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Masliukov PM, Emanuilov AI, Budnik AF. Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2249-2263. [PMID: 35762574 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Andrey I Emanuilov
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
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2
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Furlan JC, Liu Y, Dietrich WD, Norenberg MD, Fehlings MG. Age as a determinant of inflammatory response and survival of glia and axons after human traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113401. [PMID: 32673621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the shift in the demographics of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) with increased proportion of injuries in the elderly, little is known on the potential effects of old age on the pathobiology of SCI. Since there is an assumption that age adversely affects neural response to SCI, this study examines the clinically relevant question on whether age is a key determinant of inflammatory response, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after traumatic SCI. This unique study includes post-mortem spinal cord tissue from 64 cases of SCI (at cervical or high-thoracic levels) and 38 control cases without CNS injury. Each group was subdivided into subgroups of younger and elderly individuals (65 years of age or older at the SCI onset). The results of this study indicate that age at the SCI onset does not adversely affect the cellular inflammatory response to, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after SCI. These results support the conclusion that elderly individuals have similar neurobiological responses to SCI as younger people and, hence, treatment decisions should be based on an assessment of the individual patient and not an arbitrary assumption that "advanced age" should exclude patients with an acute SCI from access to advanced care and translational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Furlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lyndhurst Centre, KITE - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yang Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael D Norenberg
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Neuropathology, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Neuropilin-1 receptor in the rapid and selective estrogen-induced neurovascular remodeling of rat uterus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:299-308. [PMID: 32242249 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerves innervate most organs and regulate organ blood flow. Specifically, in the uterus, estradiol (E2) elicits rapid degeneration of sympathetic axons and stimulates the growth of blood vessels. Both physiological remodeling processes, critical for reproduction, have been extensively studied but as independent events and are still not fully understood. Here, we examine the neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a shared receptor for axon guidance and angiogenic factors. Systemic estradiol or vehicle were chronically injected to prepubertal rats and uterine and sympathetic chain sections immunostained for NRP1. Uterine semaphorin-3A mRNA was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Control sympathetic uterine-projecting neurons (1-month-old) expressed NRP1 in their somas but not in their intrauterine terminal axons. Estradiol did not affect NRP1 in the distal ganglia. However, at the entrance of the organ, some sympathetic NRP1-positive nerves were recognized. Vascular NRP1 was confined to intrauterine small-diameter vessels in both hormonal conditions. Although the overall pattern of NRP1-IR was not affected by E2 treatment, a subpopulation of infiltrated eosinophil leukocytes showed immunoreactivity for NRP1. Sema3A transcripts were detected in this cellular type as well. No NRP1-immunoreactive axons nor infiltrated eosinophils were visualized in other estrogenized pelvic organs. Together, these data suggest the involvement of NRP1/Sema3A signaling in the selective E2-induced uterine neurovascular remodeling. Our data support a model whereby NRP1 could coordinate E2-induced uterine neurovascular remodeling, acting as a positive regulator of growth when expressed in vessels and as a negative regulator of growth when expressed on axons.
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Gannon SM, Hawk K, Walsh BF, Coulibaly A, Isaacson LG. Retrograde influences of SCG axotomy on uninjured preganglionic neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1691:44-54. [PMID: 29679543 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that neuronal injury can affect uninjured neurons in the same neural circuit. The overall goal of this study was to understand the effects of peripheral nerve injury on uninjured neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS). As a model, we examined whether axotomy (transection of postganglionic axons) of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) affected the uninjured, preganglionic neurons that innervate the SCG. At 7 days post-injury a reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the SCG, both markers for preganglionic axons, was observed, and this reduction persisted at 8 and 12 weeks post-injury. No changes were observed in the number or size of the parent cell bodies in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord, yet synaptic input to the IML neurons was decreased at both 8 and 12 weeks post-injury. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying these changes, protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) were examined and reductions were observed at 7 days post-injury in both the SCG and spinal cord. Taken together these results suggest that axotomy of the SCG led to reduced BDNF in the SCG and spinal cord, which in turn influenced ChAT and synaptophysin expression in the SCG and also contributed to the altered synaptic input to the IML neurons. More generally these findings provide evidence that the effects of peripheral injury can cascade into the CNS and affect uninjured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gannon
