP-LqqIT2 (EL)-fusion mRNA or LqqIT2-EGFP (LE)-bicistronic mRNA for degradation. Suppression efficiencies using these inducers were examined transiently and stably in uninfected and infected insect Sf9 cells. Moreover, RNAi showed persistence for 4 and 8 days in baculovirus-infected as well as uninfected Sf9 cells, respectively. Bicistronic RNA seems an efficient way to lower cost and effort of the gene silencing approach while maintaining the biological activity of the protein of interest when the RNAi is not in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Z Salem
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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25
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Xu D, Lin JS, Ren JH, Chen Q, Yao JJ, He XX. Effect of nephroblastoma overexpressed gene on biological behaviors of rat hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i14.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct recombinant plasmids that can express small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV) and investigate its effect on the biological behaviors of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).
METHODS: Hairpin siRNA templates targeting NOV gene were synthesized and cloned into plasmid vector psiRNA-H1neo. Three vector-derived siRNAs (denoted psiRNA1, 2 and 3) and one mocking pconsiRNA (as control) were constructed. The recombinant NOV siRNA plasmids were constructed and identified using restrictive enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing, and then transfected into HSCs by lipofectamine. HSCs were divided into group psiRNA1, psiRNA2, psiRNA3 and pconsiRNA, transfected with the corresponding recombinant plasmids. Blank group consisted of HSCs contaning no plasmids. The expression of NOV and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by semi-quantitative reverser transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The mRNA expression of type Ⅰ collagen and type Ⅲ collagen were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assayed by MTT method and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Restrictive enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing revealed the successful construction of siRNA expression plasmids. Compared with negative control group, extrogenous recombinant plasmid psiRNA2 reduced the mRNA levels of NOV (decreased rate: 73.0% vs 23.2%, P < 0.05), type Ⅰ collagen (decreased rate: 59.8% vs 17.0%, P < 0.05), type Ⅲ collagen (decreased rate: 37.1% vs 6.6%, P < 0.05), and inhibit the expression of α-SMA at mRNA level (decreased rate: 51.4% vs 15.1%, P < 0.05) and protein level. Compared with non-transfection group, extrogenous recombinant plasmid psiRNA2 significantly decreased the proliferating activity of HSC (24 h: 0.172 ± 0.005 vs 0.318 ± 0.018, P < 0.05; 48 h: 0.296 ± 0.004 vs 0.472 ± 0.029, P < 0.05; 72 h: 0.432 ± 0.024 vs 0.672 ± 0.050, P < 0.05). No obvious changes were found in psiRNA1 group and psiRNA3 group (all P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: NOV can increase the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote the proliferation and activation of HSCs. NOV may be a novel target for gene therapy of liver fibrosis.
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26
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Arnold AS, Tang YL, Qian K, Shen L, Valencia V, Phillips MI, Zhang YC. Specific beta1-adrenergic receptor silencing with small interfering RNA lowers high blood pressure and improves cardiac function in myocardial ischemia. J Hypertens 2007; 25:197-205. [PMID: 17143192 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000254374.73241.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beta-blockers are widely used and effective for treating hypertension, acute myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure, but they present side-effects mainly due to antagonism of beta2-adrenergic receptor (AR). Currently available beta-blockers are at best selective but not specific for beta1 or beta2-AR. METHODS To specifically inhibit the expression of the beta1-AR, we developed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to beta1-AR. Three different sequences of beta1 siRNA were delivered into C6-2B cells with 90% efficiency. RESULTS One of the three sequences reduced the level of beta1-AR mRNA by 70%. The siRNA was highly specific for beta1-AR inhibition with no overlap with beta2-AR. To test this in vivo, systemic injection of beta1 siRNA complexed with liposomes resulted in efficient delivery into the heart, lung, kidney and liver, and effectively reduced beta1-AR expression in the heart without altering beta2-AR. beta1 siRNA significantly lowered blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) for at least 12 days and reduced cardiac hypertrophy following a single injection. Pretreatment with beta1 siRNA 3 days before induction of MI in Wistar rats significantly improved cardiac function, as demonstrated by dP/dt and electrocardiogram following the MI. The protective mechanism involved reduction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the beta1 siRNA-treated hearts. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the possibility of using siRNA for treating cardiovascular diseases and may represent a novel beta-blocker specific for beta1-AR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/metabolism
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Blood Pressure
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Myocardial Ischemia/genetics
- Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism
- Myocardial Ischemia/pathology
- Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Arnold
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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27
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Grabowska AM, Hughes J, Watson SA. Use of interfering RNA to investigate the role of endogenous gastrin in the survival of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:464-73. [PMID: 17262081 PMCID: PMC2360027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin isoforms, acting through a variety of receptors, have proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the gastrin gene was used to investigate the role of endogenous gastrin in GI cancer cell survival. Downregulation of the gastrin gene in siRNA-transfected cells was measured using real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR. The most effective siRNA was tested in a panel of GI cancer cell lines at various concentrations and time points, and the effect on cell survival and apoptosis was measured using methyl thiazoyl tetrazolium (MTT) and caspase 3 activation assays. Gastrin siRNA reduced gene expression by more than 90% in a range of GI cancer cell lines. Downregulation of the gastrin gene was dose-dependent and effective over approximately 1 week in vitro. However, downregulation at the protein level was delayed by 3–4 days. Gastrin siRNA-transfected cells showed up to a 60% reduction in growth and up to a 50% increase in apoptosis compared with control siRNA-transfected cells. The effects were most marked in the cell line with the highest constitutive level of gastrin gene expression (human metastatic colon, C170HM2) and in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated cells as the gastrin promoter contains an EGF-response element, gERE. The ability of the siRNAs to reduce survival of these GI cell lines is further evidence of the importance of autocrine and/or intracrine gastrin loops in GI cancer, where expression of the gastrin gene and autonomous gastrin appears widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Grabowska
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, D Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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28
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Wu X, Deng Y, Wang G, Tao K. Combining siRNAs at two different sites in the EGFR to suppress its expression, induce apoptosis, and enhance 5-fluorouracil sensitivity of colon cancer cells. J Surg Res 2006; 138:56-63. [PMID: 17169374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has played an important role in the growth and apoptosis of colon cancer. The RNA interference (RNAi) technique can suppress gene expression, but the effects of double combining sites RNAi targeting EGFR have not been well understood. METHODS pU6-EGFR-shRNA-1 and pU6-EGFR-shRNA-2 expressive vectors were transfected to the LoVo cells. Five groups were selected for the study: Group 1, the control cells; group 2, the negative control plasmid vector HK; group 3, pU6-EGFR-shRNA-1; group 4, pU6-EGFR-shRNA-2; group 5, pU6-EGFR-shRNA-1 and pU6-EGFR-shRNA-2, half for each. The mRNA and protein expression were assessed by Real Time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Apoptosis was determined via flow cytometry. IC(50) and the inhibition ratio of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were carried out by CCK-8. RESULTS In groups 3, 4, and 5, the mRNA expression was decreased by (80.22 +/- 3.42)%, (81.30 +/- 2.83)%, and (90.58 +/- 2.76)%, respectively, and the protein expression was decreased by (74.11 +/- 4.02)%, (73.39 +/- 