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Crotoxin promotes macrophage reprogramming towards an antiangiogenic phenotype. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4281. [PMID: 30862840 PMCID: PMC6414609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX) is the primary toxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. CTX reduces tumour mass, and tumour cell proliferation and these effects seem to involve the formation of new vessels. Angiogenesis has a key role in tumour growth and progression and is regulated by macrophage secretory activity. Herein, the effect of CTX on macrophage secretory activity associated with angiogenesis was investigated in vitro. Thymic endothelial cells (EC) were incubated in the presence of macrophages treated with CTX (12.5 nM) or supernatants of CTX-treated macrophages and endothelial cell proliferation, migration and adhesion activities, and the capillary-like tube formation in the matrigel-3D matrix was measured. Angiogenic mediators (MMP-2, VEGF and TNF-α) were measured in the cell culture medium. Macrophages pre-treated with CTX and supernatant of CTX-treated macrophages inhibited EC proliferation, adhesion to its natural ligands, and migration (as evaluated in a wound-healing model and Time Lapse assay) activities. Decreased capillary-like tube formation and MMP-2, VEGF and TNF-α levels in the supernatant of macrophages treated with CTX was also described. CTX promotes macrophage reprogramming towards an antiangiogenic phenotype.
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Chen YY, Lin YJ, Huang WT, Hung CC, Lin HY, Tu YC, Liu DM, Lan SJ, Sheu MJ. Demethoxycurcumin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle Downregulates DNA Repair Pathway to Improve Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:E3217. [PMID: 30563166 PMCID: PMC6320861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), through a self-assembled amphiphilic carbomethyl-hexanoyl chitosan (CHC) nanomatrix has been successfully developed and used as a therapeutic approach to inhibit cisplatin-induced drug resistance by suppressing excision repair cross-complementary 1 (ERCC1) in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NSCLC). Previously, DMC significantly inhibited on-target cisplatin resistance protein, ERCC1, via PI3K-Akt-snail pathways in NSCLC. However, low water solubility and bioavailability of DMC causes systemic elimination and prevents its clinical application. To increase its bioavailability and targeting capacity toward cancer cells, a DMC-polyvinylpyrrolidone core phase was prepared, followed by encapsulating in a CHC shell to form a DMC-loaded core-shell hydrogel nanoparticles (DMC-CHC NPs). We aimed to understand whether DMC-CHC NPs efficiently potentiate cisplatin-induced apoptosis through downregulation of ERCC1 in NSCLC. DMC-CHC NPs displayed good cellular uptake efficiency. Dissolved in water, DMC-CHC NPs showed comparable cytotoxic potency with free DMC (dissolved in DMSO). A sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay indicated that DMC-CHC NPs significantly increased cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by highly efficient intracellular delivery of the encapsulated DMC. A combination of DMC-CHC NPs and cisplatin significantly inhibited on-target cisplatin resistance protein, ERCC1, via the PI3K-Akt pathway. Also, this combination treatment markedly increased the post-target cisplatin resistance pathway including bax, and cytochrome c expressions. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a main role of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, was also highly inhibited by the combination treatment. The results suggested that enhancement of the cytotoxicity to cisplatin via administration of DMC-CHC NPs was mediated by down-regulation of the expression of TP, and ERCC1, regulated via the PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Hsueh-Hsih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd. Lugang Town, Changhua County 505, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chuan Hung
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Hsueh-Hsih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Hsueh-Hsih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Hsueh-Hsih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Dean-Mo Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Jen Lan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jyh Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Hsueh-Hsih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Fuchs T, Hahn M, Ries L, Giesler S, Busch S, Wang C, Han J, Schulze TJ, Puellmann K, Beham AW, Kaminski WE, Neumaier M. Expression of combinatorial immunoglobulins in macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204108. [PMID: 30240437 PMCID: PMC6150476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the presence of macrophage subpopulations that express the TCRαβ in chronic inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis and atherosclerosis and in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that a second subpopulation of macrophages expresses rearranged heavy and light chain immunoglobulins. We identify immunoglobulin expression in human and murine monocytes, in ex vivo differentiated macrophages and macrophages from the tumor microenvironment of five randomly selected distinct human tumor entities. The immunoglobulin heavy and light chains are expressed in a small macrophage subfraction (~3-5%) as combinatorial and individual-specific immune receptors. Using Sanger sequencing and deep sequencing, we routinely find markedly restricted Ig repertoires in monocytes/macrophages compared to normal B cells. Furthermore, we report the complete Ig heavy and light chain sequences of a fully functional immunoglobulin from a single tumor-associated macrophage. These results demonstrate that Ig expression is a defining feature of monocytes and also macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and thus reveal an as yet unrecognized modus operandi of host defense in professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fuchs
