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Choi Y. Animal models to study the pathogenesis and novel therapeutics of oral lichen planus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1405245. [PMID: 38783985 PMCID: PMC11111855 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1405245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a prevalent oral mucosal disease characterized by an unknown etiology and a complex pathogenesis. Patients with OLP endure a chronic course marked by alternating non-erosive and erosive lesions, with no definitive cure currently available. Particularly challenging is the treatment of recalcitrant erosive OLP, highlighting an urgent need for therapies targeting specific pathogenic pathways. In diseases like OLP, where the etiopathogenesis is intricate and elusive, animal models are indispensable for hypothesis testing and elucidating disease mechanisms. To date, only three animal models for oral lichenoid lesions have been reported in the literature. This Perspective paper evaluates these existing models, along with a novel OLP mouse model introduced at the 3rd International Conference on Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome. The validity of these models is critically assessed, and their potential future applications in advancing our understanding of OLP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology in Dental Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li D, Cheng S, Pei Y, Sommar P, Kärner J, Herter EK, Toma MA, Zhang L, Pham K, Cheung YT, Liu Z, Chen X, Eidsmo L, Deng Q, Xu Landén N. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Major Histocompatibility Complex II‒Expressing Keratinocytes in Pressure Ulcers with Worse Healing Outcomes. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:705-716. [PMID: 34536485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcer (PU) is a chronic wound often seen in patients with spinal cord injury and other bed-bound individuals, particularly in the elderly population. Despite its association with high mortality, the pathophysiology of PU remains poorly understood. In this study, we compared single-cell transcriptomic profiles of human epidermal cells from PU wound edges with those from uninjured skin and acute wounds in healthy donors. We identified significant shifts in the cell composition and gene expression patterns in PU. In particular, we found that major histocompatibility complex class II‒expressing keratinocytes were enriched in patients with worse healing outcomes. Furthermore, we showed that the IFN-γ in PU-derived wound fluid could induce major histocompatibility complex II expression in keratinocytes and that these wound fluid‒treated keratinocytes inhibited autologous T-cell activation. In line with this observation, we found that T cells from PUs enriched with major histocompatibility complex II+ keratinocytes produced fewer inflammatory cytokines. Overall, our study provides a high-resolution molecular map of human PU compared with that of acute wounds and intact skin, providing insights into PU pathology and the future development of tailored wound therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Li
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shangli Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pehr Sommar
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaanika Kärner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva K Herter
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria A Toma
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Letian Zhang
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Pham
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuen Ting Cheung
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xingqi Chen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Keratinocytes Regulate the Threshold of Inflammation by Inhibiting T Cell Effector Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071606. [PMID: 34206914 PMCID: PMC8306889 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the importance of keratinocytes as a first-line defense has been widely investigated, little is known about their interactions with non-resident immune cells. In this study, the impact of human keratinocytes on T cell effector functions was analyzed in an antigen-specific in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to nickel sulfate. Keratinocytes partially inhibited T cell proliferation and cytokine production. This effect was dependent on the keratinocyte/T cell ratio and was partially reversible by increasing the number of autologous dendritic cells. The inhibition of T cell proliferation by keratinocytes was independent of the T cell subtype and antigen presentation by different professional antigen-presenting cells. Autologous and heterologous keratinocytes showed comparable effects, while the fixation of keratinocytes with paraformaldehyde abrogated the immunosuppressive effect. The separation of keratinocytes and T cells by a transwell chamber, as well as a cell-free keratinocyte supernatant, inhibited T cell effector functions to the same amount as directly co-cultured keratinocytes, thus proving that soluble factor/s account for the observed suppressive effects. In conclusion, keratinocytes critically control the threshold of inflammatory processes in the skin by inhibiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production.
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Nod-Like Receptors in Host Defence and Disease at the Epidermal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094677. [PMID: 33925158 PMCID: PMC8124564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family (NLRs) (sometimes called the NOD-like receptors, though the family contains few bona fide receptors) are a superfamily of multidomain-containing proteins that detect cellular stress and microbial infection. They constitute a critical arm of the innate immune response, though their functions are not restricted to pathogen recognition and members engage in controlling inflammasome activation, antigen-presentation, transcriptional regulation, cell death and also embryogenesis. NLRs are found from basal metazoans to plants, to zebrafish, mice and humans though functions of individual members can vary from species to species. NLRs also display highly wide-ranging tissue expression. Here, we discuss the importance of NLRs to the immune response at the epidermal barrier and summarise the known role of individual family members in the pathogenesis of skin disease.
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Piipponen M, Li D, Landén NX. The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8790. [PMID: 33233704 PMCID: PMC7699912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most dominant cell type in the skin, keratinocytes play critical roles in wound repair not only as structural cells but also exerting important immune functions. This review focuses on the communications between keratinocytes and immune cells in wound healing, which are mediated by various cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles. Keratinocytes can also directly interact with T cells via antigen presentation. Moreover, keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides that can directly kill the invading pathogens and contribute to wound repair in many aspects. We also reviewed the epigenetic mechanisms known to regulate keratinocyte immune functions, including histone modifications, non-protein-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs), and chromatin dynamics. Lastly, we summarized the current evidence on the dysregulated immune functions of keratinocytes in chronic nonhealing wounds. Based on their crucial immune functions in skin wound healing, we propose that keratinocytes significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic wound inflammation. We hope this review will trigger an interest in investigating the immune roles of keratinocytes in chronic wound pathology, which may open up new avenues for developing innovative wound treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ning Xu Landén
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (D.L.)