2.30)%, and (90.39 +/- 3.34)%, respectively. Meanwhile, the cell apoptosis increased by (10.43 +/- 0.49)%, (10.13 +/- 0.39)%, and (14.17 +/- 0.53)%, respectively. The IC(50) of 5-FU and cell inhibition ratio analysis demonstrated that there were significant differences between the following three: group 5, groups 3 and 4, and groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Both pU6-EGFR-shRNA-1 and pU6-EGFR-shRNA-2 are capable of suppressing EGFR expression of the LoVo cell and can promote apoptosis and increase the cell toxicity of 5-FU. The double combining sites RNAi technique is significantly better than a single site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbai Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chetty C, Bhoopathi P, Joseph P, Chittivelu S, Rao JS, Lakka S. Adenovirus-mediated small interfering RNA against matrix metalloproteinase-2 suppresses tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2289-99. [PMID: 16985063 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a group of proteinases that have normal physiologic roles degrading and remodeling the extracellular matrix. They also have multiple roles in different stages of tumor progression. Elevated levels of MMPs have been observed in many tumors; these increases have a strong association with the invasive phenotype. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are particularly involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. MMP inhibitors are currently being tested as therapeutic agents for a number of cancers in both preclinical models and in clinical trials. To date, clinical trials using this strategy have had limited efficacy. A major concern is the lack of specificity of commercially available MMP inhibitors. An adenoviral vector expressing small interfering RNA against the MMP-2 gene (Ad-MMP-2) was constructed to specifically inhibit MMP-2 expression. The effect of Ad-MMP-2 on invasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis of A549 lung cancer cell was evaluated. Ad-MMP-2 infection of lung cancer cells showed specific down-regulation of MMP-2 protein, activity, and transcription as determined by Western blotting, gelatin zymography, and reverse transcription-PCR. Ad-MMP-2 inhibition also mitigated lung cancer invasion and migration, and reduced tumor cell-induced angiogenesis in vitro. In an experimental metastatic lung tumor model, treatment of established tumors by Ad-MMP-2 inhibited s.c. tumor growth and formation of lung nodules in mice. Adenoviral-mediated RNA interference against MMP-2 has significant therapeutic potential for lung cancer and exerts some of this effect by inhibiting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramu Chetty
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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30
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Wang HF, Xu KS, Qian W, Wang BH. Silencing cyclooxygenase-2 gene by construction of eukaryotic expression vector expressing short hairpin RNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:3184-3189. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i33.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct the eukaryotic expression plasmids of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) specific to human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and observe their inhibitory effects on COX-2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
METHODS: Plasmids named WBH1 and WBH2, containing the different sequences of human COX-2 mRNA coding region, were constructed. The expression of COX-2 was assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after HepG2 and Bel7402 cells were transfected with liposomes.
RESULTS: The transfection rates in HepG2 and Bel7402 cells were about 60% and 54% respectively. RT-PCR showed that the inhibition efficiencies of the plasmid WBH1 were 18.5%, 88.6%, 52.8%, 42.4% in HepG2 cells and 9%, 45.1%, 70.1%, 56.3% in Bel7402 cells, respectively, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection (P < 0.01). Western blot demonstrated that the inhibition efficiencies of the plasmid WBH1 were 10.3%, 80.5%, 45.3%, 39.0% in HepG2 cells and 8.3%, 40.2%, 66.4%, 35.6% in Bel7402 cells, respectively (P < 0.01). The plasmid WBH2 had no significant inhibitory effect on COX-2 expression (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: COX-2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells can be inhibited significantly by construction of eukaryotic expression vector expressing the shRNA. The maximal inhibition occurs at the 48th and 72th h after transfection, respectively.