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Hahn
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas Ries
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sophie Giesler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svenja Busch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chunlin Wang
- iRepertoire inc. Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire inc. Huntsville, AL, United States of America
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Torsten J. Schulze
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang E. Kaminski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Bioscientia Institute for Medical Diagnostics, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Wang YH, Zhang TQ, Fu JN, Liu Y, Jia HY. The role of macrophages in the differentiation process of ureteral polyps. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:1015-1023. [PMID: 29243545 PMCID: PMC5972249 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517735977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the role of macrophage infiltration in the differentiation process of ureteral polyps and cancers. Methods This retrospective immunohistochemical study analysed archival samples of pathologically-confirmed specimens of low- and high-grade ureteral cancer, ureteral papilloma and ureteral polyps. The samples were immunohistochemically stained for cluster of differentiation (CD)4, CD8, CD16, CD25, CD56 and CD68 using immunofluorescence in order to identify different T-lymphocyte populations and macrophages. Results A total of 70 specimens were included in the analysis: 21 specimens of ureteral cancer, 17 specimens of ureteral papilloma, and 32 specimens of ureteral polyps. The largest proportion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was observed in the low-grade ureteral cancer group and almost none were observed in ureteral papillomas. The largest proportion of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes was observed in the ureteral polyps. The largest proportion of CD56+ natural killer cells was detected in the ureteral polyps, with very low levels observed in the other three groups. The largest proportion of CD16+CD68+ macrophages was observed in the high-grade ureteral cancer group, which was significantly higher than that observed in the ureteral papillomas. Conclusions This study revealed that CD16+CD68+ macrophages appear to participate in ureteral neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hui Wang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Siping Cancer Hospital, Siping, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- 2 Public Health School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ji-Ning Fu
- 3 Department of General Surgery, the Central Hospital of Siping, Siping, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- 4 The Key Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Jilin Province, the Central Hospital of Siping. Siping, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jia
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, the Central Hospital of Siping, Siping, Jilin Province, China
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Longoria TC, Eskander RN. Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer - an evolving therapeutic paradigm. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 2:11. [PMID: 27231571 PMCID: PMC4881063 DOI: 10.1186/s40661-015-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the only gynecologic malignancy with a rising incidence and mortality. While cure is routinely achieved with surgery alone or in combination with adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy when disease is confined to the uterus, patients with metastatic or recurrent disease exhibit limited response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted agents, or hormonal therapy. Given the unmet clinical need in this patient population, exploration of novel therapeutic approaches is warranted, and attention is turning to immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment. Existing evidence suggests that endometrial cancer is sufficiently immunogenic to be a reasonable candidate for active and/or passive immunotherapy. In this review, we critically examine what is known about the microenvironment in endometrial cancer and what has been learned from preliminary immunotherapy trials that enrolled endometrial cancer patients, encouraging further attempts at immunomodulation in the treatment of aggressive forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C. Longoria
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Bldg 56, Ste 800, Orange, CA 92868 USA
| | - Ramez N. Eskander
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Bldg 56, Ste 800, Orange, CA 92868 USA
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Alexandrakis MG, Goulidaki N, Pappa CA, Boula A, Psarakis F, Neonakis I, Tsirakis G. Interleukin-10 Induces Both Plasma Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:929-34. [PMID: 25743259 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma the angiogenic process is enhanced by various mediators. Among them interleukin-10 (IL-10), secreted mainly by myeloma-associated macrophages seems to participate in myeloma progression with variable manners. The aim of the study was to measure serum levels of IL-10 in various stages of MM patients and to correlate them with various angiogenic cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 and with known proliferation parameters, such as serum levels of B-cell activating factor and bone marrow infiltration by myeloma plasma cells, in order to explore their clinical significance. We measured serum levels of the above parameters by ELISA in 54 newly diagnosed MM patients. All of them were higher in MM patients and were increasing in parallel with disease progression. Furthermore, IL-10 correlated positively with both angiogenic cytokines and proliferation markers. This correlation of IL-10 with both angiogenic cytokines and markers of disease activity implicates that they all have an important role in MM pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Alexandrakis
