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Gray EA, Patel SN, Doris PA, Hussain T. Combining Neprilysin Inhibitor With AT2R Agonist Is Superior to Combination With AT1R Blocker in Providing Reno-Protection in Obese Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:778953. [PMID: 35197849 PMCID: PMC8859315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.778953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical use of the combination therapy of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan is known to be associated with albuminuria. Albuminuria is both a risk factor for and an indicator of kidney injury. Earlier work from our laboratory reported that the agonist of angiotensin II type 2 receptor Compound 21 (C21) prevents proteinuria, albuminuria, and is reno-protective in obese Zucker rats fed high salt diet (HSD). Thus, we hypothesized that sacubitril/C21 combination provides superior reno-protection compared to sacubitril/valsartan. Male obese Zucker rats 10–11 weeks old were treated daily with vehicle, sacubitril + C21, or sacubitril + valsartan while fed HSD for 16 days. HSD-feeding caused kidney dysfunction, evident by significant increases in urinary protein, osteopontin, and cystatin C. HSD-feeding lowered plasma cystatin C and creatinine concentrations suggestive of hyperfiltration, which was not affected by either treatment. Unlike sacubitril/valsartan, sacubitril/C21 treatment significantly decreases proteinuria, albuminuria, the expression of nephrin, and kidney weight, independent of hyperfiltration, compared with HSD alone. Moreover, sacubitril/valsartan therapy increased plasma renin and did not prevent HSD-induced increases in renal angiotensin II, while sacubitril/C21 completely prevented these changes. Together, this study suggests that sacubitril/C21 afforded superior reno-protection compared to sacubitril/valsartan therapy in high salt-fed obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Alana Gray
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sanket N. Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter A. Doris
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine Center for Human Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Tahir Hussain,
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2
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Han Y, Tian L, Ma F, Tesch G, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Lohman RJ, Morais C, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Pharmacological inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 reduces crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:456-464. [PMID: 30811624 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular crescent formation is a hallmark of rapidly progressive forms of glomerulonephritis. Thrombosis and macrophage infiltration are features of crescent formation in human and experimental kidney disease. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G-protein coupled receptor that links coagulation and inflammation. This study investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of PAR-2 can suppress glomerular crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN). Disease was induced in Wistar Kyoto rats by immunisation with sheep IgG followed by administration of sheep nephrotoxic serum. Rats (n = 8/group) received the PAR-2 antagonist (GB88, 10 mg/kg/p.o.), vehicle or no treatment starting 3 days before nephrotoxic serum injection and continuing until day 14. Vehicle and untreated rats developed thrombosis and macrophage infiltration in the glomerular tuft and Bowman's space in conjunction with prominent crescent formation. Activation of JNK signalling and proliferation in parietal epithelial cells was associated with crescent formation. GB88 treatment significantly reduced crescent formation with a substantial reduction in glomerular thrombosis, reduced macrophage infiltration in Bowman's space, and reduced activation of parietal epithelial cells. However, GB88 did not protect against the development of proteinuria, renal function impairment, inflammation or tubular cell damage in the NTN model. In conclusion, PAR-2 plays a specific role in glomerular crescent formation by promoting glomerular thrombosis, macrophage accumulation in Bowman's space and activation of parietal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Han
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lifang Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Frank Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Kaleta B. The role of osteopontin in kidney diseases. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:93-102. [PMID: 30456594 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is a pleiotropic glycoprotein expressed in various cell types in animals and in humans, including bone, immune, smooth muscle, epithelial and endothelial cells. Moreover, OPN is found in kidneys (in the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and in distal nephrons) and urine. The protein plays an important role in mineralization and bone resorption. In addition, OPN is involved in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. It was demonstrated that OPN and some OPN gene polymorphic variants are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of multiple disorders, such as cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, recent studies suggested that OPN is associated with the pathogenesis of renal failure. METHODS In this review, I briefly discussed the role of OPN and its gene polymorphisms in kidney physiology, as well as in various kidney diseases. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Most studies reported that OPN expression is elevated in urolithiasis, and also in acute and chronic kidney diseases, and in renal allograft dysfunction. Moreover, it was demonstrated that polymorphic variants of the OPN gene may be associated with renal failure. However, some reports suggested that OPN is essential for tubulogenesis, and that it inhibits calcium oxalate crystal formation and retention, nitric oxide synthesis, cell apoptosis and promotes cell regeneration. Thus, further studies are required to fully understand the role of OPN in kidney physiology and pathology. Eventually, these studies may result in the identification of OPN as a valuable marker for renal dysfunction prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, 59 Nowogrodzka St., 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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AbdulHameed MDM, Ippolito DL, Stallings JD, Wallqvist A. Mining kidney toxicogenomic data by using gene co-expression modules. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:790. [PMID: 27724849 PMCID: PMC5057266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by drug and toxicant ingestion is a serious clinical condition associated with high mortality rates. We currently lack detailed knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological networks associated with AKI. In this study, we carried out gene co-expression analyses using DrugMatrix—a large toxicogenomics database with gene expression data from rats exposed to diverse chemicals—and identified gene modules associated with kidney injury to probe the molecular-level details of this disease. Results We generated a comprehensive set of gene co-expression modules by using the Iterative Signature Algorithm and found distinct clusters of modules that shared genes and were associated with similar chemical exposure conditions. We identified two module clusters that showed specificity for kidney injury in that they 1) were activated by chemical exposures causing kidney injury, 2) were not activated by other chemical exposures, and 3) contained known AKI-relevant genes such as Havcr1, Clu, and Tff3. We used the genes in these AKI-relevant module clusters to develop a signature of 30 genes that could assess the potential of a chemical to cause kidney injury well before injury actually occurs. We integrated AKI-relevant module cluster genes with protein-protein interaction networks and identified the involvement of immunoproteasomes in AKI. To identify biological networks and processes linked to Havcr1, we determined genes within the modules that frequently co-express with Havcr1, including Cd44, Plk2, Mdm2, Hnmt, Macrod1, and Gtpbp4. We verified this procedure by showing that randomized data did not identify Havcr1 co-expression genes and that excluding up to 10 % of the data caused only minimal degradation of the gene set. Finally, by using an external dataset from a rat kidney ischemic study, we showed that the frequently co-expressed genes of Havcr1 behaved similarly in a model of non-chemically induced kidney injury. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that co-expression modules and co-expressed genes contain rich information for generating novel biomarker hypotheses and constructing mechanism-based molecular networks associated with kidney injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3143-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Danielle L Ippolito
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan D Stallings
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
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5
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Teplitsky V, Shoenfeld Y, Tanay A. The renin-angiotensin system in lupus: physiology, genes and practice, in animals and humans. Lupus 2016; 15:319-25. [PMID: 16830877 DOI: 10.1191/0961203306lu2306rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple studies suggest a potential role for angiotensin II in inflammation, most were performed either in vitro or in animals with non-immune-complex-mediated diseases. Extrapolation of these findings to humans, particularly patients with lupus, which involves multiple immunoregulatory pathways, is unclear. In autoimmune-prone MRL/lpr mice, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition improved survival although to a lesser degree than cyclophosphamide and diminished the glomerular histopathologic damage, proteinuria, lymphoid hyperplasia, dermatitis, and hypergammaglobulinemia, with a reduction in TGF-beta1 and beta 2 expression in the kidneys and renal chemokine mRNA expression. Spleen levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were also reduced. Uncontrolled studies in patients with treatment-refractory lupus nephritis showed a significant reduction in proteinuria with ACE-inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers treatment. The ‘masking’ effect of ACE-inhibitors should be taken into consideration, as an exacerbation of lupus nephritis may be missed when estimated by the magnitude of proteinuria, which is decreased by these treatments. No single ACE genotype was consistently associated with subsets of SLE patients. In retrospective analyses, ACE-inhibitor use predicted a favourable outcome in 94 cases of pauci-immune vasculitis. The attenuating effect of angiotensin II inhibitors on the progression of chronic renal disease is well recognized. The data on the role of this intervention in lupus is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Teplitsky
- Immunology/Allergy Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqwa, Israel.
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6
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Protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1210-5. [PMID: 25154791 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that antioxidants in green tea extracts may protect kidneys on the progression of end-stage renal disease. We investigated the protective impacts of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups (n=10 per group): control (saline, i.p.), STZ (200mg/kg, i.p.), EGCG50 (50mg/kg, S.Q.), EGCG100 (100mg/kg, S.Q.), and EGCG200 (200mg/kg, S.Q.). Animals were sacrificed at scheduled times after EGCG administration and then quantitative and qualitative analysis were performed. Compared with the control group, the STZ group showed an increase in levels of blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urine protein amounts with a decrease in body weight. All the above parameters were significantly reversed with EGCG treatment, especially in the EGCG100 group. After STZ injection, there was a mesangial proliferation with increased renal osteopontin accumulation and its protein expression in the glomeruli and the proximal tubules. Mice kidneys after EGCG-treatment showed a reduced expression of above parameters and relatively improved histopathological findings. These results indicated that EGCG 100mg/kg might provide an effective protection against STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice by osteopontin suppression.