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Kiel Hawk
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Brian F Walsh
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Aminata Coulibaly
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Lori G Isaacson
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
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5
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Valle-Leija P, Cancino-Rodezno A, Sánchez-Tafolla BM, Arias E, Elinos D, Feria J, Zetina ME, Morales MA, Cifuentes F. Presence of Functional Neurotrophin TrkB Receptors in the Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion. Front Physiol 2017; 8:474. [PMID: 28744222 PMCID: PMC5504415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons express the neurotrophin receptors TrkA, p75NTR, and a non-functional truncated TrkB isoform (TrkB-Tc), but are not thought to express a functional full-length TrkB receptor (TrkB-Fl). We, and others, have demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulate synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat. To clarify whether TrkB is expressed in sympathetic ganglia and contributes to the effects of BDNF upon sympathetic function, we characterized the presence and activity of the neurotrophin receptors expressed in the adult SCG compared with their presence in neonatal and cultured sympathetic neurons. Here, we expand our previous study regarding the immunodetection of neurotrophin receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 19% of adult ganglionic neurons expressed TrkB-Fl immunoreactivity (IR), 82% expressed TrkA-IR, and 51% expressed p75NTR-IR; TrkB-Tc would be expressed in 36% of neurons. In addition, using Western-blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, we confirmed the expression of TrkB-Fl and TrkB-Tc protein and mRNA transcripts in adult SCG. Neonatal neurons expressed significantly more TrkA-IR and TrkB-Fl-IR than p75NTR-IR. Finally, the application of neurotrophin, and high frequency stimulation, induced the activation of Trk receptors and the downstream PI3-kinase (phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase) signaling pathway, thus evoking the phosphorylation of Trk and Akt. These results demonstrate that SCG neurons express functional TrkA and TrkB-Fl receptors, which may contribute to the differential modulation of synaptic transmission and long-term synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valle-Leija
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Angeles Cancino-Rodezno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Berardo M Sánchez-Tafolla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Erwin Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Elinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Feria
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - María E Zetina
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Fredy Cifuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
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6
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Furlan JC, Bracken MB, Fehlings MG. Is age a key determinant of mortality and neurological outcome after acute traumatic spinal cord injury? Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:434-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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McDonald TG, Scott SA, Kane KM, Kawaja MD. Proteomic assessment of sympathetic ganglia from adult mice that possess null mutations of ExonIII or ExonIV in the p75 neurotrophin receptor gene. Brain Res 2009; 1253:1-14. [PMID: 19046947 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), are capable of binding to the transmembrane p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which regulates a variety of cellular responses including apoptosis and axonal elongation. While the development of mutant mouse strains that lack functional p75NTR expression has provided further insight into the importance of this neurotrophin receptor, there remains a paucity of information concerning how the loss of p75NTR expression may alter neural phenotypes. To address this issue, we assessed the proteome of the cervical sympathetic ganglia from two mutant lines of mice, which were compared to the ganglionic proteome of age-matched wild type mice. The ganglionic proteome of mice possessing two mutant alleles of either exonIII or exonIV for the p75NTR gene displayed detectable alterations in levels of Lamin A, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Annexin V, as compared to ganglionic proteome of wild type mice. Decreased expression of the basic isoform of tyrosine hydroxylase may be linked to perturbed NGF signaling in the absence of p75NTR in mutant mice. Stereological measurement showed significant increases in the number of sympathetic neurons in both lines of p75NTR-deficient mice, relative to wild type mice. This enhanced survival of sympathetic neurons coincides with shifts toward the more basic isoforms of Annexin V in mutant mice. This study, in addition to providing the first comparative proteomic assessment of sympathetic ganglia, sheds new light onto the phenotypic changes that occur as a consequence of a loss of p75NTR expression in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd G McDonald
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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8
