1
|
Zhuang H, Tang C, Lin H, Zhang Z, Chen X, Wang W, Wang Q, Tan W, Yang L, Xie Z, Wang B, Chen B, Shang C, Chen Y. A novel risk score system based on immune subtypes for identifying optimal mRNA vaccination population in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00921-1. [PMID: 38315287 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although mRNA vaccines have shown certain clinical benefits in multiple malignancies, their therapeutic efficacies against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains uncertain. This study focused on establishing a novel risk score system based on immune subtypes so as to identify optimal HCC mRNA vaccination population. METHODS GEPIA, cBioPortal and TIMER databases were utilized to identify candidate genes for mRNA vaccination in HCC. Subsequently, immune subtypes were constructed based on the candidate genes. According to the differential expressed genes among various immune subtypes, a risk score system was established using machine learning algorithm. Besides, multi-color immunofluorescence of tumor tissues from 72 HCC patients were applied to validate the feasibility and efficiency of the risk score system. RESULTS Twelve overexpressed and mutated genes associated with poor survival and APCs infiltration were identified as potential candidate targets for mRNA vaccination. Three immune subtypes (e.g. IS1, IS2 and IS3) with distinct clinicopathological and molecular profiles were constructed according to the 12 candidate genes. Based on the immune subtype, a risk score system was developed, and according to the risk score from low to high, HCC patients were classified into four subgroups on average (e.g. RS1, RS2, RS3 and RS4). RS4 mainly overlapped with IS3, RS1 with IS2, and RS2+RS3 with IS1. ROC analysis also suggested the significant capacity of the risk score to distinguish between the three immune subtypes. Higher risk score exhibited robustly predictive ability for worse survival, which was further independently proved by multi-color immunofluorescence of HCC samples. Notably, RS4 tumors exhibited an increased immunosuppressive phenotype, higher expression of the twelve potential candidate targets and increased genome altered fraction, and therefore might benefit more from vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This novel risk score system based on immune subtypes enabled the identification of RS4 tumor that, due to its highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, may benefit from HCC mRNA vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chenwei Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xinming Chen
- Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, 516400, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenliang Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bingkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Changzhen Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yajin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh R, Srivastava P, Manna PP. Evaluation of regulatory T-cells in cancer immunotherapy: therapeutic relevance of immune checkpoint inhibition. Med Oncol 2024; 41:59. [PMID: 38238513 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the complex immune system is equipped to defend against perilous intruders and concurrently negatively regulate the deleterious effect of immune-mediated inflammation caused by self and nonself antigens. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are specialized cells that minimize immune-mediated inflammation, but in malignancies, this feature has been exploited toward cancer progression by keeping the antitumor immune response in check. The modulation of Treg cell infiltration and their induction in the TME (tumor microenvironment) alongside associated inhibitory molecules, both soluble or membranes tethered in the TME, have proven clinically beneficial in boosting the tumoricidal activity of the immune system. Moreover, Treg-associated immune checkpoints pose a greater obstruction in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibiting or blocking active immune checkpoint signaling in combination with other therapies has proven clinically beneficial. This review summarizes the ontogeny of Treg cells and their migration, stability, and function in the TME. We also elucidate the Treg-associated checkpoint moieties that impede effective antitumor activity and harness these molecules for effective and targeted immunotherapy against cancer nuisance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Prateek Srivastava
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Partha Pratim Manna
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantó E, Anguera G, Jiménez N, Mellado B, Ramírez O, Mariscal A, Maroto P, Vidal S. Association between the Immunophenotype of Peripheral Blood from mCRPC Patients and the Outcomes of Radium-223 Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2222. [PMID: 37443615 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, with androgen suppression as the standard treatment. Despite initially responding to castration, most metastatic prostate cancer patients eventually experience progression. In these cases, Radium-223 is the chosen treatment. We hypothesized that the immunophenotype of circulating leukocytes conditions the response to Radium-223 treatment. (2) Material and Methods: In this prospective study, we collected peripheral blood from twelve mCRPC patients and nine healthy donors before (baseline) and during treatment with Radium-223. Immunophenotyping and the percentages of leukocyte-platelet complexes were determined by flow cytometry. The increments or decrements of leukocyte subsets between the baseline and the second Radium-223 injection were also calculated. (3) Results: At baseline, the mCRPC patients had a lower percentages of CD4+ T cells and B cells and higher percentages of NK and neutrophils than the HDs. In addition, they had more OX40+ CD4+ T cells, PD-L1+ CD8low cells, PD-L1+ B cells, PD-L1+ NK cells, and monocyte-platelet complexes than the HDs. Moreover, patients with slow and fast progression had different percentages of PD-L1+ CD8+ T cells. In particular, slow progression patients underwent an increment of PD-L1+ CD8+ T cells after two cycles of Radium-223. (4) Conclusions: The characterization of circulating immune cells before initiating Radium-223 treatment could become a non-invasive indicator of the response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgia Anguera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Jiménez
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ona Ramírez
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anais Mariscal
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Maroto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davis EJ, Martin-Liberal J, Kristeleit R, Cho DC, Blagden SP, Berthold D, Cardin DB, Vieito M, Miller RE, Hari Dass P, Orcurto A, Spencer K, Janik JE, Clark J, Condamine T, Pulini J, Chen X, Mehnert JM. First-in-human phase I/II, open-label study of the anti-OX40 agonist INCAGN01949 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004235. [PMID: 36316061 PMCID: PMC9628691 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OX40 is a costimulatory receptor upregulated on antigen-activated T cells and constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs). INCAGN01949, a fully human immunoglobulin G1κ anti-OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody, was designed to promote tumor-specific immunity by effector T-cell activation and Fcγ receptor-mediated Treg depletion. This first-in-human study was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of INCAGN01949. METHODS Phase I/II, open-label, non-randomized, dose-escalation and dose-expansion study conducted in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Patients received INCAGN01949 monotherapy (7-1400 mg) in 14-day cycles while deriving benefit. Safety measures, clinical activity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects were assessed and summarized with descriptive statistics. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients were enrolled; most common tumor types were colorectal (17.2%), ovarian (8.0%), and non-small cell lung (6.9%) cancers. Patients received a median three (range 1-9) prior therapies, including immunotherapy in 24 patients (27.6%). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached; one patient (1.1%) receiving 350 mg dose reported dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 colitis. Treatment-related adverse events were reported in 45 patients (51.7%), with fatigue (16 (18.4%)), rash (6 (6.9%)), and diarrhea (6 (6.9%)) being most frequent. One patient (1.1%) with metastatic gallbladder cancer achieved a partial response (duration of 6.3 months), and 23 patients (26.4%) achieved stable disease (lasting >6 months in one patient). OX40 receptor occupancy was maintained over 90% among all patients receiving doses of ≥200 mg, while no treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies were detected across all dose levels. Pharmacodynamic results demonstrated that treatment with INCAGN01949 did not enhance proliferation or activation of T cells in peripheral blood or reduce circulating Tregs, and analyses of tumor biopsies did not demonstrate any consistent increase in effector T-cell infiltration or function, or decrease in infiltrating Tregs. CONCLUSION No safety concerns were observed with INCAGN01949 monotherapy in patients with metastatic or advanced solid tumors. However, tumor responses and pharmacodynamic effects on T cells in peripheral blood and post-therapy tumor biopsies were limited. Studies evaluating INCAGN01949 in combination with other therapies are needed to further evaluate the potential of OX40 agonism as a therapeutic approach in patients with advanced solid tumors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02923349.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel C Cho
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Dominik Berthold
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dana B Cardin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Vieito
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Prashanth Hari Dass
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Orcurto
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jason Clark
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamid O, Chiappori AA, Thompson JA, Doi T, Hu-Lieskovan S, Eskens FALM, Ros W, Diab A, Spano JP, Rizvi NA, Wasser JS, Angevin E, Ott PA, Forgie A, Yang W, Guo C, Chou J, El-Khoueiry AB. First-in-human study of an OX40 (ivuxolimab) and 4-1BB (utomilumab) agonistic antibody combination in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005471. [PMID: 36302562 PMCID: PMC9621185 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivuxolimab (PF-04518600) and utomilumab (PF-05082566) are humanized agonistic IgG2 monoclonal antibodies against OX40 and 4-1BB, respectively. This first-in-human, multicenter, open-label, phase I, dose-escalation/dose-expansion study explored safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of ivuxolimab+utomilumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Dose-escalation: patients with advanced bladder, gastric, or cervical cancer, melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were unresponsive to available therapies, had no standard therapy available or declined standard therapy were enrolled into five dose cohorts: ivuxolimab (0.1-3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W)) intravenously plus utomilumab (20 or 100 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W)) intravenously. Dose-expansion: patients with melanoma (n=10) and NSCLC (n=20) who progressed on prior anti-programmed death receptor 1/programmed death ligand-1 and/or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (melanoma) received ivuxolimab 30 mg Q2W intravenously plus utomilumab 20 mg Q4W intravenously. Adverse events (AEs) were graded per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.4.03 and efficacy was assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) V.1.1 and immune-related RECIST (irRECIST). Paired tumor biopsies and whole blood were collected to assess pharmacodynamic effects and immunophenotyping. Whole blood samples were collected longitudinally for immunophenotyping. RESULTS Dose-escalation: 57 patients were enrolled; 2 (3.5%) patients with melanoma (0.3 mg/kg+20 mg and 0.3 mg/kg+100 mg) achieved partial response (PR), 18 (31.6%) patients achieved stable disease (SD); the disease control rate (DCR) was 35.1% across all dose levels. Dose-expansion: 30 patients were enrolled; 1 patient with NSCLC achieved PR lasting >77 weeks. Seven of 10 patients with melanoma (70%) and 7 of 20 patients with NSCLC (35%) achieved SD: median (range) duration of SD was 18.9 (13.9-49.0) weeks for the melanoma cohort versus 24.1 (14.3-77.9+) weeks for the NSCLC cohort; DCR (NSCLC) was 40%. Grade 3-4 treatment-emergent AEs were reported in 28 (49.1%) patients versus 11 (36.7%) patients in dose-escalation and dose-expansion, respectively. There were no grade 5 AEs deemed attributable to treatment. Ivuxolimab area under the concentration-time curve increased in a dose-dependent manner at 0.3-3 mg/kg doses. CONCLUSIONS Ivuxolimab+utomilumab was found to be well tolerated and demonstrated preliminary antitumor activity in selected groups of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02315066.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- Translational Research and Immunotherapy, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, A Cedars-Sinai Affiliate, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ferry A L M Eskens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke Ros
