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Dantas TS, Silva PGDB, de Oliveira Filho OV, Magalhães IA, Alves APNN, Cunha MDPSS, Mota MRL, Leitão RFDC, Sousa FB. Mu and Kappa opioid receptor immunolabeling indicates the prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A cross-sectional observational study. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101554. [PMID: 37453566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids are the most effective drugs currently available for cancer pain management. The administration of morphine, in addition to its analgesic effect, can alter tumor development. OBJECTIVE To characterize the immunoexpression of opioid receptors µ and κ in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and correlate it with prognostic factors, proliferation markers, and cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional observational study was carried out with 50 patients diagnosed at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital. Sociodemographic, clinicopathological, and overall survival data were collected, and excisional biopsies were taken for immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays for opioid receptors µ and κ, Ki-67, and caspase-3. Immunolabeling was evaluated and correlated with other variables using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, log-rank (Mantel-Cox), and Cox regression tests. RESULTS Immunoexpression of opioid receptors µ and κ, Ki-67, and caspase-3 was significantly higher in p16+ and p16- primary tumors and lymph node metastases than in surgical resection margins. The overall survival of patients with p16- tumors was 57.53 ± 8.43 months and that of patients with p16+ tumors was slightly higher at 75.92 ± 11.14 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of opioid receptors µ and κ in the nucleus was directly associated with a lower and higher risk of death, respectively. CONCLUSION We found increased expression of opioid receptors µ and κ in tumor tissues. The nuclear expression of opioid receptors µ and κ influences overall survival and may be a prognostic factor of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinali Sousa Dantas
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Dentistry, Unichristus, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Dentistry, Unichristus, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Ceará School of Oncology, Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Mário Rogério Lima Mota
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Bitu Sousa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Dentistry, Unichristus, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Ceará School of Oncology, Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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2
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Long S, Li W, Wang B, Liang N. Opioids in cancer: The κ‑opioid receptor (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:44. [PMID: 34878160 PMCID: PMC8674701 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The κ‑opioid receptor (KOR) is one of the primary receptors of opioids and serves a vital role in the regulation of pain, anesthesia, addiction and other pathological and physiological processes. KOR is associated with several types of cancer and may influence cancer progression. It has been proposed that KOR may represent a new tumor molecular marker and provide a novel basis for molecular targeted therapies for cancer. However, the association between KOR and cancer remains to be explored comprehensively. The present review introduces KOR and its association with different types of cancer. Improved understanding of KOR may facilitate development of novel antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qier Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Songkai Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Baiyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Na Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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3
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Luo J, Shi Y, Wang X, Zhang R, Chen S, Yu W, Su D, Tian J. A 20-Year Research Trend Analysis of the Influence of Anesthesia on Tumor Prognosis Using Bibliometric Methods. Front Oncol 2021; 11:683232. [PMID: 34458138 PMCID: PMC8397496 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.683232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bibliometric analysis is used to gain a systematic understanding of developments in the field of the influence of anesthesia on tumor prognosis and changes in research hot spots over the past 20 years. Methods Relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) were downloaded on May 5, 2021. Acquired data were then analyzed using the Online Analysis Platform of Literature Metrology (http://biblimetric.com) and the CiteSpace software was used to analyze and predict trends and hot spots in this field. Results 1,521 publications on the influence of anesthesia on tumor prognosis were identified and 1494 qualifying records were included in the final analysis. The leading country in this field was the United States of America (USA). The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA) and Pennsylvania State University (State College, PA, USA) featured the highest number of publications among all institutions. Co-citation cluster labels revealed characteristics of ten main clusters: total intravenous anesthesia, opioid growth factor receptor, gastric cancer cell, opioid receptor, murine model, natural killer cell activity, health-related quality, glioma cell, opioid switching and mu-type opioid receptor. Keyword burst detection indicated that randomized controlled trials (RCTs), volatile anesthetics, and ropivacaine were the newly emerging research hot spots. Conclusions This study compiled 1494 publications covering anesthesia and tumor prognosis research and showed that the direction of these studies is likely in transition from opioids and their receptors to other anesthetics, and from retrospective studies to prospective randomized controlled trials. It provides guidance for further research and clinical applications on choosing anesthetic methods and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumiao Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Diansan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Shi Y, Luo J, Tian J, Zou Q, Wang X. The kappa opioid receptor may be a potential tumor suppressor by regulating angiogenesis in breast cancer. Med Hypotheses 2021; 150:110568. [PMID: 33780776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our hypothesis proposes that activating κ-opioid receptors (KORs) may inhibit the progression of breast cancer and improve patient prognosis. Consequently, KORs may become a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer. Activating KORs induces not only analgesic efficacy comparable to μ-opioid receptors but also shows a promising antitumor effect and with fewer opioid-induced adverse effects. Based on present studies and our bioinformatics analysis of KORs, we propose that KORs can function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting angiogenesis in human breast cancer; therefore, analgesics that mainly activate KORs would be more suitable for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jiamei Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qiaoqun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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5
