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Badri M, Olfatifar M, Hayati A, Bijani B, Samimi R, Abdoli A, Nowak O, Diaz D, Eslahi AV. The global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in domestic chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1469. [PMID: 38814576 PMCID: PMC11138244 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria is a protozoan parasite that affects poultry, particularly chickens, causing a disease known as coccidiosis. This disease imposes substantial significant economic challenges to the poultry sector. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria in domestic chickens. METHODS Multiple databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published until June 2023. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval. The statistical analysis was conducted using meta packages in R version (3.6.1). RESULTS In total, 41 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The global pooled prevalence was 44.3% (36.9%-51.8%) with Eimeria tenella (38.7%, 30.1%-47.7%) as the most prevalent species. The highest pooled prevalence was related to the Western Pacific Region (80.5%, 72.6%-87.3%) and urban areas (44.4%, 36.5%-52.6%). Moreover, areas with humid subtropical climates represent the highest overall prevalence (75.8%, 46.6%-95.9%). CONCLUSION The necessity for robust and innovative strategies for preventing and managing this disease cannot be overstated. Addressing Eimeria impact is crucial not only for safeguarding poultry health but also for sustaining the economic viability of the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research CenterQom University of Medical SciencesQomIran
| | - Alireza Hayati
- Students' Research Committee (SRC)Qazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Behzad Bijani
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Rasoul Samimi
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research CenterJahrom University of Medical SciencesJahromIran
- Department of Parasitology and MycologyJahrom University of Medical SciencesJahromIran
| | - Oskar Nowak
- Institute of Human Biology and EvolutionFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CopilcoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
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2
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Bora CAF, Kumar VJA, Mathivathani C. Prevalence of Avian coccidiosis in India: a review. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:181-188. [PMID: 38840883 PMCID: PMC11147979 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis stands as a highly significant and economically impactful parasitic ailment in poultry, attributed to the intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Eimeria. This affliction poses considerable financial challenges to the poultry industry and is prevalent in most tropical and subtropical regions globally. The primary mode of transmission is through the fecal-oral route, predominantly affecting young chicks and chickens within intensive rearing systems. There are nine distinct Eimeria species that affect poultry, manifesting primarily in caecal and intestinal forms. Diagnosis typically relies on examining fecal samples for oocysts and post-mortem lesions. Molecular techniques are employed for both diagnosis and control of poultry coccidiosis. To combat the disease, anticoccidials are consistently incorporated into feed and water, but this practice may contribute to the emergence of resistant strains. Various vaccines, including live or live attenuated options, are currently in use for coccidiosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Angeline Felicia Bora
- Present Address: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry, 605009 India
| | - V. J. Ajay Kumar
- Present Address: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry, 605009 India
| | - C. Mathivathani
- Present Address: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry, 605009 India
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3
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Campos PM, Miska KB, Jenkins MC, Yan X, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the cecum and ileum in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10702. [PMID: 38729976 PMCID: PMC11087572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by Eimeria parasites, is responsible for major losses in the poultry industry by impacting chicken health. The gut microbiota is associated with health factors, such as nutrient exchange and immune system modulation, requiring understanding on the effects of Eimeria infection on the gut microbiota. This study aimed to determine the effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the cecum (CeL and CeM) and ileum (IlL and IlM) at multiple time points (days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14) post-infection. E. acervulina infection decreased evenness in CeL microbiota at day 10, increased richness in CeM microbiota at day 3 before decreasing richness at day 14, and decreased richness in IlL microbiota from day 3 to 10. CeL, CeM, and IlL microbiota differed between infected and control birds based on beta diversity at varying time points. Infection reduced relative abundance of bacterial taxa and some predicted metabolic pathways known for short-chain fatty acid production in CeL, CeM, and IlL microbiota, but further understanding of metabolic function is required. Despite E. acervulina primarily targeting the duodenum, our findings demonstrate the infection can impact bacterial diversity and abundance in the cecal and ileal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Campos
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USDA-ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- USDA-ARS, NEA Bioinformatics, Beltsville, MD, USA
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-307, Rm. 335, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Katarzyna B Miska
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-307, Rm. 335, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mark C Jenkins
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Xianghe Yan
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-307, Rm. 335, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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4
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Liao S, Lin X, Zhou Q, Yan Z, Wu C, Li J, Lv M, Hu J, Cai H, Song Y, Chen X, Zhu Y, Yin L, Zhang J, Qi N, Sun M. Prevalence, geographic distribution and risk factors of Eimeria species on commercial broiler farms in Guangdong, China. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:171. [PMID: 38702696 PMCID: PMC11067301 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is one of the most frequently reported diseases in chickens, causing a significant economic impact on the poultry industry. However, there have been no previous studies evaluating the prevalence of this disease in broiler farms in Guangdong province. Therefore, this study aims to conduct an epidemiological investigation into the occurrence of Eimeria species and associated risk factors in intensive management conditions across four regions in Guangdong province, China. A total of 394 fecal samples were collected from 89 broiler farms in Guangdong province. The prevalence of Eimeria species infection was determined using PCR, and the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens type A was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed an overall prevalence of 98.88% (88/89) at the farm level and 87.06% (343/394) at the flock level. All seven Eimeria species were identified, with E. acervulina (72.53%; 64/89), E. tenella (68.54%; 61/89), and E. mitis (66.29%; 59/89) at the farm level, and E. acervulina (36.55%; 144/394), E. mitis (35.28%; 139/394), and E. tenella (34.01%; 134/394) at the flock level. The predominant species combination observed was a co-infection of all seven Eimeria species (6.74%; 6/89), followed by a combination of E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, and E. maxima (5.62%, 5/89). A combination of E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, and E. praecox (4.49%; 4/89) was also observed at the farm level. Furthermore, the study identified several potential risk factors associated with the prevalence of Eimeria species, including farm location, chicken age, drinking water source, control strategy, and the presence of C. perfringens type A were identified as potential risk factors associated with prevalence of Eimeria species. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant association between E. necatrix infection and both grower chickens (OR = 10.86; 95% CI: 1.92-61.36; p < 0.05) and adult chickens (OR = 24.97; 95% CI: 4.29-145.15; p < 0.001) compared to starter chickens at the farm level. Additionally, farms that used groundwater (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.94; p < 0.05) were less likely to have E. maxima compared to those that used running water. At the flock level, the prevalence of E. tenella was significantly higher in the Pearl River Delta (OR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.0-6.15; p = 0.05) compared to eastern Guangdong. Interestingly, flocks with indigenous birds were less likely to have E. brunetti (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26-0.89; p < 0.05) compared to flocks with indigenous crossbred birds. Furthermore, flocks that used anticoccidial drugs (OR = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.03-0.31; p < 0.001) or a combination of vaccines and anticoccidial drugs (OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.25; p < 0.001) were less likely to be positive for E. tenella compared to flocks that only used vaccines. Finally, flocks with C. perfringens type A infection were significantly more likely to have E. necatrix (OR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.96-5.43; p < 0.001), E. tenella (OR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.36-3.36; p < 0.001), E. brunetti (OR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.45-4.23; p < 0.001), and E. acervulina (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.69-4.06; p < 0.001) compared to flocks without C. perfringens type A. CONCLUSIONS This study conducted an investigation on the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with Eimeria species infection in broiler chickens in Guangdong. The farm-level prevalence of Eimeria species was higher than the previous prevalence figures for other areas and countries. E. brunetti was identified at higher prevalence in Guangdong than previously survived prevalence in different regions in China. Farm location, chicken age, drinking water source, control strategy, and the presence of C. perfringens type A were considered as potential risk factors associated with prevalence of Eimeria species. It is imperative to underscore the necessity for further surveys to delve deeper into the occurrence of Eimeria species under intensive management conditions for different flock purposes.
