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Prondzynski M, Bortolin RH, Berkson P, Trembley MA, Shani K, Sweat ME, Mayourian J, Cordoves AM, Anyanwu NJ, Tharani Y, Cotton J, Milosh JB, Walker D, Zhang Y, Liu F, Liu X, Parker KK, Bezzerides VJ, Pu WT. Efficient and reproducible generation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using a stirred bioreactor. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.24.581789. [PMID: 38464269 PMCID: PMC10925150 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.24.581789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) proved to be valuable for cardiac disease modeling and cardiac regeneration, yet challenges with scale, quality, inter-batch consistency, and cryopreservation remain, reducing experimental reproducibility and limiting clinical translation. Here, we report a robust cardiac differentiation protocol that uses Wnt modulation and a stirred suspension bioreactor to produce on average 124 million hiPSC-CMs with >90% purity using a variety of hiPSC lines (19 differentiations; 10 iPSC lines). After controlled freeze and thaw, bioreactor-derived CMs (bCMs) showed high viability (>90%), interbatch reproducibility in cellular morphology, function, drug response and ventricular identity, which was further supported by single cell transcriptomes. bCMs on microcontact printed substrates revealed a higher degree of sarcomere maturation and viability during long-term culture compared to monolayer-derived CMs (mCMs). Moreover, functional investigation of bCMs in 3D engineered heart tissues showed earlier and stronger force production during long-term culture, and robust pacing capture up to 4 Hz when compared to mCMs. bCMs derived from this differentiation protocol will expand the applications of hiPSC-CMs by providing a reproducible, scalable, and resource efficient method to generate cardiac cells with well-characterized structural and functional properties superior to standard mCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul H Bortolin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul Berkson
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Trembley
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Shani
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
| | - Mason E Sweat
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Mayourian
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albert M Cordoves
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
| | - Nnaemeka J Anyanwu
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
| | - Yashasvi Tharani
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin Cotton
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph B Milosh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fujian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xujie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen. Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518057, China
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, USA
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2
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Lee KY, Nguyen HT, Setiawati A, Nam S, Kim M, Ko I, Jung WH, Parker KK, Kim C, Shin K. An Extracellular Matrix‐Liposome Composite, a Novel Extracellular Matrix Delivery System for Accelerated Tissue Regeneration (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 4/2022). Adv Healthc Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202270022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Lee KY, Nguyen HT, Setiawati A, Nam S, Kim M, Ko I, Jung WH, Parker KK, Kim C, Shin K. An Extracellular Matrix-Liposome Composite, a Novel Extracellular Matrix Delivery System for Accelerated Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101599. [PMID: 34800312 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded states of fibronectin (FN) subsequently induce the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrillar network, which is necessary to generate new substitutive tissues. Here, the authors demonstrate that negatively charged small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) qualify as candidates for FN delivery due to their remarkable effects on the autonomous binding and unfolding of FN, which leads to increased tissue regeneration. In vitro experiments revealed that the FN-SUV complex remarkably increased the attachment, differentiation, and migration of fibroblasts. The potential utilization of this complex in vivo to treat inflammatory colon diseases is also described based on results obtained for ameliorated conditions in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC) that had been treated with the FN-SUV complex. Their findings provide a new ECM-delivery platform for ECM-based therapeutic applications and suggest that properly designed SUVs may be an unprecedented FN-delivery system that is highly effective in treating UC and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keel Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Disease Biophysics Group John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge 02138 USA
| | - Huong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Agustina Setiawati
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science Sogang University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Pharmacy Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta 55284 Indonesia
| | - So‐Jung Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Il‐Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin K. Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge 02138 USA
| | - Chang‐Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
- Disease Biophysics Group John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge 02138 USA
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4
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O’Connor BB, Pope BD, Peters MM, Ris-Stalpers C, Parker KK. The role of extracellular matrix in normal and pathological pregnancy: Future applications of microphysiological systems in reproductive medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1163-1174. [PMID: 32640894 PMCID: PMC7400725 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220938741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Extracellular matrix in the womb regulates the initiation, progression, and completion of a healthy pregnancy. The composition and physical properties of extracellular matrix in the uterus and at the maternal-fetal interface are remodeled at each gestational stage, while maladaptive matrix remodeling results in obstetric disease. As in vitro models of uterine and placental tissues, including micro-and milli-scale versions of these organs on chips, are developed to overcome the inherent limitations of studying human development in vivo, we can isolate the influence of cellular and extracellular components in healthy and pathological pregnancies. By understanding and recreating key aspects of the extracellular microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface, we can engineer microphysiological systems to improve assisted reproduction, obstetric disease treatment, and prenatal drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blakely B O’Connor
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Pope
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael M Peters
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Carrie Ris-Stalpers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Academic Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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5
