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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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Ishii T, Kawakami E, Endo K, Misawa H, Watabe K. Myelinating cocultures of rodent stem cell line-derived neurons and immortalized Schwann cells. Neuropathology 2017; 37:475-481. [PMID: 28707715 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is one of the most remarkable biological events in the neuron-glia interactions for the development of the mammalian nervous system. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions in myelin synthesis in vitro, establishment of the myelinating system in cocultures of continuous neuronal and glial cell lines are desirable. In the present study, we performed co-culture experiments using rat neural stem cell-derived neurons or mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived motoneurons with immortalized rat IFRS1 Schwann cells to establish myelinating cultures between these cell lines. Differentiated neurons derived from an adult rat neural stem cell line 1464R or motoneurons derived from a mouse ES cell line NCH4.3, were mixed with IFRS1 Schwann cells, plated, and maintained in serum-free F12 medium with B27 supplement, ascorbic acid, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Myelin formation was demonstrated by electron microscopy at 4 weeks in cocultures of 1464R-derived neurons or NCH4.3-derived motoneurons with IFRS1 Schwann cells. These in vitro coculture systems utilizing the rodent stable stem and Schwann cell lines can be useful in studies of peripheral nerve development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishii
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Kawakami
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology (Neuropathology), Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Watabe K, Akiyama K, Kawakami E, Ishii T, Endo K, Yanagisawa H, Sango K, Tsukamoto M. Adenoviral expression of TDP-43 and FUS genes and shRNAs for protein degradation pathways in rodent motoneurons in vitro and in vivo. Neuropathology 2013; 34:83-98. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Watabe
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Akiyama
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Emiko Kawakami
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Basic Technology Research; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroko Yanagisawa
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masami Tsukamoto
- ALS/Neuropathy Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
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Immortalized adult rodent Schwann cells as in vitro models to study diabetic neuropathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:374943. [PMID: 21747827 PMCID: PMC3124069 DOI: 10.1155/2011/374943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have established spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell lines from normal adult mice and rats and murine disease models. One of the normal mouse cell lines, IMS32, possesses some biological properties of mature Schwann cells and high proliferative activities. The IMS32 cells under hyperglycemic and/or hyperlipidemic conditions have been utilized to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, especially the polyol pathway hyperactivity, glycation, increased oxidative stress, and reduced synthesis of neurotrophic factors. In addition to the mouse cell lines, our current study focuses on the characterization of a normal rat cell line, IFRS1, under normal and high glucose conditions. These Schwann cell lines can be valuable tools for exploring the detailed mechanisms leading to diabetic neuropathy and novel therapeutic approaches against that condition.
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Sango K, Yanagisawa H, Kawakami E, Takaku S, Ajiki K, Watabe K. Spontaneously immortalized Schwann cells from adult Fischer rat as a valuable tool for exploring neuron-Schwann cell interactions. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The importance and essential functions of glial cells in the nervous system are now beginning to be understood and appreciated. Glial cell lines have been instrumental in the elucidation of many of these properties. In this Overview, the origin and properties of most of the existing cell lines for the major glial types: oligodendroglia, astroglia, microglia and Schwann cells, are documented. Particular emphasis is given to the culture conditions for each cell line and the degree to which the line can differentiate in vitro and in vivo. The major molecular markers for each glial cell lines are indicated. Finally, methods by which the glial cell lines have been developed are noted and the future directions of glial cell line research are discussed.
