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Patel A, Dharap A. An Emerging Role for Enhancer RNAs in Brain Disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:7. [PMID: 38546891 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding DNA undergoes widespread context-dependent transcription to produce noncoding RNAs. In recent decades, tremendous advances in genomics and transcriptomics have revealed important regulatory roles for noncoding DNA elements and the RNAs that they produce. Enhancers are one such element that are well-established drivers of gene expression changes in response to a variety of factors such as external stimuli, cellular responses, developmental cues, and disease states. They are known to act at long distances, interact with multiple target gene loci simultaneously, synergize with other enhancers, and associate with dynamic chromatin architectures to form a complex regulatory network. Recent advances in enhancer biology have revealed that upon activation, enhancers transcribe long noncoding RNAs, known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), that have been shown to play important roles in enhancer-mediated gene regulation and chromatin-modifying activities. In the brain, enhancer dysregulation and eRNA transcription has been reported in numerous disorders from acute injuries to chronic neurodegeneration. Because this is an emerging area, a comprehensive understanding of eRNA function has not yet been achieved in brain disorders; however, the findings to date have illuminated a role for eRNAs in activity-driven gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. In this review, we highlight the breadth of the current literature on eRNA biology in brain health and disease and discuss the challenges as well as focus areas and strategies for future in-depth research on eRNAs in brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Lipponen A, Kajevu N, Natunen T, Ciszek R, Puhakka N, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Gene Expression Profile as a Predictor of Seizure Liability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044116. [PMID: 36835526 PMCID: PMC9963992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis platforms to predict drug-induced seizure liability at an early phase of drug development would improve safety and reduce attrition and the high cost of drug development. We hypothesized that a drug-induced in vitro transcriptomics signature predicts its ictogenicity. We exposed rat cortical neuronal cultures to non-toxic concentrations of 34 compounds for 24 h; 11 were known to be ictogenic (tool compounds), 13 were associated with a high number of seizure-related adverse event reports in the clinical FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database and systematic literature search (FAERS-positive compounds), and 10 were known to be non-ictogenic (FAERS-negative compounds). The drug-induced gene expression profile was assessed from RNA-sequencing data. Transcriptomics profiles induced by the tool, FAERS-positive and FAERS-negative compounds, were compared using bioinformatics and machine learning. Of the 13 FAERS-positive compounds, 11 induced significant differential gene expression; 10 of the 11 showed an overall high similarity to the profile of at least one tool compound, correctly predicting the ictogenicity. Alikeness-% based on the number of the same differentially expressed genes correctly categorized 85%, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis score correctly categorized 73%, and the machine-learning approach correctly categorized 91% of the FAERS-positive compounds with reported seizure liability currently in clinical use. Our data suggest that the drug-induced gene expression profile could be used as a predictive biomarker for seizure liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-517-2091; Fax: +358-17-16-3030
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Lv M, He W, Liang T, Yang J, Huang X, Liu S, Liang X, Long J, Su L. Exploring biomarkers for ischemic stroke through integrated microarray data analysis. Brain Res 2022; 1790:147982. [PMID: 35691413 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide, and drugs available for its treatment are limited. This study aimed to explore high-confidence candidate genes associated with ischemic stroke (IS) through bioinformatics analysis and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and gene-drug interactions. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were integrated to identify overlapping genes. Then, high-confidence candidate genes were screened by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of high-confidence candidate genes as biomarkers for IS. The NetworkAnalyst database was used to construct the TF-gene network and miRNA-TF regulatory network of the high-confidence candidate genes. The DGIdb database was used to identified gene-drug interactions. Through the comprehensive analysis of GSE58294 and GSE16561, 10 high-confidence candidate genes were identified by LASSO regression: ARG1, LY96, ABCA1, SLC22A4, CD163, TPM2, SLC25A42, ID3, FAM102A and CD79B. FAM102A had the highest diagnostic value, and the area under curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity values were 0.974, 0.919 and 0.936, respectively. The HPA database demonstrated that 10 high-confidence candidate genes were expressed in the brain and blood in normal humans. Finally, DGIdb database analysis identified 8 gene-drug interactions. We identified IS-related diagnostic biomarkers and gene-drug interactions that potentially provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lv
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wanting He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tian Liang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengying Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xueying Liang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianxiong Long
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Afzal MW, Duan K, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qin B, Wang G, Lei L, Tang H, Guo Y. A rhodol-based fluorescent probe with a pair of hydrophilic and rotatable wings for sensitively monitoring intracellular polarity. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200063. [PMID: 35191194 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity, as a vital intracellular microenvironment characteristic, has immense effects on numerous pathological and biological processes. Therefore, the tracking of polarity variations is highly essential to explore the role and mechanism of the polarity in pathophysiological processes. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel rhodol-based fluorescent probe RDS sensitive to polarity by introducing a bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)methyl group, like a pair of hydrophilic and rotatable wings, into the rhodol skeleton. This unique design makes RDS adopt the colorless and non-fluorescent spirocyclic form in low polarity medium while the colored and fluorescent ring-open form in high polarity system, resulting in a positive-correlation response of fluorescence intension to polarity. Importantly, RDS was successfully applied to monitor the polarity changes in living cells including cancer cells, healthy cells and senescent healthy cells, visualizing that the polarity of cancer cells is lower than that of healthy cells in which the more senescent ones have higher polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Ying Gao
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Bo Qin
- Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, School of Automation, CHINA
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Lin Lei
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Haoyang Tang
- Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, School of Automation, CHINA
| | - Yuan Guo
- Northwest University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, 1 Xuefu Road, Chang'an district, 710127, Xi'an, CHINA
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Transmembrane 29 (Tmem29), a Newly Identified Molecule Showed Downregulation in Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 29 (Tmem29) gene with unknown function is a gene located on the X chromosome of the mouse genome. The gene showed differential expression in the Vannucci neonatal hypoxic-ischemic mouse brain model. We found the gene expresses with different molecular forms, including a group of long non-coding RNA forming a family of transcripts. It was predominantly expressed in the testes, brain, and kidney of mouse. In vitro identification and functional characterization were carried out in Neuro2a cells. Using fluorescence microscopy, Tmem29 protein was found to be constitutively expressed in mouse cell lines of different origins. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) induced apoptotic cell death in Neuro2a cells and was confirmed by activations of caspase 3. Tmem29 protein was found to be associated with cell death especially at the time points of caspase 3 activations. A similar response was obtained in glucose deprivation (GD) cultures suggesting Tmem29 response to a common mechanism induced by OGD and GD. Downregulation of Tmem29 was induced by OGD and GD, further validating its response to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insults. Our findings contributed to further understanding of molecular events after hypoxic-ischemic insults and opens new avenues for developing protective and therapeutic strategies for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or even pathological programmed cell death.