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Al-Shawi R, Hafner A, Olsen J, Olson J, Chun S, Raza S, Thrasivoulou C, Lovestone S, Killick R, Simons P, Cowen T. Neurotoxic and neurotrophic roles of proNGF and the receptor sortilin in the adult and ageing nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2103-14. [PMID: 18412630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The precursor form of the nerve growth factor (proNGF), forms a heterotrimeric complex with the receptors p75 and sortilin; this complex has been implicated in neuron cell death. However, it is not known whether proNGF and the receptors p75 and sortilin contribute to age- and disease-related neurodegeneration. Here we show that proNGF induces cell death in subpopulations of basal forebrain and peripheral sympathetic neurons of old, but not of young, adult rodents. In contrast, proNGF appears to induce neurite outgrowth rather than cell death of young adult sympathetic neurons. We have examined the neurotoxic role of proNGF in old age, and find that proNGF protein is elevated during ageing in the projection areas of some populations of vulnerable central and peripheral neurons; caloric restriction, which has known neuroprotective effects, partially prevents these increases. Sortilin was found to play a significant part in the observed patterns of age-related proNGF-mediated neurotoxicity. In particular, survival of aged neurons was rescued by neurotensin, an alternative sortilin ligand that blocks the sortilin-mediated effects of proNGF. Furthermore, sortilin immunoreactivity increases markedly in ageing rodent basal forebrain and sympathetic neurons; in contrast, p75 levels are either unchanged or reduced. From these data we propose that selective age-related neuronal atrophy and neurodegeneration may be mediated by increased sortilin expression in neurons, together with elevated levels of proNGF expression in some targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Al-Shawi
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, University College London, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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9
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Liutkiene G, Stropus R, Pilmane M, Dabuzinskiene A. Age-related structural and neurochemical changes of the human superior cervical ganglion. Ann Anat 2007; 189:499-509. [PMID: 17910404 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate age-related morphological and neurochemical changes in the human superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Thirty-seven superior sympathetic human cervical ganglia of young, adult, and aged subjects were examined using morphometric analysis, biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry for detecting neurofilament, myelin protein, protein gene product 9.5, nerve growth factor receptor p75 in sympathetic neurons and nerve fibers. Morphometric parameters of neurons (area, long and short axis, shape factor of the neuron body, nucleus, cytoplasm, and lipofuscin) were investigated in every sixth serial section of the ganglion. Seven hundred neurons with clearly visible nuclei were measured in each studied group. The present study showed that human SCG of older subjects had larger areas of neuron body, cytoplasm and nucleus, a lower shape factor, an increased amount of lipofuscin, and a greater number of large-size neurons, as compared to SCG obtained from young subjects. Neuronal cytoskeletal alterations manifested themselves through a decreased number of neurofilament-positive neurons were detected in old human SCG. The amount of myelinated fibers decreased with age, although the amount of myelinated fibers in the young and the adult subjects varied from few to a moderate number. PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity varied in different age groups. A marked reduction of nerve growth factor receptor p75 in old human sympathetic neurons was detected. In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm age-related morphological changes in the human SCG. Structural neuronal changes may influence the deterioration of neuronal functional capacity, neuronal plasticity, and regenerative characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gineta Liutkiene
- Institute of Anatomy, Kaunas University of Medicine, A. Mickeviciaus Street 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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10
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Loesch A, Cowen T. On the presence of neurotrophin p75 receptor on rat sympathetic cerebrovascular nerves. J Mol Histol 2007; 39:57-68. [PMID: 17671845 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of neurotrophin p75 receptor on sympathetic nerves is a well-recognised feature, there is still a scarcity of details of the distribution of the receptor on cerebrovascular nerves. This study examined the distribution of p75 receptor on perivascular sympathetic nerves of the middle cerebral artery and the basilar artery of healthy young rats using immunohistochemical methods at the laser confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope levels. Immunofluorescence methods of detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in sympathetic nerves, p75 receptor associated with the nerves, and also S-100 protein in Schwann cells were applied in conjunction with confocal microscopy, while the pre-embedding single and double immunolabelling methods (ExtrAvidin and immuno-gold-silver) were applied for the electron microscopic examination. Immunofluorescence studies revealed "punctuate" distribution of the p75 receptor on sympathetic nerves including accompanying Schwann cells. Image analysis of the nerves showed that the level of co-localization of p75 receptor and TH was low. Immunolabelling applied at the electron microscope level also showed scarce co-localization of TH (which was intra-axonal) and p75. Immunoreactivity for p75 receptor was present on the cell membrane of perivascular axons and to a greater extent on the processes of accompanying Schwann cells. Some Schwann cell processes were adjacent to each other displaying strong immunoreactivity for p75 receptor; immunoreactivity was located on the extracellular sites of the adjacent cell membranes suggesting that the receptor was involved in cross talk between these. It is likely that variability of locations of p75 receptor detected in the study reflects diverse interactions of p75 receptor with axons and Schwann cells. It might also imply a diverse role for the receptor and/or the plasticity of sympathetic cerebrovascular nerves to neurotrophin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Loesch