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Nishikawa K, Ayukawa K, Hara Y, Wada K, Aoki S. Endothelin/endothelin-B receptor signals regulate ventricle-directed interkinetic nuclear migration of cerebral cortical neural progenitors. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:261-72. [PMID: 21130129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We determined the expression profile of ∼300 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in embryonic cortical neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and identified a number of highly expressed GPCRs, among which endothelin-B receptor (ET(B)-R) was expressed at the highest level. We also revealed that endothelins (ETs) were predominantly expressed in CD31-positive endothelial cells of the embryonic cerebral cortex. Activation of ET(B)-R induced NPC assembly in vitro by promoting fibronectin-dependent-motility and N-cadherin-associated cell contact. NPC assembly also required a Rho-family GTPase(s) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. In the embryonic cerebral cortex, a specific ET(B)-R agonist, IRL-1620, accelerated interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) of NPCs toward the ventricular wall (VW) ex vivo. Conversely, a specific ET(B)-R antagonist, BQ788, slowed INM, thereby inducing mislocalization of phospho-histone H3-positive M-phase nuclei in the ventricular zone (VZ) and decreasing the number of Tuj1-positive newborn neurons. Our results suggest that ET(B)-R-mediated assembly signals drive INM that precedes neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Nishikawa
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Peake KB, Vance JE. Defective cholesterol trafficking in Niemann-Pick C-deficient cells. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2731-9. [PMID: 20416299 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathways of intracellular cholesterol trafficking are poorly understood at the molecular level. Mutations in Niemann-Pick C (NPC) proteins, NPC1 and NPC2, however, have led to insights into the mechanism by which endocytosed cholesterol is exported from late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/L). Mutations in NPC1, a multi-spanning membrane protein of LE/L, or mutations in NPC2, a soluble luminal protein of LE/L, cause the neurodegenerative disorder NPC disease. This review focuses on data supporting a model in which movement of cholesterol out of LE/L is mediated by the sequential action of the two NPC proteins. We also discuss potential therapies for NPC disease, including evidence that treatment of NPC-deficient mice with the cholesterol-binding compound, cyclodextrin, markedly attenuates neurodegeneration, and increases life-span, of NPC1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Peake
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Wada H, Yasuda T, Miura I, Watabe K, Sawa C, Kamijuku H, Kojo S, Taniguchi M, Nishino I, Wakana S, Yoshida H, Seino KI. Establishment of an improved mouse model for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy that shows early disease onset and bears a point mutation in Pla2g6. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2257-63. [PMID: 19893029 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta), encoded by PLA2G6, has been shown to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including immunity, cell death, and cell membrane homeostasis. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene have been recently identified in patients with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD). Subsequently, it was reported that similar neurological impairment occurs in gene-targeted mice with a null mutation of iPLA(2)beta, whose disease onset became apparent approximately 1 to 2 years after birth. Here, we report the establishment of an improved mouse model for INAD that bears a point mutation in the ankyrin repeat domain of Pla2g6 generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. These mutant mice developed severe motor dysfunction, including abnormal gait and poor performance in the hanging grip test, as early as 7 to 8 weeks of age, in a manner following Mendelian law. Neuropathological examination revealed widespread formation of spheroids containing tubulovesicular membranes similar to human INAD. Molecular and biochemical analysis revealed that the mutant mice expressed Pla2g6 mRNA and protein, but the mutated Pla2g6 protein had no glycerophospholipid-catalyzing enzyme activity. Because of the significantly early onset of the disease, this mouse mutant (Pla2g6-inad) could be highly useful for further studies of pathogenesis and experimental interventions in INAD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wada
- Division of Bioregulation Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-City, Kanagawa, Japan
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Townson KH, Speak AO, Greenshields KN, Goodyear CS, Willison HJ, Platt FM. Glycosphingolipid depletion in PC12 cells using iminosugars protects neuronal membranes from anti-ganglioside antibody mediated injury. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 203:33-8. [PMID: 18684516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune neuropathies are frequently associated with pathogenic anti-ganglioside antibodies targeting ganglioside-rich neuronal and glial membranes. The extent of injury is determined by the concentration of membrane ganglioside and thus reduction might be expected to attenuate disease. In this study, we suppressed ganglioside biosynthesis in PC12 cells with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin and observed reduced plasma membrane antibody binding and a major neuroprotective effect in complement-mediated lysis assays. These data demonstrate that iminosugar inhibitors, currently used to treat type 1 Gaucher disease, are also of potential value for depleting antigen and thereby suppressing tissue injury in anti-ganglioside antibody-associated neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Townson
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Establishment of immortalized Schwann cells from Fabry mice and their low uptake of recombinant alpha-galactosidase. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:1018-1025. [PMID: 17965825 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is one of the important manifestations of Fabry disease. Enzyme replacement therapy with presently available recombinant alpha-galactosidases does not always improve the Fabry neuropathy. But the reason has not been determined yet. We established a Schwann cell line from Fabry mice, characterized it, and then examined the uptake of alpha-galactosidase by cells and its effect on the degradation of accumulated substrate. The cells exhibited a distinct Schwann cell morphology and biochemical phenotype (alpha-Galactosidase activity was deficient, and numerous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in the cells). A recombinant alpha-galactosidase added to the culture medium was incorporated into the cultured Fabry Schwann cells dose dependently. But the increase in cell-associated enzyme activity was less than that in the cases of human and mouse Fabry fibroblasts. The administration of a high dose of the enzyme improved the pathological changes in cells, although a low dose of it did not. Cellular uptake of the enzyme was strongly inhibited in the presence of mannose 6-phosphate. This suggests that the enzyme is incorporated via cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors in Schwann cells. The low expression of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors in Schwann cells must be one of the reasons their uptake of the present enzymes was low. The administration of a high dose of the enzyme or the development of an enzyme containing many mannose 6-phosphate residues is required to improve Fabry neuropathy.