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Grants
- 2023YFD1801202 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- XTXM202202 The Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS
- XTXM202202 The Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS
- XTXM202202 The Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS
- XTXM202202 The Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS
- 2022020202 Science and technology project of Yunfu
- 2022020202 Science and technology project of Yunfu
- 2022020202 Science and technology project of Yunfu
- 2022020202 Science and technology project of Yunfu
- 2023SDZG02 The open competition program of top ten critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province
- 2023SDZG02 The open competition program of top ten critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province
- 2023B0202150001 Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province
- 2023B0202150001 Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province
- 2023QZ-NK05, 2022GZ07 Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry
- 2023QZ-NK05, 2022GZ07 Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry
- 202110TD, 202122TD, R2020PY-JC001, R2019YJ-YB3010, R2020PY-JG013, R2020QD-048, R2021PY-QY007, R2023PY-JG018 Special fund for scientific innovation strategy-construction of high level Academy of Agriculture Science
- 202110TD, 202122TD, R2020PY-JC001, R2019YJ-YB3010, R2020PY-JG013, R2020QD-048, R2021PY-QY007, R2023PY-JG018 Special fund for scientific innovation strategy-construction of high level Academy of Agriculture Science
- 202110TD, 202122TD, R2020PY-JC001, R2019YJ-YB3010, R2020PY-JG013, R2020QD-048, R2021PY-QY007, R2023PY-JG018 Special fund for scientific innovation strategy-construction of high level Academy of Agriculture Science
- 202110TD, 202122TD, R2020PY-JC001, R2019YJ-YB3010, R2020PY-JG013, R2020QD-048, R2021PY-QY007, R2023PY-JG018 Special fund for scientific innovation strategy-construction of high level Academy of Agriculture Science
- 202110TD, 202122TD, R2020PY-JC001, R2019YJ-YB3010, R2020PY-JG013, R2020QD-048, R2021PY-QY007, R2023PY-JG018 Special fund for scientific innovation strategy-construction of high level Academy of Agriculture Science
- 2023B04J0137, 2023A04J0789 Science and technology project of Guangzhou
- Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongle Song
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Rahmani A, Ahmed Laloui H, Kara R, Dems MA, Cherb N, Klikha A, Blake DP. The financial cost of coccidiosis in Algerian chicken production: a major challenge for the poultry sector. Avian Pathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38529824 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2336091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria, is a significant economic burden to the poultry industry. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the financial losses associated with Eimeria infection in chickens in Algeria, relying on data provided by key stakeholders in the Algerian poultry industry to assess sub-clinical as well as clinical impact. We employed the updated 2020 version of a model established to estimate the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, taking into consideration specific cultural and technical aspects of poultry farming in Algeria. The findings predict economic losses due to coccidiosis in chickens of approximately £86.7 million in Algeria for the year 2022, representing £0.30 per chicken raised. The majority of the cost was attributed to morbidity (74.9%), emphasizing the substantial economic impact of reduced productivity including decreased bodyweight gain and increased feed conversion ratio. Costs associated with control measures made up 20.5% of the total calculated cost, with 4.6% of the cost related to mortality. These figures provide a clear indication of the scope and economic impact of Eimeria infection of chickens in Algeria, illustrating the impact of practices common across North Africa. They underscore the ongoing requirement for effective preventive and control measures to reduce these financial losses while improving productivity and welfare, ensuring the economic sustainability of the Algerian poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Rahmani
- Animal Production Team, Biotechnology and Agriculture Division; Biotechnology Research Center; Ali Mendjli, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hamza Ahmed Laloui
- Animal Production Team, Biotechnology and Agriculture Division; Biotechnology Research Center; Ali Mendjli, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Mohamed Abdesselem Dems
- Bio-informatics and Bio-statistics Unit (BIBS-U); Biotechnology Research Center; Ali Mendjli, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Nora Cherb
- Environment Biotechnology Division; Biotechnology Research Center; Ali Mendjli, Constantine, Algeria
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6
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Liao S, Lin X, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Yan Z, Wang D, Su G, Li J, Lv M, Hu J, Cai H, Song Y, Chen X, Zhu Y, Yin L, Zhang J, Qi N, Sun M. Epidemiological investigation of coccidiosis and associated risk factors in broiler chickens immunized with live anticoccidial vaccines in China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1375026. [PMID: 38566750 PMCID: PMC10986636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1375026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a costly intestinal disease of chickens caused by Eimeria species. This infection is associated with high mortality, reduced feed efficiency, and slowed body weight gain. The diagnosis and control of coccidiosis becomes challenging due to the fact that chickens can be infected by seven different Eimeria species and often occur mixed-species co-infections. Grasping the epidemiology of Eimeria species is crucial to estimate the efficiency of poultry management. This study aimed to explore the distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chickens in China after administering live anticoccidial vaccines. A total of 634 samples were obtained, and the survey results showed that the prevalence of Eimeria was 86.12% (546/634), and the most common species were E. acervulina (65.62%), E. necatrix (50.95%), E. mitis (50.79%), E. tenella (48.42%), and E. praecox (41.80%). Most samples indicated mixed-species infections (an average of 3.29 species per positive sample). Notably, 63.98% of samples contain 3 to 5 Eimeria species within a single fecal sample. The most prevalent combinations were E. acervulina-E. tenella (38.96%) and E. acervulina-E. necatrix (37.22%). Statistical analysis showed that flocks vaccinated with trivalent vaccines were significantly positive for E. necatrix in grower chickens (OR = 3.30, p < 0.05) compared with starter chickens, and tetravalent vaccinated flocks showed that starter chickens demonstrated a higher susceptibility to E. tenella-E. brunetti (OR = 2.03, p < 0.05) and E. acervulina-E. maxima (OR = 2.05, p < 0.05) compared with adult chickens. Geographically, in the case of tetravalent vaccine-immunized flocks, a substantial positive association was observed between E. necatrix infection rates and flocks from eastern (OR = 3.88, p < 0.001), central (OR = 2.65, p = 0.001), and southern China (OR = 3.17, p < 0.001) compared with southwestern China. This study also found a positive association between E. necatrix (OR = 1.64, p < 0.05), E. acervulina (OR = 1.59, p < 0.05), and E. praecox (OR = 1.81, p < 0.05) infection and coccidiosis occurrence compared with non-infected flocks in tetravalent vaccinated flocks. This molecular epidemiological investigation showed a high prevalence of Eimeria species in the field. The emergent species, E. brunetti and E. praecox, might be incorporated into the widely-used live vaccines in the future. These insights could be useful in refining coccidiosis control strategies in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingai Wang
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanzhi Su
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongle Song
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Benabdelhak AC, Derbak H, Titouah H, Aissanou S, Debbou-Iouknane N, Ayad A. Epidemiological Survey on Post Mortem Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken in Bejaia Province, Northern Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:791-802. [PMID: 38424401 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM The epidemiological survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of eimeriosis in broiler chickens slaughtered depending the season, to determine the different Eimeria species causing the coccidiosis in poultry farms; and to assess the impact of Eimeria parasite on histomorphological structure and oxidative stress parameters of the intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 in the province of Bejaia, Algeria. The intestines chickens (n = 366) were obtained immediately after slaughter, each cut into different segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum). Microscopic and parasitological examinations were performed according to standard procedures. Histomorphometric measurements of intestine were obtained using Image J software. Oxidative stress parameters were carried out from intestine tissue. RESULTS Eimeria spp. were detected in 73.77% (95% CI 71.20-76.34) of broiler gut samples. The prevalence varied significantly according to the season, with the lowest rates in winter (42.81%, 95% CI 40.35-45.27) and the highest in autumn (97.92%, 95% CI 97.6-99.4). All seven Eimeria species were identified, most commonly E. necatrix (27.70%), E. brunetti (26.47%), and E. tenella (20.96%). The mean lesion score ranged from 1.51 ± 0.05 to 1.79 ± 0.04. Significant differences in VH/CD ratio of intestinal epithelium (P < 0.001) were observed in different intestinal portions of infested broiler chickens compared to non-infested. The mean MDA concentration of intestinal segments was significantly higher in Eimeria species infested broilers compared to non-infested (P < 0.05). The results show at least one difference in CAT, SOD, and ABTS-+ concentrations (P < 0.05) in both chicken's groups. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that coccidiosis is extremely prevalent in slaughtered broilers, with an abundance of pathogenic Eimeria species. Also, it was concluded that infestation induces tissue structure alterations which coincides with the oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Chahrazad Benabdelhak
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Hanane Derbak
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Hanane Titouah
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Sofiane Aissanou
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Nedjima Debbou-Iouknane
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Abdelhanine Ayad
- Department of Biological Sciences of the Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria.
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Kasem SM, Mira NM, Helal IB, Mahfouz ME. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Ultrasonicated Rosmarinus officinalis Ethanolic Extract and its Chitosan-Loaded Nanoparticles Against Eimeria tenella Infected Broiler Chickens. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:951-999. [PMID: 38492183 PMCID: PMC11001757 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The in vivo efficacy of ultrasonicated Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract (UROEE) and its chitosan-loaded nanoparticles (UROEE-CsNPs) was investigated as a dietary prophylactic agent and as a therapeutic treatment against Eimeria tenella infected broiler chickens. METHODS Chickens were infected with 4 × 104 E. tenella oocysts at 21 days old for primary infection and with 8 × 104 oocysts at 35 days old for secondary infection. Eleven experimental groups were conducted. Dietary addition of 100 mg/kg UROEE and 20 mg/kg for CsNPs as well as UROEE-CsNPs were included for prophylactic groups from day 1 to 42. The same doses were used for therapeutic treatment groups for 5 constitutive days. Oocyst output in feces was counted. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10 and TGF-β4 was analyzed using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. RESULTS The results showed an efficacy of UROEE, CsNPs and UROEE-CsNPs in reduction of oocyst excretion and improving the cecal tissue architecture. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes protein expression were reduced. E. tenella infection lead to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines as TGF-β4 following primary infection, while their expression was downregulated following secondary infection. CONCLUSION The dietary prophylactic additives and therapeutic treatments with UROEE, CsNPs and UROEE-CsNPs could decrease the inflammatory response to E. tenella as indicated by oocyst output reduction, histopathological improvements, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells protein expression reduction as well as reducing mRNA expression levels of the tested cytokines following primary and secondary infections. Consequently, these results will help to develop better-combating strategies for the control and prevention of coccidiosis on poultry farms as a dietary prophylactic agent or as a therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Kasem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Nabila M Mira
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim B Helal
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, EL Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Magdy E Mahfouz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
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Nasiri V, Jameie F, Morovati Khamsi H. Detection, Identification, and Characterization of Eimeria spp. from Commercial Chicken Farms in Different Parts of Iran by Morphometrical and Molecular Techniques. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:854-864. [PMID: 38446343 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coccidiosis of domestic chicken is an important disease caused by any of seven species of Eimeria which, by developing within the epithelial cells of the intestine, cause lesions therein. We carried out a study on poultry farms located in various regions of Iran to determine the incidence and spread of Eimeria species by employing a single PCR test. METHODS A total of 64 fully confirmed clinically intestinal tracts were collected from different parts of Iran. From these 64 intestinal tracts, 82 samples were prepared from the different sites involved in the digestive tract. In morphological assessment, 23 samples could not be isolated and its information was not evaluated. RESULTS Using morphological methods, the following seven species of Eimeria were identified: E. acervulina (15/59; 25.42%), E. tenella (30/59; 50.84%), E. maxima (12/59; 20.33%), E. praecox (1/59; 1.69%), E. necatrix (2/59; 3.38%), E. mitis (5/59; 8.47%), and E. mivati (2/59; 3.38%). Mixed infections were found in eight (13.55%) samples. In molecular assessment, 31 samples could not be isolated and its information was not evaluated. Totally, the following five species were identified using molecular methods: E. acervulina (35/51; 68.62%), E. tenella (33/51; 64.70%), E. maxima (6/51; 11.76%), E. brunetti (5/51; 9.80%), and E. necatrix (2/51; 3.92%). Mixed infections were found in 23 (45.09%) samples. CONCLUSIONS The present study is an update on the situation of poultry coccidiosis in Iran and provides the first data on the molecular detection, identification, and characterization of Eimeria spp. in the poultry population of this country and confirmed the presence of different species of this parasite in this area. According to the results, E. acervulina and E. tenella, as the main disease-causing species, should be considered in control programs such as treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nasiri
- Protozoology Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Farnoosh Jameie
- Protozoology Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Morovati Khamsi
- Quality Control Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Coroian M, Fábián-Ravasz TZ, Dobrin PR, Györke A. Occurrence of Eimeria spp. and Intestinal Helminths in Free-Range Chickens from Northwest and Central Romania. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:563. [PMID: 38396531 PMCID: PMC10885887 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chickens raised in backyard free-range systems are confronted with a significant threat of parasitic infections. Among the parasitic agents, protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria and helminths, including Ascaridia galli, Capillaria spp., Heterakis gallinarum, and Strongyloides avium, stand out as the most prevalent. The sampling protocol included sixteen localities in four counties within the Transylvania region of Romania. Fecal samples were collected from chickens reared in a backyard system. Fecal samples were screened for oocysts (O) and eggs (E) by flotation method, and their number per gram of feces (OPG/EPG) was calculated after counting them by McMaster method. Positive samples for Eimeria spp. were further analyzed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method to identify the Eimeria species. A total of 145 flocks were tested and the overall prevalence of infection was 53.1%. The most prevalent infections were with A. galli/H. gallinarum (25.5%), and Eimeria spp. (24.8%), followed by Capillaria spp. and strongyles. The mean OPG/EPG values were as follows: 63,577 for Eimeria spp., 157 for Ascaridia/Heterakis, 362 for Capillaria spp., and 1671 for Strongyle eggs. Identified Eimeria species were E. acervulina (41.7%), E. tenella (27.8%), E. praecox (16.7%), E. brunetti (16.7%), OTUy (operational taxonomic unit y) (8.3%), OTUz (operational taxonomic unit z) (8.3%) and E. mitis (5.6%). Intestinal parasites exhibit a high prevalence among chickens in backyard poultry flocks, and the presence of significant parasite burdens can adversely affect both productive and economic aspects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that aimed to analyze the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in chickens raised in a backyard free-range system in Romania, and the first report of OTUy species in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Coroian
- Department of Poultry Management and Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.-Z.F.-R.); (P.R.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Tünde-Zsuzsánna Fábián-Ravasz
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.-Z.F.-R.); (P.R.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Patricia Roxana Dobrin
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.-Z.F.-R.); (P.R.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Adriana Györke
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.-Z.F.-R.); (P.R.D.); (A.G.)