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7
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A meta-analysis on association of IFN-γ rs2430561 polymorphism and the risk of oral lichen planus. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Martin SF, Bonefeld CM. Mechanisms of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_59-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sena LSBD, Santos HBDP, Amaral MGD, Gordón-Núñez MA, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR in actinic cheilitis and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e085. [PMID: 31483051 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in actinic cheilitis (AC) and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (LLSCC), and to correlate the findings with clinical (tumor size/extent, regional lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage) and histopathological (grade of epithelial dysplasia and inflammatory infiltrate for AC and histopathological grade of malignancy for LLSCC) parameters. Twenty-four AC and 48 LLSCC cases (24 with regional nodal metastasis and 24 without regional nodal metastasis) were selected. The scores of immunopositive cells for HLA-DR in the epithelial component of the lesions were assessed and the results were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Epithelial expression of HLA-DR was observed in only five (20.8%) cases of AC (two low-grade and three high-grade lesions), with a very low median score of immunopositivity. By contrast, expression of HLA-DR was found in most LLSCC (97.9%), with a relatively high median score of positive cells. The score of HLA-DR-positive cells tended to be higher in tumors with regional lymph node metastasis, tumors in advanced clinical stages, and low-grade tumors, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In addition, there was a tendency towards higher expression of HLA-DR in highly/moderately keratinized tumors, and tumors with little/moderate nuclear pleomorphism (p > 0.05). The results suggest a potential role of HLA-DR in lip carcinogenesis, particularly in the development and progression of LLSCC. The expression of this protein can be related to the degree of cell differentiation in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pollianna Muniz Alves
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Semple SL, Heath G, Christie D, Braunstein M, Kales SC, Dixon B. Immune stimulation of rainbow trout reveals divergent regulation of MH class II-associated invariant chain isoforms. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:407-420. [PMID: 31037384 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain is a chaperone responsible for targeting the MHC class II dimer to the endocytic pathway, thus enabling the loading of exogenous antigens onto the MHC class II receptor. In the current study, in vivo and in vitro methods were used to investigate the regulation of the rainbow trout invariant chain proteins S25-7 and INVX, upon immune system activation. Whole rainbow trout and the macrophage/monocyte-like cell line RTS11 were treated with PMA at concentrations shown to induce IL-1β transcripts and homotypic aggregation of RTS11. S25-7 transcript levels remained unchanged in the gill, spleen, and liver and were found to be significantly decreased in head kidney beginning 24 h post-stimulation. Meanwhile, INVX transcript levels remained unchanged in all tissues studied. Both S25-7 and INVX proteins were produced in gill and spleen tissues but their expression was unaffected by immune system stimulation. Surprisingly, neither INVX nor S25-7 protein was detected in the secondary immune organ, the head kidney. Analysis of RTS11 cultures demonstrated that both INVX and S25-7 transcript levels significantly increased at 96 h and 120 h following PMA stimulation before returning to control levels at 168 h. Meanwhile, at the protein level in RTS11, S25-7 remained unchanged while INVX had a significant decrease at 168 h post-stimulation. These results indicate that neither INVX nor S25-7 is upregulated upon immune system activation; thus, teleosts have evolved a system of immune regulation that is different than that found in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - George Heath
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Darah Christie
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marsela Braunstein
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen C Kales
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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11
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Marshall A, Celentano A, Cirillo N, Mirams M, McCullough M, Porter S. Immune receptors CD40 and CD86 in oral keratinocytes and implications for oral lichen planus. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:373-382. [PMID: 28904313 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic T-cell-mediated mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that targets stratified epithelia, including those lining the oral cavity. The intraoral variant of LP (OLP) is associated with interferon (IFN)-γ production by infiltrating T lymphocytes; however, the role of epithelial cells in the etiopathogenesis OLP is not completely understood. There is however a growing body of evidence regarding the involvement of epithelial-derived cytokines, immune receptors, and costimulatory molecules in the pathobiological processes that promote and sustain OLP. In the present study, we used a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to assess whether CD40-a receptor found mainly on antigen presenting cells-and the costimulatory molecule CD86 were expressed in oral keratinocytes (three strains of primary normal oral keratinocytes and the H357 cell line) in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. To further characterize the involvement of CD40 in OLP, expression and distribution of receptor and ligand (CD40/CD154) in tissues from OLP were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The present results are the first to show that both CD40 and CD86 are constitutively expressed at low levels in oral keratinocytes and that their expression was enhanced by IFN-γ stimulation. The intensity of CD40 staining in OLP tissues was strong. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that CD40 and CD86 play a role in the pathophysiology of oral inflammatory diseases such as OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples.,Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Michiko Mirams
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
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12
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Lei D, Wu W, Yang L, Li Y, Feng J, Lyu L, He L. Insight into immunocytes infiltrations in polymorphous light eruption. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:751-757. [PMID: 28729211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) which is one of the most common photodermatoses has been demonstrated to be immune-mediated disorder. Resistance to UV-induced immunosuppression resulting from differential immune cells infiltration and cytokines secretion has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of PLE. In this study, we reviewed differential patterns of immune cells infiltrations and cytokines secretion that may contribute to PLE occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Lei
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Institute of Dermatology & Venereology of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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13
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HLA-DR expression in tumor epithelium is an independent prognostic indicator in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:841-850. [PMID: 28315927 PMCID: PMC5489642 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, and incidence is increasing rapidly in the Western world. Measurement of immune markers has been shown to have prognostic significance in a growing number of cancers, but whether this is true for EAC has yet to be evaluated. This study aimed to characterize HLA-DR expression in the esophagus across the inflammation to cancer progression sequence and to assess the prognostic significance of HLA-DR expression in EAC. Tissue microarrays (TMA) were constructed from esophageal tissue taken from patients at different stages in the cancer progression sequence; normal, esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus (BE), low- and high-grade dysplasia (LGD, HGD) and EAC. HLA-DR expression in tissue epithelium and stroma was assessed by immunohistochemistry. HLA-DR expression increased early in the inflammation to cancer progression sequence; with higher expression detected in esophagitis and BE compared to normal tissue. Patients with low (<50%) HLA-DR expression in the EAC tumor epithelium had significantly worse survival outcomes, compared to those with high expression, in both the tumor core (hazard ratio, HR = 2.178, p = 0.024, n = 70) and leading edge (HR = 2.86, p = 0.013, n = 41). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that low HLA-DR expression in leading edge tumor epithelium was an independent predictor of poor survival, associated with a 2.8-fold increase in disease-associated death (p = 0.023). This study shows that HLA-DR is an independent prognostic marker in EAC tumor epithelium. This may have implications for patient stratification strategies as well as EAC tumor immunology.