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7
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Kang H, Kerloc'h A, Rotival M, Xu X, Zhang Q, D'Souza Z, Kim M, Scholz JC, Ko JH, Srivastava PK, Genzen JR, Cui W, Aitman TJ, Game L, Melvin JE, Hanidu A, Dimock J, Zheng J, Souza D, Behera AK, Nabozny G, Cook HT, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Li J, Vignery A, Petretto E, Behmoaras J. Kcnn4 is a regulator of macrophage multinucleation in bone homeostasis and inflammatory disease. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1210-24. [PMID: 25131209 PMCID: PMC4471813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can fuse to form osteoclasts in bone or multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) as part of the immune response. We use a systems genetics approach in rat macrophages to unravel their genetic determinants of multinucleation and investigate their role in both bone homeostasis and inflammatory disease. We identify a trans-regulated gene network associated with macrophage multinucleation and Kcnn4 as being the most significantly trans-regulated gene in the network and induced at the onset of fusion. Kcnn4 is required for osteoclast and MGC formation in rodents and humans. Genetic deletion of Kcnn4 reduces macrophage multinucleation through modulation of Ca2+ signaling, increases bone mass, and improves clinical outcome in arthritis. Pharmacological blockade of Kcnn4 reduces experimental glomerulonephritis. Our data implicate Kcnn4 in macrophage multinucleation, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of bone resorption and chronic inflammation. We identified a gene network that regulates macrophage multinucleation and includes Kcnn4 Kcnn4 can be targeted in two inflammatory conditions with macrophage multinucleation Kcnn4 regulates bone mass under physiological conditions Kcnn4 is a drug target for which inhibitors reached phase III of clinical trials
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseog Kang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Audrey Kerloc'h
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zelpha D'Souza
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael Kim
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jodi Carlson Scholz
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Prashant K Srivastava
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Genzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laurence Game
- Genomics Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - James E Melvin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adedayo Hanidu
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Janice Dimock
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Donald Souza
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Aruna K Behera
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Gerald Nabozny
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Agnès Vignery
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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8
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Ka SM, Tsai PY, Chao TK, Yang SM, Hung YJ, Chen JS, Shui HA, Chen A. Urine annexin A1 as an index for glomerular injury in patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:854163. [PMID: 24591769 PMCID: PMC3925619 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated high urine levels of annexin A1 (ANXA1) protein in a mouse Adriamycin-induced glomerulopathy (ADG) model. OBJECTIVE To establish ANXA1 as a potential biomarker for glomerular injury in patients. METHODS A time-course study in the mouse ADG model, followed by renal tissues and urine samples from patients with various types of glomerular disorders for ANXA1. RESULTS Urinary ANXA1 protein was (1) detectable in both the ADG model and in patients except those with minimal change disease (MCD); (2) positively correlated with renal lesions in patients; and (3) early detectable in diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS ANXA1 is a universal biomarker that is helpful in the early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and outcome monitoring of glomerular injury. Measurement of urinary ANXA1 protein levels can help in differentiating MCD from other types of glomerular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Tsai
- Department of Animal Pharmacology, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Kuang Chao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shuen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Church RJ, McDuffie JE, Sonee M, Otieno M, Ma JY, Liu X, Watkins PB, Harrill AH. MicroRNA-34c-3p is an early predictive biomarker for doxorubicin-induced glomerular injury progression in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased microRNA-34c-3p appeared as a novel biomarker for doxorubicin nephrotoxicity in rats; alterations showed greater specificity than and comparable sensitivity to albuminuria for early prediction of glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Eric McDuffie
- Preclinical Development and Safety
- Janssen Research & Development
- LLC
- San Diego, USA
| | - Manisha Sonee
- Preclinical Development and Safety
- Janssen Research & Development
- LLC
- Spring House, USA
| | - Monicah Otieno
- Preclinical Development and Safety
- Janssen Research & Development
- LLC
- Spring House, USA
| | - Jing Ying Ma
- Preclinical Development and Safety
- Janssen Research & Development
- LLC
- San Diego, USA
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Immunology Systems Pharmacology and Biomarkers
- Janssen Research & Development
- LLC
- San Diego, USA
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate urinary levels and clinical significance of osteopontin (uOPN) in children with different glomerular diseases according to histological diagnosis and degree of proteinuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The examinations were conducted in 3 groups of children: I - 20 children with minimal change disease (MCD) examined twice: A - in relapse; B - in remission, group II - 17 children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), III - 12 children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The control group (C) contained 20 healthy children. OPN was measured in the urine using ELISA commercial available kit (R&D Quantikine) and was expressed in ng/ mg cr. RESULTS The median uOPN/ cr. in MCD children in relapse (IA) was median 134.98 ng/ mg cr. and was higher when compared to controls (p< 0.01). In exam IB, when proteinuria subsided, OPN/ cr. increased to median 172.96 ng/ mg cr. and was higher in comparison to healthy subjects (p< 0.01) and MCD children in relapse (p<0.05). Children from group II revealed higher uOPN/ cr. levels when compared to groups I, III and C (p< 0.01). UOPN/ cr. positively correlated with protein/ creatinine ratio in all examined groups of children (p< 0.01). CONCLUSION We found significantly higher uOPN/ cr. in all the groups of children with glomerulonephritis. The highest uOPN/ cr. levels were found in patients with FSGS and correlated significantly with both interstitial changes and mesangial expansion found in kidney biopsy.
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11
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The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2011; 80:601-11. [PMID: 21544063 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unchecked overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by inflammatory cells can cause tissue damage, intensify inflammation, promote apoptosis, and accelerate the progression of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis (GN). Here we tested whether the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) favorably affect the development of immune-mediated GN. Pretreatment of 129/svJ mice with EGCG from 2 days before to 2 weeks after the induction of GN led to reduced proteinuria and serum creatinine, and marked improvement in renal histology when compared with vehicle-pretreated diseased mice. This pretreatment reduced oxidative stress, and normalized osteopontin, p65/nuclear factor-κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide metabolites, p-Akt, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, p47phox, and myeloperoxidase, all of which were elevated in vehicle-pretreated diseased mice. Levels of glutathione peroxidase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), both reduced in the vehicle-pretreated diseased mice, were normalized. This renoprotective effect was reversed by concomitant administration of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 throughout the EGCG pretreatment period. Importantly, mortality and renal dysfunction were significantly attenuated even when the polyphenol treatment was initiated 1 week after the onset of GN. Thus, EGCG reversed the progression of immune-mediated GN in mice by targeting redox and inflammatory pathways.