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Yuan Y, Yang L, Zhao Q, Xiong L, Yang M, Suo X, Hao Z. Ponazuril: Clinical efficacy, ultrastructure, and histopathology studies of in vivo anticoccidial action against Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2024; 326:110098. [PMID: 38194736 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ponazuril, a novel antiprotozoal drug in the class of triazine, has shown a promising application on apicomplexan infections in poultry and livestock. However, the effect and mechanism of action of ponazuril against Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are unclear. The efficacy against E. tenella was initially studied by administering different doses of ponazuril in drinking water. The treated stage and site of ponazuril on E. tenella were observed through ultrastructural and histopathological analyses. Chicks were orally treated with a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of ponazuril at different endogenous stages of E. tenella post-infection. According to the clinical study, the values of anticoccidial indices (ACI) were 157.0, 162.3, 196.9, 194.5, and 190.9, respectively, when the ponazuril was administered in drinking water at doses of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 mg/L for two consecutive days after infection. Among them, the 20 mg/L ponazuril group showed the best anticoccidial effect, which was superior to that of the toltrazuril treatment group, with an ACI value of 191.7. Histological analysis indicated that ponazuril effectively relieved cecal lesions, and decreased the number of merozoites. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) observed that merozoites became irregular in shape, and some apparent protrusions of the outer membrane were presented especially the second-generation merozoites. Additionally, abnormalities in the development of WFBI and WFBII in the macrogametocyte were observed, which may affect the formation of the ovule wall. Moreover, merozoites in the treated group showed uneven and marginalized chromatin and mitochondrial swelling. These results suggested ponazuril is a potential anticoccidial drug, providing information on the mechanism of anticoccidial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li'nan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi 830052, PR China
| | - Xun Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Cevallos-Gordon A, Molina CA, Radman N, Ron L, Gamboa MI. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Eimeria spp. in Broiler Chickens from Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Pathogens 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38251355 PMCID: PMC10820216 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis in chickens is a parasitic disease of economic importance for the poultry industry. In Ecuador, there is limited information regarding the prevalence of Eimeria spp. on commercial broiler farms. Therefore, a total of 155 poultry farms in the provinces of Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas were surveyed. The analysis of fresh fecal samples was conducted to determine the parasitic load of six of the seven chicken Eimeria species (excluding E. mitis) through multiplex PCR. Additionally, an epidemiological survey was performed to assess the risk factors associated with the infection using a multivariable logistic regression model. All samples tested positive for the presence of Eimeria spp., despite the farmers having implemented prophylactic measures, and no clinical coccidiosis cases were recorded. The parasitic load varied between 25 and 69,900 oocyst per gram. The species prevalence was as follows: Eimeria spp. 100%, E. maxima 80.4%, E. acervulina 70.6%, E. praecox 55.4%, E. tenella 53.6%, E. necatrix 52.2%, and E. brunetti 30.8%. The main species combination was E. cervuline, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. praecox (23.90%), followed by E. tenella, as a unique species (10.69%), and then E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. praecox (8.81%). It was observed that farms operated by independent producers had a higher amount of Eimeria spp. and higher probability of the presence of E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella. Poultry houses located below 1300 m above sea level were associated with a higher parasitic load and the presence of E. brunetti. Birds younger than 35 days of age and from open-sided poultry houses (with rudimentary environmental control) had a higher probability of presenting E. maxima. Drinking water from wells increased the risk of E. praecox presence. Research aimed at designing control strategies to improve health management on poultry farms in the region would help minimize the impact of coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cevallos-Gordon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.A.M.); (L.R.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The National University of La Plata, La Plata B1900AFW, Argentina;
| | - C. Alfonso Molina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.A.M.); (L.R.)
- Institute of Public Health and Zoonotic Research, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Nilda Radman
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The National University of La Plata, La Plata B1900AFW, Argentina;
| | - Lenin Ron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (C.A.M.); (L.R.)
- Institute of Public Health and Zoonotic Research, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
- Faculty of Agronomy, Central University of Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - María Ines Gamboa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The National University of La Plata, La Plata B1900AFW, Argentina;
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Jaramillo-Ortiz JM, Burrell C, Adeyemi O, Werling D, Blake DP. First detection and characterisation of Eimeria zaria in European chickens. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110068. [PMID: 37931476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The global poultry industry has experienced dramatic growth in recent decades, increasing the significance of pathogens of chickens. Protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria can cause the disease coccidiosis, compromising animal health and welfare, and incurring significant annual costs. Seven Eimeria species have long been recognised to infect chickens, supplemented by three new candidate species first reported from Australia in 2007/8. Named Eimeria lata, Eimeria nagambie and Eimeria zaria, one or more of these new species have been reported in Australia, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Venezuela, and most recently the United States of America, but none have been detected in Europe. Here, a panel of 56 unvaccinated broiler chicken farms were sampled in the final week of production from France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom to assess the occurrence of all ten Eimeria species using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, 39 of 56 (69.6%) farms were found to host at least one species. Eimeria acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima were most common, with E. mitis and E. praecox also widespread. Eimeria necatrix was detected on one farm in France, while E. brunetti was not detected. Eimeria zaria was detected for the first time in Europe, appearing in Greece and Italy (one occurrence each). New primers were designed to confirm detection of E. zaria and provide template for phylogenetic comparison with the reference isolate from Australia. Detection of E. zaria in Europe reinforces the importance of integrated control for coccidiosis given the lack of protection induced by current anticoccidial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Jaramillo-Ortiz
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Caela Burrell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwayomi Adeyemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom.
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Adeyemi O, Quill A, Morikone M, Evans L, Formoy C, Idowu ET, Akinsanya B, Jatau ID, Blake DP. Exploring the genetic diversity of Eimeria acervulina: A polymerase chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110010. [PMID: 37634263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria, protozoan parasites that can cause the disease coccidiosis, pose a persistent challenge to poultry production and welfare. Control is commonly achieved using good husbandry supplemented with routine chemoprophylaxis and/or live parasite vaccination, although widespread drug resistance and challenges to vaccine supply or cost can prove limiting. Extensive effort has been applied to develop subunit anticoccidial vaccines as scalable, cost-effective alternatives, but translation to the field will require a robust understanding of parasite diversity. Using a new Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) panel we begin to describe the genetic diversity of Eimeria acervulina populations in Africa and Europe. PCR-RFLP genotyping E. acervulina populations sampled from commercial broiler and layer chickens reared in Nigeria or the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (RoI) revealed comparable levels of haplotype diversity, in direct contrast to previous descriptions from the close relative E. tenella. Here, 25 distinct PCR-RFLP haplotypes were detected from a panel of 42 E. acervulina samples, including 0.7 and 0.5 haplotypes per sample in Nigeria (n = 20) and the UK/RoI (n = 14), respectively. All but six haplotypes were found to be country-specific. The PCR-RFLP markers immune mapped protein 1 (IMP1) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) were most informative for Nigerian E. acervulina, while microneme protein 3 (MIC3) and HSP90 were most informative in UK/RoI populations. High haplotype diversity within E. acervulina populations may indicate frequent genetic exchange and potential for rapid dissemination of genetic material associated with escape from selective barriers such as anticoccidial drugs and future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwayomi Adeyemi
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alexandra Quill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Margeen Morikone
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Laura Evans
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Claire Formoy
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Emmanuel T Idowu
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Isa D Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK.