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14
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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15
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Issa F. Vascularized composite allograft-specific characteristics of immune responses. Transpl Int 2016; 29:672-81. [PMID: 26927941 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascularized composite allograft (VCA) transplantation, or reconstructive transplantation, has revolutionized the treatment of complex tissue and functional defects. Despite arriving during an age in which the immunology of solid organ transplant rejection has been investigated in much detail, these transplants have offered new perspectives from which to explore the immunobiology of transplantation. VCAs have a number of unique molecular, cellular, and architectural features which alter the character and intensity of the rejection response. While much is yet to be clarified, an understanding of these distinct mechanisms affords new possibilities for the control of immune responses in an effort to improve outcomes after VCA transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Salimi M, Xue L, Jolin H, Hardman C, Cousins DJ, McKenzie ANJ, Ogg GS. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Express Functional NKp30 Receptor Inducing Type 2 Cytokine Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:45-54. [PMID: 26582946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are important in effector functions for eliciting allergic inflammation, parasite defense, epithelial repair, and lipid homeostasis. ILC2 lack rearranged Ag-specific receptors, and although many soluble factors such as cytokines and lipid mediators can influence ILC2, direct interaction of these cells with the microenvironment and other cells has been less explored. Natural cytotoxicity receptors are expressed by subsets of group 1 ILC and group 3 ILC and thought to be important for their effector function, but they have not been shown to be expressed by ILC2. Therefore, we sought to investigate the expression and functional properties of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 on human ILC2. A subset of ex vivo and cultured ILC2 express NKp30 that upon interaction with its cognate activatory ligand B7-H6 induces rapid production of type 2 cytokines. This interaction can be blocked by NKp30 blocking Ab and an inhibitory ligand, galectin-3. Higher expression of B7-H6 was observed in lesional skin biopsies of patients with atopic dermatitis, and incubation of keratinocytes with proinflammatory and type 2 cytokines upregulated B7-H6, leading to increased ILC2 cytokine production. NKp30-B7-H6 interaction is a novel cell contact mechanism that mediates activation of ILC2 and identifies a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics for atopic dermatitis and other atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salimi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Immunology Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Jolin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Hardman
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; and Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
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Kim MY, Lim YY, Kim HM, Park YM, Kang H, Kim BJ. Synergistic Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Stimulated Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in HaCaT Cells by a Combination of Rapamycin and Mycophenolic Acid. Ann Dermatol 2015; 27:32-9. [PMID: 25673929 PMCID: PMC4323600 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocytes release various pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in response to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. Rapamycin and mycophenolic acid (MPA) have potent immunosuppressive activity because they inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Objective We investigated the effects of rapamycin and MPA on the expression of inflammation-related factors such as ICAM-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and related signaling pathways in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. Methods The viability of HaCaT cells treated with rapamycin and MPA was confirmed using MTT assay. The expression of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8; inflammation-related factors such as ICAM-1 and iNOS; and the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways mediated by extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells were confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results Combined treatment of TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells with rapamycin and MPA decreased ICAM-1 and iNOS expression and ERK and p38 activation more than treatment with either drug alone. The most significant decrease was observed with a combination of rapamycin (80 nM) and MPA (20 nM). These results show that co-treatment with these agents has a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect by blocking the activation of the ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway and thus suppressing the TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM-1 and iNOS. Conclusion The combination of rapamycin and MPA could potentially be used as a therapeutic approach in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Young Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Mi Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Han HY, Ryu MH, Lee G, Cheon WJ, Lee C, An WG, Kim H, Cho SI. Effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., root bark on ICAM-1 expression and chemokine productions in vivo and vitro study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:245-252. [PMID: 25449455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., family Rutaceae is a well known anti-inflammatory agent for skin diseases such as eczema, pruritus and urticaria in Eastern countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of methanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus root bark (MEDD) on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, epidermal hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis (CD) mice. We also investigated its effects on the expression of ICAM-1, binding capacity to THP-1 cells, cytokine and chemokine production, and phosphorylation of NF-κB in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). RESULTS Topical application of MEDD effectively inhibited ICAM-1 expression and epidermal hyperplasia in inflamed tissues. MEDD treatment also inhibited immune cell infiltration induced by DNFB. In addition, treatment with MEDD reduced surface expression and total amount of ICAM-1in HaCaT cells and effectively lowered the capacity to bind to THP-1 cells. MEDD also lowered the levels of IL-6, IL-8, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). Finally, MEDD treatment prevented activation of the NF-κB pathway induced by TNF-α in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus has the potential for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases as a complementary or alternative medicine to corticosteroids. In addition, they suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus on CD are involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression and cytokine and chemokine secretion through down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, South Korea.
| | - Mi Heon Ryu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, South Korea.
| | - Guemsan Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, South Korea.
| | - Won-Ju Cheon
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, South Korea.
| | - Chu Lee
- Aquaculture Industry Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, South Korea.
| | - Won-Gun An
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, South Korea.
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, South Korea.
| | - Su-In Cho
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, South Korea.