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, PO BOX 1352, Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
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Zsiros E, Odunsi K. Tumor-associated macrophages: Co-conspirators and orchestrators of immune suppression in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:173-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Yu M, Niu ZM, Wei YQ. Effective Response of the Peritoneum Microenvironment to Peritoneal and Systemic Metastasis from Colorectal Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7289-94. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Jiang XF, Tang QL, Li HG, Shen XM, Luo X, Wang XY, Lin ZQ. Tumor-associated macrophages correlate with progesterone receptor loss in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012; 39:855-63. [PMID: 23106983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-feng Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Qiong-lan Tang
- Departments of Pathology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Hai-gang Li
- Departments of Pathology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Xi-ming Shen
- Departments of Pathology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Xiao-yu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Zhong-qiu Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
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Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:948098. [PMID: 22778768 PMCID: PMC3385963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/948098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.
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11
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Schmidt T, Ben-Batalla I, Schultze A, Loges S. Macrophage-tumor crosstalk: role of TAMR tyrosine kinase receptors and of their ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1391-414. [PMID: 22076650 PMCID: PMC11115155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ample clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that macrophages interact with tumor cells as well as with virtually all populations of host cells present in the tumor microenvironment. This crosstalk can strongly promote malignancy, but also has in principle the potential to inhibit tumor growth. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving the pro- and antimalignant behavior of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in order to develop better anticancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the biological consequences of reciprocal interactions between TAMs, cancer cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and other leukocyte subfractions within tumors. It was recently elucidated that tumors specifically educate macrophages to secrete growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), the common ligand of the Tyro3, Axl, Mer receptor (TAMR) family. In turn, Gas6 fosters tumor growth by promoting cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the Gas6-TAMR axis might represent a novel target for disrupting tumor-macrophage crosstalk. We summarize here what is known about TAMR and their ligands in (human) cancer biology. In order to shed more light on the role of macrophages in human cancer, we additionally provide an overview of what is currently known about the prognostic impact of TAMs in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schultze
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Ribatti D, Nico B, Finato N, Crivellato E. Tryptase-positive mast cells and CD8-positive T cells in human endometrial cancer. Pathol Int 2011; 61:442-4. [PMID: 21707849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we correlated the number of tryptase-reactive mast cells with the number of CD8-positive T cells in human endometrial adenocarcinoma biopsy specimens by means of immunohistochemical techniques. Results have shown that CD8-positive T cell counts correlate to tryptase-positive mast cell counts and that these parameters increase in accordance with the tumor progression of human endometrial carcinoma. These data suggest that inhibition of inflammation or manipulation of inflammatory resolution pathways may be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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13
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Lin VC, Wang JC, Lu K, Pang ST, Hung KC, Weng HC, Hsu CT, Yu TJ. Thymidine Phosphorylase Expression in Human Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1879-5226(11)60006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Akizawa H, Zhao S, Takahashi M, Nishijima KI, Kuge Y, Tamaki N, Seki KI, Ohkura K. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a radioiodinated thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor as a tumor diagnostic agent for angiogenic enzyme imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:427-32. [PMID: 20447553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Akizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecological cancer and the fourth most common cancer in women in the developed world. Over the last decade, immunotherapy has been the focus of intense investigation as a form of cancer treatment whereby the treatment initiates a host immune response ultimately eradicating the tumor. It has been suggested that in endometrial cancer and many other forms of cancer, immunosuppression poses a significant obstacle at inducing antitumor immunity by immunotherapy. This review will look at the different studies that have identified immunomodulation of T cells, cytokines and macrophages, and regulation of apoptotic and angiogenic factors in endometrial cancer patients that may contribute to the inefficiency of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brooks
