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Marks RA, Delgado P, Makonya GM, Cooper K, VanBuren R, Farrant JM. Higher order polyploids exhibit enhanced desiccation tolerance in the grass Microchloa caffra. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3612-3623. [PMID: 38511472 PMCID: PMC11156804 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance evolved recurrently across diverse plant lineages to enable survival in water-limited conditions. Many resurrection plants are polyploid, and several groups have hypothesized that polyploidy contributed to the evolution of desiccation tolerance. However, due to the vast phylogenetic distance between resurrection plant lineages, the rarity of desiccation tolerance, and the prevalence of polyploidy in plants, this hypothesis has been difficult to test. Here, we surveyed natural variation in morphological, reproductive, and desiccation tolerance traits across several cytotypes of a single species to test for links between polyploidy and increased resilience. We sampled multiple natural populations of the resurrection grass Microchloa caffra across an environmental gradient ranging from mesic to xeric in South Africa. We describe two distinct ecotypes of M. caffra that occupy different extremes of the environmental gradient and exhibit consistent differences in ploidy, morphological, reproductive, and desiccation tolerance traits in both field and common growth conditions. Interestingly, plants with more polyploid genomes exhibited consistently higher recovery from desiccation, were less reproductive, and were larger than plants with smaller genomes and lower ploidy. These data indicate that selective pressures in increasingly xeric sites may play a role in maintaining and increasing desiccation tolerance and are mediated by changes in ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Marks
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Paula Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munashe Makonya
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Keren Cooper
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jill M Farrant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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2
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Mladenov P, Wang X, Yang Z, Djilianov D, Deng X. Dynamics of chromatin accessibility and genome wide control of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:654. [PMID: 38110858 PMCID: PMC10729425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the main consequences of global climate change and this problem is expected to intensify in the future. Resurrection plants evolved the ability to withstand the negative impact of long periods of almost complete desiccation and to recover at rewatering. In this respect, many physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic investigations have been performed in recent years, however, few epigenetic control studies have been performed on these valuable desiccation-tolerant plants so far. RESULTS In the present study, for the first time for resurrection plants we provide evidences about the differential chromatin accessibility of Haberlea rhodopensis during desiccation stress by ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing). Based on gene similarity between species, we used the available genome of the closely related resurrection plant Dorcoceras hygrometricum to identify approximately nine hundred transposase hypersensitive sites (THSs) in H. rhodopensis. The majority of them corresponds to proximal and distal regulatory elements of different genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, synthesis of secondary metabolites, cell signalling and transcriptional regulation, cell growth, cell wall, stomata conditioning, chaperons, oxidative stress, autophagy and others. Various types of binding motifs recognized by several families of transcription factors have been enriched from the THSs found in different stages of drought. Further, we used the previously published RNA-seq data from H. rhodopensis to evaluate the expression of transcription factors putatively interacting with the enriched motifs, and the potential correlation between the identified THS and the expression of their corresponding genes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a blueprint for investigating the epigenetic regulation of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plant H. rhodopensis and comparative genomics between resurrection and non-resurrection species with available genome information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko Mladenov
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, Sofia, 1164, Bulgaria.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhaolin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Xin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Staniaszek-Kik M, Żarnowiec J, Chmura D, Stefańska-Krzaczek E. Effects of root plates, pits and mounds following windthrow events on the biodiversity of plants and lichens in Central European mountain forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165428. [PMID: 37437638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Windthrows lead to the formation of a characteristic land microtopography and they provide new habitats and substrata for species. The present study is novel, because it concerns different taxonomic groups of organisms and effects of various variables on species composition, richness and abundance within root plate-pit-mound (RPM) complexes. For the first time we studied lichens, liverworts, mosses and vascular plants on RPM complexes across major vegetation types, from deciduous to coniferous forests. We analyzed 164 RPM complexes which included in total 268 components: 115 root plates, 80 pits and 73 mounds. Besides the vegetation types and component types the following variables were also considered: dimensions (area, size), age (decomposition degree), species of the uprooted tree, shade, and elevation. The research revealed that root plates, pits and mounds had their own indicator species, but the key factors for the species composition were the species of uprooted trees and the vegetation type. Furthermore, the type of component and the vegetation type were also the most main variables determining the richness and abundance of the studied taxonomic groups of species. Analyses revealed the greatest species richness and abundance of lichens on root plates, and the highest richness of liverworts and vascular plants in pits. The type of component had no effect on the species richness of mosses. However, they were most abundant on mounds. The response of individual groups to the vegetation types and other variables varied. Findings from the study indicated that the presence of uprooted trees with different features (size and age, species of uprooted tree) is important for the biodiversity of mountain forests. We recommend leaving uprooted trees in forest communities for natural colonization, preferably large objects. Moreover, in managed forests a mosaic of forest communities that mimic the structure of natural unmanaged forests should be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staniaszek-Kik
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - J Żarnowiec
- Department of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biała, ul. Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - D Chmura
- Department of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biała, ul. Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - E Stefańska-Krzaczek
- Botanical Garden, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 23, PL-50-335 Wrocław, Poland.
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Kropik M, Zechmeister HG. New Finds and Ecology of the Rare Liverworts Scapania apiculata, Scapania carinthiaca, and Scapania scapanioides in Austria. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2753. [PMID: 37570907 PMCID: PMC10421421 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Scapania apiculata, Scapania carinthiaca, and Scapania scapanioides are rare deadwood-dwelling liverworts threatened across Europe. Scapania carinthiaca is thus listed in the Habitats Directive. However, their distribution data are scattered, and their ecologic demands are insufficiently studied. Here, we present new locations and data on the ecology of the species, which resulted from a targeted search in selected regions of Austria. We found ten new sites each for Scapania apiculata and Scapania scapanioides and twenty for Scapania carinthiaca. Reproduction was exclusively asexual. The macroclimates of all known locations in Austria did not differ significantly between the three species. It was consistently wet, with a mean annual precipitation of 1615.3 mm, a high evenness of rainfall, and a low desiccation risk. The mean temperature averaged 7.4 °C. The habitat was shaded dead wood of Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus sylvatica of all decay stages at a median distance of 2.5 m from streams or springy areas in semi-natural forests of montane and submontane regions. Thus, high deadwood volumes under a suitable climate are a prerequisite for the occurrences of the species. The number of locations of new finds has more than doubled in Austria and thus in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald G. Zechmeister
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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Puglisi M, Sciandrello S. Bryophyte Diversity and Distribution Patterns along Elevation Gradients of the Mount Etna (Sicily), the Highest Active Volcano in Europea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37514269 PMCID: PMC10383935 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Mt Etna in Sicily hosts a bryophyte floristic richness of 306 taxa, corresponding to 259 mosses, 43 liverworts, and 4 hornworts. Species richness shows a hump-shaped relationship with the elevation, with a peak at 1200-1700 m a.s.l. Chorotype patterns clearly change along an altitudinal gradient, from the Mediterranean, located at 0-300 m a.s.l., to Arctic-montane and boreo-Arctic montane at 1800-2700 m a.s.l., showing a correlation with the bioclimatic belts identified for the Mt Etna. In regard to the life form pattern, the turf species are the most represented in each elevation gradient, except at 2300-2700 m a.s.l. where the tuft species are prevalent. The life strategy pattern shows the colonists as the prevailing species, featured by an increasing trend up to 2200 m of elevation; above this limit, they are exceeded by the perennial stayers. Furthermore, taking into consideration the red-listed species (at the European and/or Italian level), as well as the species of phytogeographical interest, it was possible to identify the high bryophyte conservation priority areas; these areas are located in thermo-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean bioclimatic belts, the latter corresponding to the oldest substrates of the volcano where some of the most interesting bryophyte glacial relicts find refuge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Puglisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via A. Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Sciandrello
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via A. Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Jauregui-Lazo J, Wilson M, Mishler BD. The dynamics of external water conduction in the dryland moss Syntrichia. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad025. [PMID: 37292250 PMCID: PMC10244898 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Syntrichia relies on external water conduction for photosynthesis, survival, and reproduction, a condition referred to as ectohydry. Capillarity spaces are abundant in Syntrichia, but the link between function and morphology is complex. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of species-specific morphological traits underlying the functions of water conduction and storage. We used an environmental scanning electron microscope and confocal microscopy for observing anatomical characters in the leaves of Syntrichia species. We also measured hydration/dehydration curves to understand the rate of conduction and dehydration by experimental approaches. Syntrichia is an ectohydric moss that can externally transport and store water from the base of the stem using capillary action. We propose a new framework to study ectohydric capabilities, which incorporates three morphological scales and the timing of going from completely dehydrated to fully hydrated. Characters of interest in this model include cell anatomy (papillae development, hyaline basal cells and laminar cells), architecture of the stem (concavity and orientation) and whole clump characteristics (density of stems). We report significant variations in the speed of conduction, water holding capacity and hydration associated with each species studied (11 in total). All Syntrichia species are capable of external water conduction and storage, but the relevant traits differ among species. These results help to understand potential evolutionary and ecological trade-offs among speed of water conduction, water holding capacity, ontogeny, and differing habitat requirements. An integrative view of ectohydry in Syntrichia contributes to understanding the water relationships of mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marielle Wilson
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brent D Mishler
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA
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7