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Herland A, Maoz BM, Das D, Somayaji MR, Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Cronce M, Huffstater T, Jeanty SSF, Ingram M, Chalkiadaki A, Benson Chou D, Marquez S, Delahanty A, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Milton Y, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Swenor B, Levy O, Parker KK, Przekwas A, Ingber DE. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetic responses to drugs via fluidically coupled vascularized organ chips. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:421-436. [PMID: 31988459 PMCID: PMC8011576 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD modelling does not provide quantitative PK parameters. Here, we show that physiological PK modelling of first-pass drug absorption, metabolism and excretion in humans-using computationally scaled data from multiple fluidically linked two-channel organ chips-predicts PK parameters for orally administered nicotine (using gut, liver and kidney chips) and for intravenously injected cisplatin (using coupled bone marrow, liver and kidney chips). The chips are linked through sequential robotic liquid transfers of a common blood substitute by their endothelium-lined channels (as reported by Novak et al. in an associated Article) and share an arteriovenous fluid-mixing reservoir. We also show that predictions of cisplatin PDs match previously reported patient data. The quantitative in-vitro-to-in-vivo translation of PK and PD parameters and the prediction of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity through fluidically coupled organ chips may improve the design of drug-administration regimens for phase-I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sauveur S F Jeanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles Ingram
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Benson Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Marquez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Delahanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal Graduate Program, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yuka Milton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Swenor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Novak R, Ingram M, Marquez S, Das D, Delahanty A, Herland A, Maoz BM, Jeanty SSF, Somayaji MR, Burt M, Calamari E, Chalkiadaki A, Cho A, Choe Y, Chou DB, Cronce M, Dauth S, Divic T, Fernandez-Alcon J, Ferrante T, Ferrier J, FitzGerald EA, Fleming R, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Grevesse T, Goss JA, Hamkins-Indik T, Henry O, Hinojosa C, Huffstater T, Jang KJ, Kujala V, Leng L, Mannix R, Milton Y, Nawroth J, Nestor BA, Ng CF, O'Connor B, Park TE, Sanchez H, Sliz J, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Swenor B, Thompson G, Touloumes GJ, Tranchemontagne Z, Wen N, Yadid M, Bahinski A, Hamilton GA, Levner D, Levy O, Przekwas A, Prantil-Baun R, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Robotic fluidic coupling and interrogation of multiple vascularized organ chips. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:407-420. [PMID: 31988458 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organ chips can recapitulate organ-level (patho)physiology, yet pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses require multi-organ systems linked by vascular perfusion. Here, we describe an 'interrogator' that employs liquid-handling robotics, custom software and an integrated mobile microscope for the automated culture, perfusion, medium addition, fluidic linking, sample collection and in situ microscopy imaging of up to ten organ chips inside a standard tissue-culture incubator. The robotic interrogator maintained the viability and organ-specific functions of eight vascularized, two-channel organ chips (intestine, liver, kidney, heart, lung, skin, blood-brain barrier and brain) for 3 weeks in culture when intermittently fluidically coupled via a common blood substitute through their reservoirs of medium and endothelium-lined vascular channels. We used the robotic interrogator and a physiological multicompartmental reduced-order model of the experimental system to quantitatively predict the distribution of an inulin tracer perfused through the multi-organ human-body-on-chips. The automated culture system enables the imaging of cells in the organ chips and the repeated sampling of both the vascular and interstitial compartments without compromising fluidic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles Ingram
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Marquez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Aaron Delahanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sauveur S F Jeanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Morgan Burt
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calamari
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Youngjae Choe
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Benson Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Dauth
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toni Divic
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Fernandez-Alcon
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Ferrier
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward A FitzGerald
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Fleming
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Grevesse
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josue A Goss
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiama Hamkins-Indik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Henry
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Hinojosa
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyung-Jin Jang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ville Kujala
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lian Leng
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Mannix
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuka Milton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janna Nawroth
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bret A Nestor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos F Ng
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blakely O'Connor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Sanchez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josiah Sliz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Swenor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Thompson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - George J Touloumes
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Norman Wen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moran Yadid
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Geraldine A Hamilton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levner
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Emulate, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Ricotti L, Trimmer B, Feinberg AW, Raman R, Parker KK, Bashir R, Sitti M, Martel S, Dario P, Menciassi A. Biohybrid actuators for robotics: A review of devices actuated by living cells. Sci Robot 2017; 2:2/12/eaaq0495. [PMID: 33157905 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaq0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Actuation is essential for artificial machines to interact with their surrounding environment and to accomplish the functions for which they are designed. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable progress in developing new actuation technologies. However, controlled motion still represents a considerable bottleneck for many applications and hampers the development of advanced robots, especially at small length scales. Nature has solved this problem using molecular motors that, through living cells, are assembled into multiscale ensembles with integrated control systems. These systems can scale force production from piconewtons up to kilonewtons. By leveraging the performance of living cells and tissues and directly interfacing them with artificial components, it should be possible to exploit the intricacy and metabolic efficiency of biological actuation within artificial machines. We provide a survey of important advances in this biohybrid actuation paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barry Trimmer
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02153, USA
| | - Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ritu Raman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sylvain Martel
- NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paolo Dario
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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8