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Zhang Z, Han Y, Song J, Luo R, Jin X, Mu D, Su S, Ji X, Ren YF, Liu H. Interferon-γ regulates the function of mesenchymal stem cells from oral lichen planus via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:15-27. [PMID: 25212102 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in normal or inflammatory oral mucosal tissues, such as in oral lichen planus (OLP). Our objectives were to identify, isolate, and characterize MSCs from normal human oral mucosa and OLP lesions, and to evaluate indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity in mediating immunomodulation of MSCs from these tissues. METHODS Expressions of MSCs-related markers were examined in isolated cells by flow cytometry. Self-renewal and multilineage differentiations were studied to characterize these MSCs. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IDO, and STRO-1 were assessed by immunofluorescence. MSCs from oral mucosa and OLP or IFN-γ-pretreated MSCs were co-cultured with allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction assays (MLR). Proliferation and apoptosis of MLR or MSCs were detected by CCK8 and the annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit, respectively. IDO expression and activity were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Isolated cells from oral mucosa and OLP expressed MSC-related markers STRO-1, CD105, and CD90 but were absent for hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34. Besides, they all showed self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacities. MSCs in OLP presented STRO-1/IDO+ phenotype by immunofluorescence. MSCs and IFN-γ-pretreated MSCs could inhibit lymphocyte proliferation via IDO activity, but not via cell apoptosis. Long-term IFN-γ could also inhibit MSC proliferation via IDO activity. CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from human oral mucosa and OLP tissues. Besides self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, these cells may participate in immunomodulation mediated by IFN-γ via IDO activity in human OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Karakawa M, Komine M, Hanakawa Y, Tsuda H, Sayama K, Tamaki K, Ohtsuki M. CCL27 Is Downregulated by Interferon Gamma via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1935-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Karakawa
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Yasushi Hanakawa
- Department of Dermatology; University of Ehime; Tou-on-shi Ehime Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology; University of Ehime; Tou-on-shi Ehime Japan
| | - Kunihiko Tamaki
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Mamitaro Ohtsuki
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
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Semini G, Hildmann A, Klein A, Lucka L, Schön M, Schön MP, Shmanai V, Danker K. Inositol-C2-PAF down-regulates components of the antigen presentation machinery in a 2D-model of epidermal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:477-88. [PMID: 24291779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In cutaneous inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis, skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes and dendritic cells modulate keratinocyte function via the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Keratinocytes then produce mediators that recruit and activate immune cells and amplify the inflammatory response. These pathophysiological tissue changes are caused by altered gene expression and the proliferation and maturation of dermal and epidermal cells. We recently demonstrated that the glycosidated phospholipid Ino-C2-PAF down-regulates a plethora of gene products associated with innate and acquired immune responses and inflammation in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. To further evaluate the influence of Ino-C2-PAF we established an in vitro 2D-model of epidermal inflammation. The induction of inflammation and the impact of Ino-C2-PAF were assessed in this system using a genome-wide microarray analysis. In addition, the expression of selected genes was validated using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Treatment of the keratinocytes with a mix of proinflammatory cytokines resulted in transcriptional effects on a variety of genes involved in cutaneous inflammation and immunity, while additional treatment with Ino-C2-PAF counteracted the induction of many of these genes. Remarkably, Ino-C2-PAF suppressed the expression of a group of targets that are implicated in antigen processing and presentation, including MHC molecules. Thus, it is conceivable that Ino-C2-PAF possess therapeutic potential for inflammatory skin disorders, such as psoriasis and allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Semini
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Hildmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Klein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Lucka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vadim Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganova 13, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Payeras MR, Cherubini K, Figueiredo MA, Salum FG. Oral lichen planus: focus on etiopathogenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1057-69. [PMID: 23660124 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease, which frequently affects the oral mucosa of white females over 40 years old. Its aetiology remains uncertain and the pathogenesis is still the object of much speculation. The present paper presents the most well known antigens, and describes the action of different cells and proteins associated with the development of that disease, as well as the possible agents involved with its malignant transformation. Different external agents, especially virus, and internal agents, like stress, and the heat shock protein antigen expression, associated or not, can alter the basal keratinocytes of the oral mucosa making them susceptible to apoptosis by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell as well as activate matrix metalloproteinase and mast cell degranulation, which produce a great range of inflammatory mediators and cytokines determining the clinical onset of the disease. Regarding carcinogenesis, since it is a complex process and presents multifactorial origin, it is believed that there may be a synergism between intrinsic, such as inflammation mediators, and extrinsic agents (tobacco, alcohol, viral infections) for the OLP malignant transformation to occur. However, further studies are needed to better understand the origin, pathogenesis and process of malignant transformation of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Rodrigues Payeras
- Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sol, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Kimkong I, Nakkuntod J, Sodsai P, Hirankarn N, Kitkumthorn N. Association of interferon-gamma gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to oral lichen planus in the Thai population. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:491-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
It is now clear that the epidermis has an active role in local immune responses in the skin. Keratinocytes are involved early in inflammation by providing first-line innate mechanisms and, in addition, can contribute to adaptive immune responses that may be associated with clinical disease. Moreover, keratinocytes are capable of enhancing and shaping the outcome of inflammation in response to stimuli and promoting particular types of immune bias. Through understanding the underlying mechanisms, the role of keratinocytes in disease pathogenesis will be further defined, which is likely to lead to the identification of potential targets for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gaida MM, Welsch T, Herpel E, Tschaharganeh DF, Fischer L, Schirmacher P, Hänsch GM, Bergmann F. MHC class II expression in pancreatic tumors: a link to intratumoral inflammation. Virchows Arch 2011; 460:47-60. [PMID: 22120497 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II antigens (MHC class II) are constitutively expressed by professional antigen presenting cells and present antigenic peptides to specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. MHC class II expression, however, can also be induced on epithelial cells and in a variety of solid tumors. We tested MHC class II expression on tissue samples derived from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET). Immunohistochemistry revealed MHC class II expression in 86 of 112 (76.8%) PDAC samples and in 30 of 43 (70.0%) PET samples. In PDAC and PET, MHC class II expression correlated significantly with severity and activity of intratumoral inflammation, as well as with the infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High MHC class II expression significantly correlated with a better histological grade of differentiation in PDAC. In vitro MHC class II expression could be induced on PDAC tumor cell lines by interferon-γ. These cells were then able to present the staphylococci enterotoxin B superantigen to T lymphocytes, which resulted in T cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that MHC class II expression on pancreatic tumor cells is induced by the intratumoral inflammatory reaction in pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lage D, Pimentel VN, Soares TCB, Souza EM, Metze K, Cintra ML. Perforin and granzyme B expression in oral and cutaneous lichen planus - a comparative study. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:973-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Surasombatpattana P, Hamel R, Patramool S, Luplertlop N, Thomas F, Desprès P, Briant L, Yssel H, Missé D. Dengue virus replication in infected human keratinocytes leads to activation of antiviral innate immune responses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:1664-73. [PMID: 21722754 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world. Vector-mediated transmission of DENV is initiated when a blood-feeding female Aedes mosquito injects saliva, together with the virus, into the skin of its mammalian host. Understanding the role of skin immune cells in the activation of innate immunity to DENV at the early times of infection is a critical issue that remains to be investigated. The purpose of our study was to assess the contribution of human keratinocytes as potential host cells to DENV in the activation of immune responses at the anatomical site of mosquito bite. We show that primary keratinocytes support DENV replication with the production of negative-stranded viral RNAs inside the infected cells. In the course of DENV life cycle, we observed the activation of host genes involved in the antiviral immune responses such as intracellular RNA virus sensors Toll-Like Receptor-3, Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I, Melanoma Differentiation Associated gene-5 and the RNA-dependent protein kinase R. DENV infection of primary keratinocytes also resulted in up-regulation of the expression of the antiviral Ribonuclease L gene, which subsequently led to enhanced production of IFN-β and IFN-γ. Depending on stages of viral replication, we observed the activation of host genes encoding the antimicrobial proteins β-defensin and RNase 7 in infected keratinocytes. Our data demonstrate for the first time the permissiveness of human epidermal keratinocytes to DENV infection. Remarkably, DENV replication in keratinocytes contributes to the establishment of antiviral innate immunity that might occur in the early times after the bite of mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornapat Surasombatpattana
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution, Contrôle, UMR 5290 CNRS/IRD/UM1, Montpellier, France
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Wei-yuan M, Wen-ting L, Chen Z, Qing S. Significance of DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN expression in psoriasis vulgaris lesions. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:461-5. [PMID: 21596034 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect and compare the expression levels of two dendritic cell proteins, namely Dendritic Cell Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein (DC-LAMP) and Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN) in psoriasis vulgaris lesions and normal skin tissues. METHODS We used Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis to detect the expression of DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN in 33 samples representing plaque lesions of psoriasis vulgaris and 11 normal skin samples from healthy volunteers. RESULTS RT-PCR The expression levels of DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN were higher in samples of psoriasis vulgaris lesions than in that of normal skin, based on RT-PCR results.Whereas DC-LAMP staining was mostly cytoplasmic in keratinocytes of basal and spinous epidermis and dermal dendritic cells, DC-SIGN staining was both cytoplasmic and nuclear in keratinocytes of spinous epidermis and dermal dendritic cells. The expression levels of DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN proteins were significantly higher in psoriasis vulgaris lesions when compared with normal skin tissues (P<0.01). Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between high DC-LAMP and high DC-SIGN expression levels in psoriasis vulgaris lesions (P<0.05, r=0.368). CONCLUSION Compared with normal tissues, the levels of DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN were higher in psoriasis vulgaris lesions. Both DC-LAMP and DC-SIGN proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris. The high expression of DC-LAMP may be associated with the altered differentiation of keratynocytes in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Wei-yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Martins LEAM, Reis VMSD. Imunopatologia da dermatite de contato alérgica. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:419-33. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dermatite de contato alérgica é consequência de uma reação imune mediada por células T contra químicos de baixo peso molecular, denominados haptenos. É uma condição frequente que ocorre em todas as raças e faixas etárias e afeta a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. O mecanismo imunológico desta doença vem sendo revisto nas últimas décadas com significativo avanço no seu entendimento. A metabolização e o caminho dos haptenos, bem como a formação e o mecanismo de ação das células responsáveis tanto pela reação quanto pelo seu término, são discutidos neste artigo
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Kopfnagel V, Werfel T, Wittmann M. Resting but not CpG stimulated keratinocytes suppress autologous T-helper cell proliferation--importance of PGE2 and T regulatory function. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:394-400. [PMID: 21426407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, keratinocytes have increasingly been recognized to actively participate in the skin immune response. However, their influence on infiltrating lymphocytes - abundantly found in e.g. atopic and psoriatic inflammation - is still controversial. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of keratinocytes on T-cell proliferation by use of an autologous co-culture model. Because the skin has an important function with regard to detecting invading pathogens, we also investigated the influence of pathogen-associated molecular pattern on keratinocyte - T-cell interaction. We observed a clear inhibition of T-cell proliferation by co-cultured keratinocytes. This effect was found to be mediated by PGE2, as T-cell proliferation was recovered in the presence of the PGE2 inhibitor indometacin. Furthermore, presence of keratinocytes led to enhanced expression of the T regulatory cell-specific transcription factor Foxp3 in the CD4+CD25+ T-cell population which also showed regulatory function. Interestingly, the presence of the TLR9 ligand CpG was able to prevent the inhibition of T-cell proliferation. This was paralleled by a reduced PGE2 production by keratinocytes and a down-regulated T regulatory cell function. Our results indicate that the inhibitory capacity of keratinocytes in the skin is strongly influenced by the surrounding micromillieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kopfnagel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Antigen-specific CD8 T cells can eliminate antigen-bearing keratinocytes with clonogenic potential via an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1841-8. [PMID: 20237491 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune system surveys the skin for keratinocytes (KCs) infected by viruses or with acquired genetic damage. The mechanism by which T cells mediate KC elimination is however undefined. In this study we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells can eliminate antigen-bearing KCs in vivo and inhibit their clonogenic potential in vitro, independently of the effector molecules perforin and Fas-ligand (Fas-L). In contrast, IFN-gamma receptor expression on KCs and T cells producing IFN-gamma are each necessary and sufficient for in vitro inhibition of KC clonogenic potential. Thus, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may mediate destruction of epithelium expressing non-self antigen by eliminating KCs with potential for self-renewal through an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism.