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Kubásek J, Kalistová T, Janová J, Askanbayeva B, Bednář J, Šantrůček J. 13 CO 2 labelling as a tool for elucidating the mechanism of cuticle development: a case of Clusia rosea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:202-215. [PMID: 36604855 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important plant-atmosphere boundary, the synthesis and maintenance of which represents a significant metabolic cost. Only limited information regarding cuticle dynamics is available. We determined the composition and dynamics of Clusia rosea cuticular waxes and matrix using 13 CO2 labelling, compound-specific and bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Collodion was used for wax collection; gas exchange techniques to test for any collodion effects on living leaves. Cutin matrix (MX) area density did not vary between young and mature leaves and between leaf sides. Only young leaves incorporated new carbon into their MX. Collodion-based sampling discriminated between epicuticular (EW) and intracuticular wax (IW) effectively. Epicuticular differed in composition from IW. The newly synthetised wax was deposited in IW first and later in EW. Both young and mature leaves synthetised IW and EW. The faster dynamics in young leaves were due to lower wax coverage, not a faster synthesis rate. Longer-chain alkanes were deposited preferentially on the abaxial, stomatous leaf side, producing differences between leaf sides in wax composition. We introduce a new, sensitive isotope labelling method and demonstrate that cuticular wax is renewed during leaf ontogeny of C. rosea. We discuss the ecophysiological significance of the new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kalistová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bednář
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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8
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Perera-Castro AV, Flexas J. The ratio of electron transport to assimilation (ETR/A N): underutilized but essential for assessing both equipment's proper performance and plant status. PLANTA 2023; 257:29. [PMID: 36592261 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETR/AN ratios should be in the range 7.5-10.5 for non-stressed C3 plants. Ratios extremely out of this range can be reflecting both uncontrolled plant status and technical mistakes during measurements. We urge users to explicitly refer to this ratio in future studies as a proof for internal data quality control. For the last few decades, the use of infra-red gas-exchange analysers (IRGAs) coupled with chlorophyll fluorometers that allow for measurements of net CO2 assimilation rate and estimates of electron transport rate over the same leaf area has been popularized. The evaluation of data from both instruments in an integrative manner can result in additional valuable information, such as the estimation of the light respiration, mesophyll conductance and the partitioning of the flux of electrons into carboxylation, oxygenation and alternative processes, among others. In this review, an additional and more 'straight' use of the combination of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange-derived parameters is presented, namely using the direct ratio between two fully independently estimated parameters, electron transport rate (ETR)-determined by the fluorometer-and net CO2 assimilation rate (AN)-determined by the IRGA, i.e., the ETR/AN ratio, as a tool for fast detection of incongruencies in the data and potential technical problems associated with them, while checking for the study plant's status. To illustrate this application, a compilation of 75 studies that reported both parameters for a total of 178 species under varying physiological status is presented. Values of ETR/AN between 7.5 and 10.5 were most frequently found for non-stressed C3 plants. C4 species showed an average ETR/AN ratio of 4.7. The observed ratios were larger for species with high leaf mass per area and for plants subjected to stressful factors like drought or nutritional deficit. Knowing the expected ETR/AN ratio projects this ratio as a routinary and rapid check point for guaranteeing both the correct performance of equipment and the optimal/stress status of studied plants. All known errors associated with the under- or overestimation of ETR or AN are summarized in a checklist that aims to be routinely used by any IRGA/fluorometer user to strength the validity of their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, S/N, 38200, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Universitat de LES Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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Pereira EO, Wagner FH, Kamino LHY, Carmo FFD. Mapping threatened canga ecosystems in the Brazilian savanna using U-Net deep learning segmentation and Sentinel-2 images: a first step toward conservation planning. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Canga ecosystems are iron-rich habitats and pose a challenge for conservation and environmental governance in Brazil. They support high levels of biodiversity and endemism and, at the same time, have suffered intense losses and degradation due to large-scale iron ore mining. The Peixe Bravo River Valley in the Brazilian savanna is one of the last natural canga areas that has yet to face the irreversible impacts of mining. However, there are vast gaps in data on the vegetation cover, location, spatial distribution, and area of occurrence of this ecosystem. Therefore, more information is needed on the appropriate scale, without which it is difficult to establish conservation planning and strategies to prevent, mitigate or compensate for impacts on canga ecosystems. In this study, we provide the first map of canga ecosystems in Brazil using the U-Net deep learning model and Sentinel-2 images. In addition, we estimate the degree of direct threat faced by ecosystems due to the spatial overlap of the mapped cangas and the location of mining concession areas for iron ore exploitation. The deep learning algorithm identified and segmented 762 canga patches (overall accuracy of 98.5%) in an area of 30,000 ha in the Peixe Bravo River Valley, demonstrating the high predictive power of the mapping approach. We conclude that the direct threat to canga ecosystems is high since 99.6% of the observed canga patches are included in mining concession areas. We also highlight that the knowledge acquired about the distribution of cangas through the application of an effective method of artificial intelligence and the use of open-source satellite images is especially important for supporting conservation strategies and environmental public policies.
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10
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Jauregui-Lazo J, Brinda JC, Mishler BD. The phylogeny of Syntrichia: An ecologically diverse clade of mosses with an origin in South America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16103. [PMID: 36576338 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE To address the biodiversity crisis, we need to understand the evolution of all organisms and how they fill geographic and ecological space. Syntrichia is one of the most diverse and dominant genera of mosses, ranging from alpine habitats to desert biocrusts, yet its evolutionary history remains unclear. METHODS We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntrichia, based on both molecular and morphological data, with most of the named species and closest outgroups represented. In addition, we provide ancestral-state reconstructions of water-related traits and a global biogeographic analysis. RESULTS We found 10 major well-resolved subclades of Syntrichia that possess geographical or morphological coherence, in some cases representing previously accepted genera. We infer that the extant species diversity of Syntrichia likely originated in South America in the early Eocene (56.5-43.8 million years ago [Mya]), subsequently expanded its distribution to the neotropics, and finally dispersed to the northern hemisphere. There, the clade experienced a recent diversification (15-12 Mya) into a broad set of ecological niches (e.g., the S. caninervis and S. ruralis complexes). The transition from terricolous to either saxicolous or epiphytic habitats occurred more than once and was associated with changes in water-related traits. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Syntrichia through the combination of morphological and molecular characters, revealing that migration events that shaped the current distribution of the clade have implications for morphological character evolution in relation to niche diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jauregui-Lazo
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA
| | - John C Brinda
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brent D Mishler
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA
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11
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Bandekar M, Abdolahpur Monikh F, Kekäläinen J, Tahvanainen T, Kortet R, Zhang P, Guo Z, Akkanen J, Leskinen JTT, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Krishna Darbha G, Grossart HP, Valsami-Jones E, Kukkonen JVK. Submicron Plastic Adsorption by Peat, Accumulation in Sphagnum Mosses and Influence on Bacterial Communities in Peatland Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15661-15671. [PMID: 36326287 PMCID: PMC9670847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The smallest fraction of plastic pollution, submicron plastics (SMPs <1 μm) are expected to be ubiquitous in the environment. No information is available about SMPs in peatlands, which have a key role in sequestering carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. It is unknown how these plastic particles might behave and interact with (micro)organisms in these ecosystems. Here, we show that the chemical composition of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-SMPs influenced their adsorption to peat. Consequently, this influenced the accumualtion of SMPs by Sphagnum moss and the composition and diversity of the microbial communities in peatland. Natural organic matter (NOM), which adsorbs from the surrounding water to the surface of SMPs, decreased the adsorption of the particles to peat and their accumulation by Sphagnum moss. However, the presence of NOM on SMPs significantly altered the bacterial community structure compared to SMPs without NOM. Our findings show that peatland ecosystems can potentially adsorb plastic particles. This can not only impact mosses themselves but also change the local microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bandekar
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Teemu Tahvanainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Peng Zhang
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | | | | | - Gopala Krishna Darbha
- Environmental
Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
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Mihailova G, Christov NK, Sárvári É, Solti Á, Hembrom R, Solymosi K, Keresztes Á, Velitchkova M, Popova AV, Simova-Stoilova L, Todorovska E, Georgieva K. Reactivation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Resurrection Plant Haberlea rhodopensis during the Early Phase of Recovery from Drought- and Freezing-Induced Desiccation. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172185. [PMID: 36079568 PMCID: PMC9460447 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haberlea rhodopensis is a unique desiccation-tolerant angiosperm that also survives winter frost. As, upon freezing temperatures, H. rhodopensis desiccates, the taxon is proposed to survive low temperature stress using its desiccation tolerance mechanisms. To reveal the validity of this hypothesis, we analyzed the structural alterations and organization of photosynthetic apparatus during the first hours of recovery after drought- and freezing-induced desiccation. The dynamics of the ultrastructure remodeling in the mesophyll cells and the restoration of the thylakoid membranes shared similarities independent of the reason for desiccation. Among the most obvious changes in thylakoid complexes, the proportion of the PSI-LHCII complex strongly increased around 70% relative water content (RWC), whereas the proportion of Lhc monomers decreased from the beginning of rehydration. We identified enhanced levels of cyt b6f complex proteins that contributed to the enhanced electron flow. The high abundance of proteins related to excitation energy dissipation, PsbS, Lhcb5, Lhcb6 and ELIPs, together with the increased content of dehydrins contributed to the preservation of cellular integrity. ELIP expression was maintained at high levels up to 9 h into recovery. Although the recovery processes from drought- and freezing-induced desiccation were found to be similar in progress and time scale, slight variations indicate that they are not identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Mihailova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Bilding 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai K. Christov
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richard Hembrom
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Keresztes
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Bilding 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta V. Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Bilding 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Bilding 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Todorovska
- AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katya Georgieva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Bilding 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +359-2-979-2620
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13