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Siveen KS, Kuttan G. Role of macrophages in tumour progression. Immunol Lett 2009; 123:97-102. [PMID: 19428556 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now becoming clear that the inflammatory cells that exist in the tumour microenvironment play an indispensable role in cancer progression. Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a prominent component of the mononuclear leukocyte population of solid tumours, which displays an ambivalent relationship with tumours. They originate in the circulation and are recruited to the tumour site by tumour-derived attractants such as chemokines and interact with the tumour cells and preferentially localize at the tumour-host tissue interface, in regions often associated with low oxygen tensions. The tumour microenvironment, including cytokines and hypoxia, regulates the localization and function of TAMs. Upon activated by cancer cells, the TAMs can release a vast diversity of growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Many of these factors are key agents in cancer metastasis. Substantial evidence suggests that TAMs can interact with cancer cells, modify the ECM, and promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Several natural products have shown ability to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors by TAMs. The presence of extensive TAM infiltration has been shown to correlate with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis in a variety of human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Siveen
- Dept. of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar Post, Thrissur 680 555, Kerala, India
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Miszczak-Zaborska E, Kubiak R, Bieńkiewicz A, Bartkowiak J. The cytosol activity of thymidine phosphorylase in endometrial cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27:64. [PMID: 18986516 PMCID: PMC2588563 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is identical with platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) which promotes angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytosol activity of TP in tumor samples from patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS The activity of TP was measured by the spectrophotometric method in the cytosol of endometrial tumor samples from 43 patients. Moreover, the expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) protein and microvessel density (MD) were examined in the same endometrial tumor samples by immunohistochemical staining. Normal endometrium from 16 women, treated surgically due to nononcological reasons served as a control.A relationship between the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression, MD and clinicopathologic features was investigated. RESULTS A significantly higher the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was stated in malignant tumor samples when compared to the control (samples of normal endometrium). A positive statistically significant correlation between the cytosol enzyme activity and PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was found, but weaker from the remaining ones between PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was observed.Besides no correlation between the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression as well as MD and grading or histopatological type of endometrial cancer was stated. CONCLUSION The cytosol TP activity in endometrial cancer is significantly higher than in normal endometrium, with no relation as to the stage and grade of tumors, but correlates with the PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD may therefore be associated with favorable prognosis in patients treated with chemo- or radiotherapy after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Miszczak-Zaborska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Kubiak
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Paderewskiego Street 4, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieńkiewicz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Paderewskiego Street 4, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Bartkowiak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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19
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Soeda S, Nakamura N, Ozeki T, Nishiyama H, Hojo H, Yamada H, Abe M, Sato A. Tumor-associated macrophages correlate with vascular space invasion and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:122-8. [PMID: 18289648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine whether tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with clinicopathological features in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. METHODS 76 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma treated initially by hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy were retrospectively retrieved, and their histological features were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68, CD34, and Ki-67 was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. TAMs were counted in two areas: in the invasive margin (margin TAMs) and in the tumor (intratumor TAMs). RESULTS Margin TAMs were significantly associated with FIGO stage (P=0.033), histological grade (P=0.008), myometrial invasion (P=0.0001), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P=0.027), and vascular space invasion (P=0.0001). Intratumor TAMs were significantly associated with intratumor Ki-67 (P=0.006) and microvessel density (P=0.020). Patients with high margin TAMs (> or = 20) had significantly worse progression-free survival (PS) and overall survival (OS) than those with low margin TAMs (< 20) (log rank test, P=0.0031 and P=0.0085, respectively). On multivariate analysis, high margin TAMs were significantly associated with vascular space invasion (P=0.013; HR, 6.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.468-24.938) and myometrial invasion (P=0.041; HR, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.06-14.71). Vascular space invasion was only associated with PFS. CONCLUSION Although on univariate analysis TAMs are associated with other poor prognosticators, on a multivariate analysis, TAMs appear only to be associated with MI and VI. TAMs may play a significant role in the biology of tumor progression of endometrial adenocarcinoma, but do not appear to be independent prognostic indicators of patient's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Soeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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20