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Sugiura S, Fujimiya M, Ebise H, Miyahira Y, Kato I, Sugiura Y, Kimura T, Uehara M, Sato H, Sugiura H. Immunosuppressive effect of prolactin-induced protein: a new insight into its local and systemic role in chronic allergic contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:1286-93. [PMID: 20302584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) has been shown to bind to CD4 and is speculated to block CD4-HLA-DR interaction. However, the immunomodulatory effect of PIP on chronic allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES To define the role of PIP during the immunoresponse. METHODS Using a low-dose oxazolone-induced mouse chronic ACD model, expression of PIP was examined immunohistologically. Furthermore, effects of continued exposure to a peptide mimicking the major binding site of PIP (amino acids 106-132) for CD4 was examined in a mouse chronic ACD model. RESULTS We clarified that keratinocytes, dermal infiltrating cells and spleen infiltrating mononuclear cells are positively stained with anti-PIP antibody. The PIP peptide significantly downregulated oxazolone-induced mouse ACD compared with controls. We also found that inflammation of the control ear, to which the PIP peptide had not been applied, was also suppressed in a synchronized manner in the late phase of ACD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PIP might have a local and systemic immunosuppressive effect in mouse chronic ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugiura
- Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Youngnak-Piboonratanakit P, Dhanuthai K, Thongprasom K, Luckprom P, Sarideechaigul W, Luangjarmekorn L, Azuma M. Expression of IFN-γ before and after treatment of oral lichen planus with 0.1% fluocinolone acetonide in orabase. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:689-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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36
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Human epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and the skin differentially internalize grass pollen allergens. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1935-44. [PMID: 19194473 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of both the respiratory tract and the skin form a tight barrier against environmental harm. They represent the site of first contact for airborne allergen carriers. Consequently, in this study, we analyzed the uptake of grass pollen allergens by epithelial cells: Phl p 1 was selected as a glycosylated allergen containing disulfide bridges whereas Phl p 6 lacks post-translational modifications. Allergen uptake by the respiratory epithelial cell line A549 reached a plateau at 2 hours, and both allergens were localized intracellularly in non-acidic vesicles. In addition, in A549 cells allergens were exocytosed, suggesting a transcytosis mechanism in the passage of allergens over the respiratory epithelial barrier. In contrast, allergens were predominately localized in lysosomes in keratinocytes, and allergen uptake did not reach a plateau up to 24 hours. Notably, keratinocytes from atopic patients showed a significantly increased uptake of Phl p 1 as compared with healthy donors. Preincubation of epithelial cells with IL-4 and/or IFN-gamma to simulate inflammatory status led to an increased allergen uptake only in keratinocytes. This higher engulfment of allergens by inflammatory-type keratinocytes suggests a higher susceptibility of inflamed skin for the uptake of allergens and consequently a potentially higher risk for sensitization under natural exposure conditions, such as chronic atopic eczema.
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Bai J, Lin M, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Shen J, Jiang L, Gao F, Chen Q. Association of Polymorphisms in the Human IFN-γ and IL-4 Gene with Oral Lichen Planus: A Study in an Ethnic Chinese Cohort. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:351-8. [PMID: 18593330 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Beijing Stomatology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Akkoc T, de Koning PJA, Rückert B, Barlan I, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Increased activation-induced cell death of high IFN-gamma-producing T(H)1 cells as a mechanism of T(H)2 predominance in atopic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:652-658.e1. [PMID: 18328893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dysregulated and T(H)2-biased immune response appears to be a key pathogenetic factor in atopic diseases. Increased activation and massive infiltration of T cells in the dermis without any evidence for the expansion of their numbers in peripheral blood characterize atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE To investigate differences and mechanisms of T(H)1 and T(H)2 cell activation-induced cell death (AICD) in atopic disease. METHODS Naive (CD4(+)CD45(+)RA) and memory (CD4(+)CD45(+)RO) T cells were isolated from healthy and atopic individuals. T(H)1 and T(H)2 subsets were in vitro differentiated. High IFN-gamma-producing T cells and CXCR3(+) T cells were purified, and AICD of isolated cells was determined in addition to expression of apoptosis receptors and caspase activation. RESULTS T(H)1 cells, particularly their high IFN-gamma-producing fraction, and CXCR3(+) T cells showed significantly increased apoptosis in atopic individuals. During their in vitro differentiation, both T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells of atopic individuals showed increased apoptosis compared with the healthy control group, with a significantly high apoptosis in T(H)1 cells. Increased expression of Fas, Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis factor receptor-II, and caspase activation was detected on T(H)1 cells that underwent apoptosis. Neutralization experiments demonstrated a dominant role of IFN-gamma and Fas-Fas-ligand interaction-mediated suicide in T(H)1 cell AICD. CONCLUSION Predominant T(H)2 profile in atopic diseases might be a result of the increased tendency to activation and apoptosis of high IFN-gamma-producing T(H)1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunc Akkoc
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
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Ardern-Jones MR, Black AP, Ogg GS. Anti-lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 inhibits T-helper 2 function of human allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:456-62. [PMID: 18205875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) is proving successful in the management of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD), but the dependence of allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell function on LFA-1 has not been studied extensively. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the potential ability of LFA-1 inhibition to influence keratinocyte presentation of allergen to specific T-helper (Th) 2 cell clones. METHODS Using human leucocyte antigen class II tetrameric complexes, we generated Der p 1-specific DRB1*1501-restricted CD4+ T-cell lines (n=5) and clones (n=4) from the peripheral blood of five adults with AD. RESULTS Using doses of anti-LFA-1 present in vivo, we observed significant inhibition (P<0.05) of allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell production of interleukin-4 with such inhibition occurring during presentation of allergen by keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data show that at doses present in vivo, LFA-1 blockade inhibits keratinocyte presentation to allergen-specific Th2 cells, suggesting one mechanism through which anti-LFA-1 may be beneficial therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ardern-Jones
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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40
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Cavani A, De Pità O, Girolomoni G. New aspects of the molecular basis of contact allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:404-8. [PMID: 17873579 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3282ef6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the review is to provide an up-to-date scenario of the mechanisms governing contact allergy, a widely diffused immune response to small chemicals (haptens) penetrating the skin. RECENT FINDINGS The availability of animal models for contact allergy, such as murine contact hypersensitivity, is of great importance in understanding the pathomechanisms of the allergic response, although all these findings need confirmation in humans. Contact allergy is the result of the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity in response to haptens. Both skin resident cells, such as keratinocytes and mast cells, and immigrating leucocytes, including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, actively participate in the reaction. Different types of T-regulatory cells appear to be crucial in the prevention of contact allergy or in the early termination of the reaction. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate immune responses to haptens is critical for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. SUMMARY Although contact allergy is predominantly a T-cell-mediated disease, humoral immune responses and innate immunity actively participate in the initiation and expression of the allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavani
- Laboratory of Immunology and Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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41
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Huisinga M, Failing K, Reinacher M. MHC class II expression by follicular keratinocytes in canine demodicosis—An immunohistochemical study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:210-20. [PMID: 17604845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II proteins present fragments of extra cellular antigen to stimulate CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Aim of this study was the detection of MHC class II antigens on different cutaneous cells in canine demodicosis. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of skin biopsies from 44 dogs with demodicosis is reported. The control group consisted of skin biopsies taken from 10 necropsied dogs without obvious skin lesions. The immunohistological assessment of the MHC class II expression revealed MHC class II proteins on different cell types of infiltrating inflammatory cells, i.e. APCs (antigen-presenting cells), macrophages, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. The plasma cells, however, only showed expression in 32 (73%) of 44 cases. Generally it was noticeable that most plasma cells but never all of them expressed MHC class II. Neutrophils, mast cells and eosinophils were MHC class II negative. Furthermore, in 39 biopsies (89%) from dogs with demodicosis MHC class II positive follicular keratinocytes were found. The control group did not show MHC class II expression on epithelial cells. Concerning the endothelial cells, a total of 25 biopsies (57%) showed MHC class II expression in which different vascular plexuses were affected by staining. This examination shows that MHC class II expression in the skin of dogs suffering form demodicosis is elevated. Especially the MHC class II expression by follicular keratinocytes seems to be conspicuous. We hypothesize that this is in association with the development and the maintenance of follicular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Huisinga