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Wan D, Du T, Hong W, Chen L, Que H, Lu S, Peng X. Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:406. [PMID: 34815399 PMCID: PMC8609271 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic and threatened many lives. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes respiratory diseases, growing data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) causing multiple neurological diseases, such as encephalitis, encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningitis, and skeletal muscular symptoms. Despite the increasing incidences of clinical neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2, the precise neuroinvasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 have not been fully established. In this review, we primarily describe the clinical neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the potential mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the brain based on the current evidence. Finally, we summarize the experimental models were used to study SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. These data form the basis for studies on the significance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tingfu Du
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Haiying Que
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular, Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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7
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Tian X, Kumawat LK, Bull SD, Elmes RB, Wu L, James TD. Coumarin-based fluorescent probe for the detection of glutathione and nitroreductase. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Zhang M, Zhou L, Wang J, Wang K, Wang Y, Pan X, Ma A. The nervous system-A new territory being explored of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 82:87-92. [PMID: 33317745 PMCID: PMC7598569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, COVID-19 outbroke in Wuhan, then sweeping the mainland of China and the whole world rapidly. On March 4, Beijing Ditan Hospital confirmed the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid by gene sequencing, indicating the neurotropic involvement of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, neurological manifestations in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscular were also observed, indicating the potential neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, we focused on its neurological manifestations and specific pathogenesis, as well as its comparison with other viral respiratory infections. Finally, we further summarized the significance of the neuroinvasion and the follow-up issues that need to be paid attention to by scientists, so as to help neurologists understand the influence of SARS-CoV-2 on nervous system better and promote the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Agarwal A, Park S, Ha S, Kwon JS, Khan MR, Kang BG, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Andrabi SA, Kang SU. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of the mouse cerebral cortex after ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231978. [PMID: 32315348 PMCID: PMC7173877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes result in the death of brain tissue and a wave of downstream effects, often leading to lifelong disabilities or death. However, the underlying mechanisms of ischemic damage and repair systems remain largely unknown. In order to better understand these mechanisms, TMT-isobaric mass tagging and mass spectrometry were conducted on brain cortex extracts from mice subjected to one hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and after one hour of reperfusion. In total, 2,690 proteins were identified and quantified, out of which 65% of the top 5% of up- and down-regulated proteins were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Network-based gene ontology analysis was then utilized to cluster all identified proteins by protein functional groups and cellular roles. Although three different cellular functions were identified—organelle outer membrane proteins, cytosolic ribosome proteins, and spliceosome complex proteins—several functional domains were found to be common. Of these, organelle outer membrane proteins were downregulated whereas cytosolic ribosome and spliceosome complex proteins were upregulated, indicating that major molecular events post-stroke were translation-associated and subsequent signaling pathways (e.g., poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) dependent cell death). By approaching stroke analyses via TMT-isobaric mass tagging, the work herein presents a grand scope of protein-based molecular mechanisms involved with ischemic stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ank Agarwal
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seongje Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shinwon Ha
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ji-Sun Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Repon Khan
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bong Gu Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shaida A. Andrabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ung Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ludhiadch A, Vasudeva K, Munshi A. Establishing molecular signatures of stroke focusing on omic approaches: a narrative review. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1250-1266. [PMID: 32075476 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1732964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke or 'brain attack' is considered to be the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide after myocardial infraction. Inspite of the years of research and clinical practice, the pathogenesis of stroke still remains incompletely understood. Omics approaches not only enable the description of a huge number of molecular platforms but also have a potential to recognize new factors associated with various complex disorders including stroke. The most significant development among all other omics technologies over the recent years has been seen by genomics which is a powerful tool for exploring the genetic architecture of stroke. Genomics has decisively established itself in stroke research and by now wealth of data has been generated providing new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of stroke. However, the efficacy of genomic data is restricted to risk prediction only. Omics approaches not only enable the description of a huge number of molecular platforms but also have a potential to recognize new factors associated with various complex disorders including stroke. The data generated by omics technologies enables clinicians to provide detailed insight into the makeup of stroke in individual patients, which will further help in developing diagnostic procedures to direct therapies. Present review has been compiled with an aim to understand the potential of integrated omics approach to help in characterization of mechanisms leading to stroke, to predict the patient risk of getting stroke by analyzing signature biomarkers and to develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Ludhiadch
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
| | - Kanika Vasudeva
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
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11
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Sharma H, Tan NK, Trinh N, Yeo JH, New EJ, Pfeffer FM. A fluorescent naphthalimide NADH mimic for continuous and reversible sensing of cellular redox state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2240-2243. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new naphthalimide based NADH mimic that functions as a fully reversible fluorescent “on off” probe for redox state has been synthesised and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Australia
| | - Nian Kee Tan
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Natalie Trinh
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jia Hao Yeo
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
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12
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Ramsay L, Quillé ML, Orset C, de la Grange P, Rousselet E, Férec C, Le Gac G, Génin E, Timsit S. Blood transcriptomic biomarker as a surrogate of ischemic brain gene expression. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1681-1695. [PMID: 31400065 PMCID: PMC6764628 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Blood biomarkers for cerebral tissue ischemia are lacking. The goal was to identify a blood transcriptomic signature jointly identified in the ischemic brain. Methods A nonhuman primate model with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction was used to study gene expression by microarray during acute ischemic cerebral stroke in the brain and the blood. Brain samples were collected in the infarcted and contralateral non‐infarcted cortex as well as blood samples before and after occlusion. Gene expression was compared between the two brain locations to find differentially expressed genes. The expressions of these genes were then compared in the blood pre‐ and post‐occlusion. Results Hierarchical clustering of brain expression data revealed strong independent clustering of ischemic and nonischemic brain samples. The top five enriched, up‐regulated gene sets in the brain were TNF α signaling, apoptosis, P53 pathway, hypoxia, and UV response up. A comparison of differentially expressed genes in the brain and blood revealed a significant overlap of gene expression patterns. Stringent analysis of blood expression data from pre‐ and post‐occlusion samples in each monkey identified nine genes highly differentially expressed in both the brain and the blood. Many of these up‐regulated genes belong to pathways involved in cell death and DNA damage repair. Interpretation Common gene expression profile can be identified in the brain and blood and clearly differentiates ischemic from nonischemic conditions. Therefore, specific blood transcriptomic signature may represent a surrogate for brain ischemic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn Ramsay
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Marie-Lise Quillé
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Department of Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, INSERM U1237, University Caen Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | - Estelle Rousselet
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Claude Férec
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Gérald Le Gac
- Inserm U1078, Université Bretagne Loire Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire et Histocompatibilité, CHRU de Brest, Hopital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Emmanuelle Génin
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Serge Timsit
- UMR 1078 Genetics, Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, CHU de Brest, Brest, France.,Neurology and Stroke Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU), Brest, France.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, France
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Yadav S, Surolia A. Lysozyme elicits pain during nerve injury by neuronal Toll-like receptor 4 activation and has therapeutic potential in neuropathic pain. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/504/eaav4176. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of neuronal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in nerve injury is being pursued actively. However, the endogenous activation of neuronal TLR4 during neuroinflammation, in absence of the participation of glial TLR4, remains elusive. Here, we identified lysozyme as an endogenous activator of neuronal TLR4 signaling during nerve injury. Upon nerve injury, enhanced expression of lysozyme promoted neuronal hyperexcitability and neuropathic pain. Injections of lysozyme in healthy rats increased their mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity. Likewise, infusion of spinal cord slices with lysozyme increased neuronal excitability typical of neuropathic pain. Our results also showed that lysozyme activated excitability of both Aδ- and C-fibers. Thus, in addition to the discovery of lysozyme as an endogenous ligand for regulating neuronal TLR4 signaling, this study also lays the foundation of our understanding of its role in nervous system pathologies, providing multiple avenues for treating neuroinflammation.
