1
|
Chavatte-Palmer P, Couturier-Tarrade A, Rousseau-Ralliard D. Intra-uterine programming of future fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14475. [PMID: 37942852 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) shows that a relationship exists between parental environment at large, foeto-placental development and the risk for the offspring to develop non-transmittable disease(s) in adulthood. This concept has been validated in both humans and livestock. In mammals, after fertilization and time spent free in the maternal reproductive tract, the embryo develops a placenta that, in close relationship with maternal endometrium, is the organ responsible for exchanges between dam and foetus. Any modification of the maternal environment can lead to adaptive mechanisms affecting placental morphology, blood flow, foetal-maternal exchanges (transporters) and/or endocrine function, ultimately modifying placental efficiency. Among deleterious environments, undernutrition, protein restriction, overnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and food contaminants can be outlined. When placental adaptive capacities become insufficient, foetal growth and organ formation is no longer optimal, including foetal gonadal formation and maturation, which can affect subsequent offspring fertility. Since epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be key to foetal programming, epigenetic modifications of the gametes may also occur, leading to inter-generational effects. After briefly describing normal gonadal development in domestic species and inter-species differences, this review highlights the current knowledge on intra-uterine programming of offspring fertility with a focus on domestic animals and underlines the importance to assess transgenerational effects on offspring fertility at a time when new breeding systems are developed to face the current climate changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Couturier-Tarrade
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akbarinejad V, Cushman RA. Developmental programming of reproduction in the female animal. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 263:107456. [PMID: 38503204 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Successful reproduction is a cornerstone in food animal industry in order to sustain food production for human. Therefore, various methods focusing on genetics and postnatal environment have been identified and applied to improve fertility in livestock. Yet there is evidence indicating that environmental factors during prenatal and/or neonatal life can also impact the function of reproductive system and fertility in the animals during adulthood, which is called the developmental programming of reproduction. The current review summarizes data associated with the developmental origins of reproduction in the female animals. In this regard, this review focuses on the effect of plane of nutrition, maternal body condition, hypoxia, litter size, maternal age, parity, level of milk production and milk components, lactocrine signaling, stress, thermal stress, exposure to androgens, endocrine disrupting chemicals, mycotoxins and pollutants, affliction with infection and inflammation, and maternal gut microbiota during prenatal and neonatal periods on the neuroendocrine system, puberty, health of reproductive organs and fertility in the female offspring. It is noteworthy that these prenatal and neonatal factors do not always exert their effects on the reproductive performance of the female by compromising the development of organs directly related to reproductive function such as hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, oviduct and uterus. Since they can impair the development of non-reproductive organs and systems modulating reproductive function as well (e.g., metabolic system and level of milk yield in dairy animals). Furthermore, when these factors affect the epigenetics of the offspring, their adverse effects will not be limited to one generation and can transfer transgenerationally. Hence, pinpointing the factors influencing developmental programming of reproduction and considering them in management of livestock operations could be a potential strategy to help improve fertility in food animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Robert A Cushman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei W, Qin F, Gao J, Chang J, Pan X, Jiang X, Che L, Zhuo Y, Wu D, Xu S. The effect of maternal consumption of high-fat diet on ovarian development in offspring. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 255:107294. [PMID: 37421833 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The environment encountered by the fetus during its development exerts a profound influence on its physiological function and disease risk in adulthood. Women's intake of high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation has gradually become an issue of widespread concern. Maternal high-fat diet will not only cause abnormal neurological development and metabolic syndrome symptoms in the offspring, but also affect the fertility of female offspring. Maternal high-fat diet affects the expression of genes related to follicle growth in offspring, such as AAT, AFP and GDF-9, which reduces the number of follicles and impairs follicle development. Additionally, maternal high-fat diet also affects ovarian health by inducing ovarian oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, which collectively can impair the reproductive potential of female offspring. Reproductive potential carries significant importance for both humans and animals. Therefore, this review aims to describe the effect of maternal exposure to high-fat diet on the ovarian development of offspring and to discuss possible mechanisms by which maternal diet affects the growth and metabolism of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wei