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Nakashima M, Nakano T, Ametani Y, Funamoto H, Uchiyama A, Miwa A, Miyata S, Shoji M, Kondo T, Satake S, Kojima Y. Expression of thymidine phosphorylase as an effect prediction factor for uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 16:1309-13. [PMID: 16803522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognoses in cases of uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy were investigated in association with immunohistochemical expression of an angiogenic factor, thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Forty-six cases of uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma mainly treated with radiotherapy during 1992-2001 at our clinic were studied. All were diagnosed as stages IIB to IVA. Paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens excised before radiotherapy were stained immunohistochemically using anti-TP monoclonal antibody. The extent of staining in both tumor and interstitial cells was graded as (-), (+/-), (+), and (2+). Specimens with TP expression levels of (2+) and (+) were regarded as positively stained and those with TP expression levels of (+/-) and (-) as negatively stained. The efficacy of radiotherapy in both groups was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. With tumor cells, 5-year survival rates for the positive (n= 38) and negative (n= 8) staining groups were 73.9% and 42.9%, respectively; the rate being significantly higher for the TP-positive group (log rank, P= 0.0096). Contrarily, with staining for interstitial cells, the 5-year survival rates for the positive (n= 20) and negative (n= 26) staining groups were 74.1% and 64.6%, respectively, with no significant difference (log rank, P= 0.406). The efficacy of radiotherapy in the group with positive staining of tumor cells was significantly better than in the negative staining group. Immunohistochemical expression of TP in tumor cells is suggested as a useful prognostic factor for uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomas treated with radiotherapy. Choosing therapy for individual cases by referring to factors including TP expression should contribute to an improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-2-78 nishinagae Toyama-Shi, Toyama, Japan.
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21
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Sheehan KM, Steele C, Sheahan K, O'Grady A, Leader MB, Murray FE, Kay EW. Association between cyclooxygenase-2-expressing macrophages, ulceration and microvessel density in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2005; 46:287-95. [PMID: 15720414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM In colorectal carcinomas, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed predominantly by epithelial cells and is implicated in tumour progression. Tumour-associated macrophages may influence tumour growth, proliferative rate and angiogenesis and also express COX-2 when activated. Thus they may play an important stromal-epithelial role in carcinogenesis. Tauhe aim of this study was to define the relationship between microvessel density (MVD), tumour COX-2 and macrophage COX-2 expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-five cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer were included in the study. Tissues were immunostained for COX-2, CD68 (macrophage marker) and CD34 (endothelial marker to assess MVD). Thirty-six cases were grossly ulcerated cancers and 29 cases showed focal/microscopic ulceration. Macrophages were in high concentration at the base of ulcerated areas, and were also diffusely dispersed within tumoral stroma. However, the pattern of macrophage COX-2 expression revealed two populations of macrophages--those deep within the tumour (negative for COX-2) and those at the base of ulcers (positive for COX-2). In all cases, the tumour epithelial cells expressed COX-2. MVD was higher at the base of ulcers, adjacent to COX-2+ macrophages, and was lower deep within the tumour. CONCLUSIONS In colorectal cancers, macrophages may have a dual role. Those concentrated at the base of the ulcers, where there is an associated high MVD, may induce angiogenesis, but their function may be in a healing/repair process. The lack of COX-2+ macrophages and lower MVD deep within the tumour suggests that it may be the epithelial COX-2 component that is important in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sheehan