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14
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Near-infrared off-on fluorescence probe activated by NTR for in vivo hypoxia imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 119:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Bhattarai S, Aly A, Garcia K, Ruiz D, Pontarelli F, Dharap A. Deep Sequencing Reveals Uncharted Isoform Heterogeneity of the Protein-Coding Transcriptome in Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1035-1043. [PMID: 29862458 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression in cerebral ischemia has been a subject of intense investigations for several years. Studies utilizing probe-based high-throughput methodologies such as microarrays have contributed significantly to our existing knowledge but lacked the capacity to dissect the transcriptome in detail. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) enables comprehensive examinations of transcriptomes for attributes such as strandedness, alternative splicing, alternative transcription start/stop sites, and sequence composition, thus providing a very detailed account of gene expression. Leveraging this capability, we conducted an in-depth, genome-wide evaluation of the protein-coding transcriptome of the adult mouse cortex after transient focal ischemia at 6, 12, or 24 h of reperfusion using RNA-seq. We identified a total of 1007 transcripts at 6 h, 1878 transcripts at 12 h, and 1618 transcripts at 24 h of reperfusion that were significantly altered as compared to sham controls. With isoform-level resolution, we identified 23 splice variants arising from 23 genes that were novel mRNA isoforms. For a subset of genes, we detected reperfusion time-point-dependent splice isoform switching, indicating an expression and/or functional switch for these genes. Finally, for 286 genes across all three reperfusion time-points, we discovered multiple, distinct, simultaneously expressed and differentially altered isoforms per gene that were generated via alternative transcription start/stop sites. Of these, 165 isoforms derived from 109 genes were novel mRNAs. Together, our data unravel the protein-coding transcriptome of the cerebral cortex at an unprecedented depth to provide several new insights into the flexibility and complexity of stroke-related gene transcription and transcript organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhattarai
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Ahmed Aly
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Kristy Garcia
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Diandra Ruiz
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pontarelli
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, JFK Neuroscience Institute, HackensackMeridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ, 08820, USA.
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16
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Xu G, Tang Y, Ma Y, Xu A, Lin W. A new aggregation-induced emission fluorescent probe for rapid detection of nitroreductase and its application in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:197-201. [PMID: 28715686 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of nitroreductase (NTR) is closely related to biological hypoxia status in organisms. The development of effective methods for monitoring the activity of NTR is of great significance for medical diagnosis and tumor research. Toward this goal, we have developed a new aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescence NTR probe TPE-HY used the tetraphenylethene as the fluorophore, and used the nitro group as the NTR recognition site. The probe TPE-HY has many excellent properties, including rapid response, AIE characteristics, high sensitivity and selectivity, and low cytotoxicity. Importantly, the probe TPE-HY is successfully applied to monitor endogenous NTR in living HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoping Xu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Yonghe Tang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China.
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17
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Wang Z, Lu G, Sze J, Liu Y, Lin S, Yao H, Zhang J, Xie D, Liu Q, Kung HF, Lin MCM, Poon WS. Plasma miR-124 Is a Promising Candidate Biomarker for Human Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5879-5888. [PMID: 29101647 PMCID: PMC5994210 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke causes death or long-term disabilities and threatens the general health of the population worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that miRNAs are dysregulated and can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in stroke. The intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 15% of all the stroke cases. However, at present, little is known regarding the functions and clinical implications of miRNAs in ICH. In the present study, we established the collagenase-induced rat ICH model to mimic human ICH syndrome. We profiled the expression of 728 rat miRNAs at different time points in rat brain tissues and plasma post-ICH and identified a set human brain-enriched miRNAs that had changed expression level in the plasma of rat ICH. Among them, the expression levels of miR-124 displayed significantly synchronous alterations in rat plasma and brain tissue during ICH progression. They were significantly elevated at the acute injury phase (day 1 and 2), gradually decreased during the delayed recovery phase (day 7, 14 and 30), and finally restored to normal levels at late recovery phase (day 60). We further determined the plasma expression profile of miR-124 from human ICH patients. Similar to the pattern observed in rat ICH model, our results indicated that immediately after patients reached the hospital, the average plasma concentrations of miR-124 increased more than 100-fold in 24 h, then decreased gradually on day 2, 7, 14 and to near normal level on day 30. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that plasma concentration of miR-124 is a promising candidate biomarker for the early detection and predictive prognosis of human ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Brain Tumor Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Sze
- Brain Tumor Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Brain Tumor Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shenzhen Research Institute of Population and Family Planning, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Jiangsu Eng. Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Brain Tumor Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marie Chia-Mi Lin
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Brain Tumor Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Abstract
A biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke and its causes would be of value in acute clinical practice. It could have applications to aid in acute stroke treatment decisions for tissue plasminogen activator and/or the triage to endovascular therapy. A stroke biomarker may also be useful to identify stroke etiology and guide stroke prevention treatments. This review provides an overview of RNA as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and assessment of ischemic stroke. Topics addressed include RNA to identify acute ischemic stroke; RNA to identify transient ischemic attack; RNA to predict large vessel, cardioembolic and small vessel cause of stroke; and RNA to predict risk of tissue plasminogen activator related hemorrhagic transformation. Emerging methods to measure RNA as a point-of-care assay include microfluidics sorting and electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Swyngedouw
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Zhao Q, Li Y, Duan X, Tang Y. Multifunctional Probe Based on Cationic Conjugated Polymers for Nitroreductase-Related Analysis: Sensing, Hypoxia Diagnosis, and Imaging. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5503-5510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of
Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of
Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of
Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of
Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of
Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
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20
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Osteopontin Is a Blood Biomarker for Microglial Activation and Brain Injury in Experimental Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0253-16. [PMID: 28101531 PMCID: PMC5223053 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0253-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) suffers from the lack of reliable surrogate marker tests. Proteomic analysis may identify such biomarkers in blood, but there has been no proof-of-principle evidence to support this approach. Here we performed in-gel trypsin digestion of plasma proteins from four groups of 10-d-old mice [untouched and 24 h after low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, hypoxia-ischemia (HI), or LPS/HI injury; n = 3 in each group) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis to search for HI- and LPS/HI-associated brain injury biomarkers. This analysis suggested the induction of plasma osteopontin (OPN) by HI and LPS/HI, but not by sham and injury-free LPS exposure. Immunoblot confirmed post-HI induction of OPN protein in brain and blood, whereas Opn mRNA was induced in brain but not in blood. This disparity suggests brain-derived plasma OPN after HI injury. Similarly, immunostaining showed the expression of OPN by Iba1+ microglia/macrophages in HI-injured brains. Further, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS activated microglia and up-regulated plasma OPN protein. Importantly, the induction of plasma OPN after HI was greater than that of matrix metalloproteinase 9 or glial fibrillary acid protein. Plasma OPN levels at 48 h post-HI also parallel the severity of brain damage at 7-d recovery. Together, these results suggest that OPN may be a prognostic blood biomarker in HIE through monitoring brain microglial activation.