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Feng Qin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xujing Pan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130 Sichuan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banchero G, López-Mazz C, Fierro S, Baldi F, Luzardo S, Quintans G. Refeeding ewes ad libitum after a moderate energy restriction during mid gestation did not affect the onset of breeding and ovulating rate of female offspring. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 244:107034. [PMID: 35872425 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sub-nutrition during pregnancy might affect the offspring´s reproductive performance through effects on the development and function of gonads. This study evaluated a maternal energy restriction in ewes from day 48-106 of gestation, on pre- and post-weaning female lambs` performance, onset of female lambs' breeding and ovulation rate during their first breeding season. Adult Polwarth ewes sired by Finnish rams bearing single or twin lambs were assigned to two dietary treatments from day 48 to day 106 of gestation: restricted (R; n = 60) at 60 % of their metabolizable energy (ME) requirements, or non-restricted (NR; n = 54) at 100 % of their ME requirements. After the restriction period, ewes grazed all together ad libitum until weaning. The ewe lambs were evaluated from birth to weaning, as well as during their first breeding season. Although NR ewes weighed 17.7 % more than R ewes (P < 0.05) at the end of the restriction period, the nutritional treatment of the dams had no effect on the weight of the ewe lambs at birth, weaning or final weight (P > 0.05). Fat depth, rib eye area, the percentage of ewe-lambs cycling and their ovulation rate during the first breeding season was not affected by the ewe´s dietary treatment. Ewes restricted at 60 % of their ME requirements in mid-gestation seemed to have the capacity to compensate any detrimental effects on growth and development as well as the reproductive potential of female lambs if adequate refeeding conditions are provided in late gestation, throughout lactation and post-weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgget Banchero
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay.
| | - Carlos López-Mazz
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Av. Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Fierro
- Secretariado Uruguayo de la Lana, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Baldi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinaria, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Santiago Luzardo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| | - Graciela Quintans
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maia TS, Guimarães HR, Garza V, Pohler KG, Cardoso RC, Williams GL. Early juvenile but not mid to late prenatal nutrition controls puberty in heifers but neither impact adult reproductive function. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1035-1045. [PMID: 35703941 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives were to test the hypothesis that pre and postnatal nutrition in the bovine female, independently or interactively, affect age at puberty and functional characteristics of the estrous cycle of sexually mature offspring. Brangus and Braford (n = 97) beef cows bearing a female fetus were fed to achieve body condition scores of 7.5-8 (H, obese), 5.5-6 (M, moderate) or 3-3.5 (L, thin) by the start of the third trimester and maintained until parturition. Heifer offspring were weaned and fed to gain weight at either a high (H; 1 kg/d) or low (L; 0.5 kg/d) rate between 4 and 8 months of age, then fed the same diet during a common feeding period until puberty which resulted in compensatory growth of heifers in the L group. Heifers (n = 95) from the H postnatal diet reached puberty two months earlier (12 ± 0.4 months; P = 0.0002) than those from the L postnatal diet (14 ± 0.4 months). Estrous cycles of a subgroup of postpubertal heifers (n = 53) were synchronized to evaluate antral follicle count (AFC), rate of growth and size of the pre-ovulatory follicle, size of corpus luteum and ovary, endometrial thickness, and plasma concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17β (E2). Although there was a trend for postnatal H heifers to have greater AFC and plasma concentrations of E2 compared to L heifers, neither pre nor postnatal nutrition affected any other physiological or hormonal variables, including short-term fertility. Postnatal nutritional effects on pubertal age remained the dominant observed feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane S Maia
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, Texas 78108, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Higor R Guimarães
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, Texas 78108, USA
| | - Viviana Garza
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, Texas 78108, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Rodolfo C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gary L Williams
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, Texas 78108, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vautier AN, Cadaret CN. Long-Term Consequences of Adaptive Fetal Programming in Ruminant Livestock. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.778440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental perturbations during gestation can alter fetal development and postnatal animal performance. In humans, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting from adaptive fetal programming is known as a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and predisposes offspring to metabolic disease, however, the prevalence and impact in livestock is not characterized as well. Multiple animal models have been developed as a proxy to determine mechanistic changes that underlie the postnatal phenotype resulting from these programming events in humans but have not been utilized as robustly in livestock. While the overall consequences are similar between models, the severity of the conditions appear to be dependent on type, timing, and duration of insult, indicating that some environmental insults are of more relevance to livestock production than others. Thus far, maternofetal stress during gestation has been shown to cause increased death loss, low birth weight, inefficient growth, and aberrant metabolism. A breadth of this data comes from the fetal ruminant collected near term or shortly thereafter, with fewer studies following these animals past weaning. Consequently, even less is known about how adaptive fetal programming impacts subsequent progeny. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the postnatal phenotype of livestock resulting from different models of fetal programming, with a focus on growth, metabolism, and reproductive efficiency. We further describe what is currently known about generational impacts of fetal programming in production systems, along with gaps and future directions to consider.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosales-Nieto CA, Ehrhardt R, Mantey A, Makela B, Veiga-Lopez A. Preconceptional diet manipulation and fetus number can influence placenta endocrine function in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106577. [PMID: 33160155 PMCID: PMC7719092 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Changes in maternal nutrition during pregnancy can result in profound effects on placental function and fetal development. Although the preconceptional period holds the potential to reprogram embryonic and placental development, little is known regarding the effects of premating nutritional manipulation on placental function and fetal and postnatal offspring growth. To test this, Polypay-Dorset sheep (n = 99) were assigned to 1 of 3 nutritional treatments (n = 33/treatment) receiving 50% (UN: undernutrition), 100% (C: control), or 200% (ON: overnutrition) of maintenance energy requirements for 21 d before mating during April-May (increasing photoperiod). Thereafter, diets were the same across groups. We evaluated maternal reproductive variables and maternal and offspring weight and body mass index through weaning. Maternal plasma was collected through pregnancy until postnatal day 1 to assay pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and progesterone. Fertility rate was similar among treatments, but ON females had a higher reproductive rate (UN: 82%; C: 100%, ON: 145%). When correcting by total birth weight, twin pregnancies had lower PAGs and progesterone versus singleton pregnancies (P < 0.001). At birth, UN lambs were heavier than C lambs regardless of birth type (P < 0.01). Growth velocity, daily gain, and weaning weight were similar, but UN and ON females grew faster and were heavier at weaning versus C females. We demonstrated that a 3-wk preconceptional maternal undernutrition or overnutrition, when correcting by total birth weight, results in lower endocrine capacity in twin pregnancies. Preconceptional maternal undernutrition and overnutrition increased postnatal female lamb growth, suggestive of reprogramming of pathways regulating growth before conception. This highlights how preconceptional nutrition can result in marked sex-specific differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Rosales-Nieto
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R Ehrhardt
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Mantey
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B Makela
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wallace JM. Competition for nutrients in pregnant adolescents: consequences for maternal, conceptus and offspring endocrine systems. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:T1-T19. [PMID: 30615597 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The competition for nutrients that arises when pregnancy coincides with continuing or incomplete growth in young adolescent girls increases the risk of preterm delivery and low birthweight with negative after-effects for mother and child extending beyond the perinatal period. Sheep paradigms involving nutritional management of weight and adiposity in young, biologically immature adolescents have allowed the consequences of differential maternal growth status to be explored. Although nutrient reserves at conception play a modest role, it is the dietary manipulation of the maternal growth trajectory thereafter which has the most negative impact on pregnancy outcome. Overnourishing adolescents to promote rapid maternal growth is particularly detrimental as placental growth, uteroplacental blood flows and fetal nutrient delivery are perturbed leading to a high incidence of fetal growth restriction and premature delivery of low birthweight lambs, whereas in undernourished adolescents further maternal growth is prevented, and depletion of the maternal body results in a small reduction in birthweight independent of placental size. Maternal and placental endocrine systems are differentially altered in both paradigms with downstream effects on fetal endocrine systems, organ development and body composition. Approaches to reverse these effects have been explored, predominantly targeting placental growth or function. After birth, growth-restricted offspring born to overnourished adolescents and fed to appetite have an altered metabolic phenotype which persists into adulthood, whereas offspring of undernourished adolescents are largely unaffected. This body of work using ovine paradigms has public health implications for nutritional advice offered to young adolescents before and during pregnancy, and their offspring thereafter.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bridge-Comer PE, Vickers MH, Reynolds CM. Preclinical Models of Altered Early Life Nutrition and Development of Reproductive Disorders in Female Offspring. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:59-87. [PMID: 30919332 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early epidemiology studies in humans have and continue to offer valuable insight into the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which emphasises the importance of early-life nutritional and environmental changes on the increased risk of metabolic and reproductive disease in later life. Human studies are limited and constrained by a range of factors which do not apply to preclinical research. Animal models therefore offer a unique opportunity to fully investigate the mechanisms associated with developmental programming, helping to elucidate the developmental processes which influence reproductive diseases, and highlight potential biomarkers which can be translated back to the human condition. This review covers the use and limitations of a number of animal models frequently utilised in developmental programming investigations, with an emphasis on dietary manipulations which can lead to reproductive dysfunction in offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark H Vickers