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12
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Yoon GS, Kim TS. Podocyte Expression of Osteopontin and FSP-1/S100A4 in Human Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Sook Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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13
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Schordan S, Schordan E, Endlich K, Endlich N. AlphaV-integrins mediate the mechanoprotective action of osteopontin in podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F119-32. [PMID: 21048023 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00143.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mechanical load in podocytes due to glomerular hypertension is one of the important factors leading to podocyte damage and chronic kidney disease. In previous studies, we have shown that mechanical stretch increases osteopontin (OPN) expression in podocytes and that exogenous OPN is mechanoprotective via facilitating cytoskeletal reorganization of podocytes. In the present study, we asked whether the mechanoprotective effect of OPN in podocytes is mediated through specific integrins and whether endogenous OPN of podocytes is required for mechanoprotection. Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes and primary podocytes (PP) from OPN-/- and OPN+/+ mice were used. Cyclic biaxial mechanical stretch (0.5 Hz, 7% linear strain) was applied for up to 3 days. Stretch-induced cell loss was ∼30% higher in OPN-/- PP compared with OPN+/+ PP. Increased cell loss of OPN-/- PP was rescued by OPN coating. Analysis of integrin expression by RT-PCR, application of RGD and SLAYGLR peptides and anti-integrin antibodies, small-interfering RNA knockdown of integrins, and application of kinase inhibitors identified αV-integrins (αVβ1, αVβ3, and αVβ5) to mediate the mechano-protective effect of OPN in podocytes involving focal adhesion kinase, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results demonstrate that endogenous OPN of podocytes plays a nonredundant role in podocyte adaptation to mechanical stretch, and that OPN signaling via α(V)-integrins may represent a relevant therapeutical target in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schordan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Zhou C, Wu J, Torres L, Hicks JM, Bartkowiak T, Parker K, Lou YH. Blockade of osteopontin inhibits glomerular fibrosis in a model of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 2010; 32:324-31. [PMID: 20720406 PMCID: PMC2969149 DOI: 10.1159/000319490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our rat model for anti-GBM GN, severe fibrosis follows glomerular inflammation. A potential role of extracellular matrix protein osteopontin (OPN) in glomerular fibrosis was investigated. METHODS Neutralizing OPN antiserum or control normal serum was injected into the experimental rats at late inflammatory/early fibrotic stage. Glomerular inflammation and fibrosis were determined. RESULTS OPN antiserum treatment had little effect on glomerular inflammation. However, the antiserum treatment resulted in a significant reduction in number of fibrotic glomeruli (50% of the controls). Histology observation showed that fibrotic tissue in glomeruli of the antiserum treated rats was mild and poorly developed. OPN antiserum treatment resulted in downregulated glomerular expression of collagen 1α1; collagen deposition in the antiserum treated rats reduced to <30% of that for normal serum controls. CONCLUSION Neutralization of OPN inhibited progression of fibrosis in vivo when given at early fibrotic stage. Thus, OPN may be a therapeutic target for glomerular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zhou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Jean Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Lisa Torres
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | | | - Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Kiana Parker
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Ya-Huan Lou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
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Merszei J, Wu J, Torres L, Hicks JM, Bartkowiak T, Tan F, Lou YH. Osteopontin overproduction is associated with progression of glomerular fibrosis in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 2010; 32:262-271. [PMID: 20714131 PMCID: PMC2980521 DOI: 10.1159/000319238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular fibrosis is the common end result of glomerulonephritis (GN) regardless of etiology. In our rat model for anti-glomerular basement membrane GN, severe fibrosis follows glomerular inflammation. We investigated the association between expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and progression of glomerular fibrosis. METHODS Expression of ECM genes in glomeruli was determined at RNA and protein levels. Immunofluorescence was applied to identify cell sources for the molecules. RESULTS DNA microarray for ECM genes, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot revealed significant upregulation of osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional molecule, in the glomeruli only after onset of glomerular fibrosis. Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the expressed OPN was in three major isoforms. Immunofluorescence showed that fibrotic tissues in glomeruli accumulated massive deposits of extracellular OPN. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that a novel population of multinucleated α-smooth muscle actin(+)CD90(-) myofibroblast-like cells, which surrounded fibrotic tissue, was the main source of OPN during progression of fibrosis. Since senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity was detected in those cells both in vitro and in vivo, these cells probably were terminally differentiated senescent myofibroblasts. CONCLUSION OPN has been implicated in fibrosis in several organs. Our results suggest potential roles of OPN and its main source, the senescent myofibroblasts, in glomerular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Merszei
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Tex., USA
| | - Jean Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Lisa Torres
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Tex., USA
| | - John M. Hicks
- Texas Children's Hospital, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Filemon Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Ya-Huan Lou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences DB, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Tex., USA
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16
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Lu H, Zhen J, Wu T, Peng A, Ye T, Wang T, Yu X, Vaziri ND, Mohan C, Zhou XJ. Superoxide dismutase mimetic drug tempol aggravates anti-GBM antibody-induced glomerulonephritis in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F445-52. [PMID: 20504883 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00583.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM-GN). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first line of defense against oxidative stress by converting superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). We investigated the effect of the SOD mimetic drug tempol on anti-GBM-GN in mice. 129/svJ mice were challenged with rabbit anti-mouse-GBM sera to induce GN and subsequently divided into tempol (200 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), orally) and vehicle-treated groups. Routine histology, SOD and catalase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), H(2)O(2), and immunohistochemical staining for neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, p65-NF-kappaB, and osteopontin were performed. Mice with anti-GBM-GN had significantly reduced renal SOD and catalase activities and increased H(2)O(2) and MDA levels. Unexpectedly, tempol administration exacerbated anti-GBM-GN as evidenced by intensification of proteinuria, the presence of severe crescentic GN with leukocyte influx, and accelerated mortality in the treated group. Tempol treatment raised SOD activity and H(2)O(2) level in urine, upregulated p65-NF-kappaB and osteopontin in the kidney, but had no effect on renal catalase activity. Thus tempol aggravates anti-GBM-GN by increasing production of H(2)O(2) which is a potent NF-kappaB activator and as such can intensify inflammation and renal injury. This supposition is supported by increases seen in p65-NF-kappaB, osteopontin, and leukocyte influx in the kidneys of the tempol-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Pathology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA
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17
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Yoon GS, Kim TS. Significance of Osteopontin Expression in the Progression of Human Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.5.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Sook Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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18
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Chen TH, Chang CF, Yu SC, Wang JC, Chen CH, Chan P, Lee HM. Dipyridamole inhibits cobalt chloride-induced osteopontin expression in NRK52E cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lorenzen J, Shah R, Biser A, Staicu SA, Niranjan T, Garcia AM, Gruenwald A, Thomas DB, Shatat IF, Supe K, Woroniecki RP, Susztak K. The role of osteopontin in the development of albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:884-90. [PMID: 18443355 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several gene array studies have suggested that osteopontin (Opn) expression strongly correlates with albuminuria and glomerular disease. Urinary Opn concentration and kidney Opn immunoreactivity were found to be increased in patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. In addition, renal Opn mRNA was increased in the Ins2(Akita) mouse model of type 1 diabetic nephropathy, in the LPS-induced albuminuria model, and in glomeruli of puromycin aminonucleotide-induced nephrotic rats. Opn knockout mice did not develop albuminuria in response to LPS injection, and Opn knockout mice were protected from diabetes-induced albuminuria and mesangial expansion. In the glomerulus, Opn immunostaining was increased specifically in podocytes. Treatment of podocytes with recombinant Opn activated the NF-kappaB pathway, increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and increased podocyte motility. Taken together, these results indicate that Opn plays an important role in the development of albuminuria, possibly by modulating podocyte signaling and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lorenzen
- Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Ka SM, Cheng CW, Shui HA, Wu WM, Chang DM, Lin YC, Chen A. Mesangial cells of lupus-prone mice are sensitive to chemokine production. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R67. [PMID: 17617918 PMCID: PMC2206365 DOI: 10.1186/ar2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious antigens may be triggers for the exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus. The underlying mechanism causing acceleration and exacerbation of lupus nephritis (LN) is largely unknown. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is capable of inducing an accelerated model of LN in NZB/W mice, featuring diffuse proliferation of glomerular resident cells. We hypothesized that mesangial cells (MCs) from LN subjects are more responsive to LPS than normal subjects. Cultured primary NZB/W and DBA/W (nonautoimmune disease-prone strain with MHC class II molecules identical to those of NZB/W) MCs were used. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and osteopontin (OPN) expressions either in the baseline (normal culture) condition or in the presence of LPS were evaluated by real-time PCR, ELISA, or western blot analysis. NF-κB was detected by ELISA, electrophoresis mobility-shift assay, and immunofluorescence. First, either in the baseline condition or in the presence of LPS, NZB/W MCs produced significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and OPN than the DBA/W MC controls. Second, NZB/W MCs expressed significantly higher levels of Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, and NF-κB than the DBA/W MC controls, both receiving exactly the same LPS treatment. In conclusion, NZB/W MCs are significantly more sensitive than their normal control DBA/W MCs in producing both MCP-1 and OPN. With LPS treatment, the significantly elevated levels of both chemokines produced by NZB/W MCs are more likely due to a significantly greater activation of the Toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 88-associated NF-κB pathway. The observed abnormal molecular events provide an intrarenal pathogenic pathway involved in an accelerated type of LN, which is potentially infection triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Man Ka