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Nozawa H, Tadakuma T, Ono T, Sato M, Hiroi S, Masumoto K, Sato Y. Small interfering RNA targeting epidermal growth factor receptor enhances chemosensitivity to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and docetaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1115-24. [PMID: 16984384 PMCID: PMC11158321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been found in various epithelial malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and is associated with increased tumor growth, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and poor prognosis. As such, EGFR is a potential target for antitumor therapy and several EGFR inhibitors have been investigated in preclinical or clinical settings. In the present study, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate EGFR expression while evaluating the effect of EGFR siRNA on cell proliferation, and the combined effects with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and docetaxel in HNSCC. Furthermore, HNSCC xenografts were treated with EGFR siRNA alone or in combination with cisplatin, and tumor growth was examined. EGFR expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis index were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that EGFR siRNA efficiently downregulated EGFR expression and inhibited cell growth of HNSCC. Treatment with EGFR siRNA in combination with cisplatin, 5-FU and docetaxel enhanced chemosensitivity with a significant increase in apoptosis. EGFR siRNA delivered by atelocollagen enhanced the antitumor effect of cisplatin in the HNSCC xenograft model. These cumulative results suggest that EGFR siRNA combined with cisplatin, 5-FU and docetaxel may be a feasible strategy to enhance the effects of chemotherapy in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nozawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
For the minority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), surgical or locally ablative therapies may offer the prospect of cure. However, the majority of patients present with advanced disease, such that treatment with curative intent is no longer possible. For some of these patients, with good hepatic reserve and a patent portal venous system, chemoembolisation may afford a modest survival benefit. The remainder of patients are frequently treated with systemic therapies with palliative intent. However, no drug treatment has yet clearly demonstrated a significant beneficial effect on survival or quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel approaches. Gene- and immunotherapy approaches using a variety of strategies are in development at present. HCC possesses several characteristics that make it an attractive target for these therapies. This review aims to summarise the approaches to gene- and immunotherapy for HCC, with particular reference to strategies that are entering clinical trials. It will then describe some of the obstacles to the success of these new approaches and provide opinion regarding ongoing and future developments. The challenge remains to design clinical trials to optimally evaluate these agents and allow feedback to the laboratory for their ongoing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Palmer
- CR UK Institute for Cancer Studies, Clinical Research Block, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Tian X, Zhang P, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Brouwer KLR. Knocking down transport: applications of RNA interference in the study of drug transport proteins. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 37:705-23. [PMID: 16393889 DOI: 10.1080/03602530500364098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing process mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The silencing process is comprised of an initiation step, in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is introduced to the cell, and an effector step, which involves degrading mRNA molecules of the target gene. RNA interference has been observed in most organisms from plants to vertebrates. As a gene silencing approach, RNAi has proven to be extremely useful in characterizing gene function and developing new tools in cancer therapy and drug delivery. The development of RNAi-related technologies is an emerging area in biomedical research. In this review, recent progress in the application of RNAi to the study of transport proteins is summarized and evaluated; the advantages, disadvantages and future directions of RNAi technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Tian
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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Abstract
Abnormal gene expression is a hallmark of many diseases. Gene-specific downregulation of aberrant genes could be useful therapeutically and potentially less toxic than conventional therapies due its specificity. Over the years, many strategies have been proposed for silencing gene expression in a gene-specific manner. Three major approaches are antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ONs), ribozymes/DNAzymes, and RNA interference (RNAi). In this brief review, we will discuss the successes and shortcomings of these three gene-silencing methods, and the approaches being taken to improve the effectiveness of antisense molecules. We will also provide an overview of some of the clinical applications of antisense therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalota
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
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36
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Palmer DH, Young LS, Mautner V. Cancer gene-therapy: clinical trials. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 24:76-82. [PMID: 16380178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of gene therapy for the treatment of cancer is to kill tumour cells but preserve normal tissue; therefore, the ideal gene therapy agent would be targeted for specific transduction of tumour cells and have specificity in its cytotoxic action. A variety of strategies to achieve these aims have demonstrated promising results in the laboratory, including enzyme-pro-drug activating systems, correction of genetic mutations contributing to the malignant phenotype and stimulation of a T-cell-mediated anti-tumour immune response. The key to the success of all these strategies is an effective vector that can direct appropriate expression of the therapeutic gene. Viruses have many properties that can be adapted to achieve this therapeutic endpoint; furthermore, they can be engineered to replicate selectively in cancer cells and lyse them. The challenge now is to translate these features into effective therapies that can supplement or supplant existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Palmer