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21
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Sprissler RS, Wagnon JL, Bunton-Stasyshyn RK, Meisler MH, Hammer MF. Altered gene expression profile in a mouse model of SCN8A encephalopathy. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:134-141. [PMID: 27836728 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SCN8A encephalopathy is a severe, early-onset epilepsy disorder resulting from de novo gain-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6. To identify the effects of this disorder on mRNA expression, RNA-seq was performed on brain tissue from a knock-in mouse expressing the patient mutation p.Asn1768Asp (N1768D). RNA was isolated from forebrain, cerebellum, and brainstem both before and after seizure onset, and from age-matched wildtype littermates. Altered transcript profiles were observed only in forebrain and only after seizures. The abundance of 50 transcripts increased more than 3-fold and 15 transcripts decreased more than 3-fold after seizures. The elevated transcripts included two anti-convulsant neuropeptides and more than a dozen genes involved in reactive astrocytosis and response to neuronal damage. There was no change in the level of transcripts encoding other voltage-gated sodium, potassium or calcium channels. Reactive astrocytosis was observed in the hippocampus of mutant mice after seizures. There is considerable overlap between the genes affected in this genetic model of epilepsy and those altered by chemically induced seizures, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, and inflammation. The data support the view that gain-of-function mutations of SCN8A lead to pathogenic alterations in brain function contributing to encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Sprissler
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jacy L Wagnon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Michael F Hammer
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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22
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Sun G, Luan B, Zhao R, Li Z, Xing Z. Characterizing Dysregulated Networks in Individual Patients with Ischemic Stroke Based on Monte Carlo Cross-Validation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:795-801. [PMID: 27726417 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to introduce a new method to elucidating the molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Genes from microarray data were performed enrichment to biological pathways. Dysregulated pathways and dysregulated pathway pairs were identified and constructed into networks. After Random Forest classification was performed, area under the curve (AUC) value of main network was calculated. After 50 bootstraps of Monte Carlo Cross-Validation, six pairs of pathways were found for >40 times. The best main network with AUC value = 0.735 was identified, including 14 pairs of pathways. Compared with the traditional method (gene set enrichment analysis), although a small part of pathways were shared, most of the pathways were closely related with ischemic stroke. The best network may give new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. It may play pivotal roles in the progression of ischemic stroke and particular attention should be focused on them for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Sun
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Luan
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- 2 The Blood Center of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangmin Xing
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
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23
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Liu ZR, Tang Y, Xu A, Lin W. A new fluorescent probe with a large turn-on signal for imaging nitroreductase in tumor cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:853-858. [PMID: 27816580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the important characteristic of solid tumors, and it may cause the bioactivity of nitroreductase (NTR) to display an elevated level. Hence, the development of effective monitoring methods of NTR in living systems is of great importance for detecting the occurrence and progress of tumors. Toward this goal, a novel two-photon fluorescence turn-on NTR probe GCTPOC-HY, based on the two-photon platform GCTPOC and the NTR recognition site p-nitrobenzyl ether, is designed and synthesized. The probe GCTPOC-HY exhibits eminent properties such as high sensitivity and selectivity, highly stable photo-stability, and low cytotoxicity. Besides, the probe responds to 1.5μg/mL NTR with a 130-fold fluorescence enhancement, which is larger than the reported two-photon fluorescent NTR probes. Moreover, the probe GCTPOC-HY is suitable for fluorescence imaging of NTR in living cells by one- and two-photon modes. Importantly, the probe GCTPOC-HY is successfully applied to monitor NTR in the tumor tissues with a significant fluorescence signal and a penetration depth of 70µm by using two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Rong Liu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022 PR China
| | - Yonghe Tang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022 PR China
| | - An Xu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022 PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022 PR China.
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24
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Obtaining Human Ischemic Stroke Gene Expression Biomarkers from Animal Models: A Cross-species Validation Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29693. [PMID: 27407070 PMCID: PMC4942769 DOI: 10.1038/srep29693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the systematic altering of gene expression in human peripheral blood during the early stages of ischemic stroke, which suggests a new potential approach for the rapid diagnosis or prediction of stroke onset. Nevertheless, due to the difficulties of collecting human samples during proper disease stages, related studies are rather restricted. Many studies have instead been performed on manipulated animal models for investigating the regulation patterns of biomarkers during different stroke stages. An important inquiry is how well the findings of animal models can be replicated in human cases. Here, a method is proposed based on PageRank scores of miRNA-mRNA interaction network to select ischemic stroke biomarkers derived from rat brain samples, and biomarkers are validated with two human peripheral blood gene expression datasets. Hierarchical clustering results revealed that the achieved biomarkers clearly separate the blood gene expression of stroke patients and healthy people. Literature searches and functional analyses further validated the biological significance of these biomarkers. Compared to the traditional methods, such as differential expression, the proposed approach is more stable and accurate in detecting cross-species biomarkers with biological relevance, thereby suggesting an efficient approach of re-using gene biomarkers obtained from animal-model studies for human diseases.