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Mein Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Chung Cheng Road, Taipei County 242, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Shui HA, Ka SM, Yang SM, Lin YF, Lo YF, Chen A. Osteopontin as an injury marker expressing in epithelial hyperplasia lesions helpful in prognosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transl Res 2007; 150:216-22. [PMID: 17900509 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is characterized by typical sclerosis but also shows other non-sclerotic lesions that provide prognostic informations. The glomerular epithelial hyperplasia lesion (EPHL) that develops earlier than the sclerotic lesions is a key determinant of progression of FSGS. However, the relationship among EPHL, glomeular sclerosis, and macrophage infiltration in FSGS is unclear, and the EPHL-associated markers helpful for prognosis of FSGS have still not been completely identified. Here, we performed clinicopathologic, immunochemical, and molecular analyses to examine whether osteopontin (OPN), a macrophage chemokine, is an injury marker of EPHLs correlating with glomerular sclerosis and macrophage mobilization. First, the FSGS model was induced in Balb/c mice by a single injection of adriamycin, and consecutive sclerosis changes were evaluated. In parallel, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses to determine levels of OPN in isolated glomeruli and urine, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess the OPN expression in EPHLs and macrophage infiltration around the glomeruli. Our results showed that, within glomeruli, OPN expressed restrictedly within EPHL; the OPN mRNA and protein of glomeruli increased on day 11, correlating well with the early EPHL, and following sclerosis and macrophage infiltration. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of OPN greatly highlighted early glomerular EPHLs, helping microscopic identification of EPHLs. We propose that the OPN expression in EPHLs could contribute to the progression of FSGS by recruiting macrophage toward the compromised glomeruli. Detection of OPN in glomeruli and urine could be helpful in prognosis of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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22
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Ka SM, Huang XR, Lan HY, Tsai PY, Yang SM, Shui HA, Chen A. Smad7 gene therapy ameliorates an autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1777-88. [PMID: 17475816 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis is characterized by severe immune response with glomerular crescentic formation and fibrosis in the kidney. Recent studies indicate that overexpression of renal Smad7 attenuates both renal fibrosis and inflammation in rat remnant kidney. However, little attention has been paid to the potential role of TGF-beta/Smad signaling in autoimmune kidney disease. This study tested the hypothesis that blocking TGF-beta signaling by overexpression of Smad7 may have a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis that was induced in C57BL/6 x DBA/2J F1 hybrid mice by giving DBA/2J donor lymphocytes. Smad7 gene was transfected into the kidney using the ultrasound-microbubble-mediated system. Results showed that overexpression of Smad7 blocked both renal fibrosis and inflammatory pathways in terms of Smad2/3 and NF-kappaB activation (P < 0.01), thereby inhibiting alpha-smooth muscle actin; collagen I, III, and IV accumulation; and expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6), adhesion molecule/chemokine (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (all P < 0.01). Leukocyte infiltration (CD4(+) cells and macrophages) was also suppressed (P < 0.005). Severe histologic damage (glomerular crescent formation and tubulointerstitial injury) and functional injury including proteinuria were significantly improved (all P < 0.05). This study provides important evidence that overexpression of Smad7 may have therapeutic potential for autoimmune kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Man Ka
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325 Sec. 2 Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Desai B, Rogers MJ, Chellaiah MA. Mechanisms of osteopontin and CD44 as metastatic principles in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:18. [PMID: 17343740 PMCID: PMC1828067 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression level of osteopontin correlates with the metastatic potential of several tumors. Osteopontin is a well-characterized ligand for the alphavbeta3 integrin. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the possible role of osteopontin/alphavbeta3 signaling in prostate cancer cell migration. RESULTS We generated stable prostate cancer cell (PC3) lines that over-express osteopontin (PC3/OPN), mutant OPN in the integrin binding-site (PC3/RGDDeltaRGA), and null for OPN (PC3/SiRNA). The following observations were made in PC3/OPN cells as compared with PC3 cells: 1) an increase in multinucleated giant cells and RANKL expression; 2) an increase in CD44 surface expression, interaction of CD44/MMP-9 on the cell surface, MMP-9 activity in the conditioned medium, and cell migration; 3) western blot analysis of concentrated conditioned medium exhibited equal levels of MMP-9 protein in all PC3 cells. However, zymography analysis demonstrated that the levels of MMP-9 activity in the conditioned media reflect the CD44 surface expression pattern of the PC3 cell lines; 4) although MMP-9 and MMP-2 are secreted by PC3 cells, only the secretion of MMP-9 is regulated by OPN expression. A strong down regulation of the above-mentioned processes was observed in PC3/OPN (RGA) and PC3/SiRNA cells. PC3/OPN cells treated with bisphosphonate (BP) reproduce the down-regulation observed in PC3/OPN (RGA) and PC3/SiRNA cells. CONCLUSION Rho signaling plays a crucial role in CD44 surface expression. BPs inhibits the mevalonate pathway, which in turn, prevents the prenylation of a number of small GTPases. Attenuation of Rho GTPase activation by BPs may have contributed to the down regulation of cell surface CD44/MMP-9 interaction, MMP-9 activation/secretion, and cell migration. Taken together, these observations suggest that CD44 surface expression is an important event in the activation of MMP-9 and migration of prostate cancer cells. The various steps involved in the above mentioned signaling pathway and/or the molecules regulating the activation of MMP-9 are potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Desai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Bone Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB252ZD, UK
| | - Meenakshi A Chellaiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Smeets B, Dijkman HBPM, Wetzels JFM, Steenbergen EJ. Lessons from studies on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: an important role for parietal epithelial cells? J Pathol 2006; 210:263-72. [PMID: 16924588 DOI: 10.1002/path.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are caused by multiple mechanisms. Progressive glomerular injury is characterized by the development of segmental or global glomerulosclerosis independent of the nature of the underlying renal disease. Most studies on glomerular disease focus on the constituents of the filtration barrier (podocytes, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), endothelial cells) or the mesangial cells. Little attention is given to the epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule, the so called parietal epithelial cells (PECs). This 'lack of attention' is partly explained by the presumed 'passive' function of PECs, which are large, flattened cells that cover Bowman's capsule in a single cell layer and form a barrier between the ultrafiltrate and the periglomerular interstitium, in normal glomerular physiology. A more important reason has been the lack of an established primary role for the parietal epithelium in glomerular diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have demonstrated that PECs are involved in extracapillary proliferation. In addition, PECs can become highly active, proliferating cells, expressing many growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and their receptors. It was recently demonstrated that PECs also play a part in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This review summarises current knowledge of the PEC, with emphasis on the role of PECs in the development of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Zhong J, Eckhardt ERM, Oz HS, Bruemmer D, de Villiers WJS. Osteopontin deficiency protects mice from Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:790-6. [PMID: 16917234 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200608000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycoprotein that promotes TH1 immune responses, is involved in several inflammatory conditions. Recently, OPN plasma levels have been demonstrated to be elevated in patients with Crohn's disease. From this evidence, we investigated in the present study whether OPN deficiency protects mice against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced in OPN -/- mice and matched wild-type Black Swiss control mice by adding 3.5% DSS to their drinking water. Disease progression was evaluated for 10 days by measuring body weight, stool consistency, rectal bleeding, colon lengths, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Levels of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A, O PN, the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured in the serum and, in the case of IL-10 and IL-12, in supernatants from colonic explants at the end of treatment. RESULTS After DSS treatment, OPN -/- mice exhibited significantly decreased disease activity compared with wild-type mice, as evidenced by reduced rectal bleeding, weight loss, and histological intestinal injury (P < 0.002). Furthermore, serum levels of serum amyloid A and IL-6 increased to a lesser extent (P < 0.001), which also was the case for the release of IL-12 by colonic explants (P < 0.01). The release of IL-10 by colonic explants, however, was increased (P < 0.01). Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were not affected by DSS treatment in both wild-type and OPN-/- mice. Macrophage infiltration into inflamed colonic tissue also was markedly attenuated in DSS-treated OPN -/- mice compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that OPN deficiency significantly protected mice from colitis by attenuating the TH1 response and macrophage chemotaxis. OPN may represent a novel attractive target for pharmacological treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