- CR UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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37
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Peng J, Zhao Y, Mai J, Pang WK, Wei X, Zhang P, Xu Y. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by various RNAi constructs and their pharmacodynamic properties. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:3227-3234. [PMID: 16298967 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has been suggested to have great potential in treating viral diseases. It provides new hope of being able to complement the limited therapeutic options currently available for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To advance such a strategy towards clinical use, the effects of various parameters on the anti-HBV efficiency of RNAi need to be well-defined. In this study, the efficacy and pharmacodynamic properties of different RNAi target sequences and constructs were examined. Several sequences were found to be effective in cell and animal models, achieving inhibition rates of approximately 80-90 %. Methyl-modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules were found to be more stable inside cells than natural siRNA molecules and offered longer-lasting inhibitory effects. Both were effective at rather low doses (an equimolar ratio with HBV preS2-S protein expression vector). Plasmid DNA vectors were less dose-responsive, but their effectiveness in vivo lasted longer, for approximately 1 month. By analysing these different parameters and their possible mechanisms, some important issues in RNAi therapeutics that should assist the future development of clinical applications have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Junhua Mai
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Weng Ka Pang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Peizuo Zhang
- Shanghai GenePharma Co. Ltd, 501 Newton Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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38
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Shen Y, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Individualised cancer therapeutics: dream or reality? Therapeutics construction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:1427-41. [PMID: 16255647 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.11.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of DNA microarray and proteomic data, and the subsequent integration into functional expression sets, provides a circuit map of the hierarchical cellular networks responsible for sustaining the viability and environmental competitiveness of cancer cells, that is, their robust systematics. These technologies can be used to 'snapshot' the unique patterns of molecular derangements and modified interactions in cancer, and allow for strategic selection of therapeutics that best match the individual profile of the tumour. This review highlights technology that can be used to selectively disrupt critical molecular targets and describes possible vehicles to deliver the synthesised molecular therapeutics to the relevant cellular compartments of the malignant cells. RNA interference (RNAi) involves a group of evolutionarily conserved gene silencing mechanisms in which small sequences of double-stranded RNA or intrinsic antisense RNA trigger mRNA cleavage or translational repression, respectively. Although RNAi molecules can be synthesised to 'silence' virtually any gene, even if upregulated, a mechanism for selective delivery of RNAi effectors to sites of malignant disease remains challenging. The authors will discuss gene-modified conditionally replicating viruses as candidate vehicles for the delivery of RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Shen
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Dallas, TX 75201, USA
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39
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Temming K, Schiffelers RM, Molema G, Kok RJ. RGD-based strategies for selective delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to the tumour vasculature. Drug Resist Updat 2005; 8:381-402. [PMID: 16309948 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, RGD-peptides have become a popular tool for the targeting of drugs and imaging agents to alphavbeta3-integrin expressing tumour vasculature. RGD-peptides have been introduced by recombinant means into therapeutic proteins and viruses. Chemical means have been applied to couple RGD-peptides and RGD-mimetics to liposomes, polymers, peptides, small molecule drugs and radiotracers. Some of these products show impressive results in preclinical animal models and a RGD targeted radiotracer has already successfully been tested in humans for the visualization of alphavbeta3-integrin, which demonstrates the feasibility of this approach. This review will summarize the structural requirements for RGD-peptides and RGD-mimetics as ligands for alphavbeta3. We will show how they have been introduced in the various types of constructs by chemical and recombinant techniques. The importance of multivalent RGD-constructs for high affinity binding and internalization will be highlighted. Furthermore the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of RGD-targeted therapeutics and diagnostics reported in recent years will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Temming