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Perera-Castro AV, Waterman MJ, Robinson SA, Flexas J. Limitations to photosynthesis in bryophytes: certainties and uncertainties regarding methodology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4592-4604. [PMID: 35524766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are the group of land plants with the lowest photosynthetic rates, which was considered to be a consequence of their higher anatomical CO2 diffusional limitation compared with tracheophytes. However, the most recent studies assessing limitations due to biochemistry and mesophyll conductance in bryophytes reveal discrepancies based on the methodology used. In this study, we compared data calculated from two different methodologies for estimating mesophyll conductance: variable J and the curve-fitting method. Although correlated, mesophyll conductance estimated by the curve-fitting method was on average 4-fold higher than the conductance obtained by the variable J method; a large enough difference to account for the scale of differences previously shown between the biochemical and diffusional limitations to photosynthesis. Biochemical limitations were predominant when the curve-fitting method was used. We also demonstrated that variations in bryophyte relative water content during measurements can also introduce errors in the estimation of mesophyll conductance, especially for samples which are overly desiccated. Furthermore, total chlorophyll concentration and soluble proteins were significantly lower in bryophytes than in tracheophytes, and the percentage of proteins quantified as Rubisco was also significantly lower in bryophytes (<6.3% in all studied species) than in angiosperms (>16% in all non-stressed cases). Photosynthetic rates normalized by Rubisco were not significantly different between bryophytes and angiosperms. Our data suggest that the biochemical limitation to photosynthesis in bryophytes is more relevant than so far assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Department of Biology, INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Universidad de La Laguna, Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, S/N, 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Melinda J Waterman
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Department of Biology, INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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14
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Morales-Sánchez JÁM, Mark K, Souza JPS, Niinemets Ü. Desiccation-rehydration measurements in bryophytes: current status and future insights. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4338-4361. [PMID: 35536655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation-rehydration experiments have been employed over the years to evaluate desiccation tolerance of bryophytes (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, and Anthocerotophyta). Researchers have applied a spectrum of protocols to induce desiccation and subsequent rehydration, and a wide variety of techniques have been used to study desiccation-dependent changes in bryophyte molecular, cellular, physiological, and structural traits, resulting in a multifaceted assortment of information that is challenging to synthesize. We analysed 337 desiccation-rehydration studies, providing information for 351 species, to identify the most frequent methods used, analyse the advances in desiccation studies over the years, and characterize the taxonomic representation of the species assessed. We observed certain similarities across methodologies, but the degree of convergence among the experimental protocols was surprisingly low. Out of 52 bryophyte orders, 40% have not been studied, and data are lacking for multiple remote or difficult to access locations. We conclude that for quantitative interspecific comparisons of desiccation tolerance, rigorous standardization of experimental protocols and measurement techniques, and simultaneous use of an array of experimental techniques are required for a mechanistic insight into the different traits modified in response to desiccation. New studies should also aim to fill gaps in taxonomic, ecological, and spatial coverage of bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel M Morales-Sánchez
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Mark
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - João Paulo S Souza
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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15
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Alejo-Jacuinde G, Kean-Galeno T, Martínez-Gallardo N, Tejero-Díez JD, Mehltreter K, Délano-Frier JP, Oliver MJ, Simpson J, Herrera-Estrella L. Viability markers for determination of desiccation tolerance and critical stages during dehydration in Selaginella species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3898-3912. [PMID: 35312760 PMCID: PMC9232207 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While most plants die below a threshold of water content, desiccation-tolerant species display specific responses that allow them to survive extreme dehydration. Some of these responses are activated at critical stages during water loss and could represent the difference between desiccation tolerance (DT) and death. Here, we report the development of a simple and reproducible system to determine DT in Selaginella species. The system is based on exposure of excised tissue to a dehydration agent inside small containers, and subsequent evaluation for tissue viability. We evaluated several methodologies to determine viability upon desiccation including: triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, the quantum efficiency of PSII, antioxidant potential, and relative electrolyte leakage. Our results show that the TTC test is a simple and accurate assay to identify novel desiccation-tolerant Selaginella species, and can also indicate viability in other desiccation-tolerant models (i.e. ferns and mosses). The system we developed is particularly useful to identify critical points during the dehydration process. We found that a desiccation-sensitive Selaginella species shows a change in viability when dehydrated to 40% relative water content, indicating the onset of a critical condition at this water content. Comparative studies at critical stages could provide a better understanding of DT mechanisms and unravel insights into the key responses to survive desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tania Kean-Galeno
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Norma Martínez-Gallardo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - J Daniel Tejero-Díez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Klaus Mehltreter
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C., 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - John P Délano-Frier
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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16
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Di Nuzzo L, Benesperi R, Nascimbene J, Papini A, Malaspina P, Incerti G, Giordani P. Little time left. Microrefuges may fail in mitigating the effects of climate change on epiphytic lichens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153943. [PMID: 35189219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already causing considerable reductions in biodiversity in all terrestrial ecosystems. These consequences are expected to be exacerbated in biomes that are particularly exposed to change, such as those in the Mediterranean, and in certain groups of more sensitive organisms, such as epiphytic lichens. These poikylohydric organisms find suitable light and water conditions on trunks under the tree canopy. Despite their small size, epiphytic communities contribute significantly to the functionality of forest ecosystems. In this work, we surveyed epiphytic lichen communities in a Mediterranean area (Sardinia, Italy) and hypothesized that 1) the effect of microclimate on lichens at tree scale is mediated by the functional traits of these organisms and that 2) micro-refuge trees with certain morphological characteristics can mitigate the negative effects of future climate change. Results confirm the first hypothesis, while the second is only partially supported, suggesting that the capability of specific trees to host specific conditions may not be sufficient to maintain the diversity and ecosystem functionality of lichen communities in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Nuzzo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Benesperi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Juri Nascimbene
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Guido Incerti
- Department of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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17
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Spribille T, Resl P, Stanton DE, Tagirdzhanova G. Evolutionary biology of lichen symbioses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1566-1582. [PMID: 35302240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are the symbiotic outcomes of open, interspecies relationships, central to which are a fungus and a phototroph, typically an alga and/or cyanobacterium. The evolutionary processes that led to the global success of lichens are poorly understood. In this review, we explore the goods and services exchange between fungus and phototroph and how this propelled the success of both symbiont and symbiosis. Lichen fungal symbionts count among the only filamentous fungi that expose most of their mycelium to an aerial environment. Phototrophs export carbohydrates to the fungus, which converts them to specific polyols. Experimental evidence suggests that polyols are not only growth and respiratory substrates but also play a role in anhydrobiosis, the capacity to survive desiccation. We propose that this dual functionality is pivotal to the evolution of fungal symbionts, enabling persistence in environments otherwise hostile to fungi while simultaneously imposing costs on growth. Phototrophs, in turn, benefit from fungal protection from herbivory and light stress, while appearing to exert leverage over fungal sex and morphogenesis. Combined with the recently recognized habit of symbionts to occur in multiple symbioses, this creates the conditions for a multiplayer marketplace of rewards and penalties that could drive symbiont selection and lichen diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Philipp Resl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 3, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Daniel E Stanton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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Kyyak NY. Metabolism of carbohydrates and activity of the antioxidant system in mosses on a post-technogenic salinized territory. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive physiological and biochemical reactions of mosses Didymodon rigidulus Hedw., Barbula unguiculata Hedw. and Brachythecium campestre (Müll. Hal.) Schimp. to salt stress have been investigated from the territory of the tailings storage of the Stebnyk Mining and Chemical Enterprise “Polymineral” (Lviv region, Ukraine). The peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism in mosses under salinity conditions have been studied. The content of soluble carbohydrates and proline, the antioxidant activity, the content of ascorbate and reduced glutathione as well as the activity of enzymes of their metabolism – ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase at the initial stages of the stress (salt shock) and prolonged stress exposure (salt stress) have been evaluated. It has been found that the increase of α-amylase activity, enhancement of the hydrolysis of starch and the increase of the concentration of soluble carbohydrates under salt stress were the reactions of the studied species of mosses. It has been established that there was an increase in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates by 1.2–1.5 times in moss shoots under salinity conditions, compared with plants from the background area (vicinity of Stebnyk). Experimental studies have shown that under salinity conditions sucrose dominates in the pool of soluble carbohydrates (59.0–79.5% of the total sugars content). The sucrose content was 1.5–2.0 times higher in the plants B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus from the highly saline area of the tailings storage. It has been indicated that under stress conditions constitutive adaptive mechanisms are more expressed in resistant moss species, and plants with a lower level of resistance adapt to the stressor, mainly due to induced protective systems. Experimental studies have shown that plants B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus, which are resistant to abiotic stressors, have a high constitutive pool of soluble carbohydrates both at the beginning of the experiment and under prolonged exposure of the salt stress. In the shoots of the sensitive moss B. campestre the stress-induced character of the sugars accumulation has been revealed. The accumulation of proline in mosses cells under salt stress depended on their species characteristics. The stress-induced accumulation of proline can be considered as a part of the bryophytes’ protective system, but this osmolyte does not play a key role in the formation of the mosses’ resistance to salt stress. Obviously, soluble carbohydrates are the main osmolytes in the moss cells. It has been found that resistant moss species have a high constitutive antioxidant status, while in the sensitive moss B. campestre the increase in the antioxidant activity occurred during prolonged salt stress, which may indicate its induced nature. It has been shown that the resistant mosses B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus have 3–4 times higher levels of glutathione and ascorbate content and 1.6–2.5 times higher activity of enzymes of their metabolism – glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, compared to plants of the less tolerant moss species B. campestre, which provided reduction of the lipid peroxidation process in plasma membranes and decreased the content of TBA-active products under stress.
