1
|
Jiang B, Luo Y, Yan N, Shen Z, Li W, Hou C, Xiao L, Ma C, Zhang L, Chen Y, Cheng X, Lian M, Ji C, Zhu Z, Wang Z. An X-ray inactivated vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in mice. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00627-8. [PMID: 37353454 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the most prevalent pathogens of bacterial keratitis. Bacterial keratitis is a major cause of blindness worldwide. The rising incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa precludes treatment with conventional antibiotics. Herein, we evaluated the protective efficiency and explored the possible underlying mechanism of an X-ray inactivated vaccine (XPa) using a murine P. aeruginosa keratitis model. Mice immunized with XPa exhibit reduced corneal bacterial loads and pathology scores. XPa vaccination induced corneal macrophage polarization toward M2, averting an excessive inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, histological observations indicated that XPa vaccination suppressed corneal fibroblast activation and prevented irreversible visual impairment. The potency of XPa against keratitis highlights its potential utility as an effective and promising vaccine candidate for P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhixue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cuicui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingjun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjie Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Jianyang City, Chengdu 641400, China
| | - Ziyi Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Jianyang City, Chengdu 641400, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stapleton F, Shrestha GS, Vijay AK, Carnt N. Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Genetics of Contact Lens-Related and Non-Contact Lens-Related Infectious Keratitis. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:127-133. [PMID: 35192567 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Infectious keratitis is a rare but severe condition associated with a range of ocular and systemic predisposing conditions, including ocular trauma, prior surgery, surface disease, and contact lens (CL) wear. This review explores the epidemiology of infectious keratitis, specifically the differences in disease incidence and risk factors, causative organism profile and virulence characteristics and host microbiome, genetics, gene expression, proteomics, and metabolomic characteristics in CL-related and non-CL-related diseases. Differences exist in the epidemiology, demographics, causative organisms, and their virulence characteristics in CL-related and non-CL-related diseases, and there is less evidence to support differences between these groups of individuals in the ocular surface microbiome, genetics, and pathways of disease. Genetic variations, however, in the host immune profile are implicated in both the onset and severity of infectious keratitis in CL and non-CL wearers. As technologies in metabolomics, proteomics, and genomics improved to be better able to process small-volume samples from the ocular surface, there will be improved understanding of the interplay between the CL, ocular surface, host immune profile, and the microbial environment. This may result in a more personalized approach in the management of disease to reduce disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Shi N, He L, Wang S, Li X, Lu S, Zhang Q, Niu H. Silk Sericin Activates Mild Immune Response and Increases Antibody Production. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2433-2443. [PMID: 34974866 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify whether nanoparticles of silk sericin (SS) and silk fibroin (SF) can induce inflammation and immune responses, we analyzed splenocyte proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine release to identify the effects of SS and SF on mouse splenocytes in vitro. We implanted mice with SS and SF through intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes to evaluate the innate and adaptive immune response to SS and SF in vivo. Cytokines in the serum and spleen were analyzed by Luminex and antibody array. Antigen-specific antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at week 1 and 5 after implantation. Distinct cell populations in the spleen and bone marrow were analyzed by flow cytometry. SS suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes and CD11b+CD27- NK cells, induced splenocyte apoptosis, and increased interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the culture supernatant. SF suppressed splenocyte proliferation, induced splenocyte apoptosis, and increased the titer of TNF-α in culture supernatants. At both week 1 and 5 after implantation with SS, mouse serum interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) were decreased, SS-specific antibody was increased, the proportion of bone marrow CD4+ T cells was increased, and the proportion of splenic neutrophils was decreased. At week 5 after subcutaneous implantation with SF, mouse serum IL-1α, and splenic IL-6, TIMP-1, IL-4, MCP-1, IFN-γ, TCA-3, TNF-α, and IL-17 were decreased. SS was able to induce a mild immune response, as evidenced by CD4+ T cell activation, splenocyte apoptosis, and antigen-specific antibody secretion. Comparatively, SF had low immunogenicity and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Na Shi
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lun He