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Serlin DM, Kuang PP, Subramanian M, O'Regan A, Li X, Berman JS, Goldstein RH. Interleukin-1beta induces osteopontin expression in pulmonary fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:519-29. [PMID: 16211580 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin is a multifunctional matricellular protein identified as one of the most upregulated genes in pulmonary fibrosis. Experimental animal models have identified early pro-fibrotic cytokines as essential to the pathogenesis of inflammation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, the principal sources of osteopontin in the fibroproliferative lung, and the factors responsible for its induction, have not been fully defined. We isolated primary rat lung fibroblasts in culture to examine the expression and regulation of lung fibroblast-derived osteopontin. Our results demonstrate a potent and dramatic increase in osteopontin expression induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and angiotensin II had minimal effect. Stimulation with IL-1beta resulted in the secretion of soluble osteopontin protein. We found that osteopontin expression by IL-1beta was regulated via signaling primarily through the mitogen-activated protein kinase member ERK1/2, partially by p38 MAPK, but not at all by JNK. Finally, the mechanism of IL-1beta increase in osteopontin mRNA requires de novo transcription and translation. In conclusion, we find that osteopontin is expressed by primary lung fibroblasts and is potently upregulated by the early inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine IL-1beta. Activated fibroblasts may be a significant source of osteopontin production during lung fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Serlin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street R304, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abel B, Kurrer M, Shamshiev A, Marty RR, Eriksson U, Günthert U, Kopf M. The osteopontin – CD44 pathway is superfluous for the development of autoimmune myocarditis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:494-9. [PMID: 16402410 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and CD44 have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, including arthritis and multiple sclerosis, as well as chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and colitis. To investigate their roles in autoimmune myocarditis induced by immunization with heart alpha-myosin (MyHC-alpha), a mouse model of human cardiomyopathy, we analyzed mice lacking OPN or CD44v6/v7, a CD44 isoform that binds OPN. Both, OPN(-/-) and CD44v6/v7(-/-) mice developed myocarditis with the same prevalence and severity as BALB/c wild-type controls. Furthermore, treatment of BALB/c mice with a pan-neutralizing anti-CD44 antibody did not affect the disease outcome. Consistently, expansion of MyHC-alpha-specific autoimmune CD4(+) T cells and MyHC-alpha autoantibody responses from either CD44v6/v7(-/-) mice or OPN(-/-) mice was indistinguishable from their wild-type controls. Thus, OPN and CD44v6/v7 are merely spectators rather than protagonists in autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Abel
- Molecular Biomedicine, ETH Zürich, Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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Kramer AB, Ricardo SD, Kelly DJ, Waanders F, van Goor H, Navis G. Modulation of osteopontin in proteinuria-induced renal interstitial fibrosis. J Pathol 2005; 207:483-92. [PMID: 16211543 DOI: 10.1002/path.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinuria is associated with macrophage-dependent interstitial fibrosis (IF). Osteopontin (OPN), a macrophage chemoattractant, may be involved in the transition of proteinuria to IF but protective properties have also been reported. To elucidate whether OPN may be involved in the proteinuria-induced cascade of tubulointerstitial damage, renal expression of OPN was studied during the development of proteinuria-induced renal damage and during anti-proteinuric intervention with ACE inhibition (ACEi). First, the temporal relationships between proteinuria, interstitial OPN induction, and IF in adriamycin nephrosis (AN), a model of chronic proteinuria-induced renal damage, were studied. Second, the effect of anti-proteinuric treatment on OPN expression was investigated. The time course of OPN induction and markers of renal damage was studied in rats with unilateral AN at 6-week intervals until week 30. In a second study, a renal biopsy was taken 6 weeks after induction of bilateral AN; subsequently, rats were treated with ACEi until termination (week 12). In unilateral AN, proteinuria developed gradually and stabilized at week 10. In proteinuric kidneys, OPN expression was induced from week 12 onwards. Simultaneously, a progressive increase in interstitial macrophages, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), collagen type III, and focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) was observed. In bilateral AN, ACEi reduced proteinuria and OPN protein and stabilized fibrosis. In untreated animals, OPN mRNA increased, with stable OPN protein and fibrosis and increased FGS. Thus, in AN, development of proteinuria is followed by up-regulation of OPN along with markers of renal damage. The up-regulation of OPN is reversible by anti-proteinuric treatment without a corresponding reduction in fibrosis. Whereas these data are consistent with a role for OPN in the cascade of transition from proteinuria to fibrosis, intervention with ACEi showed that reduction of OPN does not attenuate established fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kramer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ka SM, Rifai A, Chen JH, Cheng CW, Shui HA, Lee HS, Lin YF, Hsu LF, Chen A. Glomerular crescent-related biomarkers in a murine model of chronic graft versus host disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 21:288-98. [PMID: 16249193 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfi229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the alterations in gene expression associated with the development of crescentic glomerulonephritis in murine chronic graft-versus-host disease, a model for human systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS The disease was induced in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F(1) hybrids by injection of DBA/2 lymphocytes leading to deposition of auto-antibodies in the glomeruli, and a lupus type of nephritis morphologically. After extensive crescent formation at week 9 of disease, cDNA microarray analysis was performed and highly expressed genes were evaluated as molecular markers by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and immunoassay of urine proteins. RESULTS Six genes, secreted acidic cysteine-rich glycoprotein (Sparc), thymosin beta 10 (Tmsb10), S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (S100a6), annexin A2 (Anxa2), osteopontin (OPN) and lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), were quantified by real-time RT-PCR in laser microdissected glomeruli in a time course manner. Sparc was detected early before the onset of proteinuria and continued to increase throughout the course of the disease. The expression of Tmsb10, S100a6 and Anxa2 coincided with heavy proteinuria. By week 9, OPN and Lcn2 were highly expressed. The expression of proteins encoded by these genes was predominant in the glomerular crescent. The protein levels of Sparc, OPN and Lcn2 in urine were significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate these six genes in the development of glomerular crescents. More importantly, detection of Sparc, OPN and Lcn2 in urine may mean that these molecules could serve as important biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of glomerular crescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yamada M, Katsuma S, Adachi T, Hirasawa A, Shiojima S, Kadowaki T, Okuno Y, Koshimizu TA, Fujii S, Sekiya Y, Miyamoto Y, Tamura M, Yumura W, Nihei H, Kobayashi M, Tsujimoto G. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 prevents the progression of glomerulonephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7736-41. [PMID: 15897466 PMCID: PMC1140418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409818102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a progressive inflammation that may be caused by a variety of underlying disorders. It is the primary cause of chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease, which require dialysis and transplantation worldwide. Immunosuppressive therapy has been used to treat GN clinically, but this treatment has had insufficient therapeutic effects. Here, we show that protein kinase CK2 is a key molecule in the progression of GN. cDNA microarray analysis identified CK2alpha, the catalytic subunit of CK2, as a GN-related, differentially expressed gene. Overexpression of CK2alpha was noted in the proliferative glomerular lesions in rat GN models and in renal biopsy specimens from lupus nephritis or IgA nephropathy patients. Administration of either antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against CK2alpha or low molecular weight CK2-specific inhibitors effectively prevented the progression of renal pathology in the rat GN models. The resolution of GN by CK2 inhibition may result from its suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated cell proliferation, and its suppression of inflammatory and fibrotic processes that are enhanced in GN. Our results show that CK2 plays a critical role in the progression of immunogenic renal injury, and therefore, CK2 is a potential target for GN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Yamada
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 1111 Tebiro Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
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Besse-Eschmann V, Le Hir M, Endlich N, Endlich K. Alteration of podocytes in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 122:139-49. [PMID: 15258770 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest a central role of podocytes in crescent formation. In experimental glomerulonephritis podocytes disrupt the parietal epithelial layer and attach on its basement membrane, thus forming bridges between the tuft and Bowman's capsule, and they are a major constituent of crescents. In order to explain these findings we hypothesize that inflammation triggers motility in podocytes. In the present study we asked whether podocytes display alterations which suggest a migratory behavior in glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by injection of a rabbit serum against the glomerular basement membrane. The kidneys were perfusion-fixed 6 days later and examined by light and electron microscopy as well as by immunohistochemistry. In glomerulonephritis the apical cytoplasm of podocytes displayed numerous actin-containing microprotrusions. Cortactin, a protein involved in the regulation of actin polymerization, was predominantly expressed in foot processes of podocytes in control mice. It was redistributed to the cell body in glomerulonephritis. In untreated mice betal-integrin was restricted to the foot processes. In glomerulonephritis it was additionally found in the cytoplasm and in the apical cell membrane. Recycling of integrins is a crucial event in initiation of cell migration. ICAM-1 and CD44, the ligation of which induces migratory behaviors, were absent from healthy podocytes but expressed by some podocytes in glomerulonephritis. Thus, in glomerulonephritis podocytes display some characteristic features of migrating cells. This might explain their ability to break through the parietal epithelium and to become a constituent of early crescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Besse-Eschmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lee SH, Li C, Lim SW, Ahn KO, Choi BS, Kim YS, Moon IS, Kim J, Bang BK, Yang CW. Attenuation of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis by recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:64-76. [PMID: 15746540 DOI: 10.1159/000084275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) protects neurons and cardiomyocytes from acute insults. We investigated the protective effect of rHuEPO on cyclosporine (CsA)-induced renal injury. METHODS CsA (15 mg/kg/day) was given to rats for 1 or 4 weeks, and rHuEPO was concurrently administered at a dose of 100 units/kg (thrice weekly). Effects of rHuEPO on CsA-induced renal injury were evaluated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) score, macrophage infiltration, expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and apoptotic cell death. RESULTS Administration of rHuEPO decreased TIF score and the number of macrophages, which increased significantly in CsA-treated rat kidneys. At the molecular level, rHuEPO treatment decreased proinflammatory mediators (osteopontin and C-reactive protein) and profibrotic mediators (transforming growth factor-beta1 and transforming growth factor-beta1-inducible gene-h3). Increased apoptotic cell death in CsA-treated rat kidneys was significantly decreased with rHuEPO cotreatment, and apoptosis-related genes were regulated in favor of cell survival (increased Bcl-2 and suppressed caspase-3). CONCLUSION rHuEPO has a renoprotective effect against chronic CsA-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Takeda SI, Takahashi M, Sado Y, Takeuchi K, Hakamata Y, Shimizu H, Kaneko T, Yamamoto H, Ito C, Ookawara S, Asano Y, Kusano E, Kobayashi E. Prevention of glomerular crescent formation in glomerulonephritis by mycophenolate mofetil in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:2228-36. [PMID: 15238626 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular crescent formation is a prominent feature of aggressive forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) and is associated with a poor prognosis. We investigated whether the potent immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) could prevent crescent formation in a model of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) GN in the rat. METHODS GN with glomerular crescents was induced by the injection of anti-GBM antibody to female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY/NCrj) rats. The experimental rats were divided into two groups: rats received vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcerlose) or MMF (20 mg/kg/day) orally. Body weight was measured and the urine and blood samples were evaluated. The rats were sacrificed at day 14, and histological analysis was performed. The mRNA expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the kidney was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Marked proteinuria, glomerular crescent formation and glomerulosclerosis were observed in this model, and these were significantly reduced by MMF treatment. Marked glomerular macrophage and T-cell infiltration was also observed, and MMF treatment significantly inhibited macrophage but not T-cell infiltration. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin was decreased by the treatment with MMF. In addition, MMF treatment in the early stages of GN could inhibit proteinuria, glomerular crescent formation and glomerulosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest therapeutic potential for MMF in the inhibition of glomerular crescent formation in GN and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the amelioration of crescentic GN by MMF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Takeda