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Lail NU, Sattar A, Omer MO, Hafeez MA, Khalid AR, Mahmood S, Shabbir MA, Ahmed W, Aleem MT, Alouffi A, Almutairi MM. Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa against coccidiosis in commercial poultry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6568. [PMID: 37085577 PMCID: PMC10121593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis causes huge economic losses worldwide. Current study evaluated the effect of biosynthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Nigella sativa, on Eimeria tenella infected broilers. Scanning electron microscopy showed spherical ZnONPs with 50-100 nm diameter, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy revealed the functional groups involved in the reduction of zinc acetate dihydrate to ZnONPs, UV-vis spectroscopy showed a peak at 354 nm, and Zeta potential exhibited stability at - 30 mV. A total of 150, a day-old broiler chicks were divided into 5 equal groups. Control negative: uninfected and untreated; Control positive: Infected and untreated; 3rd, 4th and 5th group were infected orally with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella and treated with 60 mg/kg ZnONPs, 1% Nigella sativa seeds and amprolium 125 ppm, respectively. ZnONPs significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth performance in the infected birds and decreased the oocyst shedding and anti-coccidial index. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of aspartate transferase and alanine transferase, whereas, a significantly higher amount of antioxidants like catalase and superoxide dismutase in ZnONPs treated group was observed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-2 and TNF-α were significantly decreased by ZnONPs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, biogenic ZnONPs with Nigella sativa might have enhanced anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects with improved growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam-Ul Lail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ovais Omer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf Khalid
- Deparment of Livestock and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sammina Mahmood
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abubakr Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 12354, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mashal M Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Pajić M, Todorović D, Knežević S, Prunić B, Velhner M, Andrić DO, Stanimirovic Z. Molecular Investigation of Eimeria Species in Broiler Farms in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041039. [PMID: 37109568 PMCID: PMC10144399 DOI: 10.3390/life13041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a significant poultry disease caused by the Eimeria species. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. on broiler farms in Vojvodina, along with the identification of parasite species, and assess the implemented biosecurity measures. The study was conducted on 100 broiler chicken farms (28 small-sized; 34 medium-sized; 38 large-sized farms) from June 2018 to December 2021. One pooled sample of faeces was collected from three to six-week-old chickens from each farm, and assessment of biosecurity measures was carried out using a questionnaire. Using the PCR method, DNA of Eimeria was found in 59 samples (59%), while 41 samples (41%) were negative. Four species of Eimeria were identified, and their prevalence was the following: E. acervulina (37%), E. maxima (17%), E. mitis (25%) and E. tenella (48%). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was established in the number of oocysts in flocks from small-sized farms compared to medium-sized farms. It was found that regular implementation of disinfection, disinsection and deratisation measures, as well as all the biosecurity measures, can significantly reduce the occurrence of coccidiosis. These results will help to develop better strategies for the control and prevention of coccidiosis on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Pajić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Todorović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Knežević
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Prunić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Velhner
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhou X, Wang L, Zhu P, Yang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Gu X, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Yang G, Chen S, Wu S, Xie Y. Comprehensive molecular characterization of complete mitogenome assemblies of 33 Eimeria isolates infecting domestic chickens. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:109. [PMID: 36935516 PMCID: PMC10026407 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria is one of the most severe chicken diseases and poses a great economic threat to the poultry industry. Understanding the evolutionary biology of chicken Eimeria parasites underpins development of new interactions toward the improved prevention and control of this poultry disease. METHODS We presented an evolutionary blueprint of chicken coccidia by genetically characterizing complete mitogenome assemblies of 33 isolates representing all seven known Eimeria species infecting chickens in China. Further genome- and gene-level phylogenies were also achieved to better understand the evolutionary relationships of these chicken Eimeria at the species level. RESULTS 33 mitogenomes of chicken eimerian parasites ranged from 6148 bp to 6480 bp in size and encoded typical mitochondrial compositions of apicomplexan parasites including three protein-coding genes (PCGs), seven fragmented small subunit (SSU) and 12/13 fragmented large subunit (LSU) rRNAs. Comparative genomics provided an evolutionary scenario for the genetic diversity of PCGs-cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and 3 (cox1 and cox3) and cytochrome b (cytb); all were under purifying selection with cox1 and cox3 being the lowest and highest evolutionary rates, respectively. Genome-wide phylogenies classified the 33 Eimeria isolates into seven subgroups, and furthermore Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix were determined to be more closely related to each other than to the other eight congenic species. Single/concatenated mitochondrial protein gene-based phylogenies supported cox1 as the genetic marker for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies for avain coccidia. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, these are the first population-level mitogenomic data on the genus Eimeria, and its comprehensive molecular characterization provides valuable resources for systematic, population genetic and evolutionary biological studies of apicomplexan parasites in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pengchen Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 1088477, Japan
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Shuangyang Wu
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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18
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Campos PM, Miska KB, Jenkins MC, Yan X, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the duodenum and jejunum in broiler chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1147579. [PMID: 37020716 PMCID: PMC10067739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal disease coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria parasites, impacts nutrient absorption in broiler chickens, leading to weight gain depression and major losses in the poultry industry. To develop alternatives to antibiotics for treating infected chickens, the gut microbiota has been researched because of its association with health factors such as nutrient exchange, immune system modulation, digestive system physiology, and pathogen exclusion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of both the duodenum (DuoL and DuoM) and jejunum (JejL and JejM) at multiple time points (days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14) post-infection. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was utilized to characterize the microbiota and analyze differences in alpha and beta diversity between infected (IF) and control (C) birds at each time point. Alpha diversity differed between IF and C birds in DuoM and JejM microbiota. Combined with beta diversity results, DuoM microbiota appeared to be affected by infection in the longer-term, while JejM microbiota were affected in the shorter-term. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa known for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, such as Lachnospiraceae, Subdoligranulum, and Peptostreptococcaceae, tended to be lower in IF birds for all four microbiota. Moreover, predicted functional abundances showed MetaCyc pathways related to SCFA production, especially butyrate, may be influenced by these differences in bacterial relative abundance. Our findings expand understanding of how Eimeria infection affects luminal and mucosal microbiota in the duodenum and jejunum, and further research on metagenomic function may provide insights on the degree of influence duodenal and jejunal bacteria have on chicken health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Campos
- USDA-ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- USDA-ARS, NEA Bioinformatics, Statistics Group, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Katarzyna B. Miska
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz,
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19
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Interactions of Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in the Ceca of Broiler Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111941. [PMID: 36423036 PMCID: PMC9693493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Eimeria tenella infection on the cecal microbiome, the protein concentration of cecal content, cecal mucosal immunity, and serum endotoxin levels in broilers. Three hundred sixty 14-day-old broilers were allocated to five infection doses with six replicates. The five infection doses were: ID0: 0, ID1: 6250, ID2: 12,500, ID3: 25,000, and ID4: 50,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts. Eimeria tenella infection significantly increased the relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, which includes diverse pathogenic bacteria, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes. Protein concentration of the cecal content was linearly increased (p < 0.05), and the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the cecal content was linearly decreased by Eimeria tenella infection (p < 0.05). Goblet cell density was linearly reduced in the ceca by Eimeria tenella infection (p < 0.05). Eimeria tenella infection tended to linearly decrease the relative mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptide genes such as avian beta-defensin 9 (AvBD9; p = 0.10) and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2; p = 0.08) in the cecal tissue. Therefore, Eimeria tenella infection negatively modulated cecal microbiota via impairing cecal mucosal immunity and increasing protein concentration in the cecal content in broilers.
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20
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Coroian M, Pop LM, Popa V, Friss Z, Oprea O, Kalmár Z, Pintea A, Borșan SD, Mircean V, Lobonțiu I, Militaru D, Vârban R, Györke A. Efficacy of Artemisia annua against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens: A Field Trial. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112277. [PMID: 36422347 PMCID: PMC9697319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Various studies on artemisinin and its derivatives have shown that Artemisia annua may be of therapeutic interest for different diseases, including chicken coccidiosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Artemisia annua on farm-reared broiler chickens by analyzing both the anticoccidial efficacy and its effect on the intestinal microbiota of poultry. (2) Methods: The experiment was performed within three houses on a broiler chicken farm located in Romania. House 1 was the experimental group and received a diet with an addition of A. annua. Houses 2 and 4 were the control groups and received anticoccidials. The prophylactic efficacy of A. annua against coccidiosis was evaluated by recording the weight gain, feed conversion rate, number of oocysts per gram of feces, lesion score, and mortality rate. (3) Results: The chickens fed with A. annua showed a decreasing trend in the number of oocysts per gram of faeces, and their lesion score was 80% lower than in the control group. The weight gains of the chickens treated with A. annua was lower, whilst the feed conversion rate was better than in controls. (4) Conclusions: Artemisia annua showed promising results in the prophylaxis of coccidiosis. Overall, the broiler chickens that received A. annua presented promising zootechnical performances and medical data related to coccidiosis and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Coroian
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Loredana Maria Pop
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Virgilia Popa
- Pasteur Institute, Giulesti, 060269 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zsuzsa Friss
- The Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Târgu Mures, 547530 Sîngeorgiu de Mures, Romania
| | | | - Zsuzsa Kalmár
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- ELKH-ÁTE Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adela Pintea
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia-Diana Borșan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Viorica Mircean
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iustina Lobonțiu
- The Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Târgu Mures, 547530 Sîngeorgiu de Mures, Romania
| | - Dumitru Militaru
- Pasteur Institute, Giulesti, 060269 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisești, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Vârban
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Györke
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.G.)