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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42
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Black APB, Ardern-Jones MR, Kasprowicz V, Bowness P, Jones L, Bailey AS, Ogg GS. Human keratinocyte induction of rapid effector function in antigen-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1485-93. [PMID: 17506032 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability of human keratinocytes to present antigen to T cells is controversial and, indeed, it has been suggested that keratinocytes may promote T cell hyporesponsiveness. Furthermore, it is unclear whether keratinocytes can process antigen prior to MHC class I and class II presentation. We tested the ability of keratinocytes to induce functional responses in epitope-specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells using peptides, protein and recombinant expression vectors as sources of antigen. Keratinocytes were able to efficiently process and present protein antigen to CD4+ T cells, resulting in cytokine secretion (Th1 and Th2). This interaction was dependent on keratinocyte expression of HLA class II and ICAM-1, which could be induced by IFN-gamma. In addition, keratinocytes could present virally encoded or exogenous peptide to CD8+ T cells, resulting in T cell cytokine production and target cell lysis. Finally, T cell lines grown using keratinocytes as stimulators showed no loss of function. These findings demonstrate that keratinocytes are able to efficiently process and present antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells and induce functional responses. The findings have broad implications for the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease and for transcutaneous drug or vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P B Black
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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43
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Koide N, Yamada T, Shibata R, Mori T, Fukuma M, Yamazaki K, Aiura K, Shimazu M, Hirohashi S, Nimura Y, Sakamoto M. Establishment of perineural invasion models and analysis of gene expression revealed an invariant chain (CD74) as a possible molecule involved in perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2419-26. [PMID: 16638847 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perineural invasion causes frequent local recurrence even after resection and a poor prognosis for pancreatic cancer. We established perineural invasion models and analyzed the molecular mechanism of perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seven pancreatic cancer cell lines with or without human peripheral nerves were s.c. implanted in nonobese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficient mice. We compared expression profiles among high and low perineural invasion cell lines by using an oligonucleotide microarray. We examined up-regulation of the invariant chain (CD74) in high perineural invasion cell lines in mRNA and protein levels and surgical cases immunohistochemically. RESULTS Four of seven pancreatic cancer cell lines (CaPan1, CaPan2, CFPAC, and MPanc96) showed perineural invasion to s.c. transplanted human peripheral nerves. Moreover, CaPan1 and CaPan2 (high perineural invasion group) also resulted in a high frequency of perineural invasion to mouse s.c. peripheral nerves, whereas three pancreatic cancer cell lines HPAFII, AsPC1, and Panc1 (low perineural invasion group) did not show perineural invasion to either human or mouse nerves. We identified 37 up-regulated genes and 12 down-regulated genes in the high perineural invasion group compared with the low perineural invasion group. Among them, CD74 was up-regulated in the high perineural invasion group in mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of CD74 in clinical cases revealed its significant overexpression in pancreatic cancer with perineural invasion (P < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of perineural invasion models using human pancreatic cancer cell lines. In combination with gene expression profiling, it was indicated that CD74 could be a candidate molecule involved in perineural invasion. These models provide new approaches for study of perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/analysis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Peripheral Nerves/metabolism
- Peripheral Nerves/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Koide
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, USA
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44
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Takagi A, Nishiyama C, Kanada S, Niwa Y, Fukuyama K, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Prolonged MHC class II expression and CIITA transcription in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:388-93. [PMID: 16836979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A transcriptional cofactor, the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), is a master regulator of MHC class II gene expression. CIITA expression is restricted in MHC class II-positive cells and is regulated by 4 (human) or 3 (mouse) promoters. To clarify the usage of human CIITA promoters in keratinocytes, we analyzed CIITA mRNA levels in IFN-gamma-stimulated normal human keratinocytes (NHK) by real-time PCR using promoter-specific primers. When the amount of total CIITA mRNA in NHK was quantified at 6h after IFN-gamma-stimulation, the amount of CIITA mRNA detected in NHK did not differ from that seen in the B cell line Raji or the IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophage cell line THP-1. Quantitative real-time PCR using promoter-specific primers showed that type IV CIITA mRNA was strongly transcribed and that type III CIITA mRNA was weakly transcribed in stimulated NHK, while no transcripts from pI and pII were detected. Although type IV mRNA in THP-1 was transiently transcribed by IFN-gamma-stimulation, transcription of type IV in IFN-gamma-stimulated keratinocytes was prolonged. This difference subsequently caused significantly higher expression at 72 h of MHC class II on NHK, compared with THP-1. This is the first report to quantitatively analyze each type of CIITA transcript in NHK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takagi
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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45
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Khan FD, Roychowdhury S, Gaspari AA, Svensson CK. Immune response to xenobiotics in the skin: from contact sensitivity to drug allergy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:261-72. [PMID: 16866612 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the most frequent target of adverse drug reactions. These cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) show varied clinical manifestations ranging from mildly discomforting rashes to life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Most CDRs appear to be immune mediated, although the mechanism by which they are initiated remains unclear. In this review, current knowledge of the mechanisms by which xenobiotics provoke immune responses in the skin after epicutaneous administration and how similar reactions may occur after systemic routes are summarised. This review also discusses a variety of genetic or environmental factors that may determine the susceptibility of individuals towards immune responses in skin following drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah D Khan
- University of Iowa, Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, 115 S. Grand Avenue, 201 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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46
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Roychowdhury S, Svensson CK. Mechanisms of drug-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E834-46. [PMID: 16594635 PMCID: PMC2750952 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) are the most commonly reported adverse drug reactions. These reactions can range from mildly discomforting to life threatening. CDRs can arise either from immunological or nonimmunological mechanisms, though the preponderance of evidence suggests an important role for immunological responses. Some cutaneous eruptions appear shortly after drug intake, while others are not manifested until 7 to 10 days after initiation of therapy and are consistent with delayed-type hypersensitivity. This review discusses critical steps in the initiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin, which include protein haptenation, dendritic cell activation/migration and T-cell propagation. Recently, an alternative mechanism of drug presentation has been postulated that does not require bioactivation of the parent drug or antigen processing to elicit a drug-specific T-cell response. This review also discusses the role of various immune-mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, in the development of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions in skin. As keratinocytes have been shown to play a crucial role in the initiation and propagation of cutaneous immune responses, we also discuss the means by which these cells may initiate or modulate CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Craig K. Svensson
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
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47
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Lodi G, Scully C, Carrozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: Report of an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 100:40-51. [PMID: 15953916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (LP), the initial triggers of lesion formation and the essential pathogenic pathways are unknown. It is therefore not surprising that the clinical management of oral LP poses considerable difficulties to the dermatologist and the oral physician. A consensus meeting was held in France in March 2003 to discuss the most controversial aspects of oral LP. Part 1 of the meeting report focuses on (1) the relationship between oral LP and viral infection with special emphasis on hepatitis C virus (HCV), and (2) oral LP pathogenesis, in particular the immune mechanisms resulting in lymphocyte infiltration and keratinocyte apoptosis. Part 2 focuses on patient management and therapeutic approaches and includes discussion on malignant transformation of oral LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lodi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy.