- Division of Organ Replacement Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Chen YM, Ng YY, Lin SL, Chiang WC, Lan HY, Tsai TJ. Pentoxifylline suppresses renal tumour necrosis factor-alpha and ameliorates experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1106-15. [PMID: 14993492 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crescentic glomerulonephritis is a rapidly progressive form of glomerulonephritis, but treatment remains non-specific. The methylxanthine derivative pentoxifylline (PTX) is a clinically available phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. This study examined whether PTX has beneficial effects in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) crescentic glomerulonephritis. METHODS Experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced in Wistar rats by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-rat GBM serum and treated with either vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) or PTX (0.1 g/kg/day) intravenously on a daily basis. Groups of six animals were euthanized at days 3, 7, 14 or 28 after induction of disease. Effects of PTX on renal function, histology and expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules were determined. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle-treated nephritic rats, PTX treatment beginning at the start of the nephritis significantly suppressed mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, but not interleukin-1 beta, throughout the course of nephritis. Moreover, PTX decreased renal mRNAs for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and osteopontin (OPN) at all time points examined. These effects were associated with a significant inhibition of macrophage and T-cell infiltration, a reduction of 24-h urinary protein excretion (50-75%, P<0.05), an improvement of histological damage including glomerular crescent formation (60-70%, P<0.01) and a decrease of cortical mRNAs for type I (alpha 1) collagen and fibronectin. The efficacy of PTX could also be seen, though to a lesser extent, in rats with established nephritis. CONCLUSIONS PTX is an effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent capable of suppressing rat crescentic glomerulonephritis. Inhibition of renal TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, RANTES, MCP-1 and OPN expression may be a mechanism whereby PTX suppresses progressive renal injury in rat crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Le Hir M, Besse-Eschmann V. A novel mechanism of nephron loss in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2003; 63:591-9. [PMID: 12631123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephron loss is a major determinant of renal failure in glomerular diseases. The prevalent concept stresses the role of the toxicity of filtered proteins and/or of interstitial inflammation in tubular degeneration. However, whether that concept is compatible with the actual histopathological features of nephron loss has not been investigated specifically. METHODS We investigated the morphological aspects of tubular degeneration in crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. Glomerulonephritis was induced by intravenous injection of anti-glomerular basement membrane antiserum in presensitized mice. Kidneys were fixed by perfusion and examined by light- and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Tubular degeneration started with cellular hypotrophy in the proximal tubule. Hypotrophy appeared to follow obstruction of the initial proximal tubule by a cellular crescent. Whereas induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was diffuse in glomerulonephritic mice, expression of CD44 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) appeared to be restricted to degenerating tubules. Interstitial inflammation developed in the vicinity of degenerating tubules. Inflammatory infiltration of tubules themselves was observed only in late stages of tubular degeneration. CONCLUSION In a similar manner as described earlier for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, in crescentic glomerulonephritis nephron loss can be initiated by the progression of a glomerular lesion into the proximal tubule. Interstitial inflammation might be rather a consequence than the cause of tubular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Le Hir
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Endlich N, Sunohara M, Nietfeld W, Wolski EW, Schiwek D, Kränzlin B, Gretz N, Kriz W, Eickhoff H, Endlich K. Analysis of differential gene expression in stretched podocytes: osteopontin enhances adaptation of podocytes to mechanical stress. FASEB J 2002; 16:1850-2. [PMID: 12354696 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0125fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular hypertension is a major determinant advancing progression to end-stage renal failure. Podocytes, which are thought to counteract pressure-mediated capillary expansion, are increasingly challenged in glomerular hypertension. Studies in animal models of glomerular hypertension indicate that glomerulosclerosis develops from adhesions of the glomerular tuft to Bowman's capsule due to progressive podocyte loss. However, the molecular alterations of podocytes in glomerular hypertension are unknown. In this study, we determined the changes in gene expression in podocytes induced by mechanical stress in vitro (cyclic biaxial stretch, 0.5 Hz, 5% linear strain, 3 days) using cDNA arrays (6144 clones). Sixteen differentially regulated genes were identified, suggesting alterations of cell-matrix interaction, mitochondrial/metabolic function, and protein synthesis/degradation in stretched podocytes. The transcript for the matricellular protein osteopontin (OPN) was most strongly up-regulated by stretch (approximately threefold). By reverse transcriptase-polymer chain reaction, up-regulation of OPN mRNA was also detected in glomeruli of rats treated for 2.5 wk with desoxycorticosterone acetate-salt, an animal model of glomerular hypertension. In cultured podocytes, OPN coating induced a motile phenotype increasing actin nucleation proteins at cell margins and reducing stress fibers and focal adhesions. Intriguingly, additional OPN coating of collagen IV-coated membranes accelerated stretch-induced actin reorganization and markedly diminished podocyte loss at higher strain. This study delineates the molecular response of podocytes to mechanical stress and identifies OPN as a stretch-adapting molecule in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Li C, Yang CW, Ahn HJ, Kim WY, Park CW, Park JH, Cha JH, Kim J, Kim YS, Bang BK. Colchicine suppresses osteopontin expression and inflammatory cell infiltration in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Nephron Clin Pract 2002; 92:422-30. [PMID: 12218323 DOI: 10.1159/000063299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine (Col) is beneficial to renal injury because of its anti-inflammatory effect, but its mechanism has yet to be elucidated. The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of colchicine on osteopontin (OPN) expression and the macrophage accumulation in chronic cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats on a low salt diet (LSD, 0.05% sodium) were treated daily with Col (30 microg/kg), CsA (15 mg/kg), and both CsA and colchicine or vehicle (olive oil 1 ml/kg) for 4 weeks. The effects of colchicine on chronic CsA nephrotoxicity were evaluated by examining renal function, histopathology, and ED-1 positive cells. The expressions of OPN mRNA and protein were estimated respectively by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated rats, CsA-treated rats showed an increase in serum creatinine, a decline in creatinine clearance rate, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (all p < 0.01). Concomitant administration of colchicine reversed all of the above parameters (all p < 0.01). Of note, the upregulated expression of osteopontin mRNA and protein seen in CsA-treated rats was significantly decreased after colchicine treatment. Furthermore, the expression of osteopontin mRNA was strongly correlated with the number of ED-1 positive cells (r = 0.712, p < 0.001) and the tubulointerstitial fibrosis score (r = 0.586, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Colchicine is capable of abrogating the upregulation of chemotactic OPN expression and macrophage influx, and this is associated with improved renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, KangNam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 BanPo-Dong, SeoCho-Ku, 137-040 Seoul, Korea
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Takazoe K, Foti R, Hurst LA, Lan HY, Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Interleukin 1 induces renal CD44 expression in vivo and in vitro: role of the transcription factor Egr-1. Nephrology (Carlton) 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1797.2002.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cao Z, Cox A, Bonnet F. Increased osteopontin expression following renal ablation is attenuated by angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism. EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROLOGY 2002; 10:19-25. [PMID: 11803201 DOI: 10.1159/000049894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin is an extracellular matrix protein that is upregulated in renal injury. The aim of this study was to explore the renal expression of osteopontin in a model of progressive renal injury following subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) in rats and the effects of angiotensin type1 (AT1) receptor antagonist irbesartan on osteopontin expression. STNx or a sham operation was performed in 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. STNx rats were given either irbesartan (15 mg/g) or no treatment for 12 weeks. Upregulation of osteopontin mRNA expression was observed in injured renal tubules as assessed by in situ hybridization (42 +/- 8 dpm/mm(2) v.s. control 7.7 +/- 0.6 dpm/mm(2), p < 0.01). Increased osteopontin expression was closely related to infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and increased cellular proliferation. Double immunohistochemical staining demonstrated co-existence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and osteopontin positive staining in individual cells in kidney sections from STNx rats. The increase in osteopontin expression was inhibited by the AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan (6.9 +/- 1.2 dpm/mm(2)), associated with attenuation of impaired renal function and pathology as well as decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration and cellular proliferation. These findings suggest that osteopontin is upregulated in STNx rats and is reduced by AT1 receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin & Repatriation Medical Center, Heidelberg West, Vic., Australia.