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Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:584-627. [PMID: 32876803 PMCID: PMC7463108 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal opioid-HIV interactions with increasing clarity. However, despite the substantial new insight, the unique impact of opioids on the severity, progression, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are not fully understood. In this review, we explore, in detail, what is currently known about mechanisms underlying opioid interactions with HIV, with emphasis on individual HIV-1-expressed gene products at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. Furthermore, we review preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on key considerations when addressing questions of whether opioid-HIV interactive pathogenesis results in unique structural or functional deficits not seen with either disease alone. These considerations include, understanding the combined consequences of HIV-1 genetic variants, host variants, and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and HIV chemokine co-receptor interactions on the comorbidity. Lastly, we present topics that need to be considered in the future to better understand the unique contributions of opioids to the pathophysiology of neuroHIV. Blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit. With HIV and opiate co-exposure (represented below the dotted line), there is breakdown of tight junction proteins and increased leakage of paracellular compounds into the brain. Despite this, opiate exposure selectively increases the expression of some efflux transporters, thereby restricting brain penetration of specific drugs. ![]()
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6
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Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Opiate Drugs with Abuse Liability Hijack the Endogenous Opioid System to Disrupt Neuronal and Glial Maturation in the Central Nervous System. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:294. [PMID: 29410949 PMCID: PMC5787058 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system, comprised of multiple opioid neuropeptide and receptor gene families, is highly expressed by developing neural cells and can significantly influence neuronal and glial maturation. In many central nervous system (CNS) regions, the expression of opioid peptides and receptors occurs only transiently during development, effectively disappearing with subsequent maturation only to reemerge under pathologic conditions, such as with inflammation or injury. Opiate drugs with abuse liability act to modify growth and development by mimicking the actions of endogenous opioids. Although typically mediated by μ-opioid receptors, opiate drugs can also act through δ- and κ-opioid receptors to modulate growth in a cell-type, region-specific, and developmentally regulated manner. Opioids act as biological response modifiers and their actions are highly contextual, plastic, modifiable, and influenced by other physiological processes or pathophysiological conditions, such as neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. To date, most studies have considered the acute effects of opiates on cellular maturation. For example, activating opioid receptors typically results in acute growth inhibition in both neurons and glia. However, with sustained opioid exposure, compensatory factors become operative, a concept that has been largely overlooked during CNS maturation. Accordingly, this article surveys prior studies on the effects of opiates on CNS maturation, and also suggests new directions for future research in this area. Identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptive responses to chronic opiate exposure (e.g., tolerance) during maturation is crucial toward understanding the consequences of perinatal opiate exposure on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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7
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Siuda ER, Carr R, Rominger DH, Violin JD. Biased mu-opioid receptor ligands: a promising new generation of pain therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:77-84. [PMID: 27936408 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Opioid chemistry and biology occupy a pivotal place in the history of pharmacology and medicine. Morphine offers unmatched efficacy in alleviating acute pain, but is also associated with a host of adverse side effects. The advent of biased agonism at G protein-coupled receptors has expanded our understanding of intracellular signaling and highlighted the concept that certain ligands are able to differentially modulate downstream pathways. The ability to target one pathway over another has allowed for the development of biased ligands with robust clinical efficacy and fewer adverse events. In this review we summarize these concepts with an emphasis on biased mu opioid receptor pharmacology and highlight how far opioid pharmacology has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Siuda
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Richard Carr
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - David H Rominger
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Jonathan D Violin
- Trevena Inc., 1018 West 8th Avenue, Suite A, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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8
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Xie N, Parat MO. Opioid Analgesic Agents and Cancer Cell Biology. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-015-0118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Banerjee TS, Paul S, Sinha S, Das S. Synthesis of iboga-like isoquinuclidines: Dual opioid receptors agonists having antinociceptive properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6062-70. [PMID: 25281271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some novel iboga-analogues consisting of benzofuran moiety and dehydroisoquinuclidine ring connected by -CH2-, (CH2)2 and (CH2)3 linkers have been synthesized with the view to develop potential antinociceptive drugs. The compounds 14 and 21 showed binding at the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), while the compound 11a exhibited dual affinities at both MOR and κ-opioid receptor (KOR). MAP kinase activation indicated all three compounds have opioid agonistic properties. The presence of a double bond and endo-methylcarboxylate group in the dehydroisoquinuclidine ring and the benzofuran and methylene spacer appeared to be essential for opioid receptor binding. Further studies demonstrated 11a caused significant antinociception in mice in the hot-plate test which was comparable to that produced by morphine. The compound 11a was also found to be nontremorigenic unlike various iboga congeners. This study identifies a new pharmacophore which may lead to the development of suitable substitute of morphine in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Suvro Banerjee
- Neurobiology Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sibasish Paul
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Surajit Sinha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Sumantra Das
- Neurobiology Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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10
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Biased ligands: pathway validation for novel GPCR therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:108-15. [PMID: 24834870 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in recent years, have been shown to signal via multiple distinct pathways. Furthermore, biased ligands for some receptors can differentially stimulate or inhibit these pathways versus unbiased endogenous ligands or drugs. Biased ligands can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular targets and cellular responses associated with a GPCR, and may be developed into therapeutics with improved efficacy, safety and/or tolerability. Here we review examples and approaches to pathway validation that establish the relevance and therapeutic potential of distinct pathways that can be selectively activated or blocked by biased ligands.