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Sheehy SP, Grosberg A, Qin P, Behm DJ, Ferrier JP, Eagleson MA, Nesmith AP, Krull D, Falls JG, Campbell PH, McCain ML, Willette RN, Hu E, Parker KK. Toward improved myocardial maturity in an organ-on-chip platform with immature cardiac myocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1643-1656. [PMID: 28343439 PMCID: PMC5786366 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217701006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of cardiac physiology and drug response have traditionally been performed on individual isolated cardiomyocytes or isotropic monolayers of cells that may not mimic desired physiological traits of the laminar adult myocardium. Recent studies have reported a number of advances to Heart-on-a-Chip platforms for the fabrication of more sophisticated engineered myocardium, but cardiomyocyte immaturity remains a challenge. In the anisotropic musculature of the heart, interactions between cardiac myocytes, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and neighboring cells give rise to changes in cell shape and tissue architecture that have been implicated in both development and disease. We hypothesized that engineered myocardium fabricated from cardiac myocytes cultured in vitro could mimic the physiological characteristics and gene expression profile of adult heart muscle. To test this hypothesis, we fabricated engineered myocardium comprised of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with laminar architectures reminiscent of that observed in the mature heart and compared their sarcomere organization, contractile performance characteristics, and cardiac gene expression profile to that of isolated adult rat ventricular muscle strips. We found that anisotropic engineered myocardium demonstrated a similar degree of global sarcomere alignment, contractile stress output, and inotropic concentration-response to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Moreover, the anisotropic engineered myocardium exhibited comparable myofibril related gene expression to muscle strips isolated from adult rat ventricular tissue. These results suggest that tissue architecture serves an important developmental cue for building in vitro model systems of the myocardium that could potentially recapitulate the physiological characteristics of the adult heart. Impact statement With the recent focus on developing in vitro Organ-on-Chip platforms that recapitulate tissue and organ-level physiology using immature cells derived from stem cell sources, there is a strong need to assess the ability of these engineered tissues to adopt a mature phenotype. In the present study, we compared and contrasted engineered tissues fabricated from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in a Heart-on-a-Chip platform to ventricular muscle strips isolated from adult rats. The results of this study support the notion that engineered tissues fabricated from immature cells have the potential to mimic mature tissues in an Organ-on-Chip platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pu Qin
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - David J Behm
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - John P Ferrier
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Eagleson
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander P Nesmith
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Krull
- Safety Assessment Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - James G Falls
- Safety Assessment Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Patrick H Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Erding Hu
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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9
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Lind JU, Yadid M, Perkins I, O'Connor BB, Eweje F, Chantre CO, Hemphill MA, Yuan H, Campbell PH, Vlassak JJ, Parker KK. Cardiac microphysiological devices with flexible thin-film sensors for higher-throughput drug screening. Lab Chip 2017; 17:3692-3703. [PMID: 28976521 PMCID: PMC5810940 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00740j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems and organs-on-chips promise to accelerate biomedical and pharmaceutical research by providing accurate in vitro replicas of human tissue. Aside from addressing the physiological accuracy of the model tissues, there is a pressing need for improving the throughput of these platforms. To do so, scalable data acquisition strategies must be introduced. To this end, we here present an instrumented 24-well plate platform for higher-throughput studies of engineered human stem cell-derived cardiac muscle tissues that recapitulate the laminar structure of the native ventricle. In each well of the platform, an embedded flexible strain gauge provides continuous and non-invasive readout of the contractile stress and beat rate of an engineered cardiac tissue. The sensors are based on micro-cracked titanium-gold thin films, which ensure that the sensors are highly compliant and robust. We demonstrate the value of the platform for toxicology and drug-testing purposes by performing 12 complete dose-response studies of cardiac and cardiotoxic drugs. Additionally, we showcase the ability to couple the cardiac tissues with endothelial barriers. In these studies, which mimic the passage of drugs through the blood vessels to the musculature of the heart, we regulate the temporal onset of cardiac drug responses by modulating endothelial barrier permeability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan U Lind
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., Pierce Hall 321, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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10
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Generali M, Kehl D, Capulli AK, Parker KK, Hoerstrup SP, Weber B. Comparative analysis of poly-glycolic acid-based hybrid polymer starter matrices for in vitro tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Lind JU, Busbee TA, Valentine AD, Pasqualini FS, Yuan H, Yadid M, Park SJ, Kotikian A, Nesmith AP, Campbell PH, Vlassak JJ, Lewis JA, Parker KK. Instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional printing. Nat Mater 2017; 16:303-308. [PMID: 27775708 PMCID: PMC5321777 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical research has relied on animal studies and conventional cell cultures for decades. Recently, microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as organs-on-chips, that recapitulate the structure and function of native tissues in vitro, have emerged as a promising alternative. However, current MPS typically lack integrated sensors and their fabrication requires multi-step lithographic processes. Here, we introduce a facile route for fabricating a new class of instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) printing. Specifically, we designed six functional inks, based on piezo-resistive, high-conductance, and biocompatible soft materials that enable integration of soft strain gauge sensors within micro-architectures that guide the self-assembly of physio-mimetic laminar cardiac tissues. We validated that these embedded sensors provide non-invasive, electronic readouts of tissue contractile stresses inside cell incubator environments. We further applied these devices to study drug responses, as well as the contractile development of human stem cell-derived laminar cardiac tissues over four weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan U. Lind
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Travis A. Busbee
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Alexander D. Valentine
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Francesco S. Pasqualini
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Moran Yadid
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Arda Kotikian
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Alexander P. Nesmith
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Patrick H. Campbell
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Joost J. Vlassak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Lewis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Kevin Kit Parker, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, Phone: (617) 495-2850, Fax: (617) 495-9837, . Jennifer A. Lewis, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, Phone: (617) 496-0233,