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Sano N, Kitazawa K, Sugisaki T. Localization and roles of CD44, hyaluronic acid and osteopontin in IgA nephropathy. Nephron Clin Pract 2001; 89:416-21. [PMID: 11721159 DOI: 10.1159/000046113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important function of CD44 is to act as a cellular receptor for hyaluronic acid and osteopontin. Cell-matrix interactions mediated by the CD44/hyaluronic acid receptor-ligand pair are involved in the regulation of leukocyte migration and activation. Osteopontin is a molecule associated with cell adhesion and migration and functions through binding to CD44. This study examined whether CD44, hyaluronic acid and osteopontin participate in the progression of IgA nephropathy. CD44 was expressed in mesangial cells, crescents, tubular cells and interstitial infiltrating cells in areas of tubulointerstitial injury. Hyaluronic acid was deposited in the capillary tuft of adhesion, crescents and the periglomerular area, and around damaged tubules. Osteopontin was expressed in tubular cells and interstitial infiltrating cells in areas of tubulointerstitial injury. The glomerular and interstitial deposition of hyaluronic acid correlated with the glomerular and interstitial expression of CD44. The interstitial expression of CD44 correlated with the interstitial expression of osteopontin. The expression of both CD44 and osteopontin in the interstitium correlated with the extent of tubulointerstitial damage. The expression of CD44 in the interstitium correlated with the severity of chronic glomerular lesions. The glomerular and interstitial CD44 and hyaluronic acid expression correlated with proteinuria, and interstitial CD44 and hyaluronic acid expression correlated with creatinine clearance rate. In summary, this study suggests that CD44 participates in the progression of IgA nephropathy by binding hyaluronic acid and osteopontin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sano
- Department of Nephrology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Xie Y, Sakatsume M, Nishi S, Narita I, Arakawa M, Gejyo F. Expression, roles, receptors, and regulation of osteopontin in the kidney. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1645-57. [PMID: 11703581 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein in both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms. It contains an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence and a thrombin-cleavage site. OPN is mainly present in the loop of Henle and distal nephrons in normal kidneys in animals and humans. After renal damage, OPN expression may be significantly up-regulated in all tubule segments and glomeruli. Studies utilizing OPN gene-deficient mice, antisense-treated or anti-OPN-treated animals have demonstrated that OPN promotes accumulation of macrophages, and may play a role in macrophage-mediated renal injury, but that the effect may be mild and short-lived. On the other hand, OPN has some renoprotective actions in renal injury, such as increasing tolerance to acute ischemia, inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase and suppressing nitric oxide synthesis, reducing cell peroxide levels and promoting the survival of cells exposed to hypoxia, decreasing cell apoptosis and participating in the regeneration of cells. In addition, OPN is associated with renal stones, but whether it acts as a promoter or inhibitor of stone formation is controversial. It has been demonstrated that OPN receptors include two families: integrin and CD44. The OPN integrin receptors include alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(5) and alpha(9)beta(1), and alpha(4)beta(1). In normal human kidneys, standard CD44 is expressed most dominantly. Different OPN functions are mediated via distinct receptors. Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D(3), calcium, phosphate and some cytokines increase OPN expression in vitro or in vivo, whereas female sex hormones and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists decrease OPN expression in some renal damage states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- Department of Medicine (II), Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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42
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Masutani K, Akahoshi M, Tsuruya K, Tokumoto M, Ninomiya T, Kohsaka T, Fukuda K, Kanai H, Nakashima H, Otsuka T, Hirakata H. Predominance of Th1 immune response in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2097-106. [PMID: 11592372 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2097::aid-art360>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lupus nephritis, which shows various histologic patterns, is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously demonstrated the importance of Thl cell-mediated immune response in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and the intrarenal immune response. METHODS The Th1:Th2 ratio in peripheral blood was measured by intracellular staining for cytokines with flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical analysis of renal biopsy specimens was performed to clarify the characterization of local infiltrating cells in 3 groups of subjects: SLE patients with World Health Organization (WHO) class IV nephritis (DPLN) (group I; n = 13), SLE patients with WHO class V nephritis (group II; n = 9), and patients with minor glomerular lesions (group III; n = 7). In addition, the histologic activity index and chronicity index were evaluated and correlated with the Th1:Th2 ratio. RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies showed higher numbers of CD68+ macrophages, CD3 + T cells, and interferon-gamma-positive cells in group I than in groups II or III. Renal tissues from patients in group I also showed up-regulation of expression of osteopontin and CD40, with a small number of infiltrating T cells expressing interleukin-4. Overall, the Thl:Th2 ratio in group I patients (SLE with DPLN) was high and correlated significantly with the histologic activity index, but not with the chronicity index. CONCLUSION We have identified a predominance of Thl-type response in both peripheral and renal tissues of patients with DPLN, suggesting that the peripheral blood Thl:Th2 ratio directly reflects the local histopathologic findings. In patients with lupus nephritis, the peripheral blood Th1:Th2 ratio could be useful as a parameter that reflects the renal histologic activity or the strength of the local Thl response.
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43
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Hudkins KL, Le QC, Segerer S, Johnson RJ, Davis CL, Giachelli CM, Alpers CE. Osteopontin expression in human cyclosporine toxicity. Kidney Int 2001; 60:635-40. [PMID: 11473646 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin is a secreted phosphoprotein that has a number of diverse biological functions, including cell signaling, mediation of cell adhesion, migration, and chemoattraction of monocytes/macrophages. Up-regulation of osteopontin expression by proximal tubular epithelium has been demonstrated in both human and rodent models of renal injury in association with macrophage influx. METHODS We studied the expression of osteopontin protein and mRNA in renal donor biopsies (N = 7) and renal transplant biopsies with cyclosporine A toxicity (N = 23) by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Serial tissue sections were immunostained with a monocyte/macrophage marker, CD68, to demonstrate the pattern of macrophage infiltration. RESULTS Strong osteopontin expression was observed in the majority of pretransplant donor biopsies in the absence of any macrophage infiltration. In the biopsies with cyclosporine toxicity, osteopontin expression was widespread and demonstrated moderate immunohistochemical signal intensity that did not correlate with the number of interstitial macrophages present. CONCLUSIONS Strong osteopontin protein and mRNA expression by tubular epithelium was observed in pretransplant donor biopsies and in biopsies with cyclosporine toxicity without an inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, osteopontin expression alone is insufficient to serve as the principal mediator of intrarenal monocyte/macrophage influx in the transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hudkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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44
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Hartner A, Porst M, Gauer S, Pröls F, Veelken R, Hilgers KF. Glomerular osteopontin expression and macrophage infiltration in glomerulosclerosis of DOCA-salt rats. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:153-64. [PMID: 11431195 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the chemoattractant osteopontin (OPN) may contribute to macrophage infiltration in many types of tubulointerstitial kidney disease, but the role of OPN in chronic glomerulosclerosis is unknown. We hypothesized that glomerular OPN expression and macrophage infiltration occur in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt glomerulosclerosis in rats. Uninephrectomized rats receiving DOCA pellets and 1% saline were compared with control rats. OPN mRNA was determined by Northern blot, and OPN protein was determined by Western blot. The localization of OPN was studied by in situ hybridization and double immunohistochemistry with glomerular cell markers. Macrophage infiltration was quantified by counting ED-1-positive cells, and semiquantitative glomerulosclerosis scores were obtained. In DOCA-salt rats, OPN mRNA in the kidney was increased 2-fold over control after 9 days and 3 weeks and 20-fold after 6 weeks. Tubulointerstitial OPN staining was apparent after 21 days of DOCA treatment. Glomerular OPN mRNA and protein was detected after 42 days in parietal and visceral epithelial cells, activated myofibroblasts, and occasionally mesangial cells. Progressive glomerular macrophage infiltration occurred during the development of DOCA hypertension, paralleling the degree of glomerulosclerosis. Glomeruli staining positive for osteopontin contained more macrophages (18.4 +/- 3.4 per cross-section) than osteopontin-negative glomeruli (3.6 +/- 0.5; P < 0.05). Glomerular OPN expression occurs in chronic hypertensive glomerulosclerosis and is associated with macrophage infiltration. The data suggest a role for OPN as a chemoattractant in hypertensive glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartner
- Department of Medicine IV, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Panzer U, Thaiss F, Zahner G, Barth P, Reszka M, Reinking RR, Wolf G, Helmchen U, Stahl RA. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and osteopontin differentially regulate monocytes recruitment in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2001; 59:1762-9. [PMID: 11318946 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590051762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the mechanisms of monocyte/macrophage (M/M) infiltration in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (GN). We focused on chemokines and osteopontin, which are known regulators of M/M recruitment. METHODS Using immunohistology, in situ hybridization, and Northern blotting, the expression levels of chemokines and osteopontin were evaluated in isolated glomeruli and tubules 4, 10, and 20 days after the induction of GN. In vivo blocking experiments were performed by application of neutralizing antibodies against osteopontin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). RESULTS In nephritic animals, high glomerular MCP-1 and RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) expression levels were observed on days 4 and 10. The tubular expression of MCP-1, however, was only slightly enhanced. In contrast, tubular osteopontin production was maximally stimulated (day 10) and paralleled with peaks of albuminuria and tubulointerstitial M/M infiltration. Application of an anti-osteopontin antibody ameliorated tubulointerstitial and glomerular M/M recruitment, whereas treatment with an anti-MCP-1 antibody selectively reduced glomerular M/M recruitment. However, tubulointerstitial M/M infiltration remained unchanged. CONCLUSION These studies show that chemokines and osteopontin are differentially expressed in glomeruli and tubules in this model of GN. Chemokines play a primary role in the glomeruli, whereas osteopontin has a predominant role in tubulointerstitial M/M recruitment. The roles of chemokines and osteopontin may thus be dependent on the renal compartment and on the disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Panzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Manzano VM, Muñoz JCS, Jiménez JR, Puyol MR, Puyol DR, Kitamura M, Cazaña FJL. Human renal mesangial cells are a target for the anti-inflammatory action of 9-cis retinoic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1673-83. [PMID: 11139446 PMCID: PMC1572488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cells play an active role in the inflammatory response to glomerular injury. We have studied in cultured human mesangial cells (CHMC) several effects of 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cRA), an activator of both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). 