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Jiang B, Wang C, Qu C, Jiang C, Zhang C, Chen Y, Chen F, Su L, Luo Y. Primary human thyrocytes maintained the function of thyroid hormone production and secretion in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2501-2512. [PMID: 37133653 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cell lines are useful tools to study the physiology and pathology of the thyroid, however, they do not produce or secrete hormones in vitro. On the other hand, the detection of endogenous thyroid hormones in primary thyrocytes was often hindered by the dedifferentiation of thyrocytes ex vivo and the presence of large amounts of exogenous hormones in the culture medium. This study aimed to create a culture system that could maintain the function of thyrocytes to produce and secrete thyroid hormones in vitro. METHODS We established a Transwell culture system of primary human thyrocytes. Thyrocytes were seeded on a porous membrane in the inner chamber of the Transwell with top and bottom surfaces exposed to different culture components, mimicking the 'lumen-capillary' structure of the thyroid follicle. Moreover, to eliminate exogenous thyroid hormones from the culture medium, two alternatives were tried: a culture recipe using hormone-reduced serum and a serum-free culture recipe. RESULTS The results showed that primary human thyrocytes expressed thyroid-specific genes at higher levels in the Transwell system than in the monolayer culture. Hormones were detected in the Transwell system even in the absence of serum. The age of the donor was negatively related to the hormone production of thyrocytes in vitro. Intriguingly, primary human thyrocytes cultured without serum secreted higher levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) than free thyroxine (FT4). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that primary human thyrocytes could maintain the function of hormone production and secretion in the Transwell system, thus providing a useful tool to study thyroid function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Clinical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - C Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - F Chen
- General Surgery Center Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - L Su
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Y Luo
- Frontier Research Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China.
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Padhi A, Nain AS. ECM in Differentiation: A Review of Matrix Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:1071-1089. [PMID: 31485876 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell regenerative potential owing to the capacity to self-renew as well as differentiate into other cell types is a promising avenue in regenerative medicine. Stem cell niche not only provides physical scaffolding but also possess instructional capacity as it provides a milieu of biophysical and biochemical cues. Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been identified as a major dictator of stem cell lineage, thus understanding the structure of in vivo ECM pertaining to specific tissue differentiation will aid in devising in vitro strategies to improve the differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize details about the native architecture, composition and mechanical properties of in vivo ECM of the early embryonic stages and the later adult stages. Native ECM from adult tissues categorized on their origin from respective germ layers are discussed while engineering techniques employed to facilitate differentiation of stem cells into particular lineages are noted. Overall, we emphasize that in vitro strategies need to integrate tissue specific ECM biophysical cues for developing accurate artificial environments for optimizing stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Padhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Huang Y, Yamanouchi K, Sakai Y, Kuba S, Sakimura C, Morita M, Kanetaka K, Takatsuki M, Eguchi S. Fabrication of Functional Cell Sheets with Human Thyrocytes from Non-Tumorous Thyroid Tissue. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:491-499. [PMID: 31624704 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered cell sheet transplantation has been considered an alternative physiological therapy for endocrine disorders. In this study, we attempted to fabricate functional human thyroid cell sheets using the engineering technology by culturing primary thyrocytes in free-feeder monolayers and assessed their proliferation and function in two different media. Methods The non-tumorous tissues (approximately 2 g) were dissected during surgery. Primary human thyroid cells were isolated by mechanical dispersion and treatment with isolation solution. The cells were cultured on tissue culture dishes or temperature-responsive culture dishes to induce the formation of detached cell sheets. Results Primary thyroid cells isolated from nine patients were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1, thyroglobulin (TG) and cytokeratin 7. Cell sheets with follicles were fabricated by cells incubated in both Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and hepatocyte-defined medium (HDM) culture medium. The diameter and thickness of sheets fabricated in HDM were larger and thicker than those fabricated from DMEM. Furthermore, the cells incubated in HDM secreted higher levels of fT3 and fT4 than those incubated in DMEM. The thyroid peroxidase and TG mRNA of cells maintained in HDM were higher than those in cells maintained in DMEM. Conclusion HDM appears suitable as a culture medium for maintaining primary thyrocytes and fabricating functional cell sheets. These in vitro findings may contribute to the development of appropriate culture conditions for human thyrocytes as well as engineered functional cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kosho Yamanouchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Sayaka Kuba
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Chika Sakimura
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Michi Morita
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kengo Kanetaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Takatsuki
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