| | - Kevin K. Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Kevin Kit Parker, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, Phone: (617) 495-2850, Fax: (617) 495-9837, . Jennifer A. Lewis, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, Phone: (617) 496-0233,
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12
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Pasqualini FS, Emmert MY, Parker KK, Hoerstrup SP. Organ Chips: Quality Assurance Systems in Regenerative Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:31-34. [PMID: 27709615 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A class of novel therapies leverages regenerative cell types in disease microenvironments. This complex interplay challenges established good manufacturing practices, as standards and analytical tools to measure regenerative potency are missing. That is, we can build the product right, but we do not know if we are building the right product. Here, we suggest that organ-chips, biomimetic in vitro phenotyping platforms, can serve as key quality assurance systems in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Pasqualini
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wyss Translational Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Y Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wyss Translational Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Surgical Research and Clinic for Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K K Parker
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wyss Translational Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wyss Translational Center, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Surgical Research and Clinic for Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Chal J, Al Tanoury Z, Hestin M, Gobert B, Aivio S, Hick A, Cherrier T, Nesmith AP, Parker KK, Pourquié O. Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1833-50. [PMID: 27583644 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progress toward finding a cure for muscle diseases has been slow because of the absence of relevant cellular models and the lack of a reliable source of muscle progenitors for biomedical investigation. Here we report an optimized serum-free differentiation protocol to efficiently produce striated, millimeter-long muscle fibers together with satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro. By mimicking key signaling events leading to muscle formation in the embryo, in particular the dual modulation of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway signaling, this directed differentiation protocol avoids the requirement for genetic modifications or cell sorting. Robust myogenesis can be achieved in vitro within 1 month by personnel experienced in hPSC culture. The differentiating culture can be subcultured to produce large amounts of myogenic progenitors amenable to numerous downstream applications. Beyond the study of myogenesis, this differentiation method offers an attractive platform for the development of relevant in vitro models of muscle dystrophies and drug screening strategies, as well as providing a source of cells for tissue engineering and cell therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marie Hestin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bénédicte Gobert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Suvi Aivio
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aurore Hick
- Anagenesis Biotechnologies, Parc d'innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thomas Cherrier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alexander P Nesmith
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Capulli AK, MacQueen LA, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Fibrous scaffolds for building hearts and heart parts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:83-102. [PMID: 26656602 PMCID: PMC4807693 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biochemistry provide cell-instructive cues that promote and regulate tissue growth, function, and repair. From a structural perspective, the ECM is a scaffold that guides the self-assembly of cells into distinct functional tissues. The ECM promotes the interaction between individual cells and between different cell types, and increases the strength and resilience of the tissue in mechanically dynamic environments. From a biochemical perspective, factors regulating cell-ECM adhesion have been described and diverse aspects of cell-ECM interactions in health and disease continue to be clarified. Natural ECMs therefore provide excellent design rules for tissue engineering scaffolds. The design of regenerative three-dimensional (3D) engineered scaffolds is informed by the target ECM structure, chemistry, and mechanics, to encourage cell infiltration and tissue genesis. This can be achieved using nanofibrous scaffolds composed of polymers that simultaneously recapitulate 3D ECM architecture, high-fidelity nanoscale topography, and bio-activity. Their high porosity, structural anisotropy, and bio-activity present unique advantages for engineering 3D anisotropic tissues. Here, we use the heart as a case study and examine the potential of ECM-inspired nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. We asked: Do we know enough to build a heart? To answer this question, we tabulated structural and functional properties of myocardial and valvular tissues for use as design criteria, reviewed nanofiber manufacturing platforms and assessed their capabilities to produce scaffolds that meet our design criteria. Our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the heart, as well as our ability to create synthetic ECM scaffolds have advanced to the point that valve replacement with nanofibrous scaffolds may be achieved in the short term, while myocardial repair requires further study in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Capulli
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L A MacQueen
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Pasqualini FS, Sheehy SP, Agarwal A, Parker KK. Abstract 307: Quantitative Characterization of the Contractile Architecture of Human Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/res.117.suppl_1.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiCMs) exhibit a fetal phenotype, but tools to quantify their relative immaturity are scarce. We reasoned that, during myocyte specification, cells progress through myofibrillogenesis as force-generating units, known as sarcomeres, self-assemble along the cell cytoskeleton. Therefore, we developed image processing techniques to quantitatively score myocyte structural phenotypes by the increasing degree of organization and alignment that sarcomeres acquire during myofibrillogenesis. Since this is a highly conserved process, quantifications obtained from α-actinin immunostains in rodent and hiCMs can be compared. Utilizing these metrics we quantitatively showed that hiCMs patterned on square fibronectin islands had significantly under-developed contractile architecture, in agreement with the qualitative observation that these cells retain a more migratory cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we trained thee independent machine learning algorithms on over 100 α-actin immunostains from engineered primary cardiac tissues at 6, 24 and 48 hours after seeding. These preparations were taken to represent differentiated, immature and mature structural architectures, respectively. After training,[[Unable to Display Character: ]]α-actinin immunostains of hiPS-derived cardiac tissues were unbiasedly analyzed by these classifiers. The results indicated that ~30% of cells exhibited cytoskeletal architectures similar to those of mature myocytes and that treatment with commercially available small molecules influence hiCM structural maturation. In conclusion, we provided metrics to assess the organization of the contractile cytoskeleton in primary and stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and to unbiasedly quantify their maturation.