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19
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Exploring the High Variability of Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance in Pteridophytes. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091222. [PMID: 35567223 PMCID: PMC9103120 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the context of plant evolution, pteridophytes, which is comprised of lycophytes and ferns, occupy an intermediate position between bryophytes and seed plants, sharing characteristics with both groups. Pteridophytes is a highly diverse group of plant species that occupy a wide range of habitats including ecosystems with extreme climatic conditions. There is a significant number of pteridophytes that can tolerate desiccation by temporarily arresting their metabolism in the dry state and reactivating it upon rehydration. Desiccation-tolerant pteridophytes exhibit a strategy that appears to be intermediate between the constitutive and inducible desiccation tolerance (DT) mechanisms observed in bryophytes and angiosperms, respectively. In this review, we first describe the incidence and anatomical diversity of desiccation-tolerant pteridophytes and discuss recent advances on the origin of DT in vascular plants. Then, we summarize the highly diverse adaptations and mechanisms exhibited by this group and describe how some of these plants could exhibit tolerance to multiple types of abiotic stress. Research on the evolution and regulation of DT in different lineages is crucial to understand how plants have adapted to extreme environments. Thus, in the current scenario of climate change, the knowledge of the whole landscape of DT strategies is of vital importance as a potential basis to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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20
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Cândido-Sobrinho SA, Lima VF, Freire FBS, de Souza LP, Gago J, Fernie AR, Daloso DM. Metabolism-mediated mechanisms underpin the differential stomatal speediness regulation among ferns and angiosperms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:296-311. [PMID: 34800300 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent results suggest that metabolism-mediated stomatal closure mechanisms are important to regulate differentially the stomatal speediness between ferns and angiosperms. However, evidence directly linking mesophyll metabolism and the slower stomatal conductance (gs ) in ferns is missing. Here, we investigated the effect of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA), sucrose and mannitol on stomatal kinetics and carried out a metabolic fingerprinting analysis of ferns and angiosperms leaves harvested throughout a diel course. Fern stomata did not respond to ABA in the time period analysed. No differences in the relative decrease in gs was observed between ferns and the angiosperm following provision of sucrose or mannitol. However, ferns have slower gs responses to these compounds than angiosperms. Metabolomics analysis highlights that ferns have a higher accumulation of secondary rather than primary metabolites throughout the diel course, with the opposite being observed in angiosperms. Our results indicate that metabolism-mediated stomatal closure mechanisms underpin the differential stomatal speediness regulation among ferns and angiosperms, in which the slower stomatal closure in ferns is associated with the lack of ABA-responsiveness, to a reduced capacity to respond to mesophyll-derived sucrose and to a higher carbon allocation toward secondary metabolism, which likely modulates both photosynthesis-gs and growth-stress tolerance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio A Cândido-Sobrinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, LabPlant, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brasil
| | - Valéria F Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, LabPlant, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brasil
| | - Francisco B S Freire
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, LabPlant, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brasil
| | - Leonardo P de Souza
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group On Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Instituto de investigaciones Agroambientales y de la Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, LabPlant, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brasil
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21
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Bok ECPM, Brodribb TJ, Jordan GJ, Carriquí M. Convergent tip-to-base widening of water-conducting conduits in the tallest bryophytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:322-332. [PMID: 34713894 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Tip-to-base conduit widening is considered a key mechanism that enables vascular plants to grow tall by decreasing the hydraulic resistance imposed by increasing height. Widening of hydraulic anatomy (larger conducting elements toward the base of the vascular system) minimizes gradients in leaf-specific hydraulic conductance with plant height, allowing uniform photosynthesis across the crown of trees. Tip-to-base conduit widening has also been associated with changes in conduit number. However, in bryophytes, despite having representatives with internal water-conducting tissue, conduit widening has been scarcely investigated. METHODS Here, we examined the changes in hydroid diameter and number with distance from plant tip in Dawsonia superba and D. polytrichoides, two representatives of the genus containing the tallest extant bryophytes. RESULTS The position of these moss species on the global scale of conduit size and plant size was consistent with a general scaling among plants with internal water transport. Within plants, patterns of conduit widening and number with distance from plant tip in endohydric mosses were similar to those observed in vascular plants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that land plants growing upward in the atmosphere show analogous conduit widening of hydraulic structures, suggesting that efficient internal water transport is a convergent adaptation for photosynthesis on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C P M Bok
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Marc Carriquí
- Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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22
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MACEDO LUCIANAP, TAVARES-MARTINS ANACLAUDIAC, ILKIU-BORGES ANNALUIZA. Bryophytes in Amazon savannas: richness and composition in disjunct areas in the Eastern Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LUCIANA P.C. MACEDO
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Brazil; Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Brazil
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23
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Hao J, Xu X, Zhang L. Seasonal Dynamics of Photochemical Performance of PS II of Terrestrial Mosses from Different Elevations. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122613. [PMID: 34961084 PMCID: PMC8705637 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosses are critical components of tropical forest ecosystems and have multiple essential ecological functions. The drying and rehydrating and often hot environments in tropical regions present some of the greatest challenges for their photosynthetic activities. There is limited knowledge available on the physiological responses to the changing environments such as temperature and water pattern changes for terrestrial mosses. We examined the seasonal dynamics of photochemical performance of PS II through the measuring of chlorophyll fluorescence of 12 terrestrial mosses in situ from five different elevations by Photosynthesis Yield Analyzer MINI-PAM-II, along with the seasonal changes of climatic factors (air temperature, dew point, relative humidity and rainfall), which were collected by local weather stations and self-deployed mini weather stations. The results showed a great seasonality during observing periods, which, mainly the changes of rainfall and relative humidity pattern, presented significant impacts on the photochemical performance of PS II of terrestrial mosses. All these tested moss species developed a suitable regulated and non-regulated strategy to avoid the detrimental effect of abiotic stresses. We found that only Hypnum plumaeforme, Pterobryopsis crassicaulis and Pogonatum inflexum were well adapted to the changes of habitat temperature and water patterns, even though they still experienced a lower CO2 assimilation efficiency in the drier months. The other nine species were susceptible to seasonality, especially during the months of lower rainfall and relative humidity when moss species were under physiologically reduced PS II efficiency. Anomobryum julaceum, Pogonatum neesii, Sematophyllum subhumile, Pseudotaxiphyllum pohliaecarpum and Leucobryum boninense, and especially Brachythecium buchananii, were sensitive to the changes of water patterns, which enable them as ideal ecological indicators of photosynthetic acclimation to stressed environments as a result of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-199-8987-9261 (J.H.); +86-189-0768-2999 (L.Z.)
| | - Xueyan Xu
- Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China;
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China;
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-199-8987-9261 (J.H.); +86-189-0768-2999 (L.Z.)