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21
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Kasem SM, Mira NM, Mahfouz ME, Helal IB. In Vitro Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Ultrasonicated Ethanolic Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and its Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Eimeria tenella Oocysts of Chickens. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:295. [PMID: 36329254 PMCID: PMC9633124 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) were used as nanocarrier for ultrasonicated ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (UEERO) as a new nanoformulation against Eimeria tenella. Herein, CsNPs have been synthesized by ionic gelation method at pH 3 (CsNPs3) and pH 5 (CsNPs5), followed by characterization of morphology, size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, and loading efficiency of UEERO. An in vitro sporulation inhibition assay (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.62, 0.31, 0.15, 0.07, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/ml normal saline solution) against E. tenella was conducted. Results showed that free CsNPs and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 were cubic- and spherical-shaped with positive charge and average size of ~ 150.8 nm (314.4 nm) and 151.7 nm (321.1 nm), respectively. The total loading efficiency using UV–vis spectrophotometer, was 80.05 at pH 5 and 64.39% at pH 3. The in vitro sporulation inhibition assay revealed that UEERO, CsNPs3/5, and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 showed a potential inhibitory effect on sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocyst abnormality (%) in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, the concentration (10 mg/ml) showed the best efficacy after 24 h in UEERO, free CsNPs, and UEERO-CsNPs. Moreover, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 had stopped the sporulation (%) after 72 h. Taken all together, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 are best effective against E. tenella in a dose-dependent manner in terms of sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocysts abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Kasem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Nabila M Mira
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Magdy E Mahfouz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim B Helal
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, EL Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
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22
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Smith MK, Buhr DL, Dhlakama TA, Dupraw D, Fitz-Coy S, Francisco A, Ganesan A, Hubbard SA, Nederlof A, Newman LJ, Stoner MR, Teichmann J, Voyta JC, Wooster R, Zeygerman A, Zwilling MF, Kiss MM. Automated enumeration of Eimeria oocysts in feces for rapid coccidiosis monitoring. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102252. [PMID: 36463777 PMCID: PMC9719016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis represents a major driver in the economic performance of poultry operations, as coccidia control is expensive, and infections can result in increased feed conversion ratios, uneven growth rates, increased co-morbidities with pathogens such as Salmonella, and mortality within flocks. Shifts in broiler production to antibiotic-free strategies, increased attention on pre-harvest food safety, and growing incidence of anti-coccidial drug resistance has created a need for increased understanding of interventional efficacy and methods of coccidia control. Conventional methods to quantify coccidia oocysts in fecal samples involve manual microscopy processes that are time and labor intensive and subject to operator error, limiting their use as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in animal parasite control. To address the need for a high-throughput, robust, and reliable method to enumerate coccidia oocysts from poultry fecal samples, a novel diagnostic tool was developed. Utilizing the PIPER instrument and MagDrive technology, the diagnostic eliminates the requirement for extensive training and manual counting which currently limits the application of conventional microscopic methods of oocysts per gram (OPG) measurement. Automated microscopy to identify and count oocysts and report OPG simplifies analysis and removes potential sources of operator error. Morphometric analysis on identified oocysts allows for the oocyst counts to be separated into 3 size categories, which were shown to discriminate the 3 most common Eimeria species in commercial broilers, E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima. For 75% of the samples tested, the counts obtained by the PIPER and hemocytometer methods were within 2-fold of each other. Additionally, the PIPER method showed less variability than the hemocytometer counting method when OPG levels were below 100,000. By automated identification and counting of oocysts from 12 individual fecal samples in less than one hour, this tool could enable routine, noninvasive diagnostic monitoring of coccidia in poultry operations. This approach can generate large, uniform, and accurate data sets that create new opportunities for understanding the epidemiology and economics of coccidia infections and interventional efficacy.
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23
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Zaheer T, Abbas RZ, Imran M, Abbas A, Butt A, Aslam S, Ahmad J. Vaccines against chicken coccidiosis with particular reference to previous decade: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2749-2763. [PMID: 35925452 PMCID: PMC9362588 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis is an economically significant disease of commercial chicken industry accounting for losses of more than £10.4 billion (according to 2016 prices). Additionally, the costs incurred in prophylaxis and therapeutics against chicken coccidiosis in developing countries (for instance Pakistan according to 2018 prices) reached US $45,000.00 while production losses for various categories of chicken ranges 104.74 to US $2,750,779.00. The infection has been reported from all types of commercial chickens (broiler, layer, breeder) having a range of reported prevalence of 7-90%. The concern of resistance towards major anticoccidials has provided a way forward to vaccine research and development. For prophylaxis of chicken coccidiosis, live virulent, attenuated, ionophore tolerant strains and recombinant vaccines have been extensively trialed and commercialized. Eimeria antigens and novel vaccine adjuvants have elicited the protective efficacy against coccidial challenge. The cost of production and achieving robust immune responses in birds are major challenges for commercial vaccine production. In the future, research should be focused on the development of multivalent anticoccidial vaccines for commercial poultry. Efforts should also be made on the discovery of novel antigens for incorporation into vaccine designs which might be more effective against multiple Eimeria species. This review presents a recap to the overall progress against chicken Eimeria with particular reference to previous decade. The article presents critical analysis of potential areas for future research in chicken Eimeria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ali Butt
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Aslam
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmad
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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24
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Flores RA, Nguyen BT, Cammayo PLT, Võ TC, Naw H, Kim S, Kim WH, Na BK, Min W. Epidemiological investigation and drug resistance of Eimeria species in Korean chicken farms. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:277. [PMID: 35836230 PMCID: PMC9284840 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is a poultry disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by Eimeria species. The infection is associated with reduced feed efficiency, body weight gain, and egg production. This study aimed to investigate the current status of coccidiosis and anticoccidial resistance to anticoccidial drugs used as part of control strategies for this disease in Korean chicken farms. Results An overall prevalence of 75% (291/388) was found. Positive farms contained several Eimeria species (mean = 4.2). Of the positive samples, E. acervulina (98.6%), E. maxima (84.8%), and E. tenella (82.8%) were the most prevalent species. Compared with cage-fed chickens, broilers and native chickens reared in free-range management were more at risk of acquiring an Eimeria infection. Sensitivities to six anticoccidial drugs (clopidol, diclazuril, maduramycin, monensin, salinomycin, and toltrazuril) were tested using nine field samples. Compared with untreated healthy control chickens, the body weight gains of infected chickens and treated/infected chickens were significantly reduced in all groups. Fecal oocyst shedding was significantly reduced in four clopidol-treated/infected groups, three diclazuril-treated/infected groups, two toltrazuril-treated/infected groups, one monensin-treated/infected group, and one salinomycin-treated/infected group, compared with the respective untreated/infected control groups. Intestinal lesion scores were also reduced in three clopidol-treated/infected groups, one monensin-treated/infected group, and one toltrazuril-treated/infected group. However, an overall assessment using the anticoccidial index, percent optimum anticoccidial activity, relative oocyst production, and reduced lesion score index found that all field samples had strong resistance to all tested anticoccidial drugs. Conclusion The results of this large-scale epidemiological investigation and anticoccidial sensitivity testing showed a high prevalence of coccidiosis and the presence of severe drug resistant Eimeria species in the field. These findings will be useful for optimizing the control of coccidiosis in the poultry industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03369-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Binh T Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Paula Leona T Cammayo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Paul-Odeniran KF, Odeniran PO, Ademola IO, Kumalo H. "Mango in all her majesty"-the potential of mangiferin and its analogues in the inhibition of Eimeria tenella hexokinase-a computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35694819 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2085173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of natural products in mitigating infections and diseases are being considered lately. Herein, via in silico methods, we report the possible molecular mechanism of mangiferin (isolated from the fruit, peel, bark and leaves of mango tree) and its derivatives in inhibiting Eimeria tenella hexokinase. We evaluated the binding affinity of these inhibitors to the glucose binding site of EtHK and thereafter proceeded to molecular dynamics simulation. The Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) reveals that three of the derivatives (CPAMM, MxPAMM and NAMM) had better total binding free energy than mangiferin. The ADMET and physicochemical properties assessed shows that inhibitors also hold a potential to be drug-likely. Finally, in mediating their inhibitory potentials, the ligands stabilize both the global and local structures of the protein. This study provides a theoretical premise on which the anti-coccidial propensities of mangiferin most especially its derivatives can be investigate in vitro and in vivo.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde F Paul-Odeniran
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Paul O Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah O Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- School of Laboratory and Medical Sciences, Department of medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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26
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Williams J, Soutter F, Burrell C, Fernando S, Xia D, Irving J, Williams-McDonald S, Kim S, Blake DP. Differential expression of microRNAs in the caecal content and faeces of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:395-405. [PMID: 35583479 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2076581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCoccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. incurs significant morbidity and mortality in chickens, and is thus of great economic importance. Post-mortem intestinal lesion scoring remains one of the most common means of diagnosis, and therefore alternative, non-invasive methods of diagnosis and monitoring would be highly desirable. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be stable in faeces of human and animal species with expression altered in gastrointestinal disease. We hypothesised that miRNA is stable in caecal content of chickens, and that differential miRNA expression patterns would be seen in Eimeria infected versus uninfected individuals. Initially, RNA was extracted from Eimeria tenella infected (n = 3; seven days post-infection) and uninfected (n = 3) chicken caecal content to demonstrate miRNA stability. Subsequently, next generation miRNA sequencing was performed on caecal content from E. tenella infected chickens with high (lesion score (LS) 3-4; n = 3) or low (LS1; n = 3) levels of pathology and uninfected controls (n = 3). Comparative analysis identified 19 miRNAs that exhibited significantly altered expression in the caecal content of E. tenella infected chickens versus uninfected chickens (t-test, False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05). Eight of these miRNAs showed significant up-regulation in infection (fold change of 9.8-105, FDR <0.05). Quantitative PCR was performed using separate biological replicates to confirm differential regulation in 8 of these miRNA candidates in caecal and faecal content. This work has identified a panel of miRNA candidates which may be appropriate for use as non-invasive faecal markers of active caecal coccidiosis without the need for culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Williams
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Caela Burrell
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Shayara Fernando
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Dong Xia
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Jennifer Irving
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Sarah Williams-McDonald
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA
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Andreopoulou M, Chaligiannis I, Sotiraki S, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Prevalence and molecular detection of Eimeria species in different types of poultry in Greece and associated risk factors. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2051-2063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fatemi SA, Elliott KEC, Macklin KS, Bello A, Peebles ED. Effects of the In Ovo Injection of Vitamin D 3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 in Ross 708 Broilers Subsequently Challenged with Coccidiosis: II Immunological and Inflammatory Responses and Small Intestine Histomorphology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1027. [PMID: 35454273 PMCID: PMC9029999 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In broilers challenged with coccidiosis, effects of in ovo vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) administration on their inflammatory response and small intestine morphology were evaluated. At 18 d of incubation (doi), a 50 μL volume of the following 5 in ovo injection treatments was administrated: non-injected (1) and diluent injected (2) controls, or diluent injection containing 2.4 μg D3 (3) or 2.4 μg 25OHD3 (4), or their combination (5). Four male broilers were randomly allocated to each of eight isolated replicate wire-floored battery cages at hatch, and birds were challenged at 14 d of age (doa) with a 20x live coccidial vaccine dosage. One bird from each treatment-replicate (40 birds in each of 8 replicates per treatment) was bled at 14 and 28 doa in order to collect blood for the determination of plasma IL-1β and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. The duodenum, jejunum, and ilium from those same birds were excised for measurement of villus length, crypt depth, villus length to crypt depth ratio (VCR), and villus surface area. In ovo injection of 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 resulted in a reduction in plasma NO levels as compared to all other treatments at 28 doa. Additionally, duodenal VCR increased in response to the in ovo injection of 25OHD3 when compared to the diluent, D3 alone, and the D3 + 25OHD3 combination treatments at two weeks post-challenge (28 doa). Therefore, it can be concluded that 2.4 μg of 25OHD3, when administrated in ovo at 18 doi, may be used to decrease the inflammatory reaction as well as to enhance the small intestine morphology of broilers during a coccidiosis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Abolghasem Fatemi
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.E.C.E.); (E.D.P.)
| | - Katie E. C. Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.E.C.E.); (E.D.P.)