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11
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Cellular density effect on RGD ligand internalization in glioblastoma for MRI application. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82777. [PMID: 24386117 PMCID: PMC3873929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular density is a parameter measured for glioma grade and invasiveness diagnosis. The characterization of the cellular density can be performed, non invasively, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), since, this technique displays a good resolution. Nevertheless MRI sensitivity is critical. Development of smart contrast agents appears useful to increase MRI signal to noise ratio (SNR). Tumor invasiveness is correlated with high expression of integrins that can be targeted by RGD motif. In this study, MRI contrast agents or fluorescent probes linked to RGD-peptides were used, in a glioma model, to assess the relation between RGD uptake/signal improvement/cell density and consequently tumor invasiveness. Experiments were performed in vitro with U87-MG glioma cells. Flow cytometry and microscopy experiments with RGD and iRGD-alexa488 demonstrated that cell internalization was dependent on cell density. The internalization involved a clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Cytoskeleton and particularly the microtubules were concerned. Actin filaments played a minor role. The internalization was also dependent on the glycolysis and the oxidative phosphorylations. The cellular density modulated the importance of the endocytosis pathways and of the metabolism but not the cytoskeleton contribution. The internalization of the RGD-peptide associated to gadolinium chelate increased the SNR of U87 cells. Moreover, following the cell density augmentation, the SNR increased with a low amplitude but a trend was clearly determined. In conclusion, RGD-peptide internalization appeared, in vitro, as a marker of cellular density. In perspective, the combination of these peptides with contrast agents associated to more sensitive MRI techniques could improve the MRI signal allowing the characterization of cellular density for tumor diagnosis.
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12
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Mika J, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Osikowicz M, Makuch W, Przewlocka B. Attenuation of morphine tolerance by minocycline and pentoxifylline in naive and neuropathic mice. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:75-84. [PMID: 18684397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that glial inhibitors reduce the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia, potentiating the effect of a single morphine dose in a neuropathic pain model. This study explores the effects of two glial activation inhibitors, minocycline and pentoxifylline, on the development of tolerance to morphine in naive and chronic constriction injury (CCI)-exposed mice. Administration of morphine to naive (20 mg/kg; i.p.) and CCI-exposed mice (40 mg/kg; i.p.) twice daily resulted in tolerance to its anti-nociceptive effect after 6 days. Injections of morphine were combined with minocycline (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg, i.p.) administered as two preemptive doses before first morphine administration in naive or pre-injury in CCI-exposed mice, and repeated twice daily 30 min before each morphine administration. With treatment, development of morphine tolerance was delayed by 5 days (from 6 to 11 days), as measured by the tail-flick test in naive and by tail-flick, von Frey, and cold plate tests in CCI-exposed mice. Western blot analysis of CD11b/c and GFAP protein demonstrated that minocycline and pentoxifylline, at doses delaying development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, significantly diminished the morphine-induced increase in CD11b/c protein level. We found that repeated systemic administration of glial inhibitors significantly delays development of morphine tolerance by attenuating the level of this microglial marker under normal and neuropathic pain conditions. Our results support the idea that targeting microglial activation during morphine therapy/treatment is a novel and clinically promising method for enhancing morphine's analgesic effects, especially in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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13
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Tominaga M, Ogawa H, Takamori K. Possible roles of epidermal opioid systems in pruritus of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2228-35. [PMID: 17611580 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The micro-opioid (beta-endorphin/micro-opioid receptor) and kappa-opioid (dynorphin A (DynA)/kappa-opioid receptor) systems play pivotal roles in the modulation of pruritus in the central nervous system. The micro-opioid system has also been identified in human epidermis, raising the possibility that the system controls the peripheral itch. However, the precise distribution of the kappa-opioid system has not yet been clarified in human epidermis. To address this issue, reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on cultured keratinocytes and normal skins from humans. The analyses revealed that epidermal keratinocytes express kappa-opioid receptor and its ligands, DynA (1-17) and DynA (1-8). Moreover, expression for micro- and kappa-opioid systems was examined immunohistochemically in skin biopsies from healthy volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) before and after psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy. Our expression analyses showed that only the kappa-opioid system, not the micro-opioid system, was downregulated in the epidermis of AD patients. The downregulation of the micro-opioid system and the restoration of the kappa-opioid system by PUVA therapy were observed in the AD patients, concomitant with a decrease of VAS (visual analogue scale) scores. These results suggest epidermal opioid systems are associated with the modulation of pruritus in AD. This new finding may help us to understand the control mechanism of peripheral itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Xu M, Bruchas MR, Ippolito DL, Gendron L, Chavkin C. Sciatic nerve ligation-induced proliferation of spinal cord astrocytes is mediated by kappa opioid activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2570-81. [PMID: 17344394 PMCID: PMC2104780 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3728-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) markedly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR) 1 week after lesion in the L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn of wild-type, but not in dynorphin knock-out, mice lacking kappa opioid receptors (KOR-/-) or in wild-type mice pretreated with the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI). A direct effect of KOR on glial cell proliferation was suggested by the findings that primary cultures of type II GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes isolated from mouse spinal cord express KOR. Sustained treatment with the kappa agonist U50,488 (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrolytinil)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide methane sulfonate) significantly increased the proliferation rate of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes isolated from wild-type mice, and this effect was blocked by norBNI pretreatment. Proliferation of cultured type II astrocytes may have been stimulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by KOR because (1) U50,488 treatment increased phospho-p38 MAPK-immunoreactivity 247 +/- 44% over untreated cells, (2) the increase in phospho-p38 induced by U50,488 was blocked by norBNI and not evident in KOR-/- cultures, and (3) GFAP-immunoreactive astrocyte proliferation induced by U50,488 was blocked by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole]. Similar mechanisms of astrocyte activation may also be responsible in vivo because intrathecal injection of SB 203580 blocked the increased GFAP-IR in lumbar spinal cord induced by pSNL. Although the relationship between kappa-stimulated astrocyte proliferation and neuropathic pain mechanisms was not directly established in these studies, the results support the hypothesis that KOR activation induces spinal astrocyte proliferation, which may contribute to cellular reorganization after sciatic nerve damage.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/classification