- Department of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Medical Oncology, APHP-Sorbonne University, IPLEs Inserm1136, Pitie-Salpetrière Hospital-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naiyer A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Wasser
- Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric Angevin
- Drug Development Department, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison Forgie
- Translational Oncology, Pfizer Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Oncology Computational Biology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, Calfornia, USA
| | - Cen Guo
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chou
- Early Oncology Development and Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anthony B El-Khoueiry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar V, Randhawa P, Bilodeau R, Mercola D, McClelland M, Agrawal A, Nguyen J, Castro P, Ittmann MM, Rahmatpanah F. Spatial Profiling of the Prostate Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Multiple Differences in Gene Expression and Correlation with Recurrence Risk. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194923. [PMID: 36230846 PMCID: PMC9562240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in both the development and progression of prostate cancer. Furthermore, identifying protein and gene expression differences between different regions is valuable for treatment development. We applied Digital Spatial Profiling multiplex analysis to formalin-fixed paraffin embedded prostatectomy tissue blocks to investigate protein and transcriptome differences between tumor, tumor-adjacent stroma (TAS), CD45+ tumor, and CD45+ TAS tissue. Differential expression of an immunology/oncology protein panel (n = 58) was measured. OX40L and CTLA4 were expressed at higher levels while 22 other proteins, including CD11c, were expressed at lower levels (FDR < 0.2 and p-value < 0.05) in TAS as compared to tumor epithelia. A tissue microarray analysis of 97 patients with 1547 cores found positive correlations between high expression of CD11c and increased time to recurrence in tumor and TAS, and inverse relationships for CTLA4 and OX40L, where higher expression in tumor correlated with lower time to recurrence, but higher time to recurrence in TAS. Spatial transcriptomic analysis using a Cancer Transcriptome Atlas panel (n = 1825 genes) identified 162 genes downregulated and 69 upregulated in TAS versus tumor, 26 downregulated and 6 upregulated in CD45+ TAS versus CD45+ tumor. We utilized CIBERSORTx to estimate the relative immune cell fractions using CD45+ gene expression and found higher average fractions for memory B, naïve B, and T cells in TAS. In summary, the combination of protein expression differences, immune cell fractions, and correlations of protein expression with time to recurrence suggest that closely examining the tumor microenvironment provides valuable data that can improve prognostication and treatment techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pavneet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert Bilodeau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dan Mercola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - James Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farah Rahmatpanah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Rui W, Jiang Y, Yuan F, Chen Y, Guo X, Zhou Y, Wu Z, Wang C, Ding X. Tumor-infiltrating OX40 + lymphocytes is an independent positive prognostic factor for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2029-2038. [PMID: 35731350 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OX40 signaling pathway occupies a vital place in anti-tumor immunity; however, the role of tumor-infiltrating OX40+ lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains to be identified. METHODS A total of 325 sequential PDAC patients who received curative tumor resection between January 2014 and December 2016 were enrolled. Tissues of these patients were immunohistochemically assessed for tumor infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and OX40+ lymphocytes. The frequency of OX40+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was then analyzed to various clinicopathological features, densities of tumor infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CTLs, and survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves. The risk scores of associated markers were calculated by the Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS Our results showed that higher OX40+ lymphocytes infiltration was significantly correlated with superior median overall survival (OS) (25.8 vs 13.4 months, P < 0.001). Additionally, using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses, this study revealed that together with tumor differentiation, tumor size, serum CA199 levels, serum CA125 levels, and the infiltration of intratumoral CD8+ T cells. The abundance of OX40+ lymphocytes within the tumor was continued to be an independent predictor for OS (P = 0.023, HR = 0.713, 95% CI: 0.532-0.954). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that intratumoral infiltration by a high number of OX40+ lymphocytes is a novel biomarker for favorable prognosis in resected PDAC patients, which implies that OX40-agonist-based immunotherapy might be a potential target in PDAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Weiwei Rui
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pu S, Zhou Y, Xie P, Gao X, Liu Y, Ren Y, He J, Hao N. Identification of necroptosis-related subtypes and prognosis model in triple negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964118. [PMID: 36059470 PMCID: PMC9437322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is considered to be a new form of programmed necrotic cell death, which is associated with metastasis, progression and prognosis of various types of tumors. However, the potential role of necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unclear. Methods We extracted the gene expression and relevant clinicopathological data of TNBC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. We analyzed the expression, somatic mutation, and copy number variation (CNV) of 67 NRGs in TNBC, and then observed their interaction, biological functions, and prognosis value. By performing Lasso and COX regression analysis, a NRGs-related risk model for predicting overall survival (OS) was constructed and its predictive capabilities were verified. Finally, the relationship between risk_score and immune cell infiltration, tumor microenvironment (TME), immune checkpoint, and tumor mutation burden (TMB), cancer stem cell (CSC) index, and drug sensitivity were analyzed. Results A total 67 NRGs were identified in our analysis. A small number of genes (23.81%) detected somatic mutation, most genes appeared to have a high frequency of CNV, and there was a close interaction between them. These genes were remarkably enriched in immune-related process. A seven-gene risk_score was generated, containing TPSG1, KRT6A, GPR19, EIF4EBP1, TLE1, SLC4A7, ESPN. The low-risk group has a better OS, higher immune score, TMB and CSC index, and lower IC50 value of common therapeutic agents in TNBC. To improve clinical practicability, we added age, stage_T and stage_N to the risk_score and construct a more comprehensive nomogram for predicting OS. It was verified that nomogram had good predictive capability, the AUC values for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 0.847, 0.908, and 0.942. Conclusion Our research identified the significant impact of NRGs on immunity and prognosis in TNBC. These findings were expected to provide a new strategy for personalize the treatment of TNBC and improve its clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Na Hao
- *Correspondence: Na Hao, ; Jianjun He,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lao J, Cao C, Niu X, Deng S, Ming S, Liang S, Shang Y, Yuan Y, Shi X, Liang Z, Wu M, Wu Y. OX40 enhances T cell immune response to PD-1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Mackenzie NJ, Nicholls C, Templeton AR, Perera MPJ, Jeffery PL, Zimmermann K, Kulasinghe A, Kenna TJ, Vela I, Williams ED, Thomas PB. Modelling the tumor immune microenvironment for precision immunotherapy. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 11:e1400. [PMID: 35782339 PMCID: PMC9234475 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Mackenzie
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Clarissa Nicholls
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Abby R Templeton
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mahasha PJ Perera
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland (APCRC‐Q) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Department of Urology Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland (APCRC‐Q) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Kate Zimmermann
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Microbiome Research School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Tony J Kenna
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Microbiome Research School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ian Vela
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland (APCRC‐Q) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Department of Urology Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland (APCRC‐Q) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland (APCRC‐Q) Brisbane QLD Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Single-cell landscape of immunocytes in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2022; 20:210. [PMID: 35562760 PMCID: PMC9103331 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intricate landscape of immunocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamental to immunotherapy but notably under-researched in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECCA). Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing technology was conducted to make an in-depth analysis of immunocytes from matched tumor tissues, paratumor tissues and peripheral blood from ECCA patients. The potential cellular interactions between two cell populations were analyzed with software CellPhoneDB (v2.1.7). Results We obtained 13526 cells and characterized the transcriptomes and heterogeneity of different clusters and subclusters of immunocytes from ECCA, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and myeloid immunocytes. We observed the rarely described immunocyte subclusters "intermediate" exhausted CD8+ T (CD8+ Tex) cells and “nonclassic” plasmacytes (CD27+ CD138+ CD38−). In addition, we identified potential immunotherapy targets, for example, ACP5, MAGEH1, TNFRSF9 and CCR8 for Tregs and MT1 for CD8+ Tex cells. We also found strong cellular interactions among Treg cells, M2 macrophages and CD8+ Tex cells through ligand–receptor analysis, implying that potential cellular cross-linkage promoted the immunosuppressive nature of the TME. Conclusions In a word, our study illuminated the components of the TME and revealed potential cellular interactions at the individual cellular level in ECCA, we aimed to provide a new perspective for further immunological studies and immunotherapy of ECCA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03424-5.