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25
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Choi C, Oh SH, Noh JE, Jeong YW, Kim S, Ko JJ, Kim OJ, Song J. Attenuation of Postischemic Genomic Alteration by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a Microarray Study. Mol Cells 2016; 39:337-44. [PMID: 26923192 PMCID: PMC4844941 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (IV-MSC) protects the ischemic rat brain in a stroke model, but the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is unclear. We compared genomic profiles using the mRNA microarray technique in a rodent stroke model. Rats were treated with 1 × 10(6) IV-MSC or saline (sham group) 2 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). mRNA microarray was conducted 72 h after MCAo using brain tissue from normal rats (normal group) and the sham and MSC groups. Predicted pathway analysis was performed in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional tests and immunohistochemistry for inflammation-related proteins were performed. We identified 857 DEGs between the sham and normal groups, with the majority of them (88.7%) upregulated in sham group. Predicted pathway analysis revealed that cerebral ischemia activated 10 signaling pathways mainly related to inflammation and cell cycle. IV-MSC attenuated the numbers of dysregulated genes in cerebral ischemia (118 DEGs between the MSC and normal groups). In addition, a total of 218 transcripts were differentially expressed between the MSC and sham groups, and most of them (175/218 DEGs, 80.2%) were downregulated in the MSC group. IV-MSC reduced the number of Iba-1(+) cells in the peri-infarct area, reduced the overall infarct size, and improved functional deficits in MCAo rats. In conclusion, transcriptome analysis revealed that IV-MSC attenuated postischemic genomic alterations in the ischemic brain. Amelioration of dysregulated inflammation- and cell cycle-related gene expression in the host brain is one of the molecular mechanisms of IV-MSC therapy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunggab Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601,
Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711,
Korea
| | - Jung Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Ok-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
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26
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Gerring Z, Rodriguez-Acevedo AJ, Powell JE, Griffiths LR, Montgomery GW, Nyholt DR. Blood gene expression studies in migraine: Potential and caveats. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:669-78. [PMID: 26862113 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416628463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global gene expression analysis may be used to obtain insights into the functional processes underlying migraine. However, there is a shortage of high-quality post-mortem brain tissue samples for genetic analysis. One approach is to use a more accessible tissue as a surrogate, such as peripheral blood. PURPOSE Discuss the benefits and caveats of blood genomic profiling in migraine and its potential application in the development of biomarkers of migraine susceptibility and outcome. Demonstrate the utility of blood-based expression profiles in migraine by analysing pilot Illumina HT-12 expression data from 76 (38 case, 38 control) whole-blood samples. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests peripheral blood is a biologically valid substrate for genetic studies of migraine, and may be used to identify biomarkers and therapeutic pathways. Pilot blood gene expression data confirm that expression profiles significantly differ between migraine case and non-migraine control individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gerring
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Astrid J Rodriguez-Acevedo
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia The Centre for Neurogenetics and Statistical Genomics, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Asano S, Chantler PD, Barr TL. Gene expression profiling in stroke: relevance of blood-brain interaction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:80-6. [PMID: 26562440 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker profiling is utilized to identify diagnostic and prognostic candidates for stroke. Clinical and preclinical biomarker data suggest altered circulating immune responses may illuminate the mechanisms of stroke recovery. However, the relationship between peripheral blood biomarker profile(s) and brain profiles following stroke remains elusive. Data show that neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicts stroke outcome. Neutrophils release Arginase 1 (ARG1) resulting in T lymphocyte suppression in peripheral blood. Interestingly, the cellular response to stroke may have implications for known biomarker profiles. Conversely, preclinical evidence suggests that upregulation of ARG1 in microglia is a marker of M2 macrophages and may influence neuroprotection. Comparing clinical and preclinical studies creates opportunities to explore the molecular mechanisms of blood and brain biomarker interactions in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asano
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Taura L Barr
- School of Nursing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Morgantown, WV, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Schmidt-Kastner R. Genomic approach to selective vulnerability of the hippocampus in brain ischemia–hypoxia. Neuroscience 2015; 309:259-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Xu J, Sun S, Li Q, Yue Y, Li Y, Shao S. A rapid response "Turn-On" fluorescent probe for nitroreductase detection and its application in hypoxic tumor cell imaging. Analyst 2015; 140:574-81. [PMID: 25422882 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01934b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel "Turn-On" fluorescent probe, quaternarized 4-pyridinyl-substituted BODIPY dye by incorporating a 5-nitrofuran moiety, was developed and applied for imaging the hypoxic status of tumor cells by the indirect detection of nitroreductase. The design was based on a nitroreductase-catalyzed reduction of the nitrofuran moiety in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as an electron donor and followed by the 1,6-rearrangement-elimination and the release of free 4-pyridinyl-substituted BODIPY dye . This probe displayed desired properties such as high specificity, "Turn-On" fluorescence response with suitable sensitivity, appreciable water solubility and rapid response time (within 5 min). Moreover, as a biocompatible molecule, the probe has been successfully applied for imaging the hypoxic status of tumor cells (e.g. A549 cells) and especially used for real-time determination of nitroreductase produced by Escherichia coli. Therefore, we hope to apply this novel method in the biomedical research fields for the imaging of disease-relevant hypoxia and detection of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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Rehni AK, Nautiyal N, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Hyperglycemia / hypoglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:437-47. [PMID: 24737446 PMCID: PMC4199931 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of ischemic brain damage is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Studies from various in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia have led to an understanding of the role of mitochondria and complex interrelated mitochondrial biochemical pathways leading to the aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage. Advancements in the elucidation of the mechanisms of ischemic brain damage in diabetic subjects have revealed a number of key mitochondrial targets that have been hypothesized to participate in enhancement of brain damage. The present review initially discusses the neurobiology of ischemic neuronal injury, with special emphasis on the central role of mitochondria in mediating its pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Later it further details the potential role of various biochemical mediators and second messengers causing widespread ischemic brain damage among diabetics via mitochondrial pathways. The present review discusses preclinical data which validates the significance of mitochondrial mechanisms in mediating the aggravation of ischemic cerebral injury in diabetes. Exploitation of these targets may provide effective therapeutic agents for the management of diabetes-related aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Rehni