- Poultry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ken S. Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Abiodun Bello
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Edgar David Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.E.C.E.); (E.D.P.)
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Taylor J, Walk C, Misiura M, Sorbara JOB, Giannenas I, Kyriazakis I. Quantifying the effect of coccidiosis on broiler performance and infection outcomes in the presence and absence of control methods. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101746. [PMID: 35219136 PMCID: PMC8881651 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the role of Eimeria species, dose and inoculation time, on performance and infection outcomes of different broiler strains infected for different study durations. The meta-analysis addressed E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and mixed species infections, and involved data from 72 peer-reviewed articles, corresponding to 521 treatments performed on 20,756 broilers. A secondary objective was to investigate the effects of synthetic anticoccidials, ionophores, and vaccination against Eimeria on the above outcomes. Performance during infection was scaled (%) to that of the uninfected birds. Infection reduced scaled ADFI and ADG (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05); there was a significant interaction between dose and species on scaled ADFI and ADG, suggesting that different species affected these variables to different extents (P < 0.001). There was a tendency for an interaction between dose and broiler strain on scaled ADFI (P = 0.079), and a significant interaction between these variables on scaled ADG (P < 0.01). A tendency for an interaction between oocyst dose and Eimeria species (P = 0.067) on maximum number of oocysts excreted was observed. Lesion scores were significantly affected by dose, species, and their interaction (P < 0.05), the latter caused by an increase in the lesion scores during E. maxima and E. tenella infections. Control methods significantly affected scaled ADG and FCR (P < 0.05) and there was an interaction between dose and control methods on ADFI (P < 0.001). Synthetic anticoccidial use improved scaled ADG (P < 0.01), whereas ionophores improved FCR compared with untreated birds (P < 0.01). An interaction between dose and control method on scaled ADFI was caused by the higher ADFI of vaccinated compared to untreated birds, as dose increased. There was a significant effect of control methods on lesion scores (P < 0.01). All findings advance our understanding of the factors that influence the impact of coccidiosis and its controls in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Taylor
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Walk
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Misiura
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
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30
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Campos PM, Miska KB, Kahl S, Jenkins MC, Shao J, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Effects of Eimeria tenella on Cecal Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2022; 66:39-52. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Campos
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) USDA-ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Katarzyna B. Miska
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Stanislaw Kahl
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- USDA-ARS, NEA, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Mesa-Pineda C, Navarro-Ruíz JL, López-Osorio S, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Gómez-Osorio LM. Chicken Coccidiosis: From the Parasite Lifecycle to Control of the Disease. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:787653. [PMID: 34993246 PMCID: PMC8724208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.787653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is one of the main providers of protein for the world's population, but it faces great challenges including coccidiosis, one of the diseases with the most impact on productive performance. Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, which are a group of monoxenous obligate intracellular parasites. Seven species of this genus can affect chickens (Gallus gallus), each with different pathogenic characteristics and targeting a specific intestinal location. Eimeria alters the function of the intestinal tract, generating deficiencies in the absorption of nutrients and lowering productive performance, leading to economic losses. The objective of this manuscript is to review basic concepts of coccidiosis, the different Eimeria species that infect chickens, their life cycle, and the most sustainable and holistic methods available to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffer L. Navarro-Ruíz
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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32
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Gottardo Balestrin PW, Balestrin E, Santiani F, Biezus G, Moraes JC, da Silva Casa M, Vicente Medeiros AL, Casagrande RA. Prevalence of Eimeria sp. in Broiler Poultry Houses with Positive and Negative Pressure Ventilation Systems in Southern Brazil. Avian Dis 2021; 65:469-473. [PMID: 34699145 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an enteric disease caused by protozoa of the Eimeria genus and is of great economic relevance in industrial aviculture. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of Eimeria sp. in broiler poultry houses with positive (System 1) and negative (System 2) pressure ventilation and assess the associated factors. A transversal study was conducted using 8 random broiler chickens from 64 houses (n = 512) and macroscopic and histologic evaluation of the intestines, as well as PCR for Eimeria sp. The prevalence of Eimeria sp. was 90.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.8-83.5), with 93.8% (95% CI: 100-85.4) in System 1 and 87.5% (95% CI: 99.0-76.0) in System 2. The most prevalent species was Eimeria acervulina, and the most common combination was Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. System 2 and the negative Eimeria subgroup showed the best results for feed conversion and daily weight gain. By evaluating litter treatment, we found that quicklime reduced the risk of presence of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella. In conclusion, Eimeria sp. had a high prevalence in both systems, with a predominance of mixed infections. System 2 and negative flocks showed the best zootechnical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eder Balestrin
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Avenida Farroupilha, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 92425-900
| | - Fábio Santiani
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 88520-000
| | - Giovana Biezus
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 88520-000
| | - Julio Cezar Moraes
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 88520-000
| | - Mariana da Silva Casa
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 88520-000
| | | | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 88520-000,
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33
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Memon FU, Yang Y, Soliman AM, Lv F, Rajput N, Zhang G, Baig MB, Wang Y, Si H. Dietary supplementation with Piper sarmentosum extract on gut health of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:497. [PMID: 34609608 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To explore the potential alternative of anti-coccidials, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of dietary Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) on induced coccidia infection in chickens. A total of 96-day-old chickens were randomly distributed to 1 of 3 treatment groups, including (1) control negative untreated uninfected (CN), (2) control positive untreated infected (CP), and (3) Piper sarmentosum (P. sarmentosum) extract-treated infected group (PSE). Our results demonstrated that E. tenella challenged untreated group showed a reduction (P < 0.05) in post-infection (PI) body weight compared to control negative group. However, supplementation of P. sarmentosum extract had no significant effects on body weight and cecal lesions compared with control positive group. Infected chickens fed PSE diet decreased (P < 0.05) the bloody diarrhea scores and oocyst shedding (during the day 5 to 8 post-infection) than that of CP chickens. E. tenella-challenged chickens upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of IL-8 and Bcl-2 compared to PSE chickens, while IFN-γ compared to CN chickens. On the other hand, treatment of P. sarmentosum extract tended to increase (P < 0.05) the transcription patterns of IL-4, IL-10, CLDN 1, SOD 1, and Bax with the comparison of control positive group; however, there were no significant effects on IL-8, ZO 1, and CAT expression between the PSE and CP groups. Collectively, these findings elaborated that dietary P. sarmentosum extract exhibit potential anti-coccidial effects in controlling the coccidia infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Uddin Memon
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunqiao Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ahmed M Soliman
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Feifei Lv
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Nasir Rajput
- Department of Poultry Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agricultural University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Geyin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mirza Baber Baig
- Collage of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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Attree E, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Jones M, Xia D, Marugan-Hernandez V, Blake D, Tomley F. Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2021; 2:37. [PMID: 34604790 PMCID: PMC8475900 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no "perfect solution" and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
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35
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Mesa C, Gómez-Osorio LM, López-Osorio S, Williams SM, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Survey of coccidia on commercial broiler farms in Colombia: frequency of Eimeria species, anticoccidial sensitivity, and histopathology. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101239. [PMID: 34214749 PMCID: PMC8255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mesa
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Nutri-Solla Research Group, Solla S.A. Carrera 42 No. 33-80, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - L M Gómez-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Carrera 129 # 22b-57 Int. 23, Bogotá Colombia
| | - S López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J J Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group. Department of Agricultural Sciences. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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36
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Ho DT, Pham HHS, Aota W, Matsubayashi M, Tsuji N, Hatabu T. Reduction of macrophages by carrageenan decreases oocyst output and modifies local immune reaction in chick cecum with Eimeria tenella. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:59-66. [PMID: 34252703 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the disease severity and local immune responses in macrophage-depleted chicks with Eimeria tenella. Macrophages were reduced by intraperitoneal injection of a carrageenan solution at 12, 13, and 16 days old, whereas the control group received intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline. Both chick groups were orally inoculated with E. tenella sporulated oocysts at 14 days old. Feces were collected daily, which were then quantified for oocysts. The chicks were sacrificed on day 5, and the ceca were collected for histopathological observation. The gene expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Macrophage-depleted chicks have been observed to shed a significantly reduced number of fecal oocysts compared to the infected control group. The parasite burden score in cecum specimens of macrophage-depleted chicks was significantly lower than those of infected control on day 5 after infection. Furthermore, macrophage reduction yielded significantly lower cecum histopathological scores and CD4 expression than those of the infected control group. The expression of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-22, interferon-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase was also noted to be significantly upregulated in both infected control and macrophage-depleted chicks compared to uninfected chicks. IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and perforin expressions were also higher with macrophage depletion than in both control groups. These results suggest that macrophages serve as an invasive gate or a transporting vehicle to the site of first merogony. Furthermore, mononuclear phagocytes may play an important role in local immune responses, thus contributing to parasite development during early E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi Ho
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue City 49116, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Hoang Son Pham
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Aota
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hatabu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Yang C, Diarra MS, Choi J, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Lepp D, Liu S, Lu P, Mogire M, Gong J, Wang Q, Yang C. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde on growth performance, intestinal digestive and absorptive functions, meat quality and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab099. [PMID: 34222827 PMCID: PMC8252029 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are potential antimicrobial alternatives and their applications in animal feeds are limited due to their fast absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg on the growth performance, organ weights, meat quality, intestinal morphology, jejunal gene expression, nutrient digestibility, and ileal and cecal microbiota. A total of 320 male day-old broiler Cobb-500 chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments with eight pens per treatment (10 birds per pen): 1) basal diet (negative control, NC); 2) basal diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg avilamycin premix (positive control, PC); 3) basal diet with 50 mg/kg encapsulated CIN (EOL); 4) basal diet with 100 mg/kg encapsulated CIN (EOH). Despite birds fed EOH tended to increase (P = 0.05) meat pH at 24 h, all pH values were normal. Similar to PC group, meats from birds fed EOL and EOH showed a reduced (P < 0.05) Warner-Bratzler force shear (WBFS) compared to the NC group. The highest villus to crypt ratios (VH/CD; P < 0.05) were observed in broilers fed either EOL or EOH, with an average of 14.67% and 15.13% in the duodenum and 15.13% and 13.58% in the jejunum, respectively. For jejunal gene expressions, only six out of the 11 studied genes showed statistically significant differences among the dietary treatments. Gene expressions of cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) and neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT-1) were upregulated in EOH-fed birds compared to PC and NC-fed birds (P < 0.05), respectively; while the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was downregulated in EOL-fed birds when compared to NC birds (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, the expressions of cadherin 1 (CDH-1), zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), and maltase-glucoamylase (MG) were all upregulated (P < 0.05) in EOH-fed birds compared to PC-fed birds. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and of all 18 tested amino acids increased in EOL-fed birds (P < 0.01). Additionally, relative abundances (%) of ileal Proteobacteria decreased, while ileal and cecal Lactobacillus increased in EOH-fed birds (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary encapsulated CIN improved meat quality and gut health by reducing meat WBFS, increasing VH/CD in intestines, jejunal gene expressions, AID of nutrients and beneficial ileal and cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Janghan Choi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Argenis Rodas-Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Marion Mogire
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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In Vitro Assessment of Anticoccidials: Methods and Molecules. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071962. [PMID: 34209100 PMCID: PMC8300270 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coccidiosis is a major problem in poultry production, leading to significant economic losses. Due to the outbreak of resistance to the available treatments, research is focusing on finding new molecules that work against the pathogen. Botanical compounds represent promising alternatives, but reliable in vitro tests are needed for their screening and to understand their mechanism of action. Research in vitro involves studies on the environmental phase of the parasite and studies on the endogenous development, which occurs inside the host cells and that requires cell cultures or in ovo models to be studied. This review aims to summarize the protocols that have been successfully applied so far, as well as to suggest potential cues to improve research on this field. Moreover, as the surge of botanicals as anticoccidial molecules is on the rise, the intent is to provide an overview of the methods to assess their effectiveness in vitro in comparison with conventional drugs. Abstract Avian coccidiosis is a disease causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites characterized by an exogenous–endogenous lifecycle. In vitro research on these pathogens is very complicated and lacks standardization. This review provides a description of the main in vitro protocols so far assessed focusing on the exogenous phase, with oocyst viability and sporulation assays, and on the endogenous phase, with invasion and developmental assays in cell cultures and in ovo. An overview of these in vitro applications to screen both old and new remedies and to understand the relative mode of action is also discussed.