Collapse
|
12
|
Glaun MDE, Feng Z, Lango M. Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Head and Neck Melanoma. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2022; 34:273-281. [PMID: 35400571 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has transformed the workup and staging of intermediate-thickness cutaneous melanomas. SLN biopsy, performed at the time of primary tumor excision, accurately maps lymph nodes at risk of harboring occult metastatic deposits from head and neck cutaneous melanomas and represents the current standard of care. Completion lymphadenectomy identifies additional tumor in 12% to 24% of SLN biopsy positive cases but does not affect melanoma-specific survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mica D E Glaun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Boulevard, Suite E5.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zipei Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Boulevard, Suite E5.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Miriam Lango
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yadav R, Redmond WL. Current Clinical Trial Landscape of OX40 Agonists. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:951-960. [PMID: 35352295 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy, most cancer patients still develop progressive disease necessitating additional treatment options. One approach is ligation of the OX40 (CD134) costimulatory receptor which promotes T cell activation, effector function, and the generation of long-lived memory cells. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that OX40 agonists alone or in combination with ICB (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4) augment anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the impact of OX40 agonists on T cell function and the therapeutic potential of OX40 agonists alone or in conjunction with ICB for patients with advanced malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Yadav
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2N35, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2N35, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Olivera I, Cirella A, Teijeira A, Ochoa MC, Alvarez M, Eguren-Santamaria I, Luri-Rey C, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Nie X, Chen L, Guedan S, Sanamed MF, Luis Perez Gracia J, Melero I. Soluble CD137 as a dynamic biomarker to monitor agonist CD137 immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003532. [PMID: 35236742 PMCID: PMC8896037 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On the basis of efficacy in mouse tumor models, multiple CD137 (4-1BB) agonist agents are being preclinically and clinically developed. The costimulatory molecule CD137 is inducibly expressed as a transmembrane or as a soluble protein (sCD137). Moreover, the CD137 cytoplasmic signaling domain is a key part in approved chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for CD137 ligation and costimulation of T cells will facilitate clinical development of CD137 agonists in the clinic. Methods We used human and mouse CD8 T cells undergoing activation to measure CD137 transcription and protein expression levels determining both the membrane-bound and soluble forms. In tumor-bearing mice plasma sCD137 concentrations were monitored on treatment with agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Human CD137 knock-in mice were treated with clinical-grade agonist anti-human CD137 mAb (Urelumab). Sequential plasma samples were collected from the first patients intratumorally treated with Urelumab in the INTRUST clinical trial. Anti-mesothelin CD137-encompassing CAR-transduced T cells were stimulated with mesothelin coated microbeads. sCD137 was measured by sandwich ELISA and Luminex. Flow cytometry was used to monitor CD137 surface expression. Results CD137 costimulation upregulates transcription and protein expression of CD137 itself including sCD137 in human and mouse CD8 T cells. Immunotherapy with anti-CD137 agonist mAb resulted in increased plasma sCD137 in mice bearing syngeneic tumors. sCD137 induction is also observed in human CD137 knock-in mice treated with Urelumab and in mice transiently humanized with T cells undergoing CD137 costimulation inside subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs. The CD137 signaling domain-containing CAR T cells readily released sCD137 and acquired CD137 surface expression on antigen recognition. Patients treated intratumorally with low dose Urelumab showed increased plasma concentrations of sCD137. Conclusion sCD137 in plasma and CD137 surface expression can be used as quantitative parameters dynamically reflecting therapeutic costimulatory activity elicited by agonist CD137-targeted agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xinxin Nie
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Perez Gracia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Proskurina AS, Ruzanova VS, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Bogachev SS. Theoretical premises of a "three in one" therapeutic approach to treat immunogenic and nonimmunogenic cancers: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:4958-4972. [PMID: 35116346 PMCID: PMC8797664 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective We describe experimental and theoretical premises of a powerful cancer therapy based on the combination of three approaches. These include (I) in situ vaccination (intratumoral injections of CpG oligonucleotides and anti-OX40 antibody); (II) chronometric or metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide (CMLD CP)-based chemotherapy; (III) cancer stem cell-eradicating therapy referred to as Karanahan (from the Sanskrit kāraṇa [“source”] + han [“to kill”]). Background In murine models, the first two approaches are particularly potent in targeting immunogenic tumors for destruction. In situ vaccination activates a fully fledged anticancer immune response via an intricate network of ligand–receptor–cytokine interactions. CMLD CP-based chemotherapy primarily targets the suppressive tumor microenvironment and activates tumor-infiltrating effectors. In contrast, Karanahan technology, being aimed at replicative machinery of tumor cells (both stem-like and committed), does not depend on tumor immunogenicity. With this technology, mice engrafted with ascites and/or solid tumors can be successfully cured. There is a significant degree of mechanistic and therapeutic overlap between these three approaches. For instance, the similarities shared between in situ vaccination and Karanahan technology include the therapeutic procedure, the cell target [antigen-presenting cells (APC) and dendritic cells (DC)], and the use of DNA-based preparations (CpG and DNAmix). Features shared between CMLD CP-based chemotherapy and Karanahan technology are the timing and the dose of the cytostatic drug administration, which lead to tumor regression. Methods The following keywords were used to search PubMed for the latest research reporting successful eradication of transplantable cancers in animal models that relied on approaches distinct from those used in the Karanahan technology: eradication of malignancy, cure cancer, complete tumor regression, permanently eradicating advanced mouse tumor, metronomic chemotherapy, in situ vaccination, immunotherapy, and others. Conclusion We hypothesize, therefore, that very potent anticancer activity can be achieved once these three therapeutic modalities are combined into a single approach. This multimodal approach is theoretically curative for any type of cancer that depends on the presence of tumor-inducing cancer stem cells, provided that the active therapeutic components are efficiently delivered into the tumor and the specific biological features of a given patient’s tumor are properly addressed. We expect this multimodal approach to be primarily applicable to late-stage or terminal cancer patients who have exhausted all treatment options as well as patients with inoperable tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vera S Ruzanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Emerging photodynamic nanotherapeutics for inducing immunogenic cell death and potentiating cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Wang P, Tang L, Zhou B, Cheng L, Zhao RC, Zhang J. Analytical methods for the detection of PD-1/PD-L1 and other molecules related to immune checkpoints. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Wang D, Zhang H, Xiang T, Wang G. Clinical Application of Adaptive Immune Therapy in MSS Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:762341. [PMID: 34721435 PMCID: PMC8548603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. However, the treatment outcomes of immunotherapy in microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC remain unsatisfactory. As the majority of CRC cases display a molecular MSS/mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) profile, it is particularly meaningful to explore the clinical applications of adaptive immune therapy in MSS CRC patients. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic approaches of adoptive immune therapies, including cytokines, therapeutic cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, in the treatment of MSS CRCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Haiyan People’s Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang H, Li F, Cao J, Wang X, Cheng H, Qi K, Wang G, Xu K, Zheng J, Fu YX, Yang X. A chimeric antigen receptor with antigen-independent OX40 signaling mediates potent antitumor activity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/578/eaba7308. [PMID: 33504651 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have shown great success in the treatment of B cell malignancies, this approach has limited efficacy in patients with solid tumors. Various modifications in CAR structure have been explored to improve this efficacy, including the incorporation of two costimulatory domains. Because costimulatory signals are transduced together with T cell receptor signals during T cell activation, we engineered a type of CAR-T cells with a costimulatory signal that was activated independently from the tumor antigen to recapitulate physiological stimulation. We screened 12 costimulatory receptors to identify OX40 as the most effective CAR-T function enhancer. Our data indicated that these new CAR-T cells showed superior proliferation capability compared to current second-generation CAR-T cells. OX40 signaling reduced CAR-T cell apoptosis through up-regulation of genes encoding Bcl-2 family members and enhanced proliferation through increased activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and PI3K-AKT (phosphoinositide 3-kinase to the kinase AKT) pathways. OX40 signaling not only enhanced the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells but also reduced exhaustion markers, thereby maintaining their function in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. In mouse tumor models and in patients with metastatic lymphoma, these CAR-T cells exhibited robust amplification and antitumor activity. Our findings provide an alternative option for CAR-T optimization with the potential to overcome the challenge of treating solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fanlin Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Longyao Biotechnology Limited, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuanming Yang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fu N, Xie F, Sun Z, Wang Q. The OX40/OX40L Axis Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670637. [PMID: 34234777 PMCID: PMC8256170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T Follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a unique subset of CD4+ T cells, play an essential role in B cell development and the formation of germinal centers (GCs). Tfh differentiation depends on various factors including cytokines, transcription factors and multiple costimulatory molecules. Given that OX40 signaling is critical for costimulating T cell activation and function, its roles in regulating Tfh cells have attracted widespread attention. Recent data have shown that OX40/OX40L signaling can not only promote Tfh cell differentiation and maintain cell survival, but also enhance the helper function of Tfh for B cells. Moreover, upregulated OX40 signaling is related to abnormal Tfh activity that causes autoimmune diseases. This review describes the roles of OX40/OX40L in Tfh biology, including the mechanisms by which OX40 signaling regulates Tfh cell differentiation and functions, and their close relationship with autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NanNan Fu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - ZhongWen Sun
- Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang QW, Guo XX, Zhou Y, Wang QB, Liu Q, Wu ZY, Ding XY. OX40 agonist combined with irreversible electroporation synergistically eradicates established tumors and drives systemic antitumor immune response in a syngeneic pancreatic cancer model. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2782-2801. [PMID: 34249428 PMCID: PMC8263674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we intended to explore a novel combination treatment scheme for pancreatic cancer, using irreversible electroporation (IRE) and OX40 agonist. We further aimed to investigate the capacity and mechanism of this combination treatment using an in vivo mouse aggressive pancreatic cancer model. To this end, mice subcutaneously injected with KPC1199 pancreatic tumor cells were treated with IRE, followed by intraperitoneal injection of OX40 agonist. Tumor growth and animal survival were observed. Flow cytometry analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the immune cell populations within the tumors. The tumor-specific immunity was assessed using ELISpot assay. Besides, the cytokine patterns both in serum and tumors were identified using Luminex assay. After combination therapy with IRE and OX40 agonist, 80% of the mice completely eradicated the established subcutaneous tumors, during the 120 days observation period. Rechallenging these tumor-free mice at day 120 with KPC1199 tumor cells leads to complete resistance to tumor growth, suggesting that the combination therapy generated long-term-specific antitumor immune memory. Moreover, combination therapy significantly delayed the growth of contralateral untreated tumors, and significantly prolonged animal survival, suggesting that a potent systematic anti-tumor immunity was induced by combination therapy. Mechanically, combination therapy amplified antitumor immune response induced by IRE, as manifested by the increased quality and quantity of CD8+ T cells trigged by IRE. Together, these results provide strong evidence for the clinical assessment of the combination of IRE and OX40 agonist in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Guo
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing-Bing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stachyra K, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Bylina E, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Spałek MJ, Bartnik E, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Merkel Cell Carcinoma from Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6305. [PMID: 34208339 PMCID: PMC8231245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive skin cancer. It develops mostly within chronically sun-exposed areas of the skin. MCPyV is detected in 60-80% of MCC cases as integrated within the genome and is considered a major risk factor for MCC. Viral negative MCCs have a high mutation burden with a UV damage signature. Aberrations occur in RB1, TP53, and NOTCH genes as well as in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. MCC is highly immunogenic, but MCC cells are known to evade the host's immune response. Despite the characteristic immunohistological profile of MCC, the diagnosis is challenging, and it should be confirmed by an experienced pathologist. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered the most reliable staging tool to identify subclinical nodal disease. Subclinical node metastases are present in about 30-50% of patients with primary MCC. The basis of MCC treatment is surgical excision. MCC is highly radiosensitive. It becomes chemoresistant within a few months. MCC is prone to recurrence. The outcomes in patients with metastatic disease are poor, with a historical 5-year survival of 13.5%. The median progression-free survival is 3-5 months, and the median overall survival is ten months. Currently, immunotherapy has become a standard of care first-line therapy for advanced MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stachyra
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Bylina
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical Trials, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz J. Spałek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu H, Meng S, Yang N, Chen J, Yao H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Lei B, Wang X, Chen S, Wang T, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang W. Identification and functional study of novel oligonucleotides: CpG Seq 13 and CpG Seq 19. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:571-585. [PMID: 33781095 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study explored new immunoadjuvants with stronger immune activity to enhance therapeutic effects against leukemia. Materials & methods: Whole blood and bone marrow of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and healthy volunteers were collected. Isolated mononuclear cells were treated with two newly designed CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, CpG sequence 13 and 19, and known CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and analyzed via flow cytometry. Results: CpG Seq 13 and 19 possess strong immune activation and enhance the proliferation, degranulation and cytotoxicity of T cells. They also inhibit AML cell proliferation. When CpG Seq 13/19 are combined with anti-OX40 antibodies, the cytotoxicity of T cells on AML cells are further enhanced. Conclusion: CpG Seq 13 and 19 are strong immune adjuvant candidates for AML treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xugeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Sheping Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- Department of Hematology, South Hospital, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan, 727000, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu W, Zhao Z, Feng B, Yu W, Li J, Guo H, Yang R. CD8+CD39+ T Cells Mediate Anti-Tumor Cytotoxicity in Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2149-2161. [PMID: 33790578 PMCID: PMC8006912 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s297272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although immunotherapy works well in parts of patients with bladder cancer (BLCA), its overall response rate of anti-PD-1 inhibitors remains unsatisfactory. Besides, growing evidence shows that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) immunotherapy has demonstrated excellent efficacy in various cancers. Considering the huge heterogeneity and low overall survival rate of BLCA, it is urgent to explore the new immune checkpoints (ICs) or TILs therapy to improve the survival prognosis for BLCA patients. Materials and Methods The public bioinformatics databases were used to explore the prognostic value of 5 potential ICs targets (TIM-3, LAG-3, OX40, 4-1BB and CD39). A total of 46 BLCA patients undergoing surgical treatment at our hospital from May 2020 to October 2020 were enrolled in this study. The expressions of PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, OX40, 4-1BB, and CD39 in T cells of BLCA patients were explored by flow cytometry, and the correlation between different subgroups of T cells and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Besides, the mouse CD4+CD39+ T cells, CD4+CD39- T cells, CD8+CD39+ T cells, and CD8+CD39- T cells were sorted and co-cultured with MB49 bladder cancer cell lines in vitro to investigate the potential biomarker of tumor-reactive TILs. Results Public bioinformatics databases analyses show that only the high expression of CD39 was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage (P < 0.001) and tend to result in a worse survival rate. In our study, the elevated expression of CD39 in CD4+/CD8+ T cells were significantly associated with the pathological T stage (pT <2, P = 0.041) and papillary tumor (P = 0.038). Moreover, the CD8+CD39+ T cells showed a stronger tumor-killing effect and produced a higher level of IFN-γ than other T cell populations. Conclusion CD39 may be a potential prognostic marker in BLCA, and CD8+CD39+ T cells may be selected as tumor-reactive and killing T cells for TILs therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofu Feng