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Nautiyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Kim CH, Hong JS. Intracerebroventricular Kainic Acid-Induced Damage Affects Blood Glucose Level in d-glucose-fed Mouse Model. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:24-30. [PMID: 25792867 PMCID: PMC4363331 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of kainic acid (KA) results in significant neuronal damage on the hippocampal CA3 region. In this study, we examined possible changes in the blood glucose level after i.c.v. pretreatment with KA. The blood glucose level was elevated at 30 min, began to decrease at 60 min and returned to normal at 120 min after D-glucose-feeding. We found that the blood glucose level in the KA-pretreated group was higher than in the saline-pretreated group. The up-regulation of the blood glucose level in the KA-pretreated group was still present even after 1~4 weeks. The plasma corticosterone and insulin levels were slightly higher in the KA-treated group. Corticosterone levels decreased whereas insulin levels were elevated when mice were fed with D-glucose. The i.c.v. pretreatment with KA for 24 hr caused a significant reversal of D-glucose-induced down-regulation of corticosterone level. However, the insulin level was enhanced in the KA-pretreated group compared to the vehicle-treated group when mice were fed with D-glucose. These results suggest that KA-induced alterations of the blood glucose level are related to cell death in the CA3 region whereas the up-regulation of blood glucose level in the KA-pretreated group appears to be due to a reversal of D-glucose feeding-induced down-regulation of corticosterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chea-Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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A microarray study of middle cerebral occlusion rat brain with acupuncture intervention. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:496932. [PMID: 25861363 PMCID: PMC4377484 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to investigate the changes of gene expression of ischemic stroke and acupuncture intervention in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat brain. Results showed that acupuncture intervention had a remarkable improvement in neural deficit score, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral infarction volume of MCAo rats. Microarray analysis showed that a total of 627 different expression genes were regulated in ischemic stroke. 417 genes were upregulated and 210 genes were downregulated. A total of 361 different expression genes were regulated after acupuncture intervention. Three genes were upregulated and 358 genes were downregulated. The expression of novel genes after acupuncture intervention, including Tph1 and Olr883, was further analyzed by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Upregulation of Tph1 and downregulation of Olr883 indicated that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for ischemic stroke may be closely related to the suppression of poststroke depression and regulation of olfactory transduction. In conclusion, the present study may enrich our understanding of the multiple pathological process of ischemic brain injury and indicate possible mechanisms of acupuncture on ischemic stroke.
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Kim CH, Park SH, Sim YB, Sharma N, Kim SS, Lim SM, Jung JS, Suh HW. Effect of pertussis and cholera toxins administered supraspinally on CA3 hippocampal neuronal cell death and the blood glucose level induced by kainic acid in mice. Neurosci Res 2014; 89:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fernandes J, Vieira M, Carreto L, Santos MAS, Duarte CB, Carvalho AL, Santos AE. In vitro ischemia triggers a transcriptional response to down-regulate synaptic proteins in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99958. [PMID: 24960035 PMCID: PMC4069008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia induces profound changes in the transcriptome of brain cells, which is partially associated with the induction or repression of genes that influence the ischemic response. However, the mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to global ischemia remain to be clarified. To identify molecular changes elicited by ischemic insults, we subjected hippocampal primary cultures to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model for global ischemia that resulted in delayed neuronal death with an excitotoxic component. To investigate changes in the transcriptome of hippocampal neurons submitted to OGD, total RNA was extracted at early (7 h) and delayed (24 h) time points after OGD and used in a whole-genome RNA microarray. We observed that at 7 h after OGD there was a general repression of genes, whereas at 24 h there was a general induction of gene expression. Genes related with functions such as transcription and RNA biosynthesis were highly regulated at both periods of incubation after OGD, confirming that the response to ischemia is a dynamic and coordinated process. Our analysis showed that genes for synaptic proteins, such as those encoding for PICK1, GRIP1, TARPγ3, calsyntenin-2/3, SAPAP2 and SNAP-25, were down-regulated after OGD. Additionally, OGD decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit as well as the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors, but increased the mRNA expression of the GluN3A subunit, thus altering the composition of ionotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons. Together, our results present the expression profile elicited by in vitro ischemia in hippocampal neurons, and indicate that OGD activates a transcriptional program leading to down-regulation in the expression of genes coding for synaptic proteins, suggesting that the synaptic proteome may change after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Fernandes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Vieira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Carreto
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. S. Santos
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Armanda E. Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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The neuronal activity-driven transcriptome. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1071-88. [PMID: 24935719 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Activity-driven transcription is a key event associated with long-lasting forms of neuronal plasticity. Despite the efforts to investigate the regulatory mechanisms that control this complex process and the important advances in the knowledge of the function of many activity-induced genes in neurons, as well as the specific contribution of activity-regulated transcription factors, our understanding of how activity-driven transcription operates at the systems biology level is still very limited. This review focuses on the research of neuronal activity-driven transcription from an "omics" perspective. We will discuss the different high-throughput approaches undertaken to characterize the gene programs downstream of specific activity-regulated transcription factors, including CREB, SRF, MeCP2, Fos, Npas4, and others, and the interplay between epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity changes. Although basic questions remain unanswered and important challenges still lie ahead, the refinement of genome-wide techniques for investigating the neuronal transcriptome and epigenome promises great advances.