9-cRA inhibited foetal calf serum-induced CHMC proliferation. It also prevented CHMC death induced by the inflammatory mediator H(2)O(2). This preventive effect was not due to any increase in H(2)O(2) catabolism and it persisted even when both catalase and glutathione synthesis were inhibited. Finally, 9-cRA diminished monocyte adhesion to FCS-stimulated CHMC. Interestingly, the retinoid also inhibited in FCS-stimulated cells the protein expression of two mesangial adhesion molecules, fibronectin and osteopontin, but it did not modify the protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1. All major RARs and RXRs isotypes were expressed in CHMC regardless of the presence or absence of 9-cRA. Transcripts to RAR-alpha, RAR-beta and RXR-alpha increased after incubation with 9-cRA whereas RXR-gamma was inhibited, suggesting a major role for RARs and RXRs in 9-cRA-anti-inflammatory effects. 9-cRA was toxic only at 50 microM (a concentration 50 - 5000 times higher than required for the effects above). Cell death occurred by apoptosis, whose onset was associated with a pronounced increase in catalase activity and reduced glutathione content, being more effectively induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Modulation of the oxidant/antioxidant balance failed to inhibit apoptosis. We conclude that mesangial cells might be a target for the treatment of inflammatory glomerulopathies with 9-cRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moreno Manzano
- Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Sepúlveda Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Rodriguez Puyol
- Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rodriguez Puyol
- Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Kitamura
- Glomerular Bioengineering Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Medical School, University College of London, London
| | - F J Lucio Cazaña
- Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Glomerular Bioengineering Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Medical School, University College of London, London
- Author for correspondence:
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Yu XQ, Wu LL, Huang XR, Yang N, Gilbert RE, Cooper ME, Johnson RJ, Lai KN, Lan HY. Osteopontin expression in progressive renal injury in remnant kidney: role of angiotensin II. Kidney Int 2000; 58:1469-80. [PMID: 11012882 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is a macrophage chemotactic and adhesion molecule and has been shown to play a role in glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in several kidney disease models. METHODS The present study examined whether OPN expression is involved in the progression of renal disease following subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy (STNx) in rats and whether angiotensin II (Ang II) mediates the up-regulation of renal OPN expression and macrophage accumulation in this model by administering valsartan, an Ang II type I (AT1) receptor antagonist, or ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. RESULTS In normal and sham-operated rat kidneys, OPN was expressed in a few tubules (<5%) and was absent in glomeruli. Following STNx (weeks 2 to 16), there was substantial up-regulation of OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli [2 to 12 cells/glomerular cross section (gcs)] and tubular epithelial cells (20 to 75% OPN+). The up-regulation of OPN expression was associated with macrophage accumulation within the kidney, severe proteinuria, loss of renal function, and severe histologic damage, including tubulitis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (all P < 0.001). Treatment with either valsartan or ramipril completely abrogated the up-regulation of OPN mRNA and protein expression in glomeruli and tubules. The reduction in OPN expression was associated with a significant inhibition of macrophage accumulation and progressive renal injury (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION An up-regulation of OPN expression may play a role in progressive renal injury following STNx. Inhibition of OPN expression may be one of the mechanisms by which Ang II blockade attenuated renal injury after renal ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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48
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Bonvini JM, Schatzmann U, Beck-Schimmer B, Sun LK, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, LE Hir M, Wüthrich RP. Lack of in vivo function of osteopontin in experimental anti-GBM nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:1647-1655. [PMID: 10966489 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1191647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (Opn) is a potent chemoattractant for mononuclear cells that is upregulated in various inflammatory states of the kidney. Opn is believed to contribute to mononuclear cell infiltration and renal injury. The importance of Opn was examined in vivo in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in Opn knockout mice. Glomerulonephritis was induced by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane antiserum in mice that had been presensitized to rabbit IgG. Immunologic responsiveness to rabbit IgG (assessed by cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody titers) showed no significant difference between wild-type and Opn -/- mice. Proteinuria was also similar in both groups. Glomerular crescent formation was not different in Opn +/+ and -/- groups (26 +/- 6% versus 29 +/- 7%). Tubulointerstitial infiltration was assessed qualitatively and showed no significant difference between the two genotypes. Formation of thrombi in the glomerular capillaries on a scale from 0 to 3 also showed no significant difference (1.3 +/- 0.3 for Opn +/+ and 1.4 +/- 0.3 for Opn -/- mice). Northern blot analysis of total kidney RNA showed a 5.1-fold increase of Opn expression in Opn +/+ mice compared with untreated controls and the absence of expression in Opn -/- mice, as expected. Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels were also markedly upregulated with no significant difference between the two strains, excluding compensatory overexpression of these two chemokines in Opn -/- mice. It is concluded that the known upregulation of Opn in murine anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis does not significantly contribute to the glomerular and tubulointerstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Kang Sun
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susan R Rittling
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David T Denhardt
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Michel LE Hir
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf P Wüthrich
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Okada H, Moriwaki K, Konishi K, Kobayashi T, Sugahara S, Nakamoto H, Saruta T, Suzuki H. Tubular osteopontin expression in human glomerulonephritis and renal vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36:498-506. [PMID: 10977781 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2000.9790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial change is a common histopathologic feature of acute and chronic glomerular diseases and is more closely correlated than glomerular damage with renal function and subsequent outcome. Monocyte infiltration is presumed to be initiated by chemoattractants and has a pivotal role in tubulointerstitial changes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a candidate as such a chemoattractant and has been shown to recruit monocytes into the interstitium of animal models of renal diseases. In this study, we investigated OPN expression by immunostaining and its correlation with clinical and histopathologic parameters in patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN), and myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis (MMP). Twenty patients with IgA nephropathy, 12 patients with DPLN, and 14 patients with MMP were studied. OPN expression, which was constitutively observed on the apical membrane of distal tubules, was upregulated in the cytoplasm of proximal and distal tubular epithelium parallel to the degree of interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in patients with IgA nephropathy, as well as those with DPLN. CD68(+) monocyte infiltration significantly correlated with the degree of OPN expression in the tubular epithelium. Conversely, there was no apparent induction of OPN in the proximal and distal tubular epithelium of patients with MMP despite remarkable monocyte infiltration. In conclusion, these data suggest that inducible expression of OPN in the tubular epithelium seems to be associated with interstitial monocyte infiltration and subsequent tubulointerstitial changes in some forms of human renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical College, Saitama, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Takazoe K, Foti R, Tesch GH, Hurst LA, Lan HY, Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Up-regulation of the tumour-associated marker CD44V6 in experimental kidney disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121:523-32. [PMID: 10971520 PMCID: PMC1905718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is an adhesion molecule involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The standard form of CD44 (CD44S) is a 85-90-kD glycoprotein, but alternative splicing of RNA encoding 10 variable exons (V1-V10) can give rise to many different CD44 variant protein isoforms of higher molecular weight. CD44 isoforms containing the V6 exon play a crucial role in tumour metastasis and lymphocyte activation. However, the role of CD44V6 in the kidney is unknown. The aim of this study was to examined renal CD44V6 expression in health, disease and in vitro. Immunohistochemistry staining with the V6-specific 1.1ASML antibody identified constitutive CD44V6 expression by occasional cortical tubular epithelial cells and medullary tubules in normal rat kidney. In immune-induced kidney disease (rat anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis), there was a marked increase in CD44V6 expression by cortical tubules, particularly in areas of tubulointerstitial damage, which was associated with focal macrophage infiltration. There was also a marked increase in CD44V6 expression by damaged tubules in a model of non-immune kidney disease (unilateral ureteric obstruction). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed a complex pattern of CD44V6-containing mRNA isoforms in normal rat kidney. This pattern of CD44V6 splicing was essentially unaltered in disease. The NRK52E normal rat kidney tubular epithelial cell line expresses both CD44S and CD44V6. Stimulation of NRK52E cells with IL-1 or transforming growth factor-beta 1 induced a two-to-five-fold increase in the expression of both CD44S and CD44V6. Furthermore, triggering of NRK52E cells by antibodies to CD44S or CD44V6, but not isotype control antibodies, induced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In conclusion, this study has identified expression of the tumour-associated marker CD44V6 in tubular epithelial cells in normal and diseased rat kidney, and suggests that signalling through the CD44V6 molecule may participate in the pathogenesis of experimental kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takazoe
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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