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 (MEDI6469) therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma activates and expands antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1047. [PMID: 33594075 PMCID: PMC7886909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of checkpoint blockade in some cancer patients, there is an unmet need to improve outcomes. Targeting alternative pathways, such as costimulatory molecules (e.g. OX40, GITR, and 4-1BB), can enhance T cell immunity in tumor-bearing hosts. Here we describe the results from a phase Ib clinical trial (NCT02274155) in which 17 patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) received a murine anti-human OX40 agonist antibody (MEDI6469) prior to definitive surgical resection. The primary endpoint was to determine safety and feasibility of the anti-OX40 neoadjuvant treatment. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of anti-OX40 on lymphocyte subsets in the tumor and blood. Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 was well tolerated and did not delay surgery, thus meeting the primary endpoint. Peripheral blood phenotyping data show increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation two weeks after anti-OX40 administration. Comparison of tumor biopsies before and after treatment reveals an increase of activated, conventional CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in most patients and higher clonality by TCRβ sequencing. Analyses of CD8+ TIL show increases in tumor-antigen reactive, proliferating CD103+ CD39+ cells in 25% of patients with evaluable tumor tissue (N = 4/16), all of whom remain disease-free. These data provide evidence that anti-OX40 prior to surgery is safe and can increase activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor. Our work suggests that increases in the tumor-reactive CD103+ CD39+ CD8+ TIL could serve as a potential biomarker of anti-OX40 clinical activity. Different neoadjuvant therapies have been proposed to improve immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Here, the authors perform a phase Ib clinical trial where an agonist OX40 antibody provided prior to surgery is well tolerated and increases proliferation and activation of tumor antigen-specific T cells in head and neck cancer patients.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ask EH, Tschan-Plessl A, Gjerdingen TJ, Sætersmoen ML, Hoel HJ, Wiiger MT, Olweus J, Wahlin BE, Lingjærde OC, Horowitz A, Cashen AF, Watkins M, Fehniger TA, Holte H, Kolstad A, Malmberg KJ. A Systemic Protein Deviation Score Linked to PD-1+ CD8+ T Cell Expansion That Predicts Overall Survival in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. MED 2021; 2:180-195.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
28
|
CD137 + T-Cells: Protagonists of the Immunotherapy Revolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030456. [PMID: 33530328 PMCID: PMC7866028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The CD137 receptor is expressed by activated antigen-specific T-cells. CD137+ T-cells were identified inside TILs and PBMCs of different tumor types and have proven to be the naturally occurring antitumor effector cells, capable of expressing a wide variability in terms of TCR specificity against both shared and neoantigenic tumor-derived peptides. The aim of this review is thus summarizing and highlighting their role as drivers of patients’ immune responses in anticancer therapies as well as their potential role in future and current strategies of immunotherapy. Abstract The CD137 receptor (4-1BB, TNF RSF9) is an activation induced molecule expressed by antigen-specific T-cells. The engagement with its ligand, CD137L, is capable of increasing T-cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine production. This allowed to identify the CD137+ T-cells as the real tumor-specific activated T-cell population. In fact, these cells express various TCRs that are specific for a wide range of tumor-derived peptides, both shared and neoantigenic ones. Moreover, their prevalence in sites close to the tumor and their unicity in killing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, raised particular interest in studying their potential role in different strategies of immunotherapy. They indeed showed to be a reliable marker able to predict patient’s outcome to immune-based therapies as well as monitor their response. In addition, the possibility of isolating and expanding this population, turned promising in order to generate effector antitumor T-cells in the context of adoptive T-cell therapies. CD137-targeting monoclonal antibodies have already shown their antitumor efficacy in cancer patients and a number of clinical trials are thus ongoing to test their possible introduction in different combination approaches of immunotherapy. Finally, the intracellular domain of the CD137 receptor was introduced in the anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that were approved by FDA for the treatment of pediatric B-cell leukemia and refractory B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li M, Wang L, Yu C, Wang J. Development of a robust reporter gene assay for measuring the bioactivity of OX40-targeted therapeutic antibodies. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:885-893. [PMID: 33382183 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OX40 plays a prominent role in the onset and development of solid tumors, and OX40-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have entered clinical trials for various tumors. Bioactivity determination of therapeutic mAbs is of great significance in product quality, however, mechanism of action-based bioassays to determine the bioactivity of anti-OX40 mAbs is still lacking. Here, we established a reporter gene assay system based on two cell lines, namely Jurkat-OX40-NFκB-Luc which stably expresses NFκB-controlled luciferase, and Raji cells which inherently express FcγRs. In the model, FcγRs on Raji cells could crosslink the Fc of anti-OX40 mAbs, which leads to the further crosslinking between Fab of anti-OX40 mAbs and OX40 on Jurkat-OX40-NFκB-Luc cells. OX40 crosslinking could activate Jurkat-OX40-NFκB-Luc cells, and induce the expression of NFκB-controlled luciferase, the extent of which could reflect the bioactivity of anti-OX40 mAbs in a dose-dependent manner. After the optimization of various assay conditions, the validation of the cell-based bioassay showed good assay performance characteristics, including specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and stability. This innovative assay that is based on the OX40-NFκB pathway can be a powerful pool to measure the bioactivity of OX40-targeted mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Monteiro de Oliveira Novaes JA, Hirz T, Guijarro I, Nilsson M, Pisegna MA, Poteete A, Barsoumian HB, Fradette JJ, Chen LN, Gibbons DL, Tian X, Wang J, Myers JN, McArthur MJ, Bell D, William WN, Heymach JV. Targeting of CD40 and PD-L1 Pathways Inhibits Progression of Oral Premalignant Lesions in a Carcinogen-induced Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:313-324. [PMID: 33277316 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that PD-1 blockade decreased the incidence of high-grade dysplasia in a carcinogen-induced murine model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It remains unknown, however, whether there are additional factors involved in escape from immune surveillance that could serve as additional targets for immunoprevention. We performed this study to further characterize the immune landscape of oral premalignant lesions (OPL) and determine the impact of targeting of the PD-1, CTLA-4, CD40, or OX40 pathways on the development of OPLs and oral carcinomas in the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide model. The immune pathways were targeted using mAbs or, in the case of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, using PD-L1-knockout (PD-L1ko) mice. After intervention, tongues and cervical lymph nodes were harvested and analyzed for malignant progression and modulation of the immune milieu, respectively. Targeting of CD40 with an agonist mAb was the most effective treatment to reduce transition of OPLs to OSCC; PD-1 alone or in combination with CTLA-4 inhibition, or PD-L1ko, also reduced progression of OPLs to OSCC, albeit to a lesser extent. Distinct patterns of immune system modulation were observed for the CD40 agonists compared with blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis with or without CTLA-4 blockade; CD40 agonist generated a lasting expansion of experienced/memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes and M1 macrophages, whereas PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade resulted in a pronounced depletion of regulatory T cells among other changes. These data suggest that distinct approaches may be used for targeting different steps in the development of OSCC, and that CD40 agonists merit investigation as potential immunoprevention agents in this setting. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade, as well as activation of the CD40 pathway, were able to prevent OPL progression into invasive OSCC in a murine model. A distinct pattern of immune modulation was observed when either the CD40 or the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways were targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taghreed Hirz
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Irene Guijarro
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Monique Nilsson
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marlese A Pisegna
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alissa Poteete
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jared J Fradette
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Limo N Chen
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiangjun Tian
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark J McArthur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William N William
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Oncology Center, Hospital BP, a Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John V Heymach