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Srimontri P, Hirota H, Kanno H, Okada T, Hirabayashi Y, Kato K. Infusion of growth hormone into the hippocampus induces molecular and behavioral responses in mice. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2957-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cox-Limpens KEM, Gavilanes AWD, Zimmermann LJI, Vles JSH. Endogenous brain protection: what the cerebral transcriptome teaches us. Brain Res 2014; 1564:85-100. [PMID: 24713346 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to reduce mortality caused by stroke and perinatal asphyxia, these are still the 2nd largest cause of death worldwide in the age groups they affect. Furthermore, survivors of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia often suffer neurological morbidities. A better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in focal and global brain ischemia will contribute to the development of tailored therapeutic strategies. Similarly, insight into molecular pathways involved in preconditioning-induced brain protection will provide possibilities for future treatment. Microarray technology is a great tool for investigating large scale gene expression, and has been used in many experimental studies of cerebral ischemia and preconditioning to unravel molecular (patho-) physiology. However, the amount of data across microarray studies can be daunting and hard to interpret which is why we aim to provide a clear overview of available data in experimental rodent models. Findings for both injurious ischemia and preconditioning are reviewed under separate subtopics such as cellular stress, inflammation, cytoskeleton and cell signaling. Finally, we investigated the transcriptome signature of brain protection across preconditioning studies in search of transcripts that were expressed similarly across studies. Strikingly, when comparing genes discovered by single-gene analysis we observed only 15 genes present in two studies or more. We subjected these 15 transcripts to DAVID Annotation Clustering analysis to derive their shared biological meaning. Interestingly, the MAPK signaling pathway and more specifically the ERK1/2 pathway geared toward cell survival/proliferation was significantly enriched. To conclude, we advocate incorporating pathway analysis into all microarray data analysis in order to improve the detection of similarities between independently derived datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E M Cox-Limpens
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - A W D Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - L J I Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J S H Vles
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), P.Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Effects of nateglinide and repaglinide administered intracerebroventricularly on the CA3 hippocampal neuronal cell death and hyperglycemia induced by kainic acid in mice. Brain Res Bull 2014; 104:36-41. [PMID: 24704461 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meglitinides (nateglinide and repaglinide) are widely used oral drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. In the present study, the effects of meglinitides administered supraspinally on kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death and hyperglycemia were studied in ICR mice. Mice were pretreated intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with 30 μg of nateglinide and repaglinide for 10 min and then, mice were administered i.c.v. with KA (0.1 μg). The neuronal cell death in the CA3 region in the hippocampus was assessed 24h after KA administration and the blood glucose level was measured 30, 60, and 120 min after KA administration. We found that i.c.v. pretreatment with repaglinide attenuated the KA-induced neuronal cell death in CA3 region of the hippocampus and hyperglycemia. However, nateglinide pretreated i.c.v. did not affect the KA-induced neuronal cell death and hyperglycemia. In addition, KA administered i.c.v. caused an elevation of plasma corticosterone level and a reduction of the plasma insulin level. Furthermore, i.c.v. pretreatment with repaglinide attenuated KA-induced up-regulation of plasma corticosterone level. Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of repaglinide alone increased plasma insulin level and repaglinide pretreated i.c.v. caused a reversal of KA-induced hypoinsulinemic effect. Our results suggest that supraspinally administered repaglinide, but not nateglinide, exerts a protective effect against the KA-induced neuronal cells death in CA3 region of the hippocampus. The neuroprotective effect of repaglinide appears to be mediated by lowering the blood glucose level induced by KA.
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40
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Van Elzen R, Moens L, Dewilde S. Expression profiling of the cerebral ischemic and hypoxic response. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:263-82. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang Z, Cao J, He Y, Yang JH, Kim T, Peng X, Kim JS. Macro-/micro-environment-sensitive chemosensing and biological imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4563-601. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have summarized the research progress on fluorescent sensors responsive to environmental factors, including local viscosity, polarity, temperature, hypoxia and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jianfang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanxia He
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jung Ho Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
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42
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Cox C, Sharp FR. RNA-based blood genomics as an investigative tool and prospective biomarker for ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2013; 35:457-64. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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43
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Jickling GC, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Liu D, Rothstein L, Verro P, Khoury J, Jauch EC, Pancioli AM, Broderick JP, Sharp FR. RNA in blood is altered prior to hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:232-40. [PMID: 23468366 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication of ischemic stroke that worsens outcomes and increases mortality. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier is a central feature of HT pathogenesis, and leukocytes may contribute to this process. We sought to determine whether ischemic strokes that develop HT have differences in RNA expression in blood within 3 hours of stroke onset prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Stroke patient blood samples were obtained prior to treatment with thrombolysis, and leukocyte RNA was assessed by microarray analysis. Strokes that developed HT (n = 11) were compared to strokes without HT (n = 33) and controls (n = 14). Genes were identified (corrected p < 0.05, fold change ≥|1.2|), and functional analysis was performed. RNA prediction of HT in stroke was evaluated using cross-validation, and in a second stroke cohort (n = 52). RESULTS Ischemic strokes that developed HT had differential expression of 29 genes in circulating leukocytes prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. A panel of 6 genes could predict strokes that later developed HT with 80% sensitivity and 70.2% specificity. Key pathways involved in HT of human stroke are described, including amphiregulin, a growth factor that regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9; a shift in transforming growth factor-β signaling involving SMAD4, INPP5D, and IRAK3; and a disruption of coagulation factors V and VIII. INTERPRETATION Identified genes correspond to differences in inflammation and coagulation that may predispose to HT in ischemic stroke. Given the adverse impact of HT on stroke outcomes, further evaluation of the identified genes and pathways is warranted to determine their potential as therapeutic targets to reduce HT and as markers of HT risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Validation of suitable reference genes for expression studies in different pilocarpine-induced models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71892. [PMID: 24009668 PMCID: PMC3751890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that the reference gene in a RT-qPCR should be properly validated to ensure that gene expression is unaffected by the experimental condition. We investigated eight potential reference genes in two different pilocarpine PILO-models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) performing a stability expression analysis using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKepeer softwares. Then, as a validation strategy, we conducted a relative expression analysis of the Gfap gene. Our results indicate that in the systemic PILO-model Actb, Gapdh, Rplp1, Tubb2a and Polr1a mRNAs were highly stable in hippocampus of rats from all experimental and control groups, whereas Gusb revealed to be the most variable one. In fact, we observed that using Gusb for normalization, the relative mRNA levels of the Gfap gene differed from those obtained with stable genes. On the contrary, in the intrahippocampal PILO-model, all softwares included Gusb as a stable gene, whereas B2m was indicated as the worst candidate gene. The results obtained for the other reference genes were comparable to those observed for the systemic Pilo-model. The validation of these data by the analysis of the relative expression of Gfap showed that the upregulation of the Gfap gene in the hippocampus of rats sacrificed 24 hours after status epilepticus (SE) was undetected only when B2m was used as the normalizer. These findings emphasize that a gene that is stable in one pathology model may not be stable in a different experimental condition related to the same pathology and therefore, the choice of reference genes depends on study design.