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16
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Pasqualini FS, Aratyn-Schaus Y, Yuan H, McCain ML, Ye GJ, Sheehy SP, Campbell PH, Parker KK. Abstract 308: An in vitro Model of Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy to Study the Coupling of Primary and Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/res.117.suppl_1.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For cardiac cell therapy to be effective, newly formed immature cardiomyocytes need to structurally and functionally integrate with the existing myocardium. Unfortunately, testing the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling of mature and immature cardiomyocytes in vivo is difficult. Here we engineered two cell μtissues containing combinations of mouse neonate, ES-derived, and iPS-derived cardiac myocytes on flexible substrates and utilized ratiometric calcium detection and traction force microscopy to measure excitation-contraction coupling in individual cells and in the pairs. We found that SC-derived cardiac myocytes can structurally couple with neonate cardiomyocytes to functionally support synchronous contraction, yet diastolic calcium levels were reduced in SC-derived cardiomyocytes. Consistently, neonate cardiomyocytes exerted peak systolic forces that were ~1.5-fold higher than that generated by SC-derived myocytes, yielding an imbalance in tension within the pair that was dissipated by focal adhesion-like structures at the cell-cell boundary. Finally we developed a finite element model of two-cell tissue contraction to demonstrate that an imbalance in isometric tension is sufficient to limit force transmission across cell-cell boundaries. Taken together, these results suggest that reduced force transmission between poorly coupled immature and native cardiomyocytes may explain the incomplete repair of ejection fraction observed in several clinical studies of cardiac cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongyan Yuan
- Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard Univ, Boston, MA
| | | | - George J Ye
- Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard Univ, Boston, MA
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17
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Maia PD, Hemphill MA, Zehnder B, Zhang C, Parker KK, Kutz JN. Diagnostic tools for evaluating the impact of Focal Axonal Swellings arising in neurodegenerative diseases and/or traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:233-43. [PMID: 26188255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal Axonal Swellings arise in several leading neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system and are hallmark features of concussions and traumatic brain injuries. Recent theories mapped how the shape of each swelling affects the propagation of spike trains and consequently the information encoded in them. Spikes can be selectively deleted, have their speed affected, or blocked depending upon the severity of the swelling. NEW METHOD Our computational toolbox extracts meaningful geometrical parameters from sequential images of injured axon segments. The algorithm provides a principled approach for dealing with imaging distortions caused by experimental artifacts in order to extract the cross-section of an axon by detecting local symmetries, turning points and turning regions. RESULTS Our characterization of the Focal Axonal Swelling allows for an assessment of its impact on spike propagation, leading to a color coding of the axon that highlights problematic regions for information propagation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Many theoretical works reported distortions in spike propagation related to axonal enlargements. Such estimates, however, were not incorporated to a toolbox that could classify axonal swellings directly from experimental images. CONCLUSIONS Our MATLAB toolbox thus highlights potential trouble spots of axonal morphology, and similar to car traffic maps, identify blocked or impaired routes for information flow. This computational framework is a promising starting point for diagnosing and assessing the impact of axonal swellings implicated in concussions, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis and other neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro D Maia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3925, United States.
| | - Matthew A Hemphill
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Brendan Zehnder
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3925, United States.
| | - Chenfei Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3925, United States
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - J Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3925, United States.
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. Annu Rev Pathol 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Capulli AK, Tian K, Mehandru N, Bukhta A, Choudhury SF, Suchyta M, Parker KK. Approaching the in vitro clinical trial: engineering organs on chips. Lab Chip 2014; 14:3181-6. [PMID: 24828385 PMCID: PMC4117800 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the pharmaceutical industry. When these tools fail, the results are costly and have at times, proven deadly. One promising new tool to enhance preclinical development of drugs is Organs on Chips (OOCs), proposed as a clinically and physiologically relevant means of modeling health and disease. Bringing the patient from bedside to bench in this form requires that the design, build, and test of OOCs be founded in clinical observations and methods. By creating OOCs as models of the patient, the industry may be better positioned to evaluate medicinal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Capulli
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Pierce Hall 321, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Kuo PL, Lee H, Bray MA, Geisse NA, Huang YT, Adams WJ, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Myocyte shape regulates lateral registry of sarcomeres and contractility. Am J Pathol 2013; 181:2030-7. [PMID: 23159216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart actively remodels architecture in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. Gross structural change of the heart chambers is directly reflected at the cellular level by altering the morphological characteristics of individual cardiomyocytes. However, an understanding of the relationship between cardiomyocyte shape and the contractile function remains unclear. By using in vitro assays to analyze systolic stress of cardiomyocytes with controlled shape, we demonstrated that the characteristic morphological features of cardiomyocytes observed in a variety of pathophysiological conditions are correlated with mechanical performance. We found that cardiomyocyte contractility is optimized at the cell length/width ratio observed in normal hearts, and decreases in cardiomyocytes with morphological characteristics resembling those isolated from failing hearts. Quantitative analysis of sarcomeric architecture revealed that the change of contractility may arise from alteration of myofibrillar structure. Measurements of intracellular calcium in myocytes revealed unique characteristics of calcium metabolism as a function of myocyte shape. Our data suggest that cell shape is critical in determining contractile performance of single cardiomyocytes by regulating the intracellular structure and calcium handling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Kuo
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering, and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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21