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Senzer N, Shen Y, Hill C, Nemunaitis J. Individualised cancer therapeutics: dream or reality? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:1189-201. [PMID: 16300470 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.6.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional measures for treating metastatic cancer involve identification of the originating organ from which the neoplasm arose and empirical treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Arguably, with the exception of haematological malignancies, demonstration of efficacy in solid tumours has been limited. Over the past half-decade, theoretical and technological advances have resulted in greater application of molecular science to drug design, which has enabled development of new 'targeted' therapeutics. However, generic chemotherapy paradigms have not changed. Establishment of the optimal population for 'targeted' therapeutics based on molecular diagnostics (i.e. genomic and proteomic characterisation) to identify sensitive tumour-host ecosystems in individual patients at the 'bedside', is not being done as part of routine oncology management. This review focuses on the concept of designing individualised therapeutics based on genomic and proteomic profile of malignant tissue. Genetic and epigenetic perturbations in signal pathways drive cancer growth, survival, invasion and metastatic spread. The burgeoning evidence which supports the concept that each patient's cancer has a unique complement of pathogenic genetic and molecular derangements is reviewed. Such evidence supports the strategy of individualised selection of a therapeutic complex from a menu of targeting options that best complements the specific oncomolecular profile of the 'tumour-host' system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Senzer
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Collins Building, Suite 302, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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41
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Mocellin S, Costa R, Nitti D. RNA interference: ready to silence cancer? J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 84:4-15. [PMID: 16283143 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is considered the most promising functional genomics tool recently developed. As in other medical fields, this biotechnology might revolutionize the approach to dissecting the biology of cancer, ultimately speeding up the discovery pace of novel targets suitable for molecularly tailored antitumor therapies. In addition, preclinical results suggest that RNAi itself might be used as a therapeutic weapon. With the aim of illustrating not only the potentials but also the current limitations of RNAi as a tool in the fight against cancer, here we summarize the physiology of RNAi, discuss the main technical issues of RNAi-based gene silencing, and review some of the most interesting preclinical results obtained so far with its implementation in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy.
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42
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Kami K, Doi R, Koizumi M, Toyoda E, Mori T, Ito D, Kawaguchi Y, Fujimoto K, Wada M, Miyatake SI, Imamura M. Downregulation of survivin by siRNA diminishes radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Surgery 2005; 138:299-305. [PMID: 16153440 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which inhibits apoptosis and regulates cell division. Survivin is expressed by the majority of human cancers, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We have reported that its expression is correlated with shorter survival of pancreatic cancer patients, so regulation of this molecule could be a new strategy for fighting pancreatic cancer. METHODS In 3 pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, SUIT-2, and Panc-1), survivin promoter activity was determined by the luciferase reporter assay, and survivin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The dose-dependent cytotoxity of radiation was also assessed, while caspase-3 activity and induction of DNA fragmentation were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of silencing or nonsilencing short interfering RNA (siRNA) expression plasmids directed against the survivin gene on AsPC-1 cells, the most radioresistant cell line, was evaluated. RESULTS Pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed varying levels of survivin mRNA in association with transcriptional activity of the survivin promoter. Both survivin promoter activity and mRNA expression were correlated with tumor cell radiosensitivity. Radiation significantly increased survivin promoter activity and survivin mRNA expression in all cell lines. Radiation induced a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation in AsPC-1 cells. After silencing siRNA treatment of AsPC-1 cells (AS-S cells), there was a significant decrease in survivin mRNA expression and increase in caspase-3 activity, compared with the effect of nonsilencing scramble siRNA on AsPC-1 cells (AS-NS cells). AS-S cells were more radiosensitive than AS-NS cells. Radiation induced higher caspase-3 activity and more DNA fragmentation in AS-S cells, compared with AS-NS cells. CONCLUSIONS Survivin may play an important role as 1 of the radioresistance factors. Downregulation of survivin by siRNA can diminish the radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells, so combined therapy with survivin inhibition and radiation may be useful for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kami
- Department of Surgery and Basic Surgical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Japan
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43
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Zhao WH, Guo JM, Xiao BX, Guan Z, Xiao DS. Effects of survivin siRNA expression plasmid on proliferation of MGC-803 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2302-2305. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i19.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To silence the expression of survivin gene in MGC-803 cells by the siRNA expression vector-based RNA interference (RNAi) technique, and to investigate its effects on the proliferation of MGC-803 cells.
METHODS: The survivin siRNA expression plasmid was transfected into MGC-803 cells by lipofectamine. Morphological changes of the cells were observed under invert microscope. The expression of survivin mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The changes of cell cycle and the cell proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry and MTT assay, respectively.