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/etiology
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Hyperesthesia/etiology
- Hyperesthesia/physiopathology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligation
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Sciatic Nerve/surgery
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Danielle L. Ippolito
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
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15
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Stiene-Martin A, Maragos WF, Nath A, Persidsky Y, Volsky DJ, Knapp PE. HIV-1 neuropathogenesis: glial mechanisms revealed through substance abuse. J Neurochem 2006; 100:567-86. [PMID: 17173547 PMCID: PMC4305441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction and degeneration are ultimately responsible for the neurocognitive impairment and dementia manifest in neuroAIDS. Despite overt neuronal pathology, HIV-1 does not directly infect neurons; rather, neuronal dysfunction or death is largely an indirect consequence of disrupted glial function and the cellular and viral toxins released by infected glia. A role for glia in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis is revealed in experimental and clinical studies examining substance abuse-HIV-1 interactions. Current evidence suggests that glia are direct targets of substance abuse and that glia contribute markedly to the accelerated neurodegeneration seen with substance abuse in HIV-1 infected individuals. Moreover, maladaptive neuroplastic responses to chronic drug abuse might create a latent susceptibility to CNS disorders such as HIV-1. In this review, we consider astroglial and microglial interactions and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and examine how drug actions in glia contribute to neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Anne Stiene-Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - William F. Maragos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of, Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Avindra Nath
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins, University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68198
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10019
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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16
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Kim E, Clark AL, Kiss A, Hahn JW, Wesselschmidt R, Coscia CJ, Belcheva MM. Mu- and kappa-opioids induce the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to neural progenitors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33749-60. [PMID: 16954126 PMCID: PMC2587057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603862200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters have been implicated in the regulation of stem cell fate. Since various neural precursors express functional neurotransmitter receptors, which include G protein-coupled receptors, it is anticipated that they are involved in cell fate decisions. We detected mu-opioid receptor (MOR-1) and kappa-opioid receptor (KOR-1) expression and immunoreactivity in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in retinoic acid-induced ES cell-derived, nestin-positive, neural progenitors. Moreover, these G protein-coupled receptors are functional, since [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin, a MOR-selective agonist, and U69,593, a KOR-selective agonist, induce a sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling throughout a 24-h treatment period in undifferentiated, self-renewing ES cells. Both opioids promote limited proliferation of undifferentiated ES cells via the ERK/MAP kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, biochemical and immunofluorescence data suggest that [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin and U69,593 divert ES cells from self-renewal and coax the cells to differentiate. In retinoic acid-differentiated ES cells, opioid-induced signaling features a biphasic ERK activation profile and an opioid-induced, ERK-independent inhibition of proliferation in these neural progenitors. Collectively, the data suggest that opioids may have opposite effects on ES cell self-renewal and ES cell differentiation and that ERK activation is only required by the latter. Finally, opioid modulation of ERK activity may play an important role in ES cell fate decisions by directing the cells to specific lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhae Kim
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Amy L. Clark
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Alexi Kiss
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Jason W. Hahn
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | | | - Carmine J. Coscia
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Mariana M. Belcheva
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63104. Tel.: 314-977-9256; Fax: 314-977-9205; E-mail:
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17
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Parkitna JR, Obara I, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Makuch W, Przewlocka B, Przewlocki R. Effects of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Inhibitors on Morphine-Induced Analgesia and Tolerance in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:832-9. [PMID: 16902054 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated administration of morphine is associated with the development of tolerance, yet the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Recent evidence implicating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in opioid receptor signaling pathways has prompted us to investigate its role in morphine tolerance. Administration of 10 mg/kg morphine i.p. to Wistar rats twice daily for 8 days resulted in complete tolerance to its analgesic effects as measured by the tail-flick test. When injections of morphine were preceded by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of either an inhibitor of GSK3 [(3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (SB216763) or 6-bromoindirubin-3'oxime] or an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk), roscovitine, development of tolerance to morphine analgesia was completely abolished. In addition, a single i.t. injection of either kinase inhibitor was able to restore in a dose-dependent manner the analgesic effect of morphine in morphine-tolerant rats. None of the inhibitors in doses used in the present study had analgesic effects of their own nor an effect on the analgesic potency of morphine. Repeated i.t. administration of either inhibitor had caused an increase in abundance of GSK-3beta phosphorylated at Ser(9) in the dorsal lumbar part of the spinal cord of rats that were chronically treated with morphine. Furthermore, reversal of morphine tolerance by a single injection of either inhibitor was always associated with increased abundance of phospho-GSK3beta. In conclusion, our data indicate that chronic morphine treatment activates a highly efficient pathway by means of which Cdk5 regulates GSK3beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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18