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Saravanan K, Büssow H, Weiler N, Gieselmann V, Franken S. A spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell line to study the molecular aspects of metachromatic leukodystrophy. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 161:223-33. [PMID: 17204333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The arylsulfatase A (ASA)-deficient mouse is a murine model of human metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) caused by a genetic defect in the ASA gene. Deficiency of ASA causes accumulation of cerebroside-3-sulfate (sulfatide) in visceral organs and in the central and peripheral nervous system, which subsequently causes demyelination in these areas. To investigate further the cellular pathomechanism of MLD, we established spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell lines from ASA-deficient mice. Cells showed marked sulfatide storage in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. This sulfatide accumulation can be further increased by external treatment with sulfatide using a lipid based transfection reagent as a cargo. The accumulated sulfatide was degraded in response to ASA treatment and first examination revealed that alteration on the molecular level found in ASA-deficient mice can also be observed in the presented cell culture model. Hence, these cells could be a suitable model to study MLD at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karumbayaram Saravanan
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Sango K, Suzuki T, Yanagisawa H, Takaku S, Hirooka H, Tamura M, Watabe K. High glucose-induced activation of the polyol pathway and changes of gene expression profiles in immortalized adult mouse Schwann cells IMS32. J Neurochem 2006; 98:446-58. [PMID: 16805838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the polyol pathway activity and the gene expression profiles in immortalized adult mouse Schwann cells (IMS32) under normal (5.6 mM) and high (30 and 56 mM) glucose conditions for 7-14 days in culture. Messenger RNA and the protein expression of aldose reductase (AR) and the intracellular sorbitol and fructose contents were up-regulated in IMS32 under high glucose conditions compared with normal glucose conditions. By employing DNA microarray and subsequent RT-PCR/northern blot analyses, we observed significant up-regulation of the mRNA expressions for serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and ecotropic viral integration site 3 (Evi3), and the down-regulation of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A4) mRNA expression in the cells under high glucose (30 mM) conditions. The application of an AR inhibitor, SNK-860, to the high glucose medium ameliorated the increased sorbitol and fructose contents and the reduced AKR1A4 mRNA expression, while it had no effect on mRNA expressions for SAA3, ANGPTL4 or Evi3. Considering that the exposure to the high glucose (>or= 30 mM) conditions mimicking hyperglycaemia in vivo accelerated the polyol pathway in IMS32, but not in other previously reported Schwann cells, the culture system of IMS32 under those conditions may provide novel findings about the polyol pathway-related abnormalities in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sango
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ohsawa M, Kotani M, Tajima Y, Tsuji D, Ishibashi Y, Kuroki A, Itoh K, Watabe K, Sango K, Yamanaka S, Sakuraba H. Establishment of immortalized Schwann cells from Sandhoff mice and corrective effect of recombinant human β-hexosaminidase A on the accumulated GM2 ganglioside. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:460-467. [PMID: 16180049 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have established spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell lines from dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerves of Sandhoff mice. One of the cell lines exhibited genetically and biochemically distinct features of Sandhoff Schwann cells. The enzyme activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine (beta-hexosaminidases A, B, and S) and 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate (beta-hexosaminidases A and S) were decreased, and GM2 ganglioside accumulated in lysosomes of the cells. Incorporation of recombinant human beta-hexosaminidase isozymes expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells into the cultured Sandhoff Schwann cells via cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors was found, and the incorporated beta-hexosaminidase A degraded the accumulated GM2 ganglioside. The established Sandhoff Schwann cell line is useful for investigation and development of therapies for Sandhoff disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ohsawa
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kotani
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613, Japan
| | - Youichi Tajima
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishibashi
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aya Kuroki
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamanaka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC), is a lipid storage disease that may present at any age from fetal life to the seventh decade. Its protean manifestations include hepatic and pulmonary failure, as well as a range of progressive neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Late onset disease has been increasingly recognized as the biochemical diagnosis of NPC has been more widely applied. REVIEW SUMMARY The phenotypes, biochemical, and molecular bases of NPC are reviewed. Indistinguishable phenotypes are produced by mutations in two distinct genes, designated NPC 1 and NPC 2, that play key roles in the intracellular trafficking of lipids. The diagnosis of NPC is challenging as the characteristic vertical supranuclear gaze palsy is difficult to recognize, organomegaly is often absent, and standard biochemical screening studies are usually normal. Definitive diagnosis requires demonstration of the trafficking defect in cultured fibroblasts, supplemented in selected cases by genotyping. Animal studies have shown that inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis may delay the onset of disease and prolong survival; a human trial of this approach is underway. CONCLUSIONS NPC is a model for inborn errors of metabolism whose gene product mediates molecular trafficking rather than catabolizing macromolecules, as in classic lipid storage diseases. NPC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive neurodegenerative disorders at any age. The astute clinician can provide great comfort to families afflicted by NPC by making an accurate diagnosis, notwithstanding the absence of definitive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Patterson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Children's Hospital of New York and The Neurological Institute of New York, Harkness Pavilion, HP-542, 180 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, USA