RESULTS: Abnormal morphological changes of MGC-803 cells were observed in the group transfected with the survivin siRNA expression plasmid. The survivin siRNA expression plasmid significantly down-regulated the expression of survivin mRNA in MGC-803 cells with a percentage of 48.2% ( vs empty controls), and it arrested the cell cycle in G1 phase (77.4%). The cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, and the optical density in siRNA-transfected cells was markedly lower than that in the empty controls (24 h: 0.272 ± 0.048 vs 0.576 ± 0.018; 48 h: 0.270 ± 0.060 vs 0.809 ± 0.027; 72 h: 0.143 ± 0.046 vs 1.015 ± 0.075; all P < 0.01). The growth inhibitory rates of MGC-803 cells were 53.4%, 66.7%, and 86.3% after 24, 48, and 72 h of the transfection, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The expression of survivin in MGC-803 cells can be down-regulated by the plasmid-based RNAi technique, and the down-regulation can inhibit the cell proliferation in vitro.
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44
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Abstract
Cancer and many other serious diseases are characterized by the uncontrolled growth of new blood vessels. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has reinvigorated the therapeutic prospects for inhibiting gene expression and promises many advantages over binding inhibitors, including high specificity, which is essential for targeted therapeutics. This article describes the latest developments using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors to downregulate various angiogenic and tumor-associated factors, both in cell-culture assays and in animal disease models. The majority of research efforts are currently focused on understanding gene function, as well as proof-of-concept for siRNA-mediated anti-angiogenesis. The prospects for siRNA therapeutics, both advantages and looming hurdles, are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Lu
- Intradigm Corporation, 12115 K Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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45
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Ji J, Wernli M, Mielgo A, Buechner SA, Erb P. Fas-ligand gene silencing in basal cell carcinoma tissue with small interfering RNA. Gene Ther 2005; 12:678-84. [PMID: 15660112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent cancer in the Caucasian population. Cells of BCC strongly express Fas-ligand (FasL), a member of the tumor necrosis family, which induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-expressing cells. It has been suggested that by expression of FasL, BCC cells may evade the attack of Fas-positive immune effector cells allowing the tumor to expand. Thus, downregulation of FasL should prime BCC to the assault of immune effector cells. Recently, it has been shown that RNA interference is a highly successful approach to specifically silence a gene of interest in single cells and some animal models. However, RNAi in human tissues has not been shown so far. Here, we provide evidence that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) efficiently transfect tumor tissue ex vivo and silence the gene of interest. We demonstrate that a specific siRNA efficiently downregulates FasL not only in FasL-positive indicator cells but also in surgically excised BCC tissue at both the protein and the mRNA level. The successful transfection of tumor tissues with siRNAs now allows to test the function of the molecule under study and opens up the investigation of other target genes in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ji
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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46
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Schiffelers RM, van Kolfschoten SC, van Dijk M, Scaria PV, Woodle MC, Storm G. siRNA as a new drug: intellectual property. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Li ZY, Mao H, Kallick DA, Gorenstein DG. The effects of thiophosphate substitutions on native siRNA gene silencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:1026-30. [PMID: 15752758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA mediated interference has emerged as a powerful tool in controlling gene expression in mammalian cells. We investigated the gene silencing properties of six thiophosphate substituted siRNAs (all based on a commercial luciferase medium silencer) compared to that of unmodified siRNA. We also examined the cytotoxicity and dose-response using several thiophosphate modified siRNAs with unmodified siRNA. Our results show that two thiophosphate siRNA sequences convert from medium to high silencers with the addition of four randomly placed thiophosphates. Both thiophosphate siRNAs have a statistically significant difference in luciferase gene silencing (5% and 6% activity) relative to the unmodified native medium silencer referred to as siRNA-2 (18% activity) and four other thiophosphate siRNAs that maintain their medium silencing capability. This indicates that specific thiophosphate substitutions may alter native siRNA function. Further, this shows that thiophosphate siRNAs with the same nucleotide sequence but with different sulfur modification positions have different silencing effects. Both the native siRNA and the thio siRNAs showed a concentration dependent relationship, i.e., with concentration increase, the luciferase gene silencing effect also increased. Confirming cytotoxicity experiments showed no significant changes when HeLa cells were treated with 10nM thiophosphate siRNAs over the course of several days. These results suggest that specific placement of thiophosphates could play an important role in the development of siRNAs as therapeutics by engineering in properties such as strength of binding, nuclease sensitivity, and ultimately efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yin Li