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Hao J, Chu L. Short-term detrimental impacts of increasing temperature and photosynthetically active radiation on the ecophysiology of selected bryophytes in Hong Kong, southern China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Derzhavina NM. Structural Adaptations of Desiccation-Resistant Fern Ceterach officinarum Willd. (Aspleniaceae). CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425521050036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Freeze tolerance influenced forest cover and hydrology during the Pennsylvanian. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025227118. [PMID: 34635589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025227118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of forest cover alters Earth surface mass and energy exchange and is controlled by physiology, which determines plant environmental limits. Ancient plant physiology, therefore, likely affected vegetation-climate feedbacks. We combine climate modeling and ecosystem-process modeling to simulate arboreal vegetation in the late Paleozoic ice age. Using GENESIS V3 global climate model simulations, varying pCO2, pO2, and ice extent for the Pennsylvanian, and fossil-derived leaf C:N, maximum stomatal conductance, and specific conductivity for several major Carboniferous plant groups, we simulated global ecosystem processes at a 2° resolution with Paleo-BGC. Based on leaf water constraints, Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover. However, these models do not account for the impacts of freezing on plants. According to our interpretation, freezing would have affected plants in 59% of unglaciated land during peak glacial periods and 73% during interglacials, when more high-latitude land was unglaciated. Comparing forest cover, minimum temperatures, and paleo-locations of Pennsylvanian-aged plant fossils from the Paleobiology Database supports restriction of forest extent due to freezing. Many genera were limited to unglaciated land where temperatures remained above -4 °C. Freeze-intolerance of Pennsylvanian arboreal vegetation had the potential to alter surface runoff, silicate weathering, CO2 levels, and climate forcing. As a bounding case, we assume total plant mortality at -4 °C and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%. Repeated freezing likely influenced freeze- and drought-tolerance evolution in lineages like the coniferophytes, which became increasingly dominant in the Permian and early Mesozoic.
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Printarakul N, Meeinkuirt W. Heavy Metal Accumulation and Copper Localization in Scopelophila cataractae in Thailand. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:530-536. [PMID: 33928411 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four specimens of gametophores and protonemata of Scopelophila cataractae (copper moss) were collected from a stream in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Thailand in order to determine heavy metal accumulation and Cu localization. The order of total metal concentrations in the protonemata and leaf cell surfaces of S. cataractae was Fe > Zn > Cu. Significant Cu values (> 400 mg kg-1) were found in both gametophores and protonemata. Growth substrates were considered as a key source of heavy metals in the sampling stream. X-ray spectrometry (EDS micro-analyser) detected the localization of ten elements (C, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, S, Cu, Zn and In); substantial atomic percentages of Al, Cu and Zn were noted in leaf surfaces and protonemata. These metallic elements were found in highest proportion. To some extent, cell surfaces at the basal leaf costa showed the highest peak value compared to medial and apical leaf portions (≈ 4.3 at.%). This Cu moss can be used as a bioindicator to reflect anthropogenic activities in stream ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Printarakul
- CMUB Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Weeradej Meeinkuirt
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, 60130, Thailand.
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Nadal M, Brodribb TJ, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola JI, Arzac MI, López-Pozo M, Perera-Castro AV, Gulías J, Flexas J, Farrant JM. Differences in biochemical, gas exchange and hydraulic response to water stress in desiccation tolerant and sensitive fronds of the fern Anemia caffrorum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1415-1430. [PMID: 33959976 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerant plants can survive extreme water loss in their vegetative tissues. The fern Anemia caffrorum produces desiccation tolerant (DT) fronds in the dry season and desiccation sensitive (DS) fronds in the wet season, providing a unique opportunity to explore the physiological mechanisms associated with desiccation tolerance. Anemia caffrorum plants with either DT or DS fronds were acclimated in growth chambers. Photosynthesis, frond structure and anatomy, water relations and minimum conductance to water vapour were measured under well-watered conditions. Photosynthesis, hydraulics, frond pigments, antioxidants and abscisic acid contents were monitored under water deficit. A comparison between DT and DS fronds under well-watered conditions showed that the former presented higher leaf mass per area, minimum conductance, tissue elasticity and lower CO2 assimilation. Water deficit resulted in a similar induction of abscisic acid in both frond types, but DT fronds maintained higher stomatal conductance and upregulated more prominently lipophilic antioxidants. The seasonal alternation in production of DT and DS fronds in A. caffrorum represents a mechanism by which carbon gain can be maximized during the rainy season, and a greater investment in protective mechanisms occurs during the hot dry season, enabling the exploitation of episodic water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38200, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Miren I Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - Javier Gulías
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80200, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jill M Farrant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Ludwig W, Hayes S, Trenner J, Delker C, Quint M. On the evolution of plant thermomorphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab310. [PMID: 34190313 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable capacity to acclimate to their environment. Acclimation is enabled to a large degree by phenotypic plasticity, the extent of which confers a selective advantage, especially in natural habitats. Certain key events in evolution triggered adaptive bursts necessary to cope with drastic environmental changes. One such event was the colonization of land 400-500 mya. Compared to most aquatic habitats, fluctuations in abiotic parameters became more pronounced, generating significant selection pressure. To endure these harsh conditions, plants needed to adapt their physiology and morphology and to increase the range of phenotypic plasticity. In addition to drought stress and high light, high temperatures and fluctuation thereof were among the biggest challenges faced by terrestrial plants. Thermomorphogenesis research has emerged as a new sub-discipline of the plant sciences and aims to understand how plants acclimate to elevated ambient temperatures through changes in architecture. While we have begun to understand how angiosperms sense and respond to elevated ambient temperature, very little is known about thermomorphogenesis in plant lineages with less complex body plans. It is unclear when thermomorphogenesis initially evolved and how this depended on morphological complexity. In this review, we take an evolutionary-physiological perspective and generate hypotheses about the emergence of thermomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Ludwig
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Gomes PWP, Medeiros-Sarmento PSDE, Santos RDECPD, Tavares-Martins ACC. Composition and structure of the bryophyte community of Park Savanna in Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190830. [PMID: 34133535 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to enrich the knowledge about the flora of savannas, this paper studied the composition and structure of the bryophyte community of Park Savanna areas in Marajó Island - PA. Biological material was collected within 60 100-m2 plots equally distributed in the dry season of 2016 and the rainy season of 2017 in five Park Savanna areas (SP-I to SP-V). The composition, density, richness and diversity of species and presence of indicator species were compared between the sampled areas and seasons. The species were classified according to the substrates colonized and ecological groups of light tolerance. Significant differences in SP-V indicated that the area was the main factor influencing the composition of bryophytes (p: 0.0001), with five indicator species. There were also significant differences in density (p = 0.0001168) and richness (p = 0.0001317) of bryophytes between seasons (p-value = 0.3393; p-value = 0.04065; p: 0.1081). There was a predominance of generalist (25 spp.) and corticolous (728 individuals) species, which were widely distributed in the sampled areas. Therefore, the structure of the bryophyte communities was not influenced by seasonality, and this indicates that these plants are adapted to the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo W P Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Tecnologia, Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, 66095-015 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Rita DE Cássia P Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Tecnologia, Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, 66095-015 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia C Tavares-Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Tecnologia, Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, 66095-015 Belém, PA, Brazil
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Gao D, Fu L, Sun J, Li Y, Cao Z, Liu Y, Xu P, Zhao J. The mid-domain effect and habitat complexity applied to elevational gradients: Moss species richness in a temperate semihumid monsoon climate mountain of China. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7448-7460. [PMID: 34188826 PMCID: PMC8216932 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of elevational gradients as tools to test either ecological hypotheses and delineate elevation-associated environmental factors that explain the species diversity patterns is critical for moss species conservation. We examined the elevational patterns of species richness and evaluated the effects of spatial and environmental factors on moss species predicted a priori by alternative hypotheses, including mid-domain effect (MDE), habitat complexity, energy, and environment proposed to explain the variation of diversity. Last, we assessed the contribution of elevation toward explaining the heterogeneity among sampling sites. We observed the hump-shaped distribution pattern of species richness along elevational gradient. The MDE and the habitat complexity hypothesis were supported with MDE being the primary driver for richness patterns, whereas little support was found for the energy and the environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Gao
- Department of Resources and Environmental ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological ConstructionShijiazhuangChina
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental ChangeShijiazhuangChina
| | - Liqin Fu
- Department of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringHebei College of Industry and TechnologyShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yongying Liu
- Department of BiologyJiaozuo Normal CollegeJiaozuoChina
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMIUSA
| | - Jiancheng Zhao
- Department of Life ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuangChina
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Fernández-Marín B, Arzac MI, López-Pozo M, Laza JM, Roach T, Stegner M, Neuner G, García-Plazaola JI. Frozen in the dark: interplay of night-time activity of xanthophyll cycle, xylem attributes, and desiccation tolerance in fern resistance to winter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3168-3184. [PMID: 33617637 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While most ferns avoid freezing as they have a tropical distribution or shed their fronds, wintergreen species in temperate and boreoalpine ecosystems have to deal with sub-zero temperatures. Increasing evidence has revealed overlapping mechanisms of desiccation and freezing tolerance in angiosperms, but the physiological mechanisms behind freezing tolerance in ferns are far from clear. We evaluated photochemical and hydraulic parameters in five wintergreen fern species differing in their ability to tolerate desiccation. We assessed frond freezing tolerance, ice nucleation temperature and propagation pattern, and xylem anatomical traits. Dynamics of photochemical performance and xanthophyll cycle were evaluated during freeze-thaw events under controlled conditions and, in selected species, in the field. Only desiccation-tolerant species, which possessed a greater fraction of narrow tracheids (<18 μm) than sensitive species, tolerated freezing. Frond freezing occurred in the field at -3.4 ± 0.9 °C (SD) irrespective of freezing tolerance, freezable water content, or tracheid properties. Even in complete darkness, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was down-regulated concomitantly with zeaxanthin accumulation in response to freezing. This was reversible upon re-warming only in tolerant species. Our results suggest that adaptation for freezing tolerance is associated with desiccation tolerance through complementary xylem properties (which may prevent risk of irreversible cavitation) and effective photoprotection mechanisms. The latter includes de-epoxidation of xanthophylls in darkness, a process evidenced for the first time directly in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38200, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Okemo P, Long H, Cheng Y, Mundree S, Williams B. Stachyose triggers apoptotic like cell death in drought sensitive but not resilient plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7099. [PMID: 33782503 PMCID: PMC8007635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the most intensively researched fields in modern mammalian biology with roles in cancer, aging, diabetes and numerous neurodegenerative diseases. It is becoming increasingly clear that PCD also plays significant roles in plant defence and responses to the environment. Given their unique ability to tolerate desiccation (cells remain viable even after they've lost 95% of their water), resurrection plants make ideal models to study the regulation of plant PCD pathways. Previously, we showed that the Australian resurrection plant, Tripogon loliiformis, suppresses plant PCD, via trehalose-mediated activation of autophagy pathways, during drying. In the present study, we created a full-length T. loliiformis cDNA library, performed a large-scale Agrobacterium screen for improved salinity tolerance and identified Stachyose synthase (TlStach) as a potential candidate for improving stress tolerance. Tripogon loliiformis shoots accumulate stachyose synthase transcripts and stachyose during drying. Attempts to generate transgenic plants expressing TlStach failed and were consistent with previous reports in mammals that demonstrated stachyose-mediated induction of apoptosis. Using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and cell death assays (TUNNEL and DNA laddering), we investigated whether stachyose induces apoptotic-like cell death in T. loliiformis. We show that stachyose triggers the formation of the hallmarks of plant apoptotic-like cell death in the desiccation sensitive Nicotiana benthamiana but not the resilient T. loliiformis. These findings suggest that T. loliiformis suppresses stachyose-mediated apoptotic-like cell death and provides insights on the role of sugar metabolism and plant PCD pathways. A better understanding of how resilient plants regulate sugar metabolism and PCD pathways may facilitate future targeting of plant metabolic pathways for increased stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Okemo
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Long
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yen Cheng
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sagadevan Mundree
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Bippus AC, Rothwell GW, Stockey RA. Cynodontium luthii sp. nov.: a permineralized moss gametophyte from the Late Cretaceous of the North Slope of Alaska. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:495-504. [PMID: 33650114 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Mosses are a major component of Arctic vegetation today, with >500 species known to date. However, the origins of the Arctic moss flora are poorly documented in the fossil record, especially prior to the Pliocene. Here, we present the first anatomically preserved pre-Cenozoic Arctic moss and discuss how the unique biology of bryophytes has facilitated their success in polar environments over geologic time. METHODS A permineralized fossil moss gametophyte within a block of Late Cretaceous terrestrial limestone, collected along the Colville River on the North Slope of Alaska, was studied in serial sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique. RESULTS The moss gametophyte is branched and has leaves with a broad base, narrow blade, and excurrent costa. We describe this fossil as Cynodontium luthii sp. nov., an extinct species of a genus that is known from the High Arctic today. Cynodontium luthii is the oldest evidence of the family Rhabdoweisiaceae (by ≥18 Ma) and reveals that genera of haplolepideous mosses known in the extant Arctic flora also lived in high-latitude temperate deciduous forests during the Late Cretaceous. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of C. luthii in Cretaceous sediments, together with a rich Pliocene-to-Holocene fossil record of extant moss genera in the High Arctic, suggests that some moss lineages have exploited their poikilohydric, cold- and desiccation-tolerant physiology to live in the region when it experienced both temperate and freezing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Bippus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ruth A Stockey
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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35
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Marks RA, Farrant JM, Nicholas McLetchie D, VanBuren R. Unexplored dimensions of variability in vegetative desiccation tolerance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:346-358. [PMID: 33421106 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance has evolved recurrently across diverse land plant lineages as an adaptation for survival in regions where seasonal rainfall drives periodic drying of vegetative tissues. Growing interest in this phenomenon has fueled recent physiological, biochemical, and genomic insights into the mechanistic basis of desiccation tolerance. Although, desiccation tolerance is often viewed as binary and monolithic, substantial variation exists in the phenotype and underlying mechanisms across diverse lineages, heterogeneous populations, and throughout the development of individual plants. Most studies have focused on conserved responses in a subset desiccation-tolerant plants under laboratory conditions. Consequently, the variability and natural diversity of desiccation-tolerant phenotypes remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we discuss the natural variation in desiccation tolerance and argue that leveraging this diversity can improve our mechanistic understanding of desiccation tolerance. We summarize information collected from ~600 desiccation-tolerant land plants and discuss the taxonomic distribution and physiology of desiccation responses. We point out the need to quantify natural diversity of desiccation tolerance on three scales: variation across divergent lineages, intraspecific variation across populations, and variation across tissues and life stages of an individual plant. We conclude that this variability should be accounted for in experimental designs and can be leveraged for deeper insights into the intricacies of desiccation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Marks
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill M Farrant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Campbell TKF, Lantz TC, Fraser RH, Hogan D. High Arctic Vegetation Change Mediated by Hydrological Conditions. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kropik M, Zechmeister HG, Moser D. Climate Variables Outstrip Deadwood Amount: Desiccation as the Main Trigger for Buxbaumia viridis Occurrence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E61. [PMID: 33396661 PMCID: PMC7824618 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deadwood is a biodiversity hotspot and habitat for numerous highly endangered species. Buxbaumia viridis has been assessed as a flagship species for deadwood-rich forests and is subject to monitoring under the Habitats Directive, yet we lack a solid understanding of the factors controlling its distribution. The study aimed to specify the climate and habitat preferences of Buxbaumia viridis and identify the best predictor variables. We collected presence-absence data of the species at 201 sites between 2016 and 2020. Study sites cover three biogeographic regions (Pannonian, Continental, and Alpine). They also represent a deadwood gradient ranging from managed forests to natural forest reserves and virgin forests. Our results suggest that desiccation and deadwood amount are the best predictor variables. The amount of deadwood at the colonized sites ranged from 1 m3/ha to 288 m3/ha, with a median of 70 m3/ha. The maximum desiccation, i.e., consecutive days without rain and at least 20 °C was 9.6 days at colonized sites. The results of logistic regression models suggest that desiccation limits Buxbaumia viridis occurrence on deadwood in the drier continental parts of eastern Austria. Derived details on climate and habitat requirements of Buxbaumia viridis can specify management and conservation. They clearly show how strongly the species is dependent on climate, which can counteract deadwood measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kropik
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Harald G. Zechmeister
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Moser
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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Perera-Castro AV, Nadal M, Flexas J. What drives photosynthesis during desiccation? Mosses and other outliers from the photosynthesis-elasticity trade-off. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6460-6470. [PMID: 32686831 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, more rigid leaves have been linked to lower photosynthetic capacity, associated with low CO2 diffusion across the mesophyll, indirectly resulting in a trade-off between photosynthetic capacity (An) and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). However, we evaluated mosses, liverworts, and Chara sp., plus some lycophytes and ferns, and found that they behaved as clear outliers of the An-ε relationship. Despite this finding, when vascular and non-vascular plants were plotted together, ε still linearly determined the cessation of net photosynthesis during desiccation both in species with stomata (either actively or hydro-passively regulated) and in species lacking stomata, and regardless of their leaf structure. The latter result challenges our current view of photosynthetic responses to desiccation and/or water stress. Structural features and hydric strategy are discussed as possible explanations for the deviation of these species from the An-ε trade-off, as well as for the general linear dependency between ε and the full cessation of An during desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions. Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Mishra KB, Vítek P, Mishra A, Hájek J, Barták M. Chlorophyll a fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy can monitor activation/deactivation of photosynthesis and carotenoids in Antarctic lichens. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118458. [PMID: 32480272 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lichens survive harsh weather of Antarctica as well as of other hostile environments worldwide. Therefore, this investigation is important to understand the evolution of life on Earth in relation to their stress tolerance strategy. We have used chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, to monitor the activation/deactivation of photosynthesis and carotenoids in three diverse Antarctic lichens, Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum (DP), Umbilicaria antarctica (UA), and Leptogium puberulum (LP). These lichens, post 4 h or 24 h of hydration, showed differences in their ChlF transients and values of major ChlF parameters, e.g., in the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and yields of fluorescence and heat dissipation (Φf,d), of effective quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and of non-photochemical quenching (Φnpq), which may be due to quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the composition of their photobionts. For understanding the kinetics of hydration-induced activation of photosynthesis, we screened ΦPSII of these lichens and reported its non-linear stimulation on a minute time scale; half of the activation time (t1/2) was fastest ~4.05 ± 0.29 min for DP, which was followed by 5.46 ± 0.18 min for UA, and 13.95 ± 1.24 min for LP. Upon drying of fully activated lichen thallus, there was a slow decay, in hours, of relative water content (RWC) as well as of Fv/Fm. Raman spectral signatures were different for lichens having algal (in DP and UA) and cyanobacteria (in LP) photobionts, and there was a significant shift in ν1(C=C) Raman band of carotenoids post 24 h hydration as compared to their value at a dry state or post 4 h of hydration; this shift was decreased, when drying, in DP and LP but not in UA. We conclude that hydration nonlinearly activated photosynthetic apparatus/reactions of these lichens in minute time range but there was a de-novo synthesis of chlorophylls as well as of carotenoids post 24 h. Their dehydration-induced deactivation, however, was comparatively slow, in hours range, and there seemed a degradation of synthesized chlorophylls and carotenoids post dryness. We conclude that in extremophilic lichens, their photosynthetic partners, in particular, possess a complex survival and photoprotective strategy to be successful in the extreme terrestrial environments in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Bandhu Mishra