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Watabe K, Sakamoto T, Kawazoe Y, Michikawa M, Miyamoto K, Yamamura T, Saya H, Araki N. Tissue culture methods to study neurological disorders: establishment of immortalized Schwann cells from murine disease models. Neuropathology 2003; 23:68-78. [PMID: 12722929 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1789.2003.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the authors have established spontaneously immortalized cell lines from long-term cultures of normal adult mouse Schwann cells. Establishment of such Schwann cell lines derived from murine disease models may greatly facilitate studies of the cellular mechanisms of their peripheral nervous system lesions in the relevant diseases. Recently, the authors have established immortalized Schwann cell lines derived from Niemann-Pick disease type C mice (NPC; spm/spm) and globoid cell leukodystrophy mice (twitcher). In the present study, long-term cultures were maintained of Schwann cells derived from dorsal root ganglia and consecutive peripheral nerves of another NPC mouse (npc(nih)/npc(nih), npc(nih)/+), myelin P0 protein-deficient mice (P0-/-, P0+/-) with their wild-type littermates (P0+/+), and neurofibromatosis type 1 gene (NF1)-deficient mice (Nf1(FCr)/+) for 8-10 months, and immortalized cell lines from all these animals established spontaneously. These cell lines had spindle-shaped Schwann cell morphology and distinct Schwann cell phenotypes and retained genomic and biochemical abnormalities, sufficiently representing the in vivo pathological features of the mutant mice. These immortalized Schwann cell lines can be useful in studies of nervous system lesions in these mutant mice and relevant human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Watabe
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan.
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Shen JS, Watabe K, Meng XL, Ida H, Ohashi T, Eto Y. Establishment and characterization of spontaneously immortalized Schwann cells from murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy (twitcher). J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:588-94. [PMID: 12111848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The twitcher mouse is a murine model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD; Krabbe disease) caused by a genetic defect in the activity of galactosylceramidase (GALC). An accumulation of cytotoxic metabolite, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), in myelin forming cells (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells) of the twitcher mouse as well as patients with GLD has been suggested to cause dysfunction of these cells and subsequent demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous system. To investigate further the cellular pathomechanism of GLD, we established spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell lines from the twitcher mouse. Long-term cultures of Schwann cells derived from dorsal root ganglia and consecutive peripheral nerves of 3-week-old twitcher mice were maintained for 6 months, and spontaneously developed colonies were expanded further and characterized. One of the cell lines, designated TwS1, showed distinct Schwann cell phenotypes, was passaged twice a week and maintained for over 10 months without phenotypic alterations. The TwS1 cells had a nonsense mutation in the GALC genome, and showed markedly reduced GALC activity and elevated psychosine levels. Ultrastructurally, varieties of cytoplasmic inclusions were demonstrated in TwS1 cells. When TwS1 cells were infected with a retrovirus vector encoding GALC, GALC activity was markedly increased and psychosine levels were significantly decreased. These immortalized Schwann cells can be useful in studies on the nervous system lesions in GLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Department of Gene Therapy, Institute of DNA Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sango K, Yamanaka S, Ajiki K, Tokashiki A, Watabe K. Lysosomal storage results in impaired survival but normal neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion neurones from a mouse model of Sandhoff disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:23-34. [PMID: 11849560 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff disease is a heritable lysosomal storage disease resulting from impaired degradation of GM2 ganglioside and related substrates. A mouse model of Sandhoff disease created by gene targeting displays progressive neurological manifestations, similar to patients with the disease. In the present in vivo and in vitro studies, we examined morphological and functional abnormalities of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones in Sandhoff disease mice at an asymptomatic stage (approximately 1 month of age). Light microscopic studies with Nissl staining and immunocytochemistry suggested extensive intracytoplasmic storage of GM2 ganglioside in the Sandhoff mouse DRG neurones. These findings were consistent with the results of electron microscopy, in which a huge number of pleomorphic inclusion bodies immunoreactive for GM2 ganglioside were present in the cytoplasm of the neurones. The inclusion bodies were also identified in satellite cells and Schwann cells in the Sandhoff mouse DRG. The survival ratios of DRG neurones after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days in culture were significantly lower in the Sandhoff mice than in the age-matched heterozygous mice. The ratio of neurite-bearing cells on poly-l-lysine-coated dishes after 2 days in culture was also lower by approximately 10% in the Sandhoff mice compared to the heterozygotes, but additional coating of laminin onto poly-l-lysine dramatically enhanced the neurite extension from the neurones in both groups of mice. These results indicate that accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in DRG neurones impairs the capability of the neurones to survive in vitro, although viable neurones from the Sandhoff mice in culture can regenerate neurites nearly as well as unaffected neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sango
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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