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mossa F, Bebbere D, Ledda A, Burrai GP, Chebli I, Antuofermo E, Ledda S, Cannas A, Fancello F, Atzori AS. Testicular development in male lambs prenatally exposed to a high-starch diet. Mol Reprod Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mossa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Daniela Bebbere
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Antonello Ledda
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | | | - Imane Chebli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology; University of Djillali Liabes; Sidi Bel Abbes Algeria
| | | | - Sergio Ledda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Antonello Cannas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Fancello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Alberto S. Atzori
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Curtis G, McGregor Argo C, Jones D, Grove-White D. The impact of early life nutrition and housing on growth and reproduction in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191687. [PMID: 29444092 PMCID: PMC5812595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contentious issues in calf rearing include milk feeding practices and single versus group housing. The current study was performed on a high producing 170 Holstein cow dairy farm, to investigate the impact of nutrition and housing on growth and reproduction. Heifer calves (n = 100) were allocated in birth order to one of two commonly used management strategies. All calves received 3-4 litres of dam specific colostrum within 6 hours of birth. Group A calves were group housed from birth and fed milk replacer (MR) ad libitum via a computerised machine utilising a single teat, with weaning commencing at 63 days of age. Group R calves were initially housed in individual pens and received 2.5 litres of MR twice daily via a bucket until 21 days of age when they were group housed and fed 3 litres of MR twice daily via a group trough with weaning commencing at 56 days. From 12 weeks of age onwards, calves in both dietary groups were subject to common nutritional and husbandry protocols. All breeding of heifers was via artificial insemination with no hormonal intervention. Calves were weighed, body condition scored and morphometric measures recorded weekly up till 12 weeks of age then monthly until conception. Pre-weaning growth rates (kg/day) were significantly higher in Group A calves compared to Group R (0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.93 vs 0.57, 95% CI 0.54-0.6 kg/day P < 0.001) with the most marked differences observed during the first three weeks of life (0.72, 95% CI 0.61-0.82 vs 0.17, 95% CI 0.08-0.26 P < 0.001). Whilst Group A calves gained body condition score (BCS) throughout the pre-weaning phase, Group R calves lost BCS during the first 4 weeks of life. Data suggested that Group R calves supported skeletal growth during this period by catabolising body tissue. Group A calves had a greater risk of disease than group R calves during the pre-weaning phase (diarrhoea: odds ratio 3.86, 95% CI 1.67-8.9; pneumonia: odds ratio 5.80, 95% CI 2.33-14.44) although no calves died during this period. Whilst pneumonia had a significant impact on growth during the study duration (P = 0.008), this was not the case for diarrhoea. Whilst univariate analysis failed to show any statistically significant group differences (P > 0.050) in any of the mean values of measured reproductive parameters, multivariable Cox regression suggested that there was a weak trend (P = 0.072) for Group A animals to achieve first service earlier than their Group R counterparts (62.6 weeks versus 65.3 weeks). Irrespective of dietary group, the hazard for achievement of all measured reproductive parameters, apart from time to puberty, was 20-40% less for heifers borne from multiparous dams compared to heifers from primiparous dams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Curtis
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - C. McGregor Argo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
| | - D. Jones
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - D. Grove-White
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Copping KJ, Ruiz-Diaz MD, Rutland CS, Mongan NP, Callaghan MJ, McMillen IC, Rodgers RJ, Perry VEA. Peri-conception and first trimester diet modifies reproductive development in bulls. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:703-720. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional perturbation during gestation alters male reproductive development in rodents and sheep. In cattle both the developmental trajectory of the feto–placental unit and its response to dietary perturbations is dissimilar to that of these species. This study examined the effects of dietary protein perturbation during the peri-conception and first trimester periods upon reproductive development in bulls. Nulliparous heifers (n = 360) were individually fed a high- or low-protein diet (HPeri and LPeri) from 60 days before conception. From 24 until 98 days post conception, half of each treatment group changed to the alternative post-conception high- or low-protein diet (HPost and LPost) yielding four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. A subset of male fetuses (n = 25) was excised at 98 days post conception and fetal testis development was assessed. Reproductive development of singleton male progeny (n = 40) was assessed until slaughter at 598 days of age, when adult testicular cytology was evaluated. Low peri-conception diet delayed reproductive development: sperm quality was lowered during pubertal development with a concomitant delay in reaching puberty. These effects were subsequent to lower FSH concentrations at 330 and 438 days of age. In the fetus, the low peri-conception diet increased the proportion of seminiferous tubules and decreased blood vessel area in the testis, whereas low first trimester diet increased blood vessel number in the adult testis. We conclude that maternal dietary protein perturbation during conception and early gestation may alter male testis development and delay puberty in bulls.