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Gray AC, Coupar IM, White PJ. Comparison of opioid receptor distributions in the rat central nervous system. Life Sci 2006; 79:674-85. [PMID: 16546223 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The opioid receptors, mu, delta and kappa, conduct the major pharmacological effects of opioid drugs, and exhibit intriguing functional relationships and interactions in the CNS. Previously established hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying these phenomena specify theoretical patterns of relative cellular localisation for the different receptor types. In this study, we have used double-label immunohistochemistry to compare the cellular distributions of delta and kappa receptors with those of mu receptors in the rat CNS. Regions of established significance in opioid addiction were examined. Extensive mu/delta co-localisation was observed in neuron-like cells in several regions. mu and kappa receptors were also often co-localised in neuron-like cell bodies in several regions. However, intense kappa immunoreactivity (ir) also appeared in a separate, morphologically distinct population of cells that did not express mu receptors. These small, ovoid cells were often closely apposed against the larger, mu-ir cell bodies. Such cellular appositions were seen in several regions, but were particularly common in the medial thalamus, the periaqueductal grey and brainstem regions. These findings support proposals that functional similarities, synergy and cooperativity between mu and delta receptors arise from widespread co-expression by cells and intracellular molecular interactions. Although co-expression of mu and kappa receptors was also detected, the appearance of a separate population of kappa-expressing cells supports proposals that the contrasting and functionally antagonistic properties of mu and kappa receptors are due to expression in physiologically distinct cell types. Greater understanding of opioid receptor interaction mechanisms may provide possibilities for therapeutic intervention in opioid addiction and other conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/chemistry
- Antibodies/immunology
- Brain Chemistry
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Gray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, VIC 3052, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Buch S, Berger JR, Tyor WR, Nath A, Bruce-Keller AJ, Knapp PE. Molecular targets of opiate drug abuse in neuroAIDS. Neurotox Res 2005; 8:63-80. [PMID: 16260386 PMCID: PMC4306668 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opiate drug abuse, through selective actions at mu-opioid receptors (MOR), exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the CNS by disrupting glial homeostasis, increasing inflammation, and decreasing the threshold for pro-apoptotic events in neurons. Neurons are affected directly and indirectly by opiate-HIV interactions. Although most opiates drugs have some affinity for kappa (KOR) and/or delta (DOR) opioid receptors, their neurotoxic effects are largely mediated through MOR. Besides direct actions on the neurons themselves, opiates directly affect MOR-expressing astrocytes and microglia. Because of their broad-reaching actions in glia, opiate abuse causes widespread metabolic derangement, inflammation, and the disruption of neuron-glial relationships, which likely contribute to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. In addition to direct actions on neural cells, opioids modulate inflammation and disrupt normal intercellular interactions among immunocytes (macrophages and lymphocytes), which on balance further promote neuronal dysfunction and death. The neural pathways involved in opiate enhancement of HIV-induced inflammation and cell death, appear to involve MOR activation with downstream effects through PI3-kinase/Akt and/or MAPK signaling, which suggests possible targets for therapeutic intervention in neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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20
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Belcheva MM, Clark AL, Haas PD, Serna JS, Hahn JW, Kiss A, Coscia CJ. Mu and kappa opioid receptors activate ERK/MAPK via different protein kinase C isoforms and secondary messengers in astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27662-9. [PMID: 15944153 PMCID: PMC1400585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mu and kappa opioids activate the ERK/MAPK phosphorylation cascade that represents an integral part of the signaling pathway of growth factors in astrocytes. By this cross-talk, opioids may impact neural development and plasticity among other basic neurobiological processes in vivo. The mu agonist, [D-ala2,mephe4,glyol5]enkephalin (DAMGO), induces a transient stimulation of ERK phosphorylation, whereas kappa agonist, U69,593, engenders sustained ERK activation. Here we demonstrate that acute U69,593 and DAMGO stimulate ERK phosphorylation by utilization of different secondary messengers and protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms upstream of the growth factor pathway. Immortalized astrocytes transfected with either antisense calmodulin (CaM), a mutant mu opioid receptor that binds CaM poorly or a dominant negative mutant of PKCepsilon were used as a model system to study mu signaling. Evidence was gained to implicate CaM and PKCepsilon in DAMGO stimulation of ERK. DAMGO activation of PKCepsilon and/or ERK was insensitive to selective inhibitors of Ca2+ mobilization, but it was blocked upon phospholipase C inhibition. These results suggest a novel mechanism wherein, upon DAMGO binding, CaM is released from the mu receptor and activates phospholipase C. Subsequently, phospholipase C generates diacylglycerides that activate PKCepsilon. In contrast, U69,593 appears to act via phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PKCzeta, and Ca2+ mobilization. These signaling components were implicated based on studies with specific inhibitors and a dominant negative mutant of PKCzeta. Collectively, our findings on acute opioid effects suggest that differences in their mechanism of signaling may contribute to the distinct outcomes on ERK modulation induced by chronic mu and kappa opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Belcheva
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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21
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Hauser KF, Aldrich JV, Anderson KJ, Bakalkin G, Christie MJ, Hall ED, Knapp PE, Scheff SW, Singh IN, Vissel B, Woods AS, Yakovleva T, Shippenberg TS. Pathobiology of dynorphins in trauma and disease. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2005; 10:216-35. [PMID: 15574363 PMCID: PMC4304872 DOI: 10.2741/1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynorphins, endogenous opioid neuropeptides derived from the prodynorphin gene, are involved in a variety of normative physiologic functions including antinociception and neuroendocrine signaling, and may be protective to neurons and oligodendroglia via their opioid receptor-mediated effects. However, under experimental or pathophysiological conditions in which dynorphin levels are substantially elevated, these peptides are excitotoxic largely through actions at glutamate receptors. Because the excitotoxic actions of dynorphins require supraphysiological concentrations or prolonged tissue exposure, there has likely been little evolutionary pressure to ameliorate the maladaptive, non-opioid receptor mediated consequences of dynorphins. Thus, dynorphins can have protective and/or proapoptotic actions in neurons and glia, and the net effect may depend upon the distribution of receptors in a particular region and the amount of dynorphin released. Increased prodynorphin gene expression is observed in several disease states and disruptions in dynorphin processing can accompany pathophysiological situations. Aberrant processing may contribute to the net negative effects of dysregulated dynorphin production by tilting the balance towards dynorphin derivatives that are toxic to neurons and/or oligodendroglia. Evidence outlined in this review suggests that a variety of CNS pathologies alter dynorphin biogenesis. Such alterations are likely maladaptive and contribute to secondary injury and the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA.