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Pan J, Li H, Fang Y, Shen YB, Zhou XY, Zhu F, Zhu LX, Du YH, Yu XF, Wang Y, Zhou XH, Wang YY, Wu YJ. Regeneration of a Bioengineered Thyroid Using Decellularized Thyroid Matrix. Thyroid 2019; 29:142-152. [PMID: 30375266 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothyroidism is a common hormone deficiency condition. Regenerative medicine approaches, such as a bioengineered thyroid, have been proposed as potential therapeutic alternatives for patients with hypothyroidism. This study demonstrates a novel approach to generate thyroid grafts using decellularized rat thyroid matrix. METHODS Isolated rat thyroid glands were perfused with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate to generate a decellularized thyroid scaffold. The rat thyroid scaffold was then recellularized with rat thyroid cell line to reconstruct the thyroid by perfusion seeding technique. As a pilot study, the decellularized rat thyroid scaffold was perfused with human-derived thyrocytes and parathyroid cells. RESULTS The decellularization process retained the intricate three-dimensional microarchitecture with a perfusable vascular network and native extracellular matrix components, allowing efficient reseeding of the thyroid matrix with the FRTL-5 rat thyroid cell line generating three-dimensional follicular structures in vitro. In addition, the recellularized thyroid showed successful cellular engraftment and thyroid-specific function, including synthesis of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. Moreover, the decellularized rat thyroid scaffold could further be recellularized with human-derived thyroid cells and parathyroid cells to reconstruct a humanized bioartificial endocrine organ, which maintained expression of critical genes such as thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, and parathyroid hormone. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the utility of a decellularized thyroid extracellular matrix scaffold system for the development of functional, bioengineered thyroid tissue, which could potentially be used to treat hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- 2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun Fang
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bin Shen
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yu Zhou
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xian Zhu
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Hui Du
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiong-Fei Yu
- 3 Cancer Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- 2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hui Zhou
- 4 Department of Gynecology; and School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- 5 Kidney Disease Center; The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- 1 Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Opara EC, Liu Y, Atala A, Zhao W. Microencapsulation of porcine thyroid cell organoids within a polymer microcapsule construct. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:286-296. [PMID: 27708182 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216673746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a common condition of hormone deficiency, and oral administration of thyroid hormones is currently the only available treatment option. However, there are some disadvantages with this treatment modality including compliance challenges to patients. Therefore, a physiologically based alternative therapy for hypothyroidism with little or no side-effects is needed. In this study, we have developed a method for microencapsulating porcine thyroid cells as a thyroid hormone replacement approach. The hybrid wall of the polymer microcapsules permits thyroid hormone release while preventing immunoglobulin antibodies from entry. This strategy could potentially enable implantation of the microcapsule organoids containing allogeneic or xenogeneic thyroid cells to secret hormones over time without the need for immunosuppression of recipients. Porcine thyroid cells were isolated and encapsulated in alginate-poly-L-ornithine-alginate microcapsules using a microfluidic device. The porcine thyroid cells formed three-dimensional follicular spheres in the microcapsules with decent cell viability and proliferation. Thyroxine release from the encapsulated cells was higher than from unencapsulated cells ( P < 0.05) and was maintained during the entire duration of experiment (>28 days). These results suggest that the microencapsulated thyroid cell organoids may have the potential to be used for therapy and/or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Yang
- 1 General Surgery Department and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,2 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- 2 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yingbin Liu
- 1 General Surgery Department and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anthony Atala
- 2 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weixin Zhao
- 2 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.,3 Co-Innovation Center of Neuro-regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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Rupik W, Kowalska M, Swadźba E, Maślak R. Ultrastructural features of the differentiating thyroid primordium in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) from the differentiation of the cellular cords to the formation of the follicular lumen. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:97-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Stepanova AA, Karpova YD, Bozhok GA, Ustichenko VD, Lyupina YV, Legach EI, Vagida MS, Kazansky DB, Bondarenko TP, Sharova NP. [Proteasomes on thyroid tissue allotransplantation under induction of donor specific tolerance in rats]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014; 40:42-54. [PMID: 25898722 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The proteasomes in the liver of August rats (RT1C) were investigated 30 days after the allotransplantation of Wistar rat (RT1u) thyroid tissue under renal capsule with/without induction of donor specific tolerance by donor splenocyte intraportal administration. The level of the total proteasome pool, immune proteasomes containing the LMP2 and/or LMP7 subunits, proteasome 19S- and 11S-regulators was defined. The intact and sham-operated August rats were used as control groups. The level of all immune proteasome forms and 11S regulator increased while the level of the total proteasome pool and 19S regulator decreased in the liver of experimental animals compared to the control groups that indicated changes of liver functional state after transplantation. The 19S/11S ratio increased in the liver of non-tolerated rats compared to tolerated animals. In the liver of tolerated rats with survived transplants, the quantity of mononuclear cells, expressing the immune subunit LMP2, greatly increased in comparison with control and non-tolerated animals. Study of the survived transplants showed the increase of the ratio of LMP2/LMP7 immune subunits and 19S/11S regulators in them compared to the tissue replacing the rejected transplants. In the control intact thyroid tissue, the immune proteasomes were almost not revealed, while 19S/11S ratio was maximal. Thus, the development of the immune reaction or its suppression is accompanied by change of the balance between different proteasome forms. The immune subunit LMP7 and 11S regulator are connected with the response against donor tissue. On the contrary, the immune subunit LMP2 and 19S regulator are likely to be important for the immune tolerance development and survived tissue functioning. The low content of the immune proteasomes in the follicle cells was found by immunofluorescence assay. The formation of antigens for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules was impaired by low immune proteasome content that led to immunological tolerance to hormone-producing follicle cells.