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Tanaka Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Suzuki M, Terao T. Upregulation of bikunin in tumor-infiltrating macrophages as a factor of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:725-34. [PMID: 15350365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to clarify the localization of bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, and relation between expression of individual bikunin protein and ovarian cancer progression. METHODS We performed a retrospective study on the immunohistochemical expression of bikunin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and macrophages (CD68) in surgical specimens derived from 89 ovarian cancer patients to investigate correlations between the expression of bikunin and the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis. Furthermore, bikunin and uPA levels were measured by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the localization of bikunin was similar to that of CD68 for macrophages. We identified high expression of bikunin in 40 (45%) of 89 ovarian cancers. The results of Western blot analysis showed a significant correlation with immunohistochemical data. There was a significant inverse correlation between bikunin levels and uPA levels in ovarian cancer tissues. High bikunin expression was an independent predictor for disease-free survival (P = 0.040) and overall survival (P = 0.042). The 5-year survival rate of the 49 patients with low bikunin expression in ovarian cancers was 39%, whereas that of the other 40 patients with high bikunin expression was 63%. In addition, macrophage-derived bikunin protein was induced by exogenous IL-6. CONCLUSION Bikunin derived from tumor-infiltrating macrophages might be a prognostic indicator as an antiinvasive factor supplied from macrophages within and around the tumor possibly through down-regulation of tumor-associated uPA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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23
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Esposito I, Menicagli M, Funel N, Bergmann F, Boggi U, Mosca F, Bevilacqua G, Campani D. Inflammatory cells contribute to the generation of an angiogenic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:630-6. [PMID: 15166270 PMCID: PMC1770337 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.014498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cells contribute to the growth and spread of human malignancies by producing molecules that enhance tumour invasiveness. AIMS To characterise the inflammatory infiltrate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to analyse its contribution to angiogenesis and its prognostic relevance. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to identify inflammatory cells and evaluate the expression of proangiogenic and prolymphangiogenic molecules (vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)) by inflammatory and cancer cells in 137 pancreatic cancers. Intratumorous microvessel density (IMD) was assessed using CD34 as an endothelial cell marker. RESULTS There were significantly more mast cells and macrophages in pancreatic cancers than in normal pancreas and the number of mast cells directly correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases. However, there was no relation between numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells and the presence of chronic pancreatitis (CP)-like changes in the parenchyma surrounding the tumour. Double immunostaining revealed that both pancreatic mast cells and macrophages express VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and bFGF. These factors were also expressed in the tumour cells in many cases. The numbers of VEGF-A expressing tumour cells and bFGF expressing tumour and inflammatory cells significantly correlated with IMD. Moreover, tumours with higher IMD had higher numbers of infiltrating mast cells and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Mononuclear inflammatory cells of the non-specific immune response are recruited to pancreatic cancer tissues independent of the presence of CP-like changes, may influence the metastatic capacity of the cancer cells, and may contribute to the development of tumours with high angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Baak JPA, Snijders W, van Diermen B, van Diest PJ, Diepenhorst FW, Benraadt J. Prospective Multicenter Validation Confirms the Prognostic Superiority of the Endometrial Carcinoma Prognostic Index in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage 1 and 2 Endometrial Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:4214-21. [PMID: 14615450 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To validate the prognostic value of the endometrial carcinoma prognostic index (ECPI; combined myometrium invasion, flow cytometric DNA ploidy, and morphometric mean shortest nuclear axis [MSNA]) versus classic prognosticators. Patients and Methods: Prospective multicenter ECPI analysis was conducted in 463 endometrial carcinomas with a median of 6.5 years (range, 1 to 10 years) follow-up, review of pathology features, and univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate (Cox) analyses. Results: Initial routine and review diagnoses varied considerably (invasion depth, 11%; type, 20%; grade, 34%; vessel invasion, 72%); the review diagnoses were stronger prognostically. In International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage 1 (after histopathologic examination; pFIGO-1; n = 372; 38 deaths occurred as a result of disease [10.2%]), DNA ploidy was prognostic in hysterectomies (P < .00001) but not in curettages (P = .06). ECPI was a stronger prognostic indicator than other features. ECPI, MSNA, and DNA ploidy were also prognostic in pFIGO-1B and -1C subgroups. Multivariate analysis in pFIGO-1 showed that uterine MSNA ≤ versus > 7.93 μm (hazard ratio [HR], 3.4) and grade (as 1 + 2 v 3; HR, 2.6) added to the ECPI (HR, 32), but only in patients with an unfavorable ECPI of > 0.87. Adjuvant radiotherapy was not an independent prognostic factor in any of the subgroups. In pFIGO-2 (n = 46), ECPI, DNA-ploidy, and age (≤ 64, > 64 years) were significant. In FIGO-3 (n = 31) and FIGO-4 (n = 14), none of the classic or other features analyzed was of prognostic value, which explains why in previous studies using different mixtures of FIGO stages, DNA ploidy prognostic results varied. Conclusion: In endometrial carcinoma, DNA-ploidy is prognostic in hysterectomy and not in curettage samples. The ECPI is prognostically much stronger than the classic features widely used for therapy triage in pFIGO-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P A Baak
- Department of Pathology, Rogaland Central Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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