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22
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Belcheva MM, Tan Y, Heaton VM, Clark AL, Coscia CJ. Mu opioid transactivation and down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in astrocytes: implications for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 64:1391-401. [PMID: 14645669 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.6.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are a principal target of long-term mu antiproliferative actions. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), is a key mediator of cell proliferation. In studies on the mechanism of short- and long-term mu opioid regulation of the ERK signaling pathway, we show that the mu opioid agonist [d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), acting via the endogenous mu opioid receptor (MOR), induced sequential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) Tyr phosphorylation, Ser phosphorylation, and down-regulation in immortalized rat cortical astrocytes. The short-term action of DAMGO resulted in the stimulation of ERK phosphorylation. 4(3-Chlorophenylamino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (Tyrphostin AG1478), a selective inhibitor of EGFR Tyr kinase activity, blocked EGFR and ERK activation by short-term DAMGO administration, implicating EGFR transactivation in its stimulation of ERK activity. Inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases attenuated MOR-mediated ERK phosphorylation, suggesting that shedding of EGF-like ligands from the plasma membrane may be involved in the EGFR transactivation process. Prolonged DAMGO exposure induced EGFR internalization/down-regulation, did not activate ERK, and inhibited exogenous EGF-stimulated ERK phosphorylation. MOR-mediated EGFR down-regulation seems to be MAP kinase-dependent, because it was inhibited by the ERK kinase inhibitor 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio) butadiene (U0126), and tyrphostin AG1478. The kappa opioid agonist (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(-)-N-methyl-N-(7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro(4,5)dec-8-yl) benzeneacetamide (U69,593) induced Tyr and Ser phosphorylation of EGFR and activation of ERK. However, long-term application of U69,593 neither down-regulated EGFR nor inhibited EGF-induced ERK activation. Instead, it engendered a sustained activation of ERK. Collectively, our data suggest that long-term application of DAMGO initiates heterologous down-regulation of EGFR via a mechanism involving ERK in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Belcheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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23
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Hauser KF, Khurdayan VK, Goody RJ, Nath A, Saria A, Pauly JR. Selective vulnerability of cerebellar granule neuroblasts and their progeny to drugs with abuse liability. THE CEREBELLUM 2003; 2:184-95. [PMID: 14509568 PMCID: PMC4306667 DOI: 10.1080/14734220310016132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development is shaped by the interplay of genetic and numerous environmental factors. Recent evidence suggests that cerebellar maturation is acutely sensitive to substances with abuse liability including alcohol, opioids, and nicotine. Assuming substance abuse disrupts cerebellar maturation, a central question is: what are the basic mechanisms underlying potential drug-induced developmental defects? Evidence reviewed herein suggests that the maturation of granule neurons and their progeny are intrinsically affected by several classes of substances with abuse liability. Although drug abuse is also likely to target directly other cerebellar neuron and glial types, such as Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, findings in isolated granule neurons suggest that they are often the principle target for drug actions. Developmental events that are selectively disrupted by drug abuse in granule neurons and/or their neuroblast precursors include proliferation, migration, differentiation (including neurite elaboration and synapse formation), and programmed cell death. Moreover, different classes of drugs act through distinct molecular mechanisms thereby disrupting unique aspects of development. For example, drug-induced perturbations in: (i) neurotransmitter biogenesis; (ii) ligand and ion-gated receptor function and their coupling to intracellular effectors; (iii) neurotrophic factor biogenesis and signaling; and (iv) intercellular adhesion are all likely to have significant effects in shaping developmental outcome. In addition to identifying therapeutic strategies for drug abuse intervention, understanding the mechanisms by which drugs affect cellular maturation is likely to provide a better understanding of the neurochemical events that normally shape central nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0298, USA.