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shenzhou Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- Fujian Bote Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- School of Medicine and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrestha GS, Vijay AK, Stapleton F, Henriquez FL, Carnt N. Understanding clinical and immunological features associated with Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus keratitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 44:3-13. [PMID: 33303356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the two dominant Gram-negative and -positive species, respectively, isolated from patients with contact lens-related bacterial keratitis. The clinical features of bacterial keratitis vary, such that timely differential diagnosis can be challenging, which may cause a delay in diagnosis resulting in poorer outcome. This review aims to explore the current understanding of clinical and immunological features associated with contact lens-related P. aeruginosa and S. aureus keratitis based on currently available evidence. Firstly, the review characterises contact lens-related P. aeruginosa and S. aureus keratitis, based on clinical features and prognostic factors. Secondly, the review describes the primary immune response associated with a bacterial infection in in-vivo non-scratch contact lens-wearing animal models, colonised by bacteria on contact lens and topical administration of bacteria on the cornea. Finally, the review discusses the role of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) in neutrophil recruitment based on both in-vivo scratch models of bacterial keratitis and bacterial challenged in cell culture models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona L Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Carnt
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo L, Kong Q, Dong Z, Dong W, Fu X, Su L, Tan X. NLRC3 promotes host resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis by promoting the degradation of IRAK1. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:898-906. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
6
|
Montaser R, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Modular strategies for structure and function employed by marine cyanobacteria: characterization and synthesis of pitinoic acids. Org Lett 2013; 15:4050-3. [PMID: 23915229 PMCID: PMC3785295 DOI: 10.1021/ol401396u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel bioactive lipids were identified from a Guamanian cyanobacterium, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing inhibitor pitinoic acid A (1) and the anti-inflammatory pitinoic acids B (2) and C. The structure of 2 was confirmed by synthesis, which also allowed for biological evaluation. Since 2 is an ester of pitinoic acids A and C, it represents a prodrug strategy to liberate dual biological activity for the management of P. aeruginosa infections and their associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Montaser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | | | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kimura K, Orita T, Nomi N, Fujitsu Y, Nishida T, Sonoda KH. Identification of common secreted factors in human corneal fibroblasts exposed to LPS, poly(I:C), or zymosan. Exp Eye Res 2011; 96:157-62. [PMID: 22116002 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the cornea with bacteria, viruses, or fungi can result in corneal ulceration. Corneal stromal cells participate in the immune and inflammatory responses to such infection in part by producing various cytokines and chemokines. The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and zymosan as surrogates for bacteria, viruses, and fungi, respectively, on the release of cytokines and chemokines from cultured human corneal fibroblasts were examined in order to identify common factors in infectious corneal keratitis. The secretion of various cytokines and chemokines by human corneal fibroblasts exposed to LPS, poly(I:C), or zymosan was measured with a multiplex assay system. LPS induced the release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10, eotaxin, and IL-12 from corneal fibroblasts. Poly(I:C) stimulated the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10, eotaxin, MIP-1β, and interferon-γ, whereas zymosan triggered the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. LPS, poly(I:C), and zymosan thus each induced a distinct pattern of cytokine and chemokine release from human corneal fibroblasts, with the release of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 being commonly elicited by all three agents. Our results suggest that IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 may therefore play a key role in the inflammatory response to corneal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Streptozotocin, type I diabetes severity and bone. Biol Proced Online 2009; 11:296-315. [PMID: 19495918 PMCID: PMC3055251 DOI: 10.1007/s12575-009-9000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As many as 50% of adults with type I (T1) diabetes exhibit bone loss and are at increased risk for fractures. Therapeutic development to prevent bone loss and/or restore lost bone in T1 diabetic patients requires knowledge of the molecular mechanisms accounting for the bone pathology. Because cell culture models alone cannot fully address the systemic/metabolic complexity of T1 diabetes, animal models are critical. A variety of models exist including spontaneous and pharmacologically induced T1 diabetic rodents. In this paper, we discuss the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1 diabetic mouse model and examine dose-dependent effects on disease severity and bone. Five daily injections of either 40 or 60 mg/kg STZ induce bone pathologies similar to spontaneously diabetic mouse and rat models and to human T1 diabetic bone pathology. Specifically, bone volume, mineral apposition rate, and osteocalcin serum and tibia messenger RNA levels are decreased. In contrast, bone marrow adiposity and aP2 expression are increased with either dose. However, high-dose STZ caused a more rapid elevation of blood glucose levels and a greater magnitude of change in body mass, fat pad mass, and bone gene expression (osteocalcin, aP2). An increase in cathepsin K and in the ratio of RANKL/OPG was noted in high-dose STZ mice, suggesting the possibility that severe diabetes could increase osteoclast activity, something not seen with lower doses. This may contribute to some of the disparity between existing studies regarding the role of osteoclasts in diabetic bone pathology. Examination of kidney and liver toxicity indicate that the high STZ dose causes some liver inflammation. In summary, the multiple low-dose STZ mouse model exhibits a similar bone phenotype to spontaneous models, has low toxicity, and serves as a useful tool for examining mechanisms of T1 diabetic bone loss.