Collapse
|
13
|
Taylor EG, Lemenager RP, Fellner V, Stewart KR. Effect of dried distiller's grains plus solubles in postpartum diets of beef cows on reproductive performance of dam and heifer progeny. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4543-4553. [PMID: 29108060 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight primiparous and multiparous cows were fed a silage-based total mixed ration (TMR; CON), a TMR with 2.5 kg/d DM dried distiller's grains plus solubles (DDGS; MID), or a TMR with 4.7 kg/d DM DDGS (HIGH) from 8.5 ± 4 to 116 ± 4 d postpartum (DPP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric for a postpartum ADG targeted at 0.22 kg, whereas CP exceeded requirements in both diets containing DDGS. Blood samples were collected from dams at 7- and 21-d intervals for progesterone concentration (resumption of cyclicity) and plasma urea nitrogen, respectively. A weigh-suckle-weigh procedure was used to measure milk production, and samples were collected for milk composition and fatty acid profile. A 5-d Co-Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol was used, and cows were bred (97 ± 4 DPP) by timed AI (TAI). Ultrasonography was used for measurement of the largest antral follicle at TAI and pregnancy diagnosis. Nineteen days after TAI, cow and calf pairs were managed as a single group until weaning and exposed to natural mating for a total of a 60-d breeding season. Starting at weaning, blood samples were collected from heifer offspring at 7-d intervals for progesterone concentration used as an indicator of puberty. A 5-d Co-Synch + CIDR protocol was used, and heifers were bred by TAI. Transrectal ultrasonography was used for measurement of the largest antral follicle at TAI and antral follicle count (AFC) at CIDR device insertion as well as pregnancy diagnosis. There were no differences in dam ADG ( = 0.364); however, DMI decreased with increasing DDGS ( < 0.0001), resulting in an increased feed efficiency ( = 0.042). Milk fat and lactose tended to increase with the addition of DDGS in the diet ( ≤ 0.055), and milk urea nitrogen increased ( < 0.001). There were no differences in resumption of cyclicity ( = 1.00) or diameter of the largest antral follicle ( ≥ 0.372). Timed AI pregnancy rates were not different with the addition of DDGS in the diet ( ≥ 0.174). Heifer ADG was reduced with DDGS during late lactation ( = 0.031). Heifer AFC had a tendency to increase with increasing DDGS ( = 0.081), with no impacts on dominant follicle diameter at TAI ( = 0.161). Heifer TAI pregnancy rate also was not different among treatments ( = 0.508). Overall, feeding 4.7 kg/d DM of DDGS to dams during early lactation increases feed efficiency of the dam, with minor statistically significant effects on dam or heifer offspring reproduction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kavya K, Sharma R, Jerome A, Phulia S, Singh I. Anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicular count in early and delayed pubertal Murrah buffalo heifers. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Chavatte-Palmer P, Tarrade A, Kiefer H, Duranthon V, Jammes H. Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:94-111. [PMID: 27062878 DOI: 10.1071/rd15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease on the spread of non-communicable diseases is recognised by world agencies such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Early environmental effects on offspring phenotype also apply to domestic animals and their production traits. Herein, we show that maternal nutrition not only throughout pregnancy, but also in the periconception period can affect offspring phenotype through modifications of gametes, embryos and placental function. Because epigenetic mechanisms are key processes in mediating these effects, we propose that the study of epigenetic marks in gametes may provide additional information for domestic animal selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Hélène Kiefer
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Véronique Duranthon
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sinclair KD, Rutherford KMD, Wallace JM, Brameld JM, Stöger R, Alberio R, Sweetman D, Gardner DS, Perry VEA, Adam CL, Ashworth CJ, Robinson JE, Dwyer CM. Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD16102. [PMID: 27439952 DOI: 10.1071/rd16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the 'developmental origins of health and disease' or 'DOHaD' hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Evans NP, Bellingham M, Robinson JE. Prenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function. Theriogenology 2016; 86:340-8. [PMID: 27142489 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that the gestational environment can have long-lasting effects not only on the life span and health span of an individual but also, through potential epigenetic changes, on future generations. This article reviews the "prenatal programming" of the neuroendocrine systems that regulate reproduction, with a specific focus on the lessons learned using ovine models. The review examines the critical roles played by steroids in normal reproductive development before considering the effects of prenatal exposure to exogenous steroid hormones including androgens and estrogens, the effects of maternal nutrition and stress during gestation, and the effects of exogenous chemicals such as alcohol and environment chemicals. In so doing, it becomes evident that, to maximize fitness, the regulation of reproduction has evolved to be responsive to many different internal and external cues and that the GnRH neurosecretory system expresses a degree of plasticity throughout