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24
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Wang W, Loh HH, Law PY. The intracellular trafficking of opioid receptors directed by carboxyl tail and a di-leucine motif in Neuro2A cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36848-58. [PMID: 12851402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301540200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mu- and delta-opioid receptors (MOR and DOR) differ significantly in their intracellular trafficking. MORs recycle back to the cell surface upon agonist treatment, whereas most internalized DORs are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. By exchanging the carboxyl tail domains of MOR and DOR and expressing the receptor chimeras in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells, it could be demonstrated that the carboxyl tail domain is not the sole determinant in directing the intracellular trafficking in these Neuro2A cells. Deletion of the dileucine motif (Leu245-Leu246) within the third intracellular loop of DOR or the mutation of Leu245 to Met slowed the lysosomal targeting of these delta-opioid receptors. Meanwhile the mutation of Met264 to Leu increased the rate of agonist-induced receptor internalization and the lysosomal targeting of the wild type and the delta-opioid receptor carboxyl tail chimera of the mu-opioid receptor. These studies suggest interplay between a di-leucine motif and the carboxyl tail in the lysosomal targeting of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0217, USA
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25
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Belcheva MM, Haas PD, Tan Y, Heaton VM, Coscia CJ. The fibroblast growth factor receptor is at the site of convergence between mu-opioid receptor and growth factor signaling pathways in rat C6 glioma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:909-18. [PMID: 12438509 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.038554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogenic signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can proceed via sequential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Although the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mediates stimulation of ERK via EGFR transactivation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, the mechanism of acute MOR signaling to ERK has not been characterized in rat C6 glioma cells that seem to contain little EGFR. Herein, we describe experiments that implicate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) transactivation in the convergence of MOR and growth factor signaling pathways in C6 cells. MOR agonists, endomorphin-1 and morphine, induced a rapid (3-min) increase of ERK phosphorylation that was abolished by MOR antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2. By using selective inhibitors and overexpression of dominant negative mutants, data were obtained to suggest that MOR signaling to ERK is transduced by Gbetagamma and entails Ca2+- and protein kinase C-mediated steps, whereas the FGFR branch of the pathway is Ras-dependent. An intermediary role of FGFR1 transactivation was suggested by MOR- but not kappa-opioid receptor (KOR)-induced FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation. A dominant negative mutant of FGFR1 attenuated MOR- but not KOR-induced ERK phosphorylation. Thus, a novel transactivation mechanism entailing secreted endogenous FGF may link the GPCR and growth factor pathways involved in MOR activation of ERK in C6 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Glioma/metabolism
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Rats
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Belcheva
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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26
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Nath A, Hauser KF, Wojna V, Booze RM, Maragos W, Prendergast M, Cass W, Turchan JT. Molecular basis for interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31 Suppl 2:S62-9. [PMID: 12394784 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200210012-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In certain populations around the world, the HIV pandemic is being driven by drug-abusing populations. Mounting evidence suggests that these patient populations have accelerated and more severe neurocognitive dysfunction compared with non-drug-abusing HIV-infected populations. Because most drugs of abuse are central nervous system stimulants, it stands to reason that these drugs may synergize with neurotoxic substances released during the course of HIV infection. Clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that the dopaminergic systems are most vulnerable to such combined neurotoxicity. Identifying common mechanisms of neuronal injury is critical to developing therapeutic strategies for drug-abusing HIV-infected populations. This article reviews 1) the current evidence for neurodegeneration in the setting of combined HIV infection and use of methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin or alcohol; 2) the proposed underlying mechanisms involved in this combined neurotoxicity; and 3) future directions for research. This article also suggests therapeutic approaches based on our current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of dementia due to HIV infection and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Nath
- Department of Neurology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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27
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Steele AD, Szabo I, Bednar F, Rogers TJ. Interactions between opioid and chemokine receptors: heterologous desensitization. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:209-22. [PMID: 12486875 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The opioid and chemokine receptors are both members of the seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Desensitization is believed to be a major element of the regulation of the function of these receptors, and recent findings suggest that both agonist-dependent (homologous) desensitization and heterologous desensitization can control receptor activity. The cross-desensitization between opioid and chemokine receptors has significant implications for our understanding of both the regulation of leukocyte trafficking, as well as the regulation of chemokine receptor function in inflammatory disease states. We also review findings which suggest that pro-inflammatory chemokine receptor-induced heterologous desensitization of opioid receptors has important implications for the regulation of opioid receptor function in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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28
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Belcheva MM, Coscia CJ. Diversity of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways to ERK/MAP kinase. Neurosignals 2002; 11:34-44. [PMID: 11943881 PMCID: PMC2581518 DOI: 10.1159/000057320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing examples of cross talk between signaling systems is the interrelationship between G protein-coupled receptor and growth factor receptor pathways leading to activation of the ERK/MAP kinase phosphorylation cascade. This review focuses on the mechanism of this cross talk, denoting primarily signaling components known to occur in the G protein-coupled receptor branch of the MAP kinase pathways in neural cells. Recent evidence is presented on the existence of a plethora of pathways, due to the multiplicity of G protein-coupled receptors, their differential interaction with heterotrimeric G protein isoforms, various effectors and second messengers. In light of this rich diversity, the review will discuss different points of convergence of G protein-coupled receptor and growth factor receptor pathways that may feature a requirement for growth factor receptor transactivation, receptor internalization and scaffolds to assemble receptor, adaptor and anchoring proteins into multiprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Belcheva
- E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo. 63104, USA
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29
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-third installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2000 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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30