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Dvir T, Timko BP, Brigham MD, Naik SR, Karajanagi SS, Levy O, Jin H, Parker KK, Langer R, Kohane DS. Nanowired three-dimensional cardiac patches. Nat Nanotechnol 2011; 6:720-5. [PMID: 21946708 PMCID: PMC3208725 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac patches for treating damaged heart tissues after a heart attack are normally produced by seeding heart cells within three-dimensional porous biomaterial scaffolds. These biomaterials, which are usually made of either biological polymers such as alginate or synthetic polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), help cells organize into functioning tissues, but poor conductivity of these materials limits the ability of the patch to contract strongly as a unit. Here, we show that incorporating gold nanowires within alginate scaffolds can bridge the electrically resistant pore walls of alginate and improve electrical communication between adjacent cardiac cells. Tissues grown on these composite matrices were thicker and better aligned than those grown on pristine alginate and when electrically stimulated, the cells in these tissues contracted synchronously. Furthermore, higher levels of the proteins involved in muscle contraction and electrical coupling are detected in the composite matrices. It is expected that the integration of conducting nanowires within three-dimensional scaffolds may improve the therapeutic value of current cardiac patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Dvir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Brian P. Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mark D. Brigham
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Shreesh R. Naik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sandeep S Karajanagi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Oren Levy
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hongwei Jin
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kevin K. Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel S. Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed,
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22
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Bray MAP, Adams WJ, Geisse NA, Feinberg AW, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Nuclear morphology and deformation in engineered cardiac myocytes and tissues. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5143-50. [PMID: 20382423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering requires finely-tuned manipulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment to optimize internal myocardial organization. The myocyte nucleus is mechanically connected to the cell membrane via cytoskeletal elements, making it a target for the cellular response to perturbation of the ECM. However, the role of ECM spatial configuration and myocyte shape on nuclear location and morphology is unknown. In this study, printed ECM proteins were used to configure the geometry of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Engineered one- and two-dimensional tissue constructs and single myocyte islands were assayed using live fluorescence imaging to examine nuclear position, morphology and motion as a function of the imposed ECM geometry during diastolic relaxation and systolic contraction. Image analysis showed that anisotropic tissue constructs cultured on microfabricated ECM lines possessed a high degree of nuclear alignment similar to that found in vivo; nuclei in isotropic tissues were polymorphic in shape with an apparently random orientation. Nuclear eccentricity was also increased for the anisotropic tissues, suggesting that intracellular forces deform the nucleus as the cell is spatially confined. During systole, nuclei experienced increasing spatial confinement in magnitude and direction of displacement as tissue anisotropy increased, yielding anisotropic deformation. Thus, the nature of nuclear displacement and deformation during systole appears to rely on a combination of the passive myofibril spatial organization and the active stress fields induced by contraction. Such findings have implications in understanding the genomic consequences and functional response of cardiac myocytes to their ECM surroundings under conditions of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark-Anthony P Bray
- Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St (Rm 322A), Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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23
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McCain ML, Desplantez T, Geisse NA, Oberer H, Parker KK, Kléber AG. Relating Electrical Conductance, Connexin 43 Immunostaining, and Cell Shape in Micropatterned Cardiac Cell Pairs. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
The spatial and temporal scales of cardiac organogenesis and pathogenesis make engineering of artificial heart tissue a daunting challenge. The temporal scales range from nanosecond conformational changes responsible for ion channel opening to fibrillation which occurs over seconds and can lead to death. Spatial scales range from nanometre pore sizes in membrane channels and gap junctions to the metre length scale of the whole cardiovascular system in a living patient. Synchrony over these scales requires a hierarchy of control mechanisms that are governed by a single common principle: integration of structure and function. To ensure that the function of ion channels and contraction of muscle cells lead to changes in heart chamber volume, an elegant choreography of metabolic, electrical and mechanical events are executed by protein networks composed of extracellular matrix, transmembrane integrin receptors and cytoskeleton which are functionally connected across all size scales. These structural control networks are mechanoresponsive, and they process mechanical and chemical signals in a massively parallel fashion, while also serving as a bidirectional circuit for information flow. This review explores how these hierarchical structural networks regulate the form and function of living cells and tissues, as well as how microfabrication techniques can be used to probe this structural control mechanism that maintains metabolic supply, electrical activation and mechanical pumping of heart muscle. Through this process, we delineate various design principles that may be useful for engineering artificial heart tissue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Parker
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Rm 11.127, Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Brangwynne CP, MacKintosh FC, Kumar S, Geisse NA, Talbot J, Mahadevan L, Parker KK, Ingber DE, Weitz DA. Microtubules can bear enhanced compressive loads in living cells because of lateral reinforcement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:733-41. [PMID: 16754957 PMCID: PMC2063890 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal microtubules have been proposed to influence cell shape and mechanics based on their ability to resist large-scale compressive forces exerted by the surrounding contractile cytoskeleton. Consistent with this, cytoplasmic microtubules are often highly curved and appear buckled because of compressive loads. However, the results of in vitro studies suggest that microtubules should buckle at much larger length scales, withstanding only exceedingly small compressive forces. This discrepancy calls into question the structural role of microtubules, and highlights our lack of quantitative knowledge of the magnitude of the forces they experience and can withstand in living cells. We show that intracellular microtubules do bear large-scale compressive loads from a variety of physiological forces, but their buckling wavelength is reduced significantly because of mechanical coupling to the surrounding elastic cytoskeleton. We quantitatively explain this behavior, and show that this coupling dramatically increases the compressive forces that microtubules can sustain, suggesting they can make a more significant structural contribution to the mechanical behavior of the cell than previously thought possible.