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48
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Peterson ML, Ault K, Kremer MJ, Klingelhutz AJ, Davis CC, Squier CA, Schlievert PM. The innate immune system is activated by stimulation of vaginal epithelial cells with Staphylococcus aureus and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2164-74. [PMID: 15784559 PMCID: PMC1087460 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2164-2174.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite knowledge of the effects of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) toxin 1 (TSST-1) on the adaptive immune system, little is known about stimulation of the innate immune system, particularly epithelial cells. This study investigated the interactions of TSS Staphylococcus aureus and TSST-1 with human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) and porcine mucosal surfaces. When cocultured with HVECs for 6 h, TSS S. aureus MN8 proliferated, formed aggregates on the HVEC surfaces, and produced exotoxins. Receptor binding studies showed that 35S-TSST-1 bound to 5 x 10(4) receptors per HVEC, with saturation at 15 min. Affymetrix Human GeneChip U133A microarray analysis determined S. aureus MNSM (100 bacteria/HVEC) caused at least twofold up- or down-regulation of 410 HVEC genes by 6 h; these data were also confirmed with S. aureus MN8. TSST-1 (100 microg/ml) caused up- or down-regulation of 2,386 HVEC genes by 6 h. In response to S. aureus, the HVEC genes most up-regulated compared to those in controls were those coding for chemokines or cytokines--MIP-3alpha, 478-fold; GRO-alpha, 26-fold; GRO-beta, 14-fold; and GRO-gamma, 30-fold--suggesting activation of innate immunity. TSST-1 also caused up-regulation of chemokine/cytokine genes. Chemokine/cytokine gene up-regulation was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays measuring the corresponding proteins induced by S. aureus and TSST-1. S. aureus MN8, when incubated with porcine vaginal tissue, increased the flux of 35S-TSST-1 across the mucosal surface. This was accompanied by influx of lymphocytes into the upper layers of the tissue. These data suggest innate immune system activation through epithelial cells, reflected in chemokine/cytokine production and influx of lymphocytes, may cause changes in vaginal mucosa permeability, facilitating TSST-1 penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie L Peterson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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49
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Roychowdhury S, Vyas PM, Reilly TP, Gaspari AA, Svensson CK. Characterization of the Formation and Localization of Sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone-Associated Drug-Protein Adducts in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:43-52. [PMID: 15784651 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.086009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamide- and sulfone-induced hypersensitivity reactions are thought to be mediated through bioactivation of parent drug molecule(s) to their respective reactive metabolite(s). Recent studies have demonstrated that keratinocytes can bioactivate sulfonamides and sulfones. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hapten-specific rabbit antisera developed in our laboratory, we found that incubation of either normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) or an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or dapsone (DDS) resulted in the formation of drug/metabolite protein adducts. The formation of these adducts with SMX was increased in the presence of ascorbic acid, whereas N-acetylcysteine decreased adduct formation with both SMX and DDS. Adduct formation was confirmed using confocal microscopy when NHEKs were incubated with SMX, DDS, or their respective arylhydroxylamine metabolites. Cellular distribution of adducts was compared in permeable versus nonpermeable NHEKs. Exposure to SMX, DDS, or dapsone hydroxylamine resulted in the formation of intracellular adducts, whereas SMX hydroxylamine also resulted in the presence of adducts on the cell surface. In summary, our work shows that keratinocytes can bioactivate SMX/DDS to form drug-protein adducts, which may be acquired by antigen-presenting cells upon keratinocyte cell death, evoking an immune response. In addition, keratinocytes may themselves present antigen to hapten-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, our results also suggest that different sulfonamides/sulfones may have different protein targets for in situ haptenation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 South Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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50
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Akdis CA, Blaser K, Akdis M. Apoptosis in tissue inflammation and allergic disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:717-23. [PMID: 15511663 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition and environmental instructions tune thresholds for the activation, effector functions and lifespan of T cells, other inflammatory cells and resident tissue cells. Defects in apoptosis and peripheral tolerance in T cells define different allergic phenotypes. In individuals with atopic allergic disease, activated allergen-specific T cells expressing high levels of IFN-gamma predominantly undergo apoptosis in the circulation, skewing the immune response to surviving T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. In affected tissues, these cells switch on effector cytokines and induce the activation and apoptosis of epithelial cells. In individuals with non-atopic monoallergic disease, by contrast, a disturbed balance towards allergen-specific Th2 cells instead of T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells characterizes the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
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