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (Hampstead Campus), Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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11
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Liets LC, Eliasieh K, van der List DA, Chalupa LM. Dendrites of rod bipolar cells sprout in normal aging retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12156-60. [PMID: 16880381 PMCID: PMC1524926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605211103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging nervous system is known to manifest a variety of degenerative and regressive events. Here we report the unexpected growth of dendrites in the retinas of normal old mice. The dendrites of many rod bipolar cells in aging mice were observed to extend well beyond their normal strata within the outer plexiform layer to innervate the outer nuclear layer where they appeared to form contacts with the spherules of rod photoreceptors. Such dendritic sprouting increased with age and was evident at all retinal eccentricities. These results provide evidence of retinal plasticity associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leo M. Chalupa
- *Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail:
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12
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Thrasivoulou C, Soubeyre V, Ridha H, Giuliani D, Giaroni C, Michael GJ, Saffrey MJ, Cowen T. Reactive oxygen species, dietary restriction and neurotrophic factors in age-related loss of myenteric neurons. Aging Cell 2006; 5:247-57. [PMID: 16842497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the mechanisms underlying nonpathological age-related neuronal cell death. Fifty per cent of neurons in the rat enteric nervous system are lost between 12 and 18 months of age in ad libitum (AL) fed rats. Caloric restriction (CR) protects almost entirely against this neuron loss. Using the ROS-sensitive dyes, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) and 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF) in vitro, we show that the onset of cell death is linked with elevated intraneuronal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with the neurotrophic factors NT3 and GDNF enhances neuronal antioxidant defence in CR rats at 12-15 months and 24 months but not in adult or aged AL-fed animals. To examine the link between elevated ROS and neuronal cell death, we assessed apoptotic cell death following in vitro treatment with the redox-cycling drug, menadione. Menadione fails to increase apoptosis in 6-month neurons. However, in 12-15mAL fed rats, when age-related cell death begins, menadione induces a 7- to 15-fold increase in the proportion of apoptotic neurons. CR protects age-matched neurons against ROS-induced apoptosis. Treatment with neurotrophic factors, in particular GDNF, rescues neurons from menadione-induced cell death, but only in 12-15mCR animals. We hypothesize that CR enhances antioxidant defence through neurotrophic factor signalling, thereby reducing age-related increases in neuronal ROS levels and in ROS-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thrasivoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
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13
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Bierl MA, Isaacson LG. Increased NGF proforms in aged sympathetic neurons and their targets. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 28:122-34. [PMID: 16377033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Target-derived neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) regulate sympathetic neuron survival. Here, NGF and NT-3 protein and transcript were examined in sympathetic neurons and targets in order to determine their role in age-related neuronal atrophy. One obvious alteration was a dramatic increase (up to 50-fold) in NGF protein forms, corresponding to proNGF-B, in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and targets where sympathetic innervation shows atrophy. In the iris, where sympathetic innervation is protected into old age, proNGF-B was decreased. Alterations in NGF transcript paralleled changes in NGF protein, albeit to a lesser degree. Though significantly increased in aged SCG, NT-3 protein, found primarily as the 'mature' form, showed only minor changes in most tissues, though NT-3 mRNA generally was decreased. In contrast, both NT-3 transcript and NT-3 precursors were increased in iris. The dramatic increases in proNGF, together with minimal changes in NT-3, suggest that alterations in NGF regulation may contribute to the loss of sympathetic innervation observed in many aged peripheral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bierl
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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14
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Richeri A, Bianchimano P, Mármol NM, Viettro L, Cowen T, Brauer MM. Plasticity in rat uterine sympathetic nerves: the role of TrkA and p75 nerve growth factor receptors. J Anat 2005; 207:125-34. [PMID: 16050899 PMCID: PMC1571519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine sympathetic innervation undergoes profound remodelling in response to physiological and experimental changes in the circulating levels of sex hormones. It is not known, however, whether this plasticity results from changes in the innervating neurons, the neuritogenic properties of the target tissue or both. Using densitometric immunohistochemistry, we analysed the effects of prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment (three subcutaneous injections of 20 microg of beta-oestradiol 17-cypionate on days 25, 27 and 29 after birth), natural peripubertal transition and late pregnancy (19-20 days post coitum) on the levels of TrkA and p75 nerve growth factor receptors in uterine-projecting sympathetic neurons of the thoraco-lumbar paravertebral sympathetic chain (T7-L2) identified using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold. For comparative purposes, levels of TrkA and p75 were assessed in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) following prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment. These studies showed that the vast majority of uterine-projecting neurons expressed both TrkA and p75. Both prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment and the peripubertal transition increased the ratio p75 to TrkA in uterine-projecting neurons, whereas pregnancy elicited the opposite effect. Prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment had no effects on levels of TrkA or p75 in sympathetic neurons of the SCG. Taken together, our data suggest that neurotrophin receptor-mediated events may contribute to regulate sex hormone-induced plasticity in uterine sympathetic nerves, and are in line with the idea that, in vivo, plasticity in uterine nerves involves changes in both the target and the innervating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Richeri