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Stiene-Martin A, Knapp PE, Martin K, Gurwell JA, Ryan S, Thornton SR, Smith FL, Hauser KF. Opioid system diversity in developing neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone and striatum: impact on gliogenesis in vivo. Glia 2001; 36:78-88. [PMID: 11571786 PMCID: PMC4303466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence, obtained largely in vitro, indicates that opioids regulate the genesis of neurons and glia and their precursors in the nervous system. Despite this evidence, few studies have assessed opioid receptor expression in identified cells within germinal zones or examined opioid effects on gliogenesis in vivo. To address this question, the role of opioids was explored in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and/or striatum of 2-5-day-old and/or adult ICR mice. The results showed that subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the SVZ and striatum differentially express mu-, delta-, and/or kappa-receptor immunoreactivity in a cell type-specific and developmentally regulated manner. In addition, DNA synthesis was assessed by examining 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into glial and nonglial precursors. Morphine (a preferential mu-agonist) significantly decreased the number of BrdU-labeled GFAP(+) cells compared with controls or mice co-treated with naltrexone plus morphine. Alternatively, in S100beta(+) cells, morphine did not significantly decrease BrdU incorporation; however, significant differences were noted between mice treated with morphine and those treated with morphine plus naltrexone. Most cells were GFAP(-)/S100beta(-). When BrdU incorporation was assessed within the total population (glia and nonglia), morphine had no net effect, but naltrexone alone markedly increased BrdU incorporation. This finding suggests that DNA synthesis in GFAP(-)/S100beta(-) cells is tonically suppressed by endogenous opioids. Assuming that S100beta and GFAP, respectively, distinguish among younger and older astroglia, this implies that astroglial replication becomes increasingly sensitive to morphine during maturation, and suggests that opioids differentially regulate the development of distinct subpopulations of glia and glial precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Amino Acid Transport System X-AG/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/anatomy & histology
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacokinetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lateral Ventricles/cytology
- Lateral Ventricles/growth & development
- Lateral Ventricles/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR/anatomy & histology
- Mice, Inbred ICR/growth & development
- Mice, Inbred ICR/metabolism
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Neostriatum/cytology
- Neostriatum/growth & development
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/cytology
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
- S100 Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Stiene-Martin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth Martin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Julie A. Gurwell
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Shawn Ryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Suzanne R. Thornton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Forrest L. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence to: Kurt F. Hauser, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA, Phone: (606) 323-6477, FAX: (606) 323-5946,
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31
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Belcheva MM, Szùcs M, Wang D, Sadee W, Coscia CJ. mu-Opioid receptor-mediated ERK activation involves calmodulin-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33847-53. [PMID: 11457825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101535200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the MAPK isoform ERK by G protein-coupled receptors involves multiple signaling pathways. One of these pathways entails growth factor receptor transactivation followed by ERK activation. This study demonstrates that a similar signaling pathway is used by the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) expressed in HEK293 cells and involves calmodulin (CaM). Stimulation of MOR resulted in both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERK phosphorylation. Data obtained with inhibitors of EGFR Tyr kinase and membrane metalloproteases support an intermediate role of EGFR activation, involving release of endogenous membrane-bound epidermal growth factor. Previous studies had demonstrated a role for CaM in opioid signaling based on direct CaM binding to MOR. To test whether CaM contributes to EGFR transactivation and ERK phosphorylation by MOR, we compared wild-type MOR with mutant K273A MOR, which binds CaM poorly, but couples normally to G proteins. Stimulation of K273A MOR with [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin (10-100 nm) resulted in significantly reduced ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, wild-type MOR stimulated EGFR Tyr phosphorylation 3-fold more than K273A MOR, indicating that direct CaM-MOR interaction plays a key role in the transactivation process. Inhibitors of CaM and protein kinase C also attenuated [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin-induced EGFR transactivation in wild-type (but not mutant) MOR-expressing cells. This novel pathway of EGFR transactivation may be shared by other G protein-coupled receptors shown to interact with CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Belcheva
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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32
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Stiene-Martin A, Knapp PE, Martin K, Gurwell JA, Ryan S, Thornton SR, Smith FL, Hauser KF. Opioid system diversity in developing neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone and striatum: Impact on gliogenesis in vivo. Glia 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Belcheva MM, Wong YH, Coscia CJ. Evidence for transduction of mu but not kappa opioid modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity by G(z) and G(12) proteins. Cell Signal 2000; 12:481-9. [PMID: 10989284 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic treatment with micro or kappa opioid agonists (>/=2 h) inhibits EGF-induced ERK activation in opioid receptor overexpressing COS-7 cells. Although acute mu and kappa opioids activate ERK via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, pertussis toxin insensitivity of the chronic mu (but not kappa) action was observed. Here, we tested several pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins as candidates to transduce acute and/or chronic opioid modulation of ERK. Overexpressed Galpha(z) (but not Galpha(12)) transduced acute mu (but not kappa) ERK activation in pertussis toxin-treated COS-7 cells. Chronic mu (but not kappa) inhibited EGF stimulation of ERK in pertussis toxin-treated cells overexpressing Galpha(z) or Galpha(12). Transfection of Galpha(13) or Galpha(q) blocked inhibition under the same conditions. Overexpressed interfering and non-interfering Galpha(z) mutants differentially affected mu inhibition of ERK consistent with G(z) transduction. In this and prior studies, Galpha(z) and Galpha(12) immunoreactivity were detected in untransfected COS-7 cells, suggesting that these G proteins may be endogenous mediators of chronic mu inhibitory actions on ERK.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides
- COS Cells
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Pertussis Toxin
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Belcheva
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, USA
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34
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Bohn LM, Belcheva MM, Coscia CJ. Mitogenic signaling via endogenous kappa-opioid receptors in C6 glioma cells: evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. J Neurochem 2000; 74:564-73. [PMID: 10646507 PMCID: PMC2504523 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As reports on G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction mechanisms continue to emphasize potential differences in signaling due to relative receptor levels and cell type specificities, the need to study endogenously expressed receptors in appropriate model systems becomes increasingly important. Here we examine signal transduction mechanisms mediated by endogenous kappa-opioid receptors in C6 glioma cells, an astrocytic model system. We find that the kappa-opioid receptor-selective agonist U69,593 stimulates phospholipase C activity, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, PYK2 phosphorylation, and DNA synthesis. U69,593-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation is shown to be upstream of DNA synthesis as inhibition of signaling components such as pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, L-type Ca2+ channels, phospholipase C, intracellular Ca2+ release, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein or extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase blocks both of these downstream events. In addition, by overexpressing dominant-negative or sequestering mutants, we provide evidence that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation is Ras-dependent and transduced by Gbetagamma subunits. In summary, we have delineated major features of the mechanism of the mitogenic action of an agonist of the endogenous kappa-opioid receptor in C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bohn
- E.A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA
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