life. During fetal life, however, the system is particularly sensitive to change and at this time, the GnRH neurosecretory system can be "shaped" both to achieve normal sexually differentiated function but also in ways that may adversely affect or even prevent "normal function". The exact mechanisms through which these programmed changes are brought about remain largely uncharacterized but are likely to differ depending on the factor, the timing of exposure to that factor, and the species. It would appear, however, that some afferent systems to the GnRH neurons such as kisspeptin, may be critical in this regard as it would appear to be sensitive to a wide variety of factors that can program reproductive function. Finally, it has been noted that the prenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function can be associated with epigenetic changes, which would suggest that in addition to direct effects on the exposed offspring, prenatal programming could have transgenerational effects on reproductive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane E Robinson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weller M, Fortes M, Marcondes M, Rotta P, Gionbeli T, Valadares Filho S, Campos M, Silva F, Silva W, Moore S, Guimarães S. Effect of maternal nutrition and days of gestation on pituitary gland and gonadal gene expression in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3056-3071. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
19
|
Tsoulis MW, Chang PE, Moore CJ, Chan KA, Gohir W, Petrik JJ, Vickers MH, Connor KL, Sloboda DM. Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Loss of Fetal Oocytes Is Associated with Compromised Follicle Growth in Adult Rat Offspring. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:94. [PMID: 26962114 PMCID: PMC4861169 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. We have shown previously that female rat offspring born to mothers fed a high-fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation enter puberty early and display aberrant reproductive cyclicity. The mechanisms driving this reproductive phenotype are currently unknown thus we investigated whether changes in ovarian function were involved. Wistar rats were mated and randomized to: dams fed a control diet (CON) or dams fed a HF diet from conception until the end of lactation (HF). Ovaries were collected from fetuses at Embryonic Day (E) 20, and neonatal ovaries at Day 4 (P4), prepubertal ovaries at P27 and adult ovaries at P120. In a subset of offspring, the effects of a HF diet fed postweaning were evaluated. The present study shows that fetuses of mothers fed a HF diet had significantly fewer oocytes at E20, and in neonates, have reduced AMH signaling that may facilitate an increased number of assembled primordial follicles. Both prepubertally and in adulthood, ovaries show increased follicular atresia. As adults, offspring have reduced FSH responsiveness, low expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (Eralpha), the oocyte-secreted factor, Gdf9, oocyte-specific RNA binding protein, Dazl, and high expression levels of the granulosa-cell derived factor, AMH, in antral follicles. Together, these data suggest that ovarian compromise in offspring born to HF-fed mothers may arise from changes already observable in the fetus and neonate and in the long term, associated with increased follicular atresia through adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Tsoulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline E Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline J Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn A Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wajiha Gohir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Kristin L Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bell AW, Greenwood PL. Prenatal origins of postnatal variation in growth, development and productivity of ruminants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research into the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal biology and the growth, development and productivity of progeny in postnatal life of ruminant livestock. Evidence is summarised for effects on postnatal growth and body composition, feed intake and efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality, wool production, reproduction and lactation performance. In general, these demonstrated effects are not large in relation to the effects of postnatal nutrition and other environmental influences. The mechanisms underpinning the above production outcomes are briefly discussed in terms of systemic endocrine and metabolic responses, and cellular and molecular effects in skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, wool follicles and brain of fetal, neonatal and adult progeny. Treatments observed to elicit tissue responses include maternal under- and overnutrition at various stages of pregnancy and placental insufficiency caused by increased litter size, chronic maternal heat stress and premating carunclectomy in sheep. The as yet meagre evidence for epigenetic mediation of intergenerational effects in ruminants is considered, as is the likelihood that other, more conventional explanations may suffice in some cases. Finally, evidence is summarised for the proposition that the placenta is not merely a passive conduit for nutrient transfer from dam to fetus, but plays an active role in buffering the effects of variations in maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development, and thence, postnatal outcomes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Asmad K, Kenyon P, Pain S, Perera K, Parkinson T, Lopez-Villalobos N, Blair H. Effects of dam size and nutrition during pregnancy on fetal ovarian development of their offspring in sheep. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