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng H, Zong L, Kong Y, Gu Y, Yang J, Xiang Y. Emerging Targets of Immunotherapy in Gynecologic Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11869-11882. [PMID: 33239889 PMCID: PMC7681579 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s282530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) have been successfully applied in the treatment of tumors, their efficiency is still not high enough. New immune targets need to be identified in order to seek alternative treatment strategies for patients with refractory tumors. Immune targets can be divided into stimulating and inhibiting molecules according to their function after receptor-ligand binding. We herein present a compendious summary of emerging immune targets in gynecologic tumors. These targets included coinhibitory molecules, such as T cell immunoglobulin-3 (TIM-3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and B7-H3 and B7-H4, and co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD27, OX40, 4-1BB, CD40, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS). In this review, the characteristics and preclinical/clinical progress of gynecological malignancies are briefly discussed. However, the potential mechanisms and interactions of immune targets need to be elucidated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liju Zong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Faghih Z, Taherifard E, Daneshmand A, Talei A, Erfani N. OX40 genetic variations in patients with breast cancer: a case-control study. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 78:44-46. [PMID: 32921275 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1776587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
| | | | | | - A Talei
- Breast Disease Research Center
| | - N Erfani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gutierrez M, Moreno V, Heinhuis KM, Olszanski AJ, Spreafico A, Ong M, Chu Q, Carvajal RD, Trigo J, Ochoa de Olza M, Provencio M, De Vos FY, De Braud F, Leong S, Lathers D, Wang R, Ravindran P, Feng Y, Aanur P, Melero I. OX40 Agonist BMS-986178 Alone or in Combination With Nivolumab and/or Ipilimumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:460-472. [PMID: 33148673 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I/IIa study (NCT02737475) evaluated the safety and activity of BMS-986178, a fully human OX40 agonist IgG1 mAb, ± nivolumab and/or ipilimumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients (with non-small cell lung, renal cell, bladder, other advanced cancers) received BMS-986178 (20-320 mg) ± nivolumab (240-480 mg) and/or ipilimumab (1-3 mg/kg). The primary endpoint was safety. Additional endpoints included immunogenicity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity per RECIST version 1.1. RESULTS Twenty patients received BMS-986178 monotherapy, and 145 received combination therapy in various regimens (including two patients receiving nivolumab monotherapy). With a follow-up of 1.1 to 103.6 weeks, the most common (≥5%) treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) included fatigue, pruritus, rash, pyrexia, diarrhea, and infusion-related reactions. Overall, grade 3-4 TRAEs occurred in one of 20 patients (5%) receiving BMS-986178 monotherapy, six of 79 (8%) receiving BMS-986178 plus nivolumab, zero of two receiving nivolumab monotherapy, six of 41 (15%) receiving BMS-986178 plus ipilimumab, and three of 23 (13%) receiving BMS-986178 plus nivolumab plus ipilimumab. No deaths occurred. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed with monotherapy, and the MTD was not reached in either the monotherapy or the combination escalation cohorts. No objective responses were seen with BMS-986178 alone; objective response rates ranged from 0% to 13% across combination therapy cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In this study, BMS-986178 ± nivolumab and/or ipilimumab appeared to have a manageable safety profile, but no clear efficacy signal was observed above that expected for nivolumab and/or ipilimumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutierrez
- John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey.
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kimberley M Heinhuis
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Spreafico
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ong
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quincy Chu
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - José Trigo
- Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Filip Yves De Vos
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Leong
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Yan Feng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. *was an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the studies were performed
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The immune system has a vital role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Immune evasion of cancer cells leads to progression of HNSCC. An understanding of this mechanism provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides an overview of the interaction between immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, and the immunologic principles related to HNSCC. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Monash Health, 823 Centre Road, Bentleigh East, Victoria 3165, Australia; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Barwon Health, Ryrie Street & Bellerine Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rom Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 Northeast Glisan Street, Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Richard Bryan Bell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 Northeast Glisan Street, Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, USA; Head and Neck Institute, 1849 NW Kearney, Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Han Y, Zhu L, Wu W, Zhang H, Hu W, Dai L, Yang Y. Small Molecular Immune Modulators as Anticancer Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:547-618. [PMID: 32185725 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intense effort, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been conclusively demonstrated to be effective in cancer treatments and thus are revolutionizing the concepts in the treatment of cancers. Immuno-oncology has arrived and will play a key role in cancer treatment in the foreseeable future. However, efforts to find novel methods to improve the immune response to cancer have not ceased. Small-molecule approaches offer inherent advantages over biologic immunotherapies since they can cross cell membranes, penetrate into tumor tissue and tumor microenvironment more easily, and are amenable to be finely controlled than biological agents, which may help reduce immune-related adverse events seen with biologic therapies and provide more flexibility for the combination use with other therapies and superior clinical benefit. On the one hand, small-molecule therapies can modulate the immune response to cancer by restoring the antitumor immunity, promoting more effective cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and regulating tumor microenvironment, either directly or epigenetically. On the other hand, the combination of different mechanisms of small molecules with antibodies and other biologics demonstrated admirable synergistic effect in clinical settings for cancer treatment and may expand antibodies' usefulness for broader clinical applications. This chapter provides an overview of small-molecule immunotherapeutic approaches either as monotherapy or in combination for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Han
- Lapam Capital LLC., 17C1, Tower 2, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Wu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Hu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Liguang Dai
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tormoen GW, Blair TC, Bambina S, Kramer G, Baird J, Rahmani R, Holland JM, McCarty OJT, Baine MJ, Verma V, Nabavizadeh N, Gough MJ, Crittenden M. Targeting MerTK Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses After Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:93-103. [PMID: 32311417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of MerTK, a member of the Tyro3-Axl-MerTK family of receptor tyrosine kinase, in the immune response to radiation therapy (RT) is unclear. We investigated immune-mediated tumor control after RT in murine models of colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma using MerTK wild-type and knock-out hosts and whether inhibition of MerTK signaling with warfarin could replicate MerTK knock-out phenotypes. METHODS AND MATERIALS Wild-type and MerTK-/- BALB/c mice were grafted in the flanks with CT26 tumors and treated with computed tomography guided RT. The role of macrophages and CD8 T cells in the response to radiation were demonstrated with cell depletion studies. The role of MerTK in priming immune responses after RT alone and with agonist antibodies to the T cell costimulatory molecule OX40 was evaluated in a Panc02-SIY model antigen system. The effect of warfarin therapy on the in-field and abscopal response to RT was demonstrated in murine models of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The association between warfarin and progression-free survival for patients treated with SABR for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer was evaluated in a multi-institutional retrospective study. RESULTS MerTK-/- hosts had better tumor control after RT compared with wild-type mice in a macrophage and CD8 T cell-dependent manner. MerTK-/- mice showed increased counts of tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood after tumor-directed RT alone and in combination with agonist anti-OX40. Warfarin therapy phenocopied MerTK-/- for single-flank tumors treated with RT and improved abscopal responses for RT combined with anti-CTLA4. Patients on warfarin therapy when treated with SABR for non-small cell lung cancer had higher progression-free survival rates compared with non-warfarin users. CONCLUSIONS MerTK inhibits adaptive immune responses after SABR. Because warfarin inhibits MerTK signaling and phenocopies genetic deletion of MerTK in mice, warfarin therapy may have beneficial effects in combination with SABR and immune therapy in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
| | - Tiffany C Blair
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Jason Baird
- Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Ramtin Rahmani
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - John M Holland
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Baine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Alleghany General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nima Nabavizadeh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - Marka Crittenden
- Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu LY, Enkhjargal B, Xie ZY, Travis ZD, Sun CM, Zhou KR, Zhang TY, Zhu QQ, Hang CH, Zhang JH. Recombinant OX40 attenuates neuronal apoptosis through OX40-OX40L/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113179. [PMID: 31930990 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the most devastating form of stroke. Reducing neuronal apoptosis is an important countermeasure against early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Recent evidence indicates that OX40-OX40L coupling is critical for cell survival and proliferation. Current study was performed to detect the role of recombinant OX40 (ReOX40) against neuronal apoptosis after SAH. The endovascular perforation model of SAH was performed on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. ReOX40 was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v) 1 h after SAH induction and the following methods were employed: neurological function evaluation, immunofluorescence staining, fluoro-Jade C staining, and western blot. To study the underlying precise molecular mechanism, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for OX40L and a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, were injected i.c.v. into SAH + ReOX40 rats before induction of SAH. When compared with sham rats, the expression of OX40 and OX40L was seen to decrease in the brain at 24 h after SAH induction. Administration of ReOX40 (5 μg/kg) increased expression of the OX40L, reduced the neuronal apoptosis, and improved short and long-term neurological function deficits. Furthermore, ReOx40 heightened activation of OX40L/PI3K/AKT axis, increased the downstream anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl2, Bcl-XL), and depressed the apoptotic protein (cleaved caspase 3, Bax). However, the protective effects of ReOX40 were abolished by the administration of OX40L siRNA and LY294002, respectively. These results demonstrate that ReOX40 attenuates neuronal apoptosis through OX40-OX40L/PI3K/AKT pathway in EBI after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Zhi-Yi Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Cheng-Mei Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Ke-Ren Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Tong-Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Qi-Quan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rocco D, Gravara LD, Gridelli C. The New Immunotherapy Combinations in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Reality and Perspectives. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 15:11-19. [PMID: 31400270 PMCID: PMC7497556 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190809124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the recent years, immunotherapeutics and specifically immunecheckpoints inhibitors have marked a significant shift in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), allowing us to use immunotherapeutics alone or combined with chemotherapy for a great subset of patients. However, new interesting approaches are being presently investigated, markedly immunotherapy combinations, that is, the use of two or more immunotherapeutics combined. METHODS In particular, the combination of anti-PD-1 nivolumab and anti-CTLA-4 ipilimumab has already provided groundbreaking positive results in the advanced NSCLC and other combinations are currently under investigation. RESULTS Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art review about immunotherapy combination, along with suggestions about future directions. A comprehensive literature search was carried out to identify eligible studies from MEDLINE/PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. CONCLUSION Nivolumab plus ipilimumab represent the most promising immunotherapy combination for the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients; safety, tolerability and efficacy of new immunotherapeutics (in monotherapy and in immunotherapy combinations) must be further assessed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Rocco
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, AORN dei Colli Monaldi, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi D. Gravara
- Department of Experimental Medicine Luigi Vanvitelli University, Caserta, Italy
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, “S.G. Moscati” Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Elaileh A, Saharia A, Potter L, Baio F, Ghafel A, Abdelrahim M, Heyne K. Promising new treatments for pancreatic cancer in the era of targeted and immune therapies. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1871-1888. [PMID: 31598392 PMCID: PMC6780661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality among men and women in the United States. Its incidence has been on the rise, with a projected two-fold increase by 2030. PDAC carries a poor prognosis due to a lack of effective screening tools, limited understanding of pathophysiology, and ineffective treatment modalities. Recently, there has been a revolution in the world of oncology with the advent of novel treatments to combat this disease. However, the 5-year survival of PDAC remains unchanged at a dismal 8%. The aim of this review is to bring together several studies and identify various recent modalities that have been promising in treating PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elaileh
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashish Saharia
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Lucy Potter
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Flavio Baio
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Afnan Ghafel
- Department of Radiology, The University of JordanAmman, Jordan
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirk Heyne
- Department of General Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHouston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Immunomodulatory antibodies that directly trigger and reawaken suppressed T-cell effector function are termed 'checkpoint inhibitors'. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 molecules are the most studied inhibitory immune check points against cancer and because of this therapeutic property have entered the clinic for treating a variety of tumor types. The results so far demonstrate a positive impact on cancer remission. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that targeting a number of other T-cell surface molecules including both positive and negative immune regulators, also possesses strong antitumor activity. Some of these molecules have already entered clinical trials. In this report, we briefly highlight the status of these immune checkpoint inhibitors and discuss their side effects and future directions for their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Suite #1401 Daeryung Technotown 17, Gasan digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peng W, Williams LJ, Xu C, Melendez B, McKenzie JA, Chen Y, Jackson HL, Voo KS, Mbofung RM, Leahey SE, Wang J, Lizee G, Tawbi HA, Davies MA, Hoos A, Smothers J, Srinivasan R, Paul EM, Yanamandra N, Hwu P. Anti-OX40 Antibody Directly Enhances The Function of Tumor-Reactive CD8 + T Cells and Synergizes with PI3Kβ Inhibition in PTEN Loss Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6406-6416. [PMID: 31371342 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OX40 agonist-based combinations are emerging as a novel avenue to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. To better guide its clinical development, we characterized the role of the OX40 pathway in tumor-reactive immune cells. We also evaluated combining OX40 agonists with targeted therapy to combat resistance to cancer immunotherapy.Experimental Design: We utilized patient-derived tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and multiple preclinical models to determine the direct effect of anti-OX40 agonistic antibodies on tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. We also evaluated the antitumor activity of an anti-OX40 antibody plus PI3Kβ inhibition in a transgenic murine melanoma model (Braf mutant, PTEN null), which spontaneously develops immunotherapy-resistant melanomas. RESULTS We observed elevated expression of OX40 in tumor-reactive CD8+ TILs upon encountering tumors; activation of OX40 signaling enhanced their cytotoxic function. OX40 agonist antibody improved the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells and the generation of tumor-specific T-cell memory in vivo. Furthermore, combining anti-OX40 with GSK2636771, a PI3Kβ-selective inhibitor, delayed tumor growth and extended the survival of mice with PTEN-null melanomas. This combination treatment did not increase the number of TILs, but it instead significantly enhanced proliferation of CD8+ TILs and elevated the serum levels of CCL4, CXCL10, and IFNγ, which are mainly produced by memory and/or effector T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a critical role of OX40 activation in potentiating the effector function of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and suggest further evaluation of OX40 agonist-based combinations in patients with immune-resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Peng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Leila J Williams
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brenda Melendez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jodi A McKenzie
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather L Jackson
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Kui S Voo
- Department of Oncology Research for Biologics and Immunotherapy Translation Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rina M Mbofung
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara Elizabeth Leahey
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory Lizee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hussein A Tawbi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Axel Hoos
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - James Smothers
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Roopa Srinivasan
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine M Paul
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Niranjan Yanamandra
- Oncology R&D, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations RU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania.