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Huang S, Brangwynne CP, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Symmetry-breaking in mammalian cell cohort migration during tissue pattern formation: role of random-walk persistence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 61:201-13. [PMID: 15986404 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated, cohort cell migration plays an important role in the morphogenesis of tissue patterns in metazoa. However, individual cells intrinsically move in a random walk-like fashion when studied in vitro. Hence, in the absence of an external orchestrating influence or template, the emergence of cohort cell migration must involve a symmetry-breaking event. To study this process, we used a novel experimental system in which multiple capillary endothelial cells exhibit spontaneous and robust cohort migration in the absence of chemical gradients when cultured on micrometer-scale extracellular matrix islands fabricated using microcontact printing. A computational model suggested that directional persistence of random-walk and dynamic mechanical coupling of adjacent cells are the critical control parameters for this symmetry-breaking behavior that is induced in spatially-constrained cell ensembles. The model predicted our finding that fibroblasts, which exhibit a much shorter motility persistence time than endothelial cells, failed to undergo symmetry breaking or produce cohort migration on the matrix islands. These findings suggest that cells have intrinsic motility characteristics that are tuned to match their role in tissue patterning. Our results underscore the importance of studying cell motility in the context of cell populations, and the need to address emergent features in multicellular organisms that arise not only from cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but also from properties that are intrinsic to individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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Abstract
Structural and functional cardiac anisotropy varies with the development, location, and pathophysiology in the heart. The goal of this study was to design a cell culture model system in which the degree, change in fiber direction, and discontinuity of anisotropy can be controlled over centimeter-size length scales. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were cultured on fibronectin on 20-mm diameter circular cover slips. Structure-function relationships were assessed using immunostaining and optical mapping. Cell culture on microabraded cover slips yielded cell elongation and coalignment in the direction of abrasion, and uniform, macroscopically continuous, elliptical propagation with point stimulation. Coarser microabrasion (wider and deeper abrasion grooves) increased longitudinal (23.5 to 37.2 cm/s; r=0.66) and decreased transverse conduction velocity (18.1 to 9.2 cm/s; r=-0.84), which resulted in increased longitudinal-to-transverse velocity anisotropy ratios (1.3 to 3.7, n=61). A thin transition zone between adjacent uniformly anisotropic areas with 45 degrees or 90 degrees difference in fiber orientation acted as a secondary source during 2x threshold field stimulus. Cell culture on cover slips micropatterned with 12- or 25- micro m wide fibronectin lines and previously coated with decreasing concentrations of background fibronectin yielded transition from continuous to discontinuous anisotropic architecture with longitudinally oriented intercellular clefts, decreased transverse velocity (16.9 to 2.6 cm/s; r=-0.95), increased velocity anisotropy ratios (1.6 to 5.6, n=70), and decreased longitudinal velocity (36.4 to 14.6 cm/s; r=-0.85) for anisotropy ratios >3.5. Cultures of cardiac myocytes with controlled degree, uniformity and continuity of structural, and functional anisotropy may enable systematic 2-dimensional in vitro studies of macroscopic structure-related mechanisms of reentrant arrhythmias. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA
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28
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Abstract
Stretch-activated ion channels have been identified as transducers of mechanoelectric coupling in the heart, where they may play a role in arrhythmogenesis. The role of the cytoskeleton in ion channel control has been a topic of recent study and the transmission of mechanical stresses to stretch-activated channels by cytoskeletal attachment has been hypothesized. We studied the arrhythmogenic effects of stretch in 16 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts in which we pharmacologically manipulated the microtubular network of the cardiac myocytes. Group 1 (n=5) was treated with colchicine, which depolymerizes microtubules, and Group 2 (n=6) was treated with taxol, which polymerizes microtubules. Stretch-induced arrhythmias were produced by transiently increasing the volume of a fluid-filled left ventricular balloon with a volume pump driven by a computer-controlled stepper motor. Electrical events were recorded by a contact electrode which provided high-fidelity recordings of monophasic action potentials and stretch-induced depolarizations. The probability of eliciting a stretch-induced arrhythmia increased (0.22+/-0.11 to 0.62+/-0.19, p=0.001) in hearts treated with taxol (5 microM), whereas hearts treated with colchicine (100 microM) showed no statistically significant change. We conclude that proliferation of microtubules increased the arrhythmogenic effect of transient left ventricle diastolic stretch. This result indicates a possible mode of arrhythmogenesis in chemotherapeutic patients and patients exhibiting uncompensated ventricular hypertrophy. The data would indicate that the cytoskeleton represents a possible target for antiarrhythmic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Parker
- Living State Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Box 1807 Station B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Abstract
To better understand cytoplasmic loop 3/G protein coupling, variations in a bioactive synthetic peptide probe (P1) were constructed according to the published sequences of the human 5HT1a receptor. These probes were tested in a model system of human 5HT1a receptor stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In agonist inhibition studies, peptides with amino acid substitutions of residues 6-9 from the amino terminus of loop 3 were less active than P1. Truncated peptide P4, conserving the residue 6-9 region, was also less active than P1. Truncates P5 and P6, deleting the residue 6-9 region, were inactive. When cAMP levels were measured, both substituted peptides were more active than P1 in this negatively coupled system. In contrast, the truncated peptides were without activity in the cAMP assays. Thus, P1 and its derivatives (P2-P6) constitute a small group of peptides with differential uncoupling (agonist inhibition) and signal transduction (cAMP) activities in this G-protein-linked system. It is proposed that these peptides will be useful in future studies detailing the molecular determinants at the receptor/G protein interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-1552, USA
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31
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Hayataka K, O'Connor MF, Kinzler N, Weber JT, Parker KK. A bioactive peptide from the transmembrane 5-intracellular loop 3 region of the human 5HT1a receptor. Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 76:657-60. [PMID: 10099787 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-76-4-657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
15 amino acid peptide from the transmembrane 5-intracellular loop 3 region of the human 5HT1a receptor produced concentration-dependent decreases in agonist binding. This result is consistent with a competitive interaction between peptide, receptor, and G protein at the receptor-G protein interface. Bombesin and a 13 amino acid peptide from the carboxyl terminus region of the receptor were inactive. Additionally, the peptide decreased forskolin-mediated cAMP elevation. Overall, these results suggest that amino acid residues from this region of the receptor are involved in receptor-G protein coupling and that G protein is activated by the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hayataka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula 59812-1075, USA