Collapse
|
9
|
Moyer AL, Ramadan RT, Novosad BD, Astley R, Callegan MC. Bacillus cereus-induced permeability of the blood-ocular barrier during experimental endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:3783-93. [PMID: 19264886 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability occurred during experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis and whether tight junction alterations were involved in permeability. METHODS Mice were intravitreally injected with 100 colony-forming units of B. cereus, and eyes were analyzed at specific times after infection for permeability to fibrin and albumin, quantitation of intraocular plasma constituent leakage, production of inflammatory cytokines, and alterations in tight junction protein localization and expression at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. RESULTS B. cereus induced the leakage of albumin and fibrin into the aqueous and vitreous humor by 8 hours after infection. BRB permeability occurred as early as 4 hours and increased 13.30-fold compared with uninfected controls by 8 hours. Production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, MIP-1alpha, IL-1beta, and KC increased over the course of infection. In the retina, ZO-1 disruption began by 4 hours and was followed by decreasing occludin and ZO-1 expression at 4 and 8 hours, respectively. Tubulin condensation and RPE65 degradation occurred by 12 hours. A quorum-sensing mutant B. cereus strain caused BRB permeability comparable to that of wild-type B. cereus. Wild-type and mutant B. cereus sterile supernatants induced blood-ocular barrier permeability similarly to that of wild-type infection. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BRB permeability occurs during the early stages of experimental B. cereus endophthalmitis, beginning as early as 4 hours after infection. Disruption of tight junctions at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium may contribute to barrier breakdown. Quorum-sensing dependent factors may not significantly contribute to BRB permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Moyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramadan RT, Moyer AL, Callegan MC. A role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4482-9. [PMID: 18586878 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the contribution of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in the pathogenesis of experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. METHODS Experimental B. cereus endophthalmitis was induced in wild-type control (B6.129F1) and age-matched homozygous TNFalpha knockout mice (TNFalpha(-/-), B6.129S6-Tnf(tm1Gk1)/J). At various times after infection, eyes were analyzed by electroretinography and were harvested for quantitation of bacteria, myeloperoxidase, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and histologic analysis. RESULTS B. cereus replicated more rapidly in the eyes of TNFalpha(-/-) mice than in the eyes of B6.129F1 mice. Retinal function decreased more rapidly in TNFalpha(-/-) mice than in B6.129F1 mice. Retinal layers were not as structurally intact at 6 and 12 hours after infection in TNFalpha(-/-) eyes as in B6.129F1 eyes. Histologic analysis suggested less polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration into the vitreous of TNFalpha(-/-) mice than of B6.129F1 mice. B6.129F1 eyes also had greater myeloperoxidase concentrations than did eyes of TNFalpha(-/-) mice. In general, concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1beta, KC, IL-6, and MIP-1alpha) were greater in eyes of TNFalpha(-/-) mice than of B6.129F1 mice. CONCLUSIONS TNFalpha is important to intraocular pathogen containment by PMNs during experimental B. cereus endophthalmitis. In the absence of TNFalpha, fewer PMNs migrated into the eye, facilitating faster bacterial replication and retinal function loss. Although greater concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines were synthesized in the absence of TNFalpha, the resultant inflammation was diminished, and an equally devastating course of infection occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raniyah T Ramadan
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang LC, Reins RY, Gallo RL, McDermott AM. Cathelicidin-deficient (Cnlp -/- ) mice show increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:4498-508. [PMID: 17898271 PMCID: PMC4234056 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the clinical progression and innate immune responses during Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) keratitis in cathelicidin-deficient (KO) mice. METHODS PA (ATCC 19660) keratitis was induced in KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates generated on a 129/SVJ background. Clinical score and histopathology were used to monitor the progression of infection at postinfection (PI) days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Mouse corneas were harvested for viable bacteria quantitation, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays were performed to determine the number of infiltrating neutrophils. ELISA was used to quantitate interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory peptide (MIP)-2, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the corneas. RESULTS WT mice were resistant (cornea healed), whereas KO mice showed increased susceptibility (corneas failed to recover by 21 days or perforated) to PA infection. Clinical scores were significantly elevated in the infected corneas of KO mice versus WT mice at 7, 14, and 21 days PI. Absence of cathelicidin resulted in significantly delayed clearance of PA in the cornea and an increased number of infiltrating neutrophils at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days PI. KO mice also exhibited differential expression of protein levels for IL-1beta, IL-6, MIP-2, KC, TNF-alpha, and VEGF up to day 21 PI compared with the WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Cathelicidin-deficient mice showed considerable susceptibility to PA keratitis. The present study demonstrates direct in vivo evidence that endogenous expression of cathelicidin provides defense against corneal PA infection indicating its importance in host innate immunity at the ocular surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling C. Huang
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas
| | - Rose Y. Reins
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corrales RM, Villarreal A, Farley W, Stern ME, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC. Strain-related cytokine profiles on the murine ocular surface in response to desiccating stress. Cornea 2007; 26:579-84. [PMID: 17525655 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318033a729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of desiccating ocular surface stress on levels of inflammatory cytokines in the corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and tear fluid of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Experimental dry eye (EDE) was created in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice by cholinergic blockade and exposure to a desiccating environment. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure levels of cytokine transcripts. A multiplex immunobead assay was used to measure concentrations of these cytokines in tears. RESULTS Experimental dryness significantly increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha transcripts in the corneal epithelium and conjunctiva of C57BL/6 mice. Strain-specific changes in tear cytokine profiles were observed. C57BL/6 mice had significantly greater tear concentrations of IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha and the Th-1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12, and interferon-gamma in response to desiccating stress than BALB/c mice. The Th-2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly greater in BALB/c tears. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that desiccating stress increases levels of certain cytokines in the corneal epithelium and conjunctiva in a strain-dependent fashion and that C57BL/6 mice had greater levels of Th-1 cytokines in their tears, whereas BALB/c mice had a greater increase in Th-2 cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Corrales
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Pseudomonal keratitis usually progresses rapidly, often resulting in corneal perforation and blindness. Remarkable events in pseudomonal keratitis include massive polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the cornea and various degrees of tissue destruction. With regard to initiation of these inflammatory events, various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines appear to be key substances and have been the subject of several studies. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines believed to be important in pseudomonal keratitis include interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 (homologous to human IL-8), macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-12, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. In this article, current concepts related to the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in pseudomonal keratitis are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zolfaghar I, Angus AA, Kang PJ, To A, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Mutation of retS, encoding a putative hybrid two-component regulatory protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, attenuates multiple virulence mechanisms. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1305-16. [PMID: 16027020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two-component regulatory systems play an important role in bacterial virulence. We report that mutation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene designated retS (previously designated fimK; accession number PA4856) encoding a putative hybrid two-component regulator, attenuates multiple virulence mechanisms. The retS mutant was selected from a Tn5 transposon library of the cytotoxic P. aeruginosa strain PA103 based upon expression of a small-colony phenotype suggestive of reduced surface-associated "twitching" motility, a property dependent upon type IV pili. Subsequent analysis revealed that the mutant expressed pilin, albeit at lower levels than wild-type PA103. In a murine model of corneal infection, retS mutation was associated with delayed disease development and altered pathology. In vitro, retS mutants demonstrated loss of acute cytotoxic activity towards corneal epithelia as determined by trypan blue exclusion and by LDH release assays (P<0.0001). This coincided with loss of ExsA-regulated type III secretion. Mutation of retS also impaired ExsA-independent pathogenic mechanisms. When compared to the exsA mutant of PA103, retS mutants exhibited reduced epithelial adherence and invasion and reduced intracellular survival within the cells after invasion. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed that retS mutants, compared to exsA mutants, had a reduced capacity to access, and move along, the basal cell surfaces of corneal epithelial cell monolayers. Taken together, these data suggest that the protein encoded by retS regulates various properties of P. aeruginosa including both ExsA-dependent and ExsA-independent virulence mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irandokht Zolfaghar
- School of Optometry, 688 Minor Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kase S, Aoki K, Harada T, Harada C, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Nishi S, Ohno S, Yoshida K. Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in the conjunctiva with the epithelial scraping of the mouse cornea and human epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:947-9. [PMID: 15205244 PMCID: PMC1772208 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.024646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the expression of p65, one of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), in the conjunctival epithelium of the C57Bl6 mouse and a patient with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). METHODS Normal and epithelial scraped cornea obtained 6 hours after the injury were processed for paraffin section. Samples of a normal and an EKC conjunctival epithelium were obtained using impression cytology. Both samples were analysed by immunocytochemistry using anti-p65 antibody. RESULTS Immunocytochemistry with the anti-NF-kappa B p65 antibody revealed that p65 was localised in the cytoplasm of the conjunctival epithelium in the C57Bl6 mouse without the treatment. Six hours after the scraping of the cornea, p65 protein was expressed in the nuclei of the conjunctival epithelium. p65 was localised in the cytoplasm of the conjunctival epithelium in the human normal eye. p65 protein was expressed in the nuclei of the conjunctival epithelial cells in the EKC patient. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that NF-kappa B was activated in the conjunctiva in the epithelial scraping of the mouse cornea and in human EKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N17 W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
McClellan SA, Huang X, Barrett RP, van Rooijen N, Hazlett LD. Macrophages restrict Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth, regulate polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx, and balance pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5219-27. [PMID: 12734370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection in susceptible (cornea perforates), C57BL/6 (B6) vs resistant (cornea heals), BALB/c mice was tested by depleting macrophages using subconjunctival injections of clodronate-containing liposomes before corneal infection. Both groups of inbred mice treated with clodronate-liposomes compared with PBS-liposomes (controls) exhibited more severe disease. In B6 mice, the cornea perforated and the eye became extremely shrunken, whereas in BALB/c mice, the cornea perforated rather than healed. The myeloperoxidase assay detected significantly more PMN in the cornea of both groups of mice treated with clodronate-liposomes vs PBS-liposomes. In independent experiments, ELISA analysis showed that protein levels for IL-1 beta, macrophage-inflammatory protein 2, and macrophage-inflammatory protein 1 alpha, all regulators of PMN chemotaxis, also were elevated in both groups of mice treated with clodronate-liposomes. Bacterial plate counts in B6 mice treated with clodronate-liposomes were unchanged at 3 days and were higher in control-treated mice at 5 days postinfection (p.i.), whereas in BALB/c mice, bacterial load was significantly elevated in the cornea of mice treated with clodronate-liposomes at both 3 and 5 days p.i. mRNA expression levels for pro (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha)- and anti (IL-4 and IL-10)-inflammatory cytokines also were determined in BALB/c mice treated with clodronate-liposomes vs control-treated mice. Expression levels for IFN-gamma were significantly elevated in mice treated with clodronate-liposomes at 3 and 5 days p.i., while IL-10 levels (mRNA and protein) were reduced. These data provide evidence that macrophages control resistance to P. aeruginosa corneal infection through regulation of PMN number, bacterial killing and balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201,USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|