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kokolus KM, Obermajer N, Kalinski P. Quantitative evaluation of tumor-specific T cells in tumors and lymphoid tissues. Methods Enzymol 2019; 635:149-166. [PMID: 32122543 PMCID: PMC7682657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homing of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to the tumor tissues represents a vital step in procuring an effective anti-tumor immune response. Intratumoral accumulation of tumor-specific CTLs can be supported through local chemokine modulation using immune adjuvants or viral vectors, as well as vaccination, using peptide, protein or cell-based vaccines, including dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. Clinical and pre-clinical studies demonstrate that the current immunotherapy regimens are only effective when high numbers of CTLs are present within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Notably, many types of cancer take advantage of this principle and restrict T cell migration into the tumor, subverting the anti-tumor immune response and allowing uncontrolled tumor growth. This chapter discusses the mechanisms involved in the migration of CTLs into tumors and describes the feasible method of evaluating treatment-induced changes in the numbers of polyclonal tumor-specific CTLs in the TME and lymphoid tissues. The described method is widely applicable to multiple tumor models with wild-type antigen expression patterns, without the need for genetically-manipulated cancer cells or animals expressing defined T cell receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kokolus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Research, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nataša Obermajer
- Oncology Discovery/Solid Tumor Targeted Therapies DAS, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Research, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ohue Y, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target? Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2080-2089. [PMID: 31102428 PMCID: PMC6609813 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress abnormal/excessive immune responses to self‐ and nonself‐antigens to maintain immune homeostasis. In tumor immunity, Treg cells are involved in tumor development and progression by inhibiting antitumor immunity. There are several Treg cell immune suppressive mechanisms: inhibition of costimulatory signals by CD80 and CD86 expressed by dendritic cells through cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4, interleukin (IL)‐2 consumption by high‐affinity IL‐2 receptors with high CD25 (IL‐2 receptor α‐chain) expression, secretion of inhibitory cytokines, metabolic modulation of tryptophan and adenosine, and direct killing of effector T cells. Infiltration of Treg cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) occurs in multiple murine and human tumors. Regulatory T cells are chemoattracted to the TME by chemokine gradients such as CCR4‐CCL17/22, CCR8‐CCL1, CCR10‐CCL28, and CXCR3‐CCL9/10/11. Regulatory T cells are then activated and inhibit antitumor immune responses. A high infiltration by Treg cells is associated with poor survival in various types of cancer. Therefore, strategies to deplete Treg cells and control of Treg cell functions to increase antitumor immune responses are urgently required in the cancer immunotherapy field. Various molecules that are highly expressed by Treg cells, such as immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites, have been targeted by Abs or small molecules, but additional strategies are needed to fine‐tune and optimize for augmenting antitumor effects restricted in the TME while avoiding systemic autoimmunity. Here, we provide a brief synopsis of these cells in cancer and how they can be controlled to achieve therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ohue
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mason R, Au L, Ingles Garces A, Larkin J. Current and emerging systemic therapies for cutaneous metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1135-1152. [PMID: 31025594 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1601700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma therapies have evolved rapidly, and initial successes have translated into survival gains for patients with advanced melanoma. Both targeted and immune-therapy now have evidence in earlier stage disease. There are many new agents and combinations of treatments in development as potential future treatment options. This highlights the need for a reflection on current treatment practice trends that are guiding the development of potential new therapies. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the evidence for currently approved therapies for cutaneous melanoma, including adjuvant therapy, potential new biomarkers, and emerging treatments with early phase clinical trial data. The authors have searched both the PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases for published clinical trials and discuss selected landmark trials of current therapies and of investigational treatment strategies with early evidence for the treatment of melanoma. EXPERT OPINION Significant efficacy has been demonstrated with both immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies in treating advanced melanoma. A multitude of novel therapies are in development and there is need for instructive biomarker assessment to identify patients likely to respond or be refractory to current therapies, to identify mechanisms of resistance and to direct further treatment options to patients based on individual disease biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mason
- a Clinical Research Fellow, Skin and Renal Units , The Royal Marsden Hospital , London , UK
- b Department of Medical Oncology , Gold Coast University Hospital , Southport , Queensland , Australia
| | - Lewis Au
- a Clinical Research Fellow, Skin and Renal Units , The Royal Marsden Hospital , London , UK
- c Division of Clinical Research , The Institute of Cancer Research , London , UK
| | - Alvaro Ingles Garces
- a Clinical Research Fellow, Skin and Renal Units , The Royal Marsden Hospital , London , UK
| | - James Larkin
- c Division of Clinical Research , The Institute of Cancer Research , London , UK
- d Consultant Oncologist , The Royal Marsden Hospital , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mardiana S, Lai J, House IG, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. Switching on the green light for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1046. [PMID: 31073403 PMCID: PMC6500780 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy involving genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene offers a promising strategy to broaden the efficacy of this approach for the effective treatment of cancer. Although remarkable antitumor responses have been observed following CAR T‐cell therapy in a subset of B‐cell malignancies, this has yet to be extended in the context of solid cancers. A number of promising strategies involving reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, increasing the specificity and safety of gene‐modified T cells and harnessing the endogenous immune response have been tested in preclinical models that may have a significant impact in patients with solid cancers. This review will discuss these exciting new developments and the challenges that must be overcome to deliver a more sustained and potent therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Imran Geoffrey House
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul Andrew Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Phillip Kevin Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Pathology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Immunology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The immune system has a vital role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Immune evasion of cancer cells leads to progression of HNSCC. An understanding of this mechanism provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides an overview of the interaction between immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, and the immunologic principles related to HNSCC. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Monash Health, 823 Centre Road, Bentleigh East, Victoria 3165, Australia; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Barwon Health, Ryrie Street & Bellerine Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rom Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 Northeast Glisan Street, Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Richard Bryan Bell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 Northeast Glisan Street, Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, USA; Head and Neck Institute, 1849 NW Kearney, Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
A tumor-targeted trimeric 4-1BB-agonistic antibody induces potent anti-tumor immunity without systemic toxicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4809. [PMID: 30442944 PMCID: PMC6237851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The costimulation of immune cells using first-generation anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in human trials. Further clinical development, however, is restricted by significant off-tumor toxicities associated with FcγR interactions. Here, we have designed an Fc-free tumor-targeted 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody, 1D8N/CEGa1, consisting of three anti-4-1BB single-chain variable fragments and three anti-EGFR single-domain antibodies positioned in an extended hexagonal conformation around the collagen XVIII homotrimerization domain. The1D8N/CEGa1 trimerbody demonstrated high-avidity binding to 4-1BB and EGFR and a potent in vitro costimulatory capacity in the presence of EGFR. The trimerbody rapidly accumulates in EGFR-positive tumors and exhibits anti-tumor activity similar to IgG-based 4-1BB-agonistic mAbs. Importantly, treatment with 1D8N/CEGa1 does not induce systemic inflammatory cytokine production or hepatotoxicity associated with IgG-based 4-1BB agonists. These results implicate FcγR interactions in the 4-1BB-agonist-associated immune abnormalities, and promote the use of the non-canonical antibody presented in this work for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer therapy using systemically administrated 4-1BB-targeting antibodies is often associated with severe toxicity due to the nonspecific activation of autoreactive T cells. Here, the authors have developed a trimeric antibody targeting both 4-1BB and EGFR, which activates T cells effectively and shows negligible cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Ascierto PA, Brugarolas J, Buonaguro L, Butterfield LH, Carbone D, Daniele B, Ferris R, Fox BA, Galon J, Gridelli C, Kaufman HL, Klebanoff CA, Melero I, Nathan P, Paulos CM, Ruella M, Sullivan R, Zarour H, Puzanov I. Perspectives in immunotherapy: meeting report from the Immunotherapy Bridge (29-30 November, 2017, Naples, Italy). J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:69. [PMID: 29996914 PMCID: PMC6042369 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents the third important wave in the history of the systemic treatment of cancer after chemotherapy and targeted therapy and is now established as a potent and effective treatment option across several cancer types. The clinical success of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4, first, and anti-programmed death (PD)-1/PD-ligand (L)1 agents in melanoma and other cancers a few years later, has encouraged increasing focus on the development of other immunotherapies (e.g. monoclonal antibodies with other immune targets, adoptive cell transfer, and vaccines), with over 3000 immuno-oncology trials ongoing, involving hundreds of research institutes across the globe. The potential use of these different immunotherapeutic options in various combinations with one another and with other treatment modalities is an area of particular promise. The third Immunotherapy Bridge meeting (29-30 November, 2017, Naples, Italy) focused on recent advances in immunotherapy across various cancer types and is summarised in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- UPCI Immunologic Monitoring and Cellular Products Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - David Carbone
- College of Medicine, James Thoracic Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Department of Oncology, “G. Rummo” Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Robert Ferris
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center in the Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Hospital “San Giuseppe Moscati”, Avellino, Italy
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA
| | - Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York USA
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Service, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex UK
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ryan Sullivan
- Medicine Harvard Medical School and Haematology/Oncology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Hassane Zarour
- Melanoma Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, Experimental Therapeutics Program, Melanoma Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cornel AM, van Til NP, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Strategies to Genetically Modulate Dendritic Cells to Potentiate Anti-Tumor Responses in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:982. [PMID: 29867960 PMCID: PMC5968097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as a potential strategy to target hematologic malignancies, while generating sustained immunological responses to control potential future relapse. Nonetheless, few clinical trials have shown robust long-term efficacy. It has been suggested that a combination of surmountable shortcomings, such as selection of utilized DC subsets, DC loading and maturation strategies, as well as tumor-induced immunosuppression may be targeted to maximize anti-tumor responses of DC vaccines. Generation of DC from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may provide potential in patients undergoing allogeneic HSPC transplantations for hematologic malignancies. CD34+ HSPC from the graft can be genetically modified to optimize antigen presentation and to provide sufficient T cell stimulatory signals. We here describe beneficial (gene)-modifications that can be implemented in various processes in T cell activation by DC, among which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II presentation, DC maturation and migration, cross-presentation, co-stimulation, and immunosuppression to improve anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelisa M Cornel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|