There is now considerable epidemiological and experimental evidence indicating that early-life environmental conditions, including nutrition, affect subsequent development in later life. These conditions induce highly integrated responses in endocrine-related homeostasis, resulting in persistent changes in the developmental trajectory producing an altered adult phenotype. Early-life events trigger processes that prepare the individual for particular circumstances that are anticipated in the postnatal environment. However, where the intrauterine and postnatal environments differ markedly, such modifications to the developmental trajectory may prove maladaptive in later life. Reproductive maturation and function are similarly influenced by early-life events. This should not be surprising, because the primordial follicle pool is established early in life and is thus vulnerable to early-life events. Results of clinical and experimental studies have indicated that early-life adversity is associated with a decline in ovarian follicular reserve, changes in ovulation rates, and altered age at onset of puberty. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the relationship between the early-life developmental environment and postnatal reproductive development and function are unclear. This review examines the evidence linking early-life nutrition and effects on the female reproductive system, bringing together clinical observations in humans and experimental data from targeted animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Chan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesPediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - M W Tsoulis
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesPediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - D M Sloboda
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesPediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1 Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesPediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1 Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesPediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gunn PJ, Schoonmaker JP, Lemenager RP, Bridges GA. Feeding distiller’s grains as an energy source to gestating and lactating beef heifers: Impact on female progeny growth, puberty attainment, and reproductive processes. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:746-57. [PMID: 25548202 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared postweaning growth, puberty attainment, and reproductive processes of female progeny (n = 33) born to Angus-Simmental beef heifers treated with either a control diet or a diet in which dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) were fed as an energy source during late gestation and early lactation. From 192 d of gestation through 118 ± 4 d in lactation, dams were fed either a corn silage–based control diet (CON) orcorn residue with DDGS, where DDGS were supplemented as an energy source (DG). Diets were formulated to provide similar daily NEg between diets, but CP requirements were drastically exceeded in the DG treatment. Heifer progeny (n = 33) were weaned, commingled at 191 ± 4 d of age, and similarly managed for the remainder of the project. Heifer BW and blood samples for progesterone assessment to determine onset of puberty were collected weekly beginning at weaning. At 255 ± 4 d of age, a single follicular wave was mapped via ultrasonography in 10 prepubertal heifers per treatment. Prepubertal antral follicle count and ovarian size were determined at 253 ± 4 d of age. Hip height was recorded at 213,297, and 437 ± 4 d of age. Estrous synchronization and AI was initiated at 447 ± 4 d of age. Binary data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS and all other data were analyzed with the MIXED procedures of SAS. Progeny from DG-treated dams tended to be heavier (P = 0.08) than progeny from CON-treated dams from weaning until breeding. In addition, DG progeny had a greater (P < 0.01) frame score than CON throughout the developmental period. Ovarian size, antral follicle count, and follicular growth parameters did not differ between treatments. Age at puberty did not differ between CON (303 ± 10 d) and DG (320 ± 10 d) progeny; however, BW at puberty was greater (P = 0.01) for DG (326 ± 7 kg) than CON (298 ± 8 kg) progeny. Pregnancy rates to AI were greater (P = 0.05) in DG progeny (70.6%) than CON (33.3%), but overall breeding season pregnancy rate did not differ (P = 0.97). Moreover, rate of dystocia in female progeny at first parturition and grand-offspring birth BW did not differ due to treatment (P ≥ 0.74). In summary, feeding DDGS as an energy source during late gestation and early lactation to first-parity heifers resulted in female progeny with greater skeletal growth that were heavier at onset of puberty and had increased AI pregnancy rates.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mossa F, Walsh SW, Ireland JJ, Evans AC. Early nutritional programming and progeny performance: Is reproductive success already set at birth? Anim Front 2015. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2015-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mossa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Siobhan W. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - James J. Ireland
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Cushman R, McNeel A, Freetly H. The impact of cow nutrient status during the second and third trimesters on age at puberty, antral follicle count