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Taha S, Nguyen-Ho-Bao T, Daugschies A, Rentería-Solís Z. In vitro infection of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with Eimeria acervulina sporozoites: quantitative analysis of parasite cellular invasion and replication using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2689-2693. [PMID: 34146126 PMCID: PMC8263444 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Poultry coccidiosis causes considerable economical losses to the livestock industry. Eimeria parasites are responsible for this disease. On a global scale, E. acervulina and E. tenella are amongst the most common Eimeria spp. infecting broilers. E. tenella is commonly used as infection model in in vivo and in vitro studies. On the other hand, E. acervulina has barely been studied under in vitro conditions. A well established and widely used in vitro model for E. tenella infection is the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line (MDBK); however, little is known regarding suitability of MDBK cells as host cells for E. acervulina. We infected MDBK monolayers with two different doses, 5 × 104 and 2 × 105, of E. acervulina sporozoites and evaluated cultures at 24 and 96 h post infection (hpi). For comparison, we ran an identical infection assay using E. tenella sporozoites. To assess parasite reproduction, the number of DNA copies of E. acervulina SCAR marker and E. tenella ITS-1 gene was quantified using real-time quantitative PCR. We found that the number of E. acervulina copies increased significantly at 24 hpi in comparison to E. tenella (p < 0.05). After 96 hpi, E. acervulina gene copies were considerably reduced while E. tenella continued to multiply (p < 0.05). Our results show that MDBK monolayers could be used for in vitro research aimed to study E. acervulina sporozoite cell invasion. Nevertheless, modifications of in vitro cultivation appear necessary to allow qualitative and quantitative studies over longer periods of parasite reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinaz Taha
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, PO Box 32, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.
| | - Tran Nguyen-Ho-Bao
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, 900000, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zaida Rentería-Solís
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Répérant JM, Thomas-Hénaff M, Benoit C, Le Bihannic P, Eterradossi N. The impact of maturity on the ability of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria meleagrimitis oocysts to sporulate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:32. [PMID: 33812464 PMCID: PMC8019568 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The sporulation of oocysts of Eimeria that infect poultry is known to be under the influence of environmental conditions, including temperature, oxygen supply, and moisture. However, even when these conditions are optimal, the level of sporulation can remain low. The effect of oocyst maturity on their ability to sporulate was investigated for two species of Eimeria: E. acervulina of chickens, and E. meleagrimitis of turkeys. After oral infection of birds, oocysts were collected at their production site in the intestine at different times around the prepatent period. The percentage of sporulation was determined by observation of 100 oocysts for each sample. With E. acervulina, it was observed that sporulation depended on the time of collection of the oocysts in the intestine, and that it increased with aging oocysts (from 5% to 40% globally in 8 h). With E. meleagrimitis, sporulation remained low with oocysts collected in the duodenum (below 20%), but oocysts collected in the midgut and in the lower intestine sporulated more efficiently (around 80%) than oocysts collected in the duodenum at the same time. One explanation for these results is the assumption that oocysts may be produced before fertilization, and that microgametes have not yet fertilized the newly produced oocysts. As time goes on, more oocysts would be fertilized, locally in the duodenum for E. acervulina, and descending along the gut for E. meleagrimitis. This hypothesis needs to be investigated further, but it could lead to new approaches to control these parasites by targeting the microgametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Répérant
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology, Parasitology Unit, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, PO Box 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Martine Thomas-Hénaff
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology, Parasitology Unit, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, PO Box 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Benoit
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology, Parasitology Unit, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, PO Box 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierre Le Bihannic
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology, Parasitology Unit, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, PO Box 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology, Parasitology Unit, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, PO Box 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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41
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Molecular characterization and analysis of the ATPase ASNA1 homolog gene of Eimeria tenella in a drug sensitive strain and drug resistant strains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 15:115-125. [PMID: 33639573 PMCID: PMC7910411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of drugs has exacerbated the resistance of Eimeria tenalla to anti-coccidial drugs. Using RNA-seq, we previously found the ATPase ASNA1 homolog of E. tenella (EtASNA1) was differentially expressed in resistant strains and drug sensitive (DS) strain. In our study, we used western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze the translational and transcriptional levels of EtASNA1 in a diclazuril-resistant (DZR) strain, maduramicin-resistant (MRR) strain, salinomycin-resistant (SMR) strain, and DS strain and found EtASNA1 was highly expressed in three drug-resistant strains. The qRT-PCR and western blotting results also showed that the expression levels of EtASNA1 increased with increasing drug concentration, and the transcription levels of the DZR strains isolated from the field were higher than those of the DS strain. In addition, we used in vivo and in vitro tests to analyze the changes of EtASNA1 expression after DZR, MRR, and DS strain infections in chickens, and in vitro inoculation of DF-1 cells in the presence of drugs. The addition of drugs caused expression to be upregulated. The results of qRT-PCR and western blotting also showed that the expression levels of EtASNA1 in second-generation merozoites (SM) and unsporulated oocysts (UO) were significantly higher than those in the other two developmental stages. The immunofluorescence localization of EtASNA1 indicated that the protein was distributed throughout the sporozoites (SZ) and SM, except for the refractile bodies of SZ. In vitro inhibition experiments showed that anti-EtASNA1 antibody incubation significantly inhibited SZ invasion of DF-1 cells. The above results showed that EtASNA1 may be related to host cell invasion of E. tenella and may be involved in the development of E. tenella resistance to some drugs.