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32
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Bettinotti MP, Kim CJ, Lee KH, Roden M, Cormier JN, Panelli M, Parker KK, Marincola FM. Stringent allele/epitope requirements for MART-1/Melan A immunodominance: implications for peptide-based immunotherapy. J Immunol 1998; 161:877-89. [PMID: 9670966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exclusiveness of the relationship between peptide and HLA alleles, combined with their extensive polymorphism, emphasizes the need for immunization strategies based on endogenous processing of full length proteins (containing multiple epitopic determinants) for presentation to T cells. This could allow vaccination regardless of the patient's HLA phenotype, assuming that individual molecules can be efficient T cell Ags in association with various HLA alleles. An endogenous system of Ag presentation was developed using dendritic cells infected with recombinant viral vectors expressing the melanoma-associated Ag MART-1/Melan A. CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients were activated in vitro by coincubation with infected dendritic cells and tested for recognition of HLA-A-matched melanoma targets. This allowed the analysis of T cell induction in association with any HLA-A allele of a given patient's phenotype. In this system, MART-1/Melan A could not efficiently immunize in association with HLA-A alleles other than A*0201, including the one residue variant from A*0201: HLA-A*0226. Clonal analysis of MART-1/Melan A-specific CTL confirmed that MART-1/Melan A immunodominance is strongly restricted to the AAGIGILTV/HLA-A*0201 combination. The stringent epitope/allele requirements for MART-1/Melan A/TCR interactions were not associated with limitations in the TCR repertoire. In conclusion, autologous induction of MART-1/Melan A CTL by whole Ag processing and presentation is restricted to a unique allele/ligand combination and is excluded by minimal changes in HLA structure. Thus, whole protein vaccination for small m.w. Ags may provide no further advantage over a peptide-based approach.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/therapeutic use
- Fowlpox virus/genetics
- Fowlpox virus/immunology
- HLA-DQ Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/therapeutic use
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Bettinotti
- HLA Laboratory, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
We have developed a computationally simple model for calculating the magnetic-field strength at a point due to a single motor unit compound action potential (SMUCAP). The motor unit is defined only in terms of its anatomical features, and the SMUCAP is approximated using the tripole model. The distributed current density J is calculated within the volume defined by the motor unit. The law of Biot and Savart can then be cast in a form necessitating that J be integrated only over the region containing current sources or conductivity boundaries. The magnetic-field strength is defined as the summation of the contributions to the field made by every muscle fiber in the motor unit. Applying this model to SMUCAP measurements obtained using a high-resolution SUper Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer may yield information regarding the distribution of action currents (AC's) and the anatomical properties of single motor units within a muscle bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Parker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Abstract
Parthenolide displaces [3H]ketanserin from 5HT2A receptors from rat and rabbit brain and cloned 5HT2A receptors. Ki's are in the 100-250 microM range. These results suggest that parthenolide may be a low-affinity antagonist at 5HT receptors; it is unlikely that the entire mechanism of action can be explained by its modest 5HT2A receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula 59812-1075, USA
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35
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Abstract
Selective 5HT1a agonist binding to membranes from rabbit cerebral cortex was concentration-dependent and saturable; the Kd was 1.1 nM and Bmax of 480 fmols/mg protein. Scatchard as well as Hill plots were linear; the Hill coefficient was 0.96, suggesting a single, non-interacting binding site. Agonist binding was inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by gamma S GTP, a result consistent with the coupling of this binding site to the G protein signal transduction system. In competition experiments involving agonist and a series of agents with known affinities and specificities at 5HT1a receptors, a rank order relationship was found consistent with this binding site being a 5HT1a binding site. Direct comparisons of agonist and antagonist binding at rat cerebral cortex 5HT1a receptors and cloned human 5HT1a receptors also suggested that the rabbit binding site belongs to the 5HT1a class. The only rank order anomalies were with methiothepin in rabbit cerebral cortex, where a comparatively high Ki was observed and with buspirone in cloned human 5HT1a receptor, where a low Ki was determined; these anomalies bear further study in light of the comparative pharmacology of 5HT1a receptors. Finally, the natural product parthenolide was tested for affinity in the rabbit, rat, and human systems, where it uniformly was unable to displace agonist, suggesting that the 5HT1a receptor is not a target for this compound. Overall, these results suggest that a functional 5HT1a receptor exists in rabbit cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula 59812-1075, USA
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36
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Parker KK, Wickstrom E. Crosslinking of Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunits with chlorambucilyl oligoprolyl phenylalanyl-tRNA molecular rulers. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:515-24. [PMID: 6338479 PMCID: PMC325730 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.2.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of P-site probes, chlorambucilyl-(Pro)n-Phe-tRNAPhe, were prepared and reacted with poly(U)-directed Escherichia coli MRE 600 ribosomes. Upon binding of the probes to ribosomes, 90% of the cpm bound were not released following subsequent interaction with puromycin. In the absence of poly(U) or in the presence of poly(C), binding was limited to the amount of cpm bound if ribosomes were incubated in the presence of puromycin before adding modified tRNA and poly(U). AcPhe-tRNAPhe was a competitive inhibitor of chlorambucilyl Phe-tRNAPhe. Binding to 50S subunits was strongly stimulated by poly(U), while binding to 30S subunits was not. Crosslinked 50S proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Crosslinking with molecular rulers containing zero prolines led to poly(U)-dependent labeling of L1 and L27. With rulers containing five prolines, L6, L25, L28, and the group L18,23,24 were labeled. Analysis of crosslinked ribosomal RNA on sucrose density gradients revealed almost no cpm in the 16S or 23S peaks, but only in the 5S peaks. This was observed with molecular rulers containing either zero or five proline residues.
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Wickstrom E, Parker KK, Hursh DA, Newton RL. Chlorambucil [3H]phenylalanyl-tRNA crosslinking to 50 S ribosomal subunit proteins L4, L26--27 and L18--20. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:273-6. [PMID: 6164571 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The activities of cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase, an enzyme marker for oligodendrocytes, and glutamine synthetase, an enzyme marker for astrocytes, were studied at early (21 to 26) and late (82 to 88) cell passages. The activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase was markedly high and that of glutamine synthetase was low in the early passages, but this relation was reversed in the late passages. These findings suggest a "transdifferentiation" of C6 glial cells with passage in culture.
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