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Vítek
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Hájek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Barták
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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High gene space divergence contrasts with frozen vegetative architecture in the moss family Funariaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 154:106965. [PMID: 32956800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm has slowly emerged regarding the diversification of bryophytes, with inferences from molecular data highlighting a dynamic evolution of their genome. However, comparative studies of expressed genes among closely related taxa is so far missing. Here we contrast the dimensions of the vegetative transcriptome of Funaria hygrometrica and Physcomitrium pyriforme against the genome of their relative, Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. These three species of Funariaceae share highly conserved vegetative bodies, and are partially sympatric, growing on mineral soil in mostly temperate regions. We analyzed the vegetative gametophytic transcriptome of F. hygrometrica and P. pyriforme and mapped short reads, transcripts, and proteins to the genome and gene space of P. patens. Only about half of the transcripts of F. hygrometrica map to their ortholog in P. patens, whereas at least 90% of those of P. pyriforme align to loci in P. patens. Such divergence is unexpected given the high morphological similarity of the gametophyte but reflects the estimated times of divergence of F. hygrometrica and P. pyriforme from P. patens, namely 55 and 20 mya, respectively. The newly sampled transcriptomes bear signatures of at least one, rather ancient, whole genome duplication (WGD), which may be shared with one reported for P. patens. The transcriptomes of F. hygrometrica and P. pyriforme reveal significant contractions or expansions of different gene families. While transcriptomes offer only an incomplete estimate of the gene space, the high number of transcripts obtained suggest a significant divergence in gene sequences, and gene number among the three species, indicative of a rather strong, dynamic genome evolution, shaped in part by whole, partial or localized genome duplication. The gene ontology of their specific and rapidly-evolving protein families, suggests that the evolution of the Funariaceae may have been driven by the diversification of metabolic genes that may optimize the adaptations to environmental conditions, a hypothesis well in line with ecological patterns in the genetic diversity and structure in seed plants.
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Monaco TA, Gunnell KL. Understory Vegetation Change Following Woodland Reduction Varies by Plant Community Type and Seeding Status: A Region-Wide Assessment of Ecological Benefits and Risks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1113. [PMID: 32872167 PMCID: PMC7570382 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Woodland encroachment is a global issue linked to diminished ecosystem services, prompting the need for restoration efforts. However, restoration outcomes can be highly variable, making it difficult to interpret the ecological benefits and risks associated with woodland-reduction treatments within semiarid ecosystems. We addressed this uncertainty by assessing the magnitude and direction of vegetation change over a 15-year period at 129 sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) sites following pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) (P-J) reduction. Pretreatment vegetation indicated strong negative relationships between P-J cover and the abundance of understory plants (i.e., perennial grass and sagebrush cover) in most situations and all three components differed significantly among planned treatment types. Thus, to avoid confounding pretreatment vegetation and treatment type, we quantified overall treatment effects and tested whether distinct response patterns would be present among three dominant plant community types that vary in edaphic properties and occur within distinct temperature/precipitation regimes using meta-analysis (effect size = lnRR = ln[posttreatment cover/pretreatment cover]). We also quantified how restoration seedings contributed to overall changes in key understory vegetation components. Meta-analyses indicated that while P-J reduction caused significant positive overall effects on all shrub and herbaceous components (including invasive cheatgrass [Bromus tectorum] and exotic annual forbs), responses were contingent on treatment- and plant community-type combinations. Restoration seedings also had strong positive effects on understory vegetation by augmenting changes in perennial grass and perennial forb components, which similarly varied by plant community type. Collectively, our results identified specific situations where broad-scale efforts to reverse woodland encroachment substantially met short-term management goals of restoring valuable ecosystem services and where P-J reduction disposed certain plant community types to ecological risks, such as increasing the probability of native species displacement and stimulating an annual grass-fire cycle. Resource managers should carefully weigh these benefits and risks and incorporate additional, appropriate treatments and/or conservation measures for the unique preconditions of a given plant community in order to minimize exotic species responses and/or enhance desirable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Monaco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA
| | - Kevin L. Gunnell
- Great Basin Research Center, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Ephraim, UT 84627, USA;
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Haevermans T, Mantuano D, Zhou MY, Lamxay V, Haevermans A, Blanc P, Li DZ. Discovery of the first succulent bamboo (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) in a new genus from Laos' karst areas, with a unique adaptation to seasonal drought. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 156:125-137. [PMID: 32913413 PMCID: PMC7455575 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.156.51636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lush jungle flagship species, woody bamboos (Poaceae-Bambusoideae) are famed for their synchronous flowering as well as the extensive "bamboo forests" some species can form in tropical or temperate environments. In portions of their natural distribution, Bambusoideae members developed various adaptations to seasonality in environmental parameters, such as frost or seasonal drought. A new taxon, Laobambos calcareus, described here, is extremely novel in showing the first documented case of succulence in bamboos, with its ability to seasonally vary the volume of its stem depending on the quantity of water stored. Anatomical studies presented in this paper document this specificity at the cellular level. Though no flowers or fruits are known yet, unique morphological characteristics along with an investigation of its phylogenetic affinities using molecular data show that this new taxon should belong to a new genus herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haevermans
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Sorbonne Université. 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, FranceSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Dulce Mantuano
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Sorbonne Université. 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, FranceSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Plant Ecophysiology Lab, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNational University of LaosVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, ChinaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Vichith Lamxay
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDRKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Agathe Haevermans
- Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Sorbonne Université. 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, FranceSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, ChinaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Oke TA, Turetsky MR. Evaluating
Sphagnum
traits in the context of resource economics and optimal partitioning theories. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobi A. Oke
- Marine Science Inst., The Univ. of Texas Austin 750 Channel View Drive Port Aransas TX 78373 USA
| | - Merritt R. Turetsky
- Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, and: Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
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Fan XY, Liu WY, Song L, Liu S, Shi XM, Yuan GD. A combination of morphological and photosynthetic functional traits maintains the vertical distribution of bryophytes in a subtropical cloud forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:761-772. [PMID: 32452016 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The distribution and performance of bryophyte species vary with vertical gradients, as a result of changes in environmental factors, especially light. However, the morphological and physiological drivers of bryophyte distribution along forest vertical gradients are poorly understood. METHODS For 18 species of mosses and liverworts distributed among three vertical microhabitats (ground, tree trunk, and branch, variance in 28 morphological and photosynthetic functional traits was comparatively analyzed among the microhabitats and bryophyte life-forms in a subtropical cloud forest in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, southwestern China. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize trait differences among bryophyte species. RESULTS In contrast to trunk and ground dwellers, branch dwellers tended to reduce light interception (smaller leaf and cell sizes, lower chlorophyll content), protect against damage from intense irradiation (higher ratios of carotenoids to chlorophyll), raise light energy use (higher photosynthetic capacity), and cope with lower environmental moisture (pendant life-forms, thicker cell walls). The PCA showed that ecological strategies of bryophytes in response to levels of irradiation were specialized in branch dwellers, although those of ground and trunk dwellers were less distinct. CONCLUSIONS Environmental filtering shaped the combination of functional traits and the spatial distribution of bryophytes along the vertical gradients. Bryophyte species from the upper canopy of cloud forests show narrow variation in functional traits in high-light intensity, whereas species in the lower vertical strata associated with low-light intensity used contrasting, but more diverse ecological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Liang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241000, China