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Koike M, Shibata M, Ezaki J, Peters C, Saftig P, Kominami E, Uchiyama Y. Differences in expression patterns of cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I in normal, pathological and aged mouse central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:816-30. [PMID: 23279039 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CC) (EC 3.4.14.1, dipeptidyl peptidase I) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that is required for the activation of several granule-associated serine proteases in vivo. CC has been shown to be constitutively expressed in various tissues, but the enzyme is hardly detectable in central nervous system (CNS) tissues. In the present study, we investigated the regional and cellular distribution of CC in normal, aging and pathological mouse brains. Immunoblotting failed to detect CC protein in whole brain tissues of normal mice, as previously described. However, low proteolytic activity of CC was detected in a brain region-dependent manner, and granular immunohistochemical signals were found in neuronal perikarya of particular brain regions, including the accessory olfactory bulb, the septum, CA2 of the hippocampus, a part of the cerebral cortex, the medial geniculate, and the inferior colliculus. In aged mice, the number of CC-positive neurons increased to some extent. The protein level of CC and its proteolytic activity showed significant increases in particular brain regions of mouse models with pathological conditions--the thalamus in cathepsin D-deficient mice, the hippocampus of ipsilateral brain hemispheres after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and peri-damaged portions of brains after penetrating injury. In such pathological conditions, the majority of the cells that were strongly immunopositive for CC were activated microglia. These lines of evidence suggest that CC is involved in normal neuronal function in certain brain regions, and also participates in inflammatory processes accompanying pathogenesis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Ramos-Cejudo J, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Expósito Alcaide M, Sánchez-Cabo F, Dopazo A, Díez–Tejedor E. Spatial and temporal gene expression differences in core and periinfarct areas in experimental stroke: a microarray analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52121. [PMID: 23284893 PMCID: PMC3524135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of genes are regulated to promote brain repair following stroke. The thorough analysis of this process can help identify new markers and develop therapeutic strategies. This study analyzes gene expression following experimental stroke. Methodology/Principal Findings A microarray study of gene expression in the core, periinfarct and contralateral cortex was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) after 24 hours (acute phase) or 3 days (delayed stage) of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Independent qRT-PCR validation (n = 12) was performed for 22 of the genes. Functional data were evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The number of genes differentially expressed was 2,612 (24 h) and 5,717 (3 d) in the core; and 3,505 (24 h) and 1,686 (3 d) in the periinfarct area (logFC>|1|; adjP<0.05). Expression of many neurovascular unit development genes was altered at 24 h and 3 d including HES2, OLIG2, LINGO1 and NOGO-A; chemokines like CXCL1 and CXCL12, stress-response genes like HIF-1A, and trophic factors like BDNF or BMP4. Nearly half of the detected genes (43%) had not been associated with stroke previously. Conclusions This comprehensive study of gene regulation in the core and periinfarct areas at different times following permanent MCA occlusion provides new data that can be helpful in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Expósito Alcaide
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez–Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Takahashi S, Piao W, Matsumura Y, Komatsu T, Ueno T, Terai T, Kamachi T, Kohno M, Nagano T, Hanaoka K. Reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia and imaging of hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19588-91. [PMID: 23157219 DOI: 10.1021/ja310049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a fully reversible off-on fluorescence probe for hypoxia. The design employs QSY-21 as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor and cyanine dye Cy5 as a FRET donor, based on our finding that QSY-21 undergoes one-electron bioreduction to the radical under hypoxia, with an absorbance decrease at 660 nm. At that point, FRET can no longer occur, and the dye becomes strongly fluorescent. Upon recovery of normoxia, the radical is immediately reoxidized to QSY-21, with loss of fluorescence due to restoration of FRET. We show that this probe, RHyCy5, can monitor repeated hypoxia-normoxia cycles in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Guo RB, Wang GF, Zhao AP, Gu J, Sun XL, Hu G. Paeoniflorin protects against ischemia-induced brain damages in rats via inhibiting MAPKs/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49701. [PMID: 23166749 PMCID: PMC3498223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF), the principal component of Paeoniae Radix prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported to exhibit many pharmacological effects including protection against ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PF on cerebral ischemia are still under investigation. The present study showed that PF treatment for 14 days could significantly inhibit transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced over-activation of astrocytes and microglia, and prevented up-regulations of pro-inflamamtory mediators (TNFα, IL-1β, iNOS, COX(2) and 5-LOX) in plasma and brain. Further study demonstrated that chronic treatment with PF suppressed the activations of JNK and p38 MAPK, but enhanced ERK activation. And PF could reverse ischemia-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, our in vitro study revealed that PF treatment protected against TNFα-induced cell apoptosis and neuronal loss. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that PF produces a delayed protection in the ischemia-injured rats via inhibiting MAPKs/NF-κB mediated peripheral and cerebral inflammatory response. Our study reveals that PF might be a potential neuroprotective agent for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Bing Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Feng Wang
- Department of Cadre Ward No. 3, the General Hospital of Jinan Military Area Command of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - An-Peng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (X-LS); (GH)
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (X-LS); (GH)
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Metallothioneins and brain injury: What transgenic mice tell us. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 9:87-94. [PMID: 21432316 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the metallothionein (MT) family is composed of four members, MT-1 to MT-4. MT-1&2 are expressed in virtually all tissues including those of the Central Nervous System (CNS), while MT-3 (also called Growth Inhibitory Factor) and MT-4 are expressed prominently in the brain and in keratinizing epithelia, respectively. For the understanding of the physiological functions of these proteins in the brain, the use of transgenic mice has provided essential information. Results obtained inMT-1&2-null mice and in MT-1-overexpressing mice strongly suggeset that these MT isoforms are important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic proteins in the brain. Results inMT-3-null mice show a very different pattern, with no support for MT-1&2-like functions. Rather, MT-3 could be involved in neuronal sprouting and survival. Results obtained in a model of peripheral nervous system injury also suggest that MT-3 could be involved in the control of nerve growth.
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Barreto GE, White RE, Xu L, Palm CJ, Giffard RG. Effects of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) on evolution of astrocyte activation following stroke in the mouse. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:284-96. [PMID: 22940431 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of the response to brain ischemia consisting of changes in gene expression and morphology. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) protects from cerebral ischemia, and although several protective mechanisms have been investigated, effects on astrocyte activation have not been studied. To identify potential mechanisms of protection, microarray analysis was used to assess gene expression in the ischemic hemispheres of wild-type (WT) and Hsp72-overexpressing (Hsp72Tg) mice 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. After stroke both genotypes exhibited changes in genes related to apoptosis, inflammation, and stress, with more downregulated genes in Hsp72Tg and more inflammation-related genes increased in WT mice. Genes indicative of astrocyte activation were also upregulated in both genotypes. To measure the extent and time course of astrocyte activation after stroke, detailed histological and morphological analyses were performed in the cortical penumbra. We observed a marked and persistent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a transient increase in vimentin. No change in overall astrocyte number was observed based on glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity. Hsp72Tg and WT mice were compared for density of astrocytes expressing activation markers and astrocytic morphology. In animals with comparable infarct size, overexpression of Hsp72 reduced the density of GFAP- and vimentin-expressing cells, and decreased astrocyte morphological complexity 72 h following stroke. However, by 30 days astrocyte activation was similar between genotypes. These data indicate that early modulation of astrocyte activation provides an additional novel mechanism associated with Hsp72 overexpression in the setting of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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