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Rupik W. Hollowing or cavitation during follicular lumen formation in the differentiating thyroid of grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes) embryos? An ultrastructural study. ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Mikhailov V, Sokolova A, Serikov V, Kaminskaya E, Churilov L, Trunin E, Sizova E, Kayukov A, Bud’ko M, Zaichik A. Bone marrow stem cells repopulate thyroid in X-ray regeneration in mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Toda S, Aoki S, Uchihashi K, Matsunobu A, Yamamoto M, Ootani A, Yamasaki F, Koike E, Sugihara H. Culture models for studying thyroid biology and disorders. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 2011:275782. [PMID: 22363871 PMCID: PMC3262635 DOI: 10.5402/2011/275782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid is composed of thyroid follicles supported by extracellular matrix, capillary network, and stromal cell types such as fibroblasts. The follicles consist of thyrocytes and C cells. In this microenvironment, thyrocytes are highly integrated in their specific structural and functional polarization, but monolayer and floating cultures cannot allow thyrocytes to organize the follicles with such polarity. In contrast, three-dimensional (3-D) collagen gel culture enables thyrocytes to form 3-D follicles with normal polarity. However, these systems never reconstruct the follicles consisting of both thyrocytes and C cells. Thyroid tissue-organotypic culture retains 3-D follicles with both thyrocytes and C cells. To create more appropriate experimental models, we here characterize four culture systems above and then introduce the models for studying thyroid biology and disorders. Finally, we propose a new approach to the cell type-specific culture systems on the basis of in vivo microenvironments of various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Arauchi A, Shimizu T, Yamato M, Obara T, Okano T. Tissue-Engineered Thyroid Cell Sheet Rescued Hypothyroidism in Rat Models After Receiving Total Thyroidectomy Comparing with Nontransplantation Models. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3943-9. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Arauchi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Obara
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid gland development and function are essential for life, and recent findings indicate the presence of stem/progenitor cells within the thyroid gland as a potential source of tissue regeneration and cancer formation. SUMMARY This review summarizes the current knowledge on early differentiation of thyroid cells from embryonic stem cells and highlights exciting concepts and recent novel findings on adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in the normal thyroid gland and in thyroid cancer. Other potential sources and markers of stem/progenitor cells in the thyroid include bone marrow, microchimerism, and embryological remnant-derived multifocal solid cell nests. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic strategies that target thyroid cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid stem/progenitor cell populations are present in the normal and diseased thyroid gland. Advances in normal and cancer thyroid stem cell biology will be essential for future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada.