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and the Sealy Center for Structural Biology, 301 University Boulevard, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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48
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Azorsa DO, Mousses S, Caplen NJ. Gene silencing through RNA interference: Potential for therapeutics and functional genomics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-4900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Achenbach TV, Brunner B, Heermeier K. Oligonucleotide-based knockdown technologies: antisense versus RNA interference. Chembiochem 2004; 4:928-35. [PMID: 14523910 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The postgenomic era is characterized by an almost intimidating amount of information regarding the sequences and expression of previously unknown genes. In response, researchers have developed an increasing interest in functional studies. At the start of such a study, one may have little more than sequence information and bioinformatic annotation. The next step is to hypothesize a potential role in the context of a cell. Testing of the hypothesis needs to be fast, cheap, and applicable to a large number of genes. Knockdown methods that rely on binding of antisense oligonucleotides to mRNA combined with a subsequent functional assay in cell culture fulfil these requirements: sequence information is sufficient for synthesis of active inhibitors. Depending on the in vitro model chosen, knockdown of gene expression can be achieved with medium or even high throughput. The two most popular methods of knockdown in cell culture are the use of antisense oligonucleotides that rely on ribonuclease H (RNAse H)-dependent cleavage of mRNA, and RNA interference triggered by small double-stranded RNA molecules. Both methods act in a sequence-specific manner and can give efficient knockdown. In both cases, researchers struggle with nonspecific "off-target" effects and the difficulty of site selection. Studies that compare the methods differ in their judgment as to which method is superior.
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MESH Headings
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Genetic Techniques
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/toxicity
- Ribonuclease H/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana V Achenbach
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, DI&A LG Functional Genomics, Industriepark Hoechst, Building G879, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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50
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Duxbury MS, Matros E, Ito H, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Whang EE. Systemic siRNA-mediated gene silencing: a new approach to targeted therapy of cancer. Ann Surg 2004; 240:667-74; discussion 675-6. [PMID: 15383794 PMCID: PMC1356468 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000140755.97224.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), silences genes with a high degree of specificity and potentially represents a general approach for molecularly targeted anticancer therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of systemically administered siRNA to silence gene expression in vivo and to assess the effect of this approach on tumor growth using a murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft model. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is widely overexpressed in human gastrointestinal cancer. Overexpression of CEACAM6 promotes cell survival under anchorage independent conditions, a characteristic associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. METHODS CEACAM6 expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Mice (n = 10/group) were subcutaneously xenografted with 2 x 10 BxPC3 cells (which inherently overexpress CEACAM6). Tumor growth, CEACAM6 expression, cellular proliferation (Ki-67 immunohistochemistry), apoptosis, angiogenesis (CD34 immunohistochemistry), and survival were compared for mice administered either systemic CEACAM6-specific or control single-base mismatch siRNA over 6 weeks, following orthotopic tumor implantation. RESULTS Treatment with CEACAM6-specific siRNA suppressed primary tumor growth by 68% versus control siRNA (P < 0.05) and was associated with a decreased proliferating cell index, impaired angiogenesis and increased apoptosis in the xenografted tumors. CEACAM6-specific siRNA completely inhibited metastasis (0% of mice versus 60%, P < 0.05) and significantly improved survival, without apparent toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the efficacy of systemically administered siRNA as a therapeutic modality in experimental pancreatic cancer. This novel therapeutic strategy may be applicable to a broad range of cancers and warrants investigation in patients with refractory disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Targeting
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Duxbury
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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