| | - Xian-Meng Shi
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan Province, 476000, China
| | - Guo-Di Yuan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650031, China
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Kao TT, Rothfels CJ, Melgoza-Castillo A, Pryer KM, Windham MD. Infraspecific diversification of the star cloak fern (Notholaena standleyi) in the deserts of the United States and Mexico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:658-675. [PMID: 32253761 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Not all ferns grow in moist and shaded habitats. One well-known example is Notholaena standleyi, a species that thrives in deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This species exhibits several "chemotypes" that differ in farina (flavonoid exudates) color and chemistry. By integrating data from molecular phylogenetics, cytology, biochemistry, and biogeography, we circumscribed the major evolutionary lineages within N. standleyi and reconstructed their diversification histories. METHODS Forty-eight samples were selected from across the geographic distribution of N. standleyi. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using four plastid and five nuclear markers. Ploidy levels were inferred using spore sizes calibrated by chromosome counts, and farina chemistry was compared using thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS Four clades are recognized, three of which roughly correspond to previously recognized chemotypes. The diploid clades G and Y are found in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, respectively; they are estimated to have diverged in the Pleistocene, congruent with the postulated timing of climatological events separating these two deserts. Clade P/YG is tetraploid and partially overlaps the distribution of clade Y in the eastern Chihuahuan Desert. It is apparently confined to limestone, a geologic substrate rarely occupied by members of the other clades. The cryptic (C) clade, a diploid group known only from southern Mexico and highly disjunct from the other three clades, is newly recognized here. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a complex intraspecific diversification history of N. standleyi, traceable to a variety of evolutionary drivers including classic allopatry, parapatry with or without changes in geologic substrate, and sympatric divergence through polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Tong Kao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Carl J Rothfels
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Alicia Melgoza-Castillo
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP, 31000, Mexico
| | - Kathleen M Pryer
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Michael D Windham
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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Ten Veldhuis MC, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. Symbiosis extended: exchange of photosynthetic O 2 and fungal-respired CO 2 mutually power metabolism of lichen symbionts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:287-299. [PMID: 31893333 PMCID: PMC7052035 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and one or more photosynthetic microorganisms that enables the symbionts to thrive in places and conditions they could not compete independently. Exchanges of water and sugars between the symbionts are the established mechanisms that support lichen symbiosis. Herein, we present a new linkage between algal photosynthesis and fungal respiration in lichen Flavoparmelia caperata that extends the physiological nature of symbiotic co-dependent metabolisms, mutually boosting energy conversion rates in both symbionts. Measurements of electron transport by oximetry show that photosynthetic O2 is consumed internally by fungal respiration. At low light intensity, very low levels of O2 are released, while photosynthetic electron transport from water oxidation is normal as shown by intrinsic chlorophyll variable fluorescence yield (period-4 oscillations in flash-induced Fv/Fm). The rate of algal O2 production increases following consecutive series of illumination periods, at low and with limited saturation at high light intensities, in contrast to light saturation in free-living algae. We attribute this effect to arise from the availability of more CO2 produced by fungal respiration of photosynthetically generated sugars. We conclude that the lichen symbionts are metabolically coupled by energy conversion through exchange of terminal electron donors and acceptors used in both photosynthesis and fungal respiration. Algal sugars and O2 are consumed by the fungal symbiont, while fungal delivered CO2 is consumed by the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis
- Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Laskar S, Ghoshal U, Sen K. Vessel elements of two thelypteroid ferns-part I. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:3. [PMID: 31989333 PMCID: PMC6985324 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydraulically efficient xylem was evolved in the vascular plants as an apomorphy of the group. Main xylem components involved in water conduction are tracheid and vessel. Vessels, in which two ends are perforated, constituted major evolutionary innovation within vascular plants, presumably providing more efficient solute conduction. Not all vascular plants have vessels. In pteridophytes vessels are present only in seven genera. The contention lies regarding the presence and distribution of vessel in pteridophytes are the impulsive force of this investigation. METHODS Tracheary elements are isolated following the standard maceration technique, then hand-razor cut longisections are passed through the aqueous alcohol grades and air-dried samples are placed on stub, sputter coated with gold and examined with SEM. RESULTS Two thelypteroid ferns viz. Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. and Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K. Iwats. are having vessel elements in root, rhizome, stipe, rachis, primary vein/costa, root-rhizome and rhizome-petiole junction i.e. through entire vascular connection of the plant body though the vessel network is interrupted and joined with parenchyma at the end in some places. Presence of vessel elements in the costa of pteridophytic taxa is first time reported by this study. Vessel end-walls are obliquely placed (root, rhizome, and stipe) but oblique to horizontal orientation is noticed in the primary vein/costa. End-walls are with simple, intermediate and compound perforation plates observed through SEM imaging as well as with tissue specific stain. Studied taxa are grown either in terrestrial microclimate of two contrasting environments i.e. sun and shade (A. prolifera) or in open swampy land (T. interrupta) with moderate to highly disturbed places as rapid proliferating populations showing interpopulation variations of tracheary elements length-width(s) and vessel end-wall length-width(s). CONCLUSION Vessel elements are present throughout the entire vascular connections of the plant body of A. prolifera (Retz.) Copel. and T. interrupta (Willd.) K. Iwats. Interpopulation variation of tracheary elements length-width(s) and vessel end-wall length width(s) are noticed. Till date only seven genera of pteridophytes are reported for the presence of vessel and these two genera are the new addition with the previous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Laskar
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Utsha Ghoshal
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Kakali Sen
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India.
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Holmlund HI, Davis SD, Ewers FW, Aguirre NM, Sapes G, Sala A, Pittermann J. Positive root pressure is critical for whole-plant desiccation recovery in two species of terrestrial resurrection ferns. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1139-1150. [PMID: 31641748 PMCID: PMC6977189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation-tolerant (DT) organisms can lose nearly all their water without dying. Desiccation tolerance allows organisms to survive in a nearly completely dehydrated, dormant state. At the cellular level, sugars and proteins stabilize cellular components and protect them from oxidative damage. However, there are few studies of the dynamics and drivers of whole-plant recovery in vascular DT plants. In vascular DT plants, whole-plant desiccation recovery (resurrection) depends not only on cellular rehydration, but also on the recovery of organs with unequal access to water. In this study, in situ natural and artificial irrigation experiments revealed the dynamics of desiccation recovery in two DT fern species. Organ-specific irrigation experiments revealed that the entire plant resurrected when water was supplied to roots, but leaf hydration alone (foliar water uptake) was insufficient to rehydrate the stele and roots. In both species, pressure applied to petioles of excised desiccated fronds resurrected distal leaf tissue, while capillarity alone was insufficient to resurrect distal pinnules. Upon rehydration, sucrose levels in the rhizome and stele dropped dramatically as starch levels rose, consistent with the role of accumulated sucrose as a desiccation protectant. These findings provide insight into traits that facilitate desiccation recovery in dryland ferns associated with chaparral vegetation of southern California.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank W Ewers
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Sala
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Condon LA, Pyke DA. Components and Predictors of Biological Soil Crusts Vary at the Regional vs. Plant Community Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Huang J, Liu W, Li S, Song L, Lu H, Shi X, Chen X, Hu T, Liu S, Liu T. Ecological stoichiometry of the epiphyte community in a subtropical forest canopy. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14394-14406. [PMID: 31938527 PMCID: PMC6953686 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiphytes in tree canopies make a considerable contribution to the species diversity, aboveground biomass, and nutrient pools in forest ecosystems. However, the nutrient status of epiphytes and their possible adaptations to nutrient deficiencies in the forest canopy remain unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the stoichiometry of five macroelements (C, N, P, K, and Ca) in four taxonomic groups (lichens, bryophytes, ferns, and spermatophytes) to investigate this issue in a subtropical montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Southwest China. We found that the interspecific variations in element concentrations and mass ratios were generally greater than the intraspecific variations. And there were significant stoichiometric differences among functional groups. Allometric relationships between N and P across the epiphyte community indicated that P might be in greater demand than N with an increase in nutrients. Although canopy nutrients were deficient, most epiphytes could still maintain high N and P concentrations and low N:P ratios. Moreover, ferns and spermatophytes allocated more limited nutrients to leaves than to stems and roots. To alleviate frequent drought stress in the forest canopy, vascular epiphytes maintained several times higher K concentrations in their leaves than in the tissues of lichens and bryophytes. Our results suggest that epiphytes may have evolved specific nutrient characteristics and adaptations, so that they can distribute in heterogeneous canopy habitats and maintain the stability of nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Biao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wen‐Yao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center of Plant EcologyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesXishuangbannaChina
| | - Su Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center of Plant EcologyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesXishuangbannaChina
| | - Liang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center of Plant EcologyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesXishuangbannaChina
| | - Hua‐Zheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Center of Plant EcologyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesXishuangbannaChina
| | - Xian‐Meng Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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