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Attia El Hili R, Achouri MS, Verneau O. Cytochrome c oxydase I phylogenetic analysis of Haemogregarina parasites (Apicomplexa, Coccidia, Eucoccidiorida, Haemogregarinidae) confirms the presence of three distinct species within the freshwater turtles of Tunisia. Parasitol Int 2021; 82:102306. [PMID: 33610828 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Species of Haemogregarina are apicomplexan blood parasites that use vertebrates as intermediate hosts. Due to limited interspecific morphological characters within the genus during the last decade, 18S rRNA gene sequences were widely used for species identification. As coinfection patterns were recently reported from nuclear molecular data for two sympatric freshwater turtles Mauremys leprosa and Emys orbicularis from Tunisia, our objectives were to design COI specific primers to confirm the presence of three distinct species in both host species. Blood samples were collected from 22 turtles, from which DNAs were extracted and used as templates for amplification. Following different rounds of PCR and nested PCR, we designed specific Haemogregarina COI primers that allowed the sequencing of nine distinct haplotypes. Phylogenetic Bayesian analysis revealed the occurrence of three well-differentiated sublineages that clustered together into a single clade. Based on pairwise genetic distances (p-distance), we confirmed the occurrence of three distinct but phylogenetically closely related species coinfecting M. leprosa and E. orbicularis in the same aquatic environments. Our results demonstrate that the use of fast evolving genes within Haemogregarina will help to investigate the parasite diversity within both intermediate vertebrate and definitive invertebrate hosts, and to assess the evolution, historical biogeography and specificity of haemogregarines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Attia El Hili
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, LR18ES06 Tunis, Tunisia; Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Perpignan, France
| | - Mohamed Sghaier Achouri
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, LR18ES06 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Verneau
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Perpignan, France; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Bindari YR, Kheravii SK, Morton CL, Wu SB, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Molecular detection of Eimeria species and Clostridium perfringens in poultry dust and pooled excreta of commercial broiler chicken flocks differing in productive performance. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109361. [PMID: 33550163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis are the most economically detrimental enteric diseases of broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the association of DNA load of Clostridium perfringens, netB, and five Eimeria species (E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. acervulina and E. tenella) in poultry house dust and pooled excreta with flock productive performance. The dust and pooled excreta from the floor were collected weekly at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 of chicken age from 16 flocks of eight farms from two Australian integrator companies. The farms were ranked as high or low performers by each integrator according to the production performance of studied flocks. Eimeria tenella and necatrix were not detected in any farm while E. brunetti was detected in a low-performance farm and netB was detected in a high-performance farm. C. perfringens, E. acervulina and E. maxima DNA were detected on all farms with no significant differences in DNA load between high and low-performance farms or companies. The lack of association of pathogen DNA load and farm performance is possibly due to overall low to moderate pathogen DNA load detected in this study. Further studies on a larger number of farms are needed to determine whether these population level measurements of key pathogens based on PCR detection of nucleic acids are correlated with performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal Raj Bindari
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Christine L Morton
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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Cha JO, Shim KS, Lee HW, Kim HC. Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JO Cha
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - KS Shim
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea; Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HW Lee
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HC Kim
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
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Awad H, Gadalla AAH, Postigo M, Al-Hamidhi S, Tageldin MH, Skariah S, Sultan AA, Johnson EH, Shiels B, Pain A, Thompson J, Babiker HA. Dynamics and within-host interaction of Theileria lestoquardi and T. ovis among naive sheep in Oman. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19802. [PMID: 33188233 PMCID: PMC7666211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed species infections of Theileria spp. are common in nature. Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that mixed species infections elicit cross-immunity that can modulate pathogenicity and disease burden at the population level. The present study examined within-host interactions, over a period of 13 months during natural infections with two Theileria spp., pathogenic (T. lestoquardi) and non-pathogenic (T. ovis), amongst a cohort of naive sheep in Oman. In the first two months after exposure to infection, a high rate of mortality was seen among sheep infected with T. lestoquardi alone. However, subsequently mixed-infections of T. lestoquardi and T. ovis prevailed, and no further death occurred. The overall densities of both parasite species were significantly higher as single infection vs mixed infection and the higher relative density of pathogenic T. lestoquardi indicated a competitive advantage over T. ovis in mixed infection. The density of both species fluctuated significantly over time, with no difference in density between the very hot (May to August) and warm season (September to April). A high degree of genotype multiplicity was seen among T. lestoquardi infections, which increased with rising parasite density. Our results illustrate a potential competitive interaction between the two ovine Theileria spp., and a substantial reduction in the risk of mortality in mixed parasite infections, indicating that T. ovis confers heterologous protection against lethal T. lestoquardi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyam Awad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal A H Gadalla
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milagros Postigo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed H Tageldin
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sini Skariah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eugene H Johnson
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Diversion, King Abdullah, University for Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,GI-CoRE, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joanne Thompson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Muscat, Oman.
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Gilbert W, Bellet C, Blake DP, Tomley FM, Rushton J. Revisiting the Economic Impacts of Eimeria and Its Control in European Intensive Broiler Systems With a Recursive Modeling Approach. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:558182. [PMID: 33251254 PMCID: PMC7674784 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.558182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionophore compounds active against Eimeria species are widely used in intensive broiler systems and have formed the backbone of coccidiosis control for almost 50 years. Producers, however, are under pressure to reduce ionophore use due to consumer concerns over antimicrobial usage in food animals, and antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, current vaccines against Eimeria are commonly considered to be less cost-effective in intensive broiler systems, especially in Europe where attenuated live vaccines are used. An economic assessment of the impact of Eimeria and the disease coccidiosis, including the cost implications of different efficacies of control, is therefore timely to provide evidence for industry and policy development. A mechanistic model of broiler production under varying infection and control states was used to construct a dataset from which system productivity can be measured. Coccidiosis impact increased rapidly as control efficacy decreased. In the total absence of control, median impact was found to maximize at between €2.55 and €2.97 in lost production per meter squared of broiler house over a 33 day growing period. Coccidiosis remains a major risk to intensive broiler systems and the model developed allows investigation of issues related to coccidiosis control, antimicrobial use and the development of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Bellet
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Fatoba AJ, Zishiri OT, Blake DP, Peters SO, Lebepe J, Mukaratirwa S, Adeleke MA. Study on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Eimeria species from broilers and free-range chickens in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e10. [PMID: 33054259 PMCID: PMC7564691 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted from January to October 2018 with the objective to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Eimeria species in broiler and free-range chickens in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. A total of 342 faecal samples were collected from 12 randomly selected healthy broiler chicken farms and 40 free-range chickens from 10 different locations. Faecal samples were screened for the presence of Eimeria oocysts using a standard flotation method. The species of Eimeria isolates were confirmed by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) partial region and sequences analysis. Among broiler and free-ranging chickens, 19 out of 41 pens (46.3%) and 25 out of 42 faecal samples (59.5%) were positive for Eimeria infection. Molecular detection revealed the following species: Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria mitis in all the samples screened. Similarly, polymerase chain reaction assays specific for three cryptic Eimeria operational taxonomic units were negative for all the samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-1 sequences supported species identity with the greatest variation detected for E. mitis. This study provides information on the range and identity of Eimeria species, and their genetic relatedness, circulating in commercially reared broilers and free-ranging chickens from different locations in KwaZulu-Natal province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun J Fatoba
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville.
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A modified method for purification of Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1429-1432. [PMID: 31942639 PMCID: PMC7176601 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an economically important gastrointestinal disease in domestic fowl. Eimeria species are the causative agents of avian coccidiosis. Current challenges in management and prevention of eimeriosis enhance the need for research in this field. Sporozoite purification is a necessary step for Eimeria spp. in vitro infection models. Current alternatives such as DE-52 anion exchange chromatography and Percoll gradient require time and resources. We present a modified protocol consisting on vacuum filtration of sporozoites using a disposable 5-μL filter. Yield percentages were similar to those reported for Percoll gradient purification. By reducing time and efforts during sporozoite purification, it could be possible to increase resources in other areas of Eimeria studies.
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Yang WY, Lee YJ, Lu HY, Branton SL, Chou CH, Wang C. The netB-positive Clostridium perfringens in the experimental induction of necrotic enteritis with or without predisposing factors. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5297-5306. [PMID: 31222251 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The netB-positive Clostridium perfringens has been considered as the requisite to consistently induce necrotic enteritis (NE). However, use of a netB-positive strain did not guarantee consistent NE reproduction unless high protein diets or Eimeria, conceived as 2 major predisposing factors, was incorporated. To establish a refined model, the roles of dietary fishmeal inclusion, Eimeria inoculation, and netB-positive C. perfringens challenge in NE induction and the confounding effects of Eimeria infection on NE were examined. The results showed that the use of netB-positive C. perfringens without a predisposing factor failed to induce NE. Fishmeal incorporation promoted the occurrence of NE but did not significantly affect the incidence of the disease in conjunction with challenge of netB-positive C. perfringens. However, the additional participation of Eimeria infection in the same induction procedure produced significantly higher numbers of NE cases and promoted more severe lesions in chickens (P < 0.05). Inoculation of Eimeria resulted in a significant higher incidence of NE compared to the non-Eimeria treated group (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that both netB-positive C. perfringens and predisposing factors were required for the reproduction of disease. Mild-to-moderate coccidial infection (coccidial lesion score ≤ 2) was noted in NE cases in this model but severe coccidial infection did not correlate with the occurrence of NE, indicating mild coccidial infection may be beneficial for the development of NE. If multiple species infection of Eimeria precedes the challenge of C. perfringens, days 19 to 21 (1 to 3 D after the last clostridial challenge) was the time period favorable for observations of NE lesions. The time after this period may be subject to bias of severity, incidence, or mortality of NE owing to the profound coccidial lesions in the intestinal region. This study demonstrated that the co-infection with netB-positive C. perfringens and Eimeria species under fishmeal incorporation produced a desirable NE model, being of value in studying the effectiveness of novel feed additives and alternative mitigation strategies to prevent NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Yue-Jia Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Hsin-Yi Lu
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Scott L Branton
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762-5367
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chinling Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Efficacy of a commercial herbal formula in chicken experimental coccidiosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:343. [PMID: 31300024 PMCID: PMC6624883 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis represents a serious threat to the poultry industry, affecting production and causing high morbidity, mortality and significant costs resulting from treatment and prophylaxis. In-feed anticoccidials have been used for decades for managing avian coccidiosis and were very effective until drug resistance emerged. The use of natural remedies has become a promising alternative in combating coccidiosis in chickens. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the efficiency of a commercial herbal formula (H), as oral liquid preparations, in experimental chicken coccidiosis. Methods Two independent controlled battery experiments (BE1 and BE2) were designed and the product was tested in 3 different formulas (H1, H2 and H3): H1 contained a propylene glycol extract of Allium sativum and Thymus serpyllum; H2 contained Origanum vulgare, Satureja hortensis and Chelidonium majus; and H3 contained Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Inula helenium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rosmarinus officinalis, Chelidonium majus, Thymus serpyllum, Tanacetum vulgare and Coriandrum sativum. Chickens were divided into five groups for each BE as follows: (i) uninfected untreated control (UU1, UU2); (ii) infected untreated control (IU1, IU2); (iii) infected treated with amprolium (ITA1, ITA2); and (iv, v) two experimental groups infected treated with H1 (ITH1) and H2 (ITH2) formulas in the BE1 and with H3 (ITH3-5 and ITH3-10) formula in the BE2. The chickens from infected groups were challenged with 5000 (BE1) and 50,000 (BE2) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. (E. acervulina, E. tenella and E. maxima), respectively. The anticoccidial efficacy was assessed by recording the following: oocysts output (OPG), lesion score (LS), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and anticoccidial index (ACI). Additionally, polyphenolics and flavonoids (caffeic-chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercitin, quercitrin) from herb extracts found in H3 formula were determined by the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Results H1 and H2 reduced the WG, and increased the FCR and OPG compared with controls. H1 reduced the duodenal lesions, whilst H2 reduced the caecal lesions, compared with control. H3 decreased the OPG of Eimeria spp., reduced the total lesion score and improved the zootechnical performance (weight gain and feed conversion ratio). According to ACI value, H1 and H2 had no efficacy on Eimeria spp. infection, but H3 had good to marked anticoccidial effect, the ACI being slightly greater in the group ITH3-5. According to the results of LC-MS/MS, the concentration of polyphenols in H3 formula was the highest, the sum of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid being 914.9 µg/ml. Conclusions H3 formula is a promising natural anticoccidial and field trials are recommended in order to validate the obtained data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3595-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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