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Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Gagliani MC, de Filippis T, Dees C, Tacchetti C, Persani L, Lohse MJ. Persistent cAMP-signals triggered by internalized G-protein-coupled receptors. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000172. [PMID: 19688034 PMCID: PMC2718703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in native cells suggests that the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone remains active after internalization, challenging the current model for GPCR signaling. G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are generally thought to signal to second messengers like cyclic AMP (cAMP) from the cell surface and to become internalized upon repeated or prolonged stimulation. Once internalized, they are supposed to stop signaling to second messengers but may trigger nonclassical signals such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Here, we show that a GPCR continues to stimulate cAMP production in a sustained manner after internalization. We generated transgenic mice with ubiquitous expression of a fluorescent sensor for cAMP and studied cAMP responses to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in native, 3-D thyroid follicles isolated from these mice. TSH stimulation caused internalization of the TSH receptors into a pre-Golgi compartment in close association with G-protein αs-subunits and adenylyl cyclase III. Receptors internalized together with TSH and produced downstream cellular responses that were distinct from those triggered by cell surface receptors. These data suggest that classical paradigms of GPCR signaling may need revision, as they indicate that cAMP signaling by GPCRs may occur both at the cell surface and from intracellular sites, but with different consequences for the cell. Cells respond to many environmental cues through the activity of cell surface receptor proteins, which sense these cues and convey that information to signaling molecules inside the cell. G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest eukaryotic family of plasma membrane receptors. They convert the information provided by extracellular stimuli into intracellular second messengers, like cyclic AMP (cAMP). After prolonged stimulation, they are internalized inside cells, an event that to date has been thought to terminate the production of second messengers. Though many of the key steps of GPCR signaling are known in detail, precisely how signaling and termination actually occur in time and space (i.e., in subcellular compartments or microdomains) is still largely unexplored. To observe GPCR signaling in living cells, we generated mice expressing a fluorescent sensor that allows monitoring the intracellular levels of cAMP with a microscope. We utilized this system to study, directly in native thyroid follicles, the signal sent by the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Our findings indicate that TSH receptors are internalized rapidly after activation but continue to stimulate cAMP production inside cells and that this sustained, cAMP production is apparently required for localized activation of downstream components. These data challenge the current model of the GPCR-cAMP pathway by suggesting the existence of previously unrecognized intracellular site(s) for cAMP generation and of differential signaling outcomes as a result of intracellular GPCR signaling. Such intracellular site(s) may provide specialized signaling platforms, thus contributing to the spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP production and to signaling specificity within the GPCR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
- * E-mail: (DC); (MJL)
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Tiziana de Filippis
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Christian Dees
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Martin J. Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (DC); (MJL)
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A study on the relationship between intraglandular arterial distribution and thyroid lobe shape: Implications for biotechnology of a bioartificial thyroid. Ann Anat 2008; 190:432-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Toda S, Koike E, Aoki S, Uchihashi K, Koike N, Sugihara H. Culture system for studying thyroid biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that many types of cancer contain their own stem cells: cancer stem cells, which are characterized by their self-renewing capacity and differentiation ability. Cancer could be regarded as an abnormal organ initiated by cancer stem cells, and cancer stem cells might play a decisive role in tumor initiation and progression. Dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer, and stem cells seem more likely to be the transformed target cells in carcinogenesis. This cancer stem cell model has great implications for understanding of oncogenesis and treatment for cancer. Abundant evidence suggests that, parallel to other solid tumors, cancer stem cells also exist in thyroid cancer, although their characteristics are largely unknown to date. The present review will discuss the potential traits of cancer stem cells in thyroid cancer and their transformation targets: stem cells in the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Kusakabe T, Kawaguchi A, Hoshi N, Kawaguchi R, Hoshi S, Kimura S. Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein/NKX2.1 is required for the maintenance of ordered architecture and function of the differentiated thyroid. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1796-809. [PMID: 16601074 PMCID: PMC2588428 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein (T/ebp)/Nkx2.1-null mouse thyroids degenerate by embryonic day (E) 12-13 through apoptosis whereas T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterogyzgous mice exhibit hypothyroidism with elevated TSH levels. To understand the role of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 in the adult thyroid, a thyroid follicular cell-specific conditional knockout (KO) mouse line, T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, was established that expresses Cre recombinase under the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene promoter. These mice appeared to be healthy and exhibited loss of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression in many, but not all, thyroid follicular cells as determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, thus presenting a T/ebp-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice. Detailed analysis of the thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl), T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, and T/ebp(fl/ko) mice, where the latter mouse line is derived from crosses with the original T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterozygous mice, revealed that T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre mice can be classified into two groups with different phenotypes: one having atrophic/degenerative thyroid follicles with frequent presence of adenomas and extremely high serum TSH levels, and the other having an altered thyroid structure with reduced numbers of extraordinary dilated follicles consisting of excessive numbers of follicular cells as compared with those usually found in the normal thyroid. The latter phenotype was also observed in aged T/ebp(fl/ko) mouse thyroids. In vitro three-dimensional thyroid primary cultures using thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, T/ebp(fl/ko), and T/ebp(fl/fl) mice, and the latter treated with recombinant adenovirus with and without Cre expression, demonstrated that only cells from T/ebp(fl/fl) mice without adeno-Cre treatment formed follicular structures. Taken together, these results suggest that T/ebp/Nkx2.1 is required for maintenance of the normal architecture and function of differentiated thyroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ritter CS, Slatopolsky E, Santoro S, Brown AJ. Parathyroid cells cultured in collagen matrix retain calcium responsiveness: importance of three-dimensional tissue architecture. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:491-8. [PMID: 15040838 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2004.19.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary cultures of bovine parathyroid cells rapidly lose calcium responsiveness. Here, we show that bovine parathyroid cells grown in collagen coalesce into an organoid ("pseudogland") with stable calcium responsiveness. These findings also illustrate the importance of 3-D cellular architecture in parathyroid gland function. INTRODUCTION The ability of extracellular calcium to suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is quickly lost in primary monolayer cultures of bovine parathyroid cells. This has been attributed to a decrease in the expression of the cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), but other factors, including normal cell-to-cell interaction, may be critical. Here we describe a novel system for culturing bovine parathyroid cells that promotes re-formation of a three-dimensional (3-D) cellular architecture and re-establishment of calcium responsiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dispersed bovine parathyroid cells were cultured as monolayers or were mixed with type I collagen and placed in culture plates. CaR mRNA and the calcium regulation of PTH secretion were measured over a period of several weeks in parathyroid cells cultured both in collagen matrix and as monolayers. Calcium regulation of PTH mRNA was also investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Within 1-2 weeks in collagen culture, parathyroid cells coalesced into a small mass approximately 1-2 mm in size (referred to as a pseudogland). Suppression of PTH secretion by high calcium was blunted at 1 day in collagen, but returned within 1 week, and was retained through 3 weeks; the calcium set point (1.05 +/- 0.04 mM) was similar to that reported for freshly dispersed cells. PTH mRNA was also suppressed by increasing extracellular calcium. CaR mRNA expression was decreased at 1 day in collagen and increased with time in culture, although never reaching the level found in dispersed cells. In bovine parathyroid cells cultured as monolayers, however, suppression of PTH by calcium was observed only at day 1 in culture. CaR mRNA content fell by 70% at day 1 but remained stable thereafter. Thus, a total loss of calcium responsiveness in monolayers was observed despite significant residual expression of CaR, suggesting that loss of the calcium response cannot be attributed solely to decreased CaR. In summary, the pseudogland model illustrates the importance of the 3-D cellular architecture in parathyroid gland function and provides a useful model in which to investigate calcium-mediated control of parathyroid gland functions, especially those requiring extended treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Ritter
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism in rats: Effects on body weight and histological characteristics of thyroid gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.2298/jmh0402143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of methimazole treatment on the body weight and thyroid gland structure in rats. Methimazole given as 0.02% solution in drinking water for three weeks induced significant decline in T4 and T3 levels, as determined by radioimmunoassay. The body weight gain was lowered compared to control animals, while thyroid weight was increased. Histological examination of the thyroid gland revealed a pronounced growth activation of the follicular epithelial component with frequent mitoses, accompanied with improved vascularisation. We assumed that the lower body weight gain despite decreased basal metabolic rate and similar food ingestion can be a result of brown adipose tissue activity.
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Abstract
Regenerative biology has now been recognized as a new field with certain aims and goals. One direction of this new field is to understand the basic mechanisms by which tissues can be repaired and restored. The other direction examines the possibility of using this basic knowledge to apply it to medicine with the goal to clinically repair damaged tissues. Regeneration of tissues can occur by the differentiation of stem cells (local or non-local) or by the transdifferentiation of local terminally differentiated cells. While the transdifferentiation aspects are old, during the past few years many data have accumulated regarding the existence of stem cells and their participation in tissue renewal. This review will present an overview of the potential of all vertebrate organs to regenerate and of the basic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA.
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Toda S, Watanabe K, Yokoi F, Matsumura S, Suzuki K, Ootani A, Aoki S, Koike N, Sugihara H. A new organotypic culture of thyroid tissue maintains three-dimensional follicles with C cells for a long term. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:906-11. [PMID: 12061793 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid follicles embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM) seem to be supplied enough oxygen by a dense network of capillaries in vivo. Air exposure (AE) causes cells to increase oxygen availability in vitro. We speculated that three-dimensional (3D) environment of ECM together with AE may be applied to a thyroid tissue-organotypic culture, simply simulating such a microenvironment of follicles. To address the issue, we performed 3D collagen gel culture of minced thyroid tissues with or without AE. Most follicles in the tissues without AE died within 7 days. In culture with AE, most of the follicles with calcitonin-positive C cells were kept for over one month. Immunohistochemistry showed that thyrocytes displayed thyroglobulin, thyrotropin receptor, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and pendrin, which are all crucial for thyroid function. C cells expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide and TTF-1. Our study is the first demonstration that 3D collagen gel culture with AE retains 3D thyroid follicles with C cells for a long term. This suggests that ECM and oxygen supply together may be crucial for maintenance of 3D follicle structure and function. Our method will possibly open a new path to the study of thyrocyte-C cell interaction and thyroid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Japan.
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