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Tyurina YY, Nylander KD, Mirnics ZK, Portugal C, Yan C, Zaccaro C, Saragovi HU, Kagan VE, Schor NF. The intracellular domain of p75NTR as a determinant of cellular reducing potential and response to oxidant stress. Aging Cell 2005; 4:187-96. [PMID: 16026333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, has been found to be pro- or anti-apoptotic depending upon the cell in which it is expressed. Reactive oxygen species play a major role in apoptosis induction and enactment. Using two polyclonal PC12 populations that, respectively, do or do not express p75NTR, this paper demonstrates that p75NTR expression confers resistance to oxidant stress upon PC12 cells maintained in serum-containing medium. The effect of p75NTR on cell survival is mimicked in p75-negative cells by expression of constructs that produce the p75NTR intracellular domain (ICD) or p75NTR with the extracellular domain deleted (DeltaECD), suggesting that binding of an extracellular ligand to p75NTR is not required. Our studies further document that the differential sensitivity to oxidant stress is serum-dependent and associated with differential oxidation of glutathione between p75-positive and p75-negative cells. These results suggest that the role of p75NTR in determining the consequences and treatment of age-related disorders and conditions in which reactive oxygen species are involved may require neither the extracellular receptor domain nor, by inference, the cognate extracellular ligands of this neurotrophin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- Pediatric Center for Neuroscience, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Gatzinsky KP, Thrasivoulou C, Campioni-Noack M, Underwood C, Cowen T. The role of NGF uptake in selective vulnerability to cell death in ageing sympathetic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 20:2848-56. [PMID: 15579138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the hypothesis that differences in nerve growth factor (NGF) uptake and transport determine vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration. Neurons projecting to cerebral blood vessels (CV) in aged rats are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration than those projecting to the iris. Uptake of NGF was therefore examined in sympathetic neurons projecting from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) to CV and iris in young and old rats by treating the peripheral processes of these neurons with different doses of I125-NGF. Total uptake of I125-NGF was reduced in old CV-projecting, but not iris-projecting, neurons. Numbers of radiolabelled neurons projecting to each target were counted in sectioned ganglia. The data showed age-related reductions in numbers of labelled neurons projecting to CV, but no change in numbers of neurons projecting to the iris. Calculation of uptake of I125-NGF per neuron unexpectedly showed no major age-related differences in either of the two neuron populations. However, uptake per neuron was considerably lower for young and old CV-projecting, compared to iris-projecting, SCG neurons. We hypothesized that variations in NGF uptake might affect neuronal survival in old age. Counts of SCG neurons using a physical disector following retrograde tracing with Fluorogold confirmed the selective vulnerability of CV-projecting neurons by showing a significant 37% loss of these neurons in the period between 15 and 24 months. In contrast, there was no significant loss of iris-projecting neurons. We conclude that vulnerability to, or protection from, age-related neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death are associated with life-long low, or high, levels of NGF uptake, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kliment P Gatzinsky
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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17
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Bierl MA, Jones EE, Crutcher KA, Isaacson LG. 'Mature' nerve growth factor is a minor species in most peripheral tissues. Neurosci Lett 2005; 380:133-7. [PMID: 15854765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The classic neurotrophin hypothesis is based on the idea that innervating neurons derive 'mature' neurotrophin provided by the target for their survival. Yet large precursor forms of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) have been reported in both central and peripheral tissues. In the present study, immunoblotting was used to survey peripheral tissues containing NGF-responsive neurons and to characterize various NGF species. These results demonstrate that 'mature' forms of NGF, i.e., the 13 and 16kDa species, are rare in sympathetic and sensory ganglia and in their peripheral targets, and that large molecular weight NGF precursors are abundant. In addition, certain NGF forms predominate in a given tissue, with each tissue exhibiting a characteristic NGF expression pattern. These findings suggest that NGF processing in peripheral tissues and in NGF-responsive ganglia may involve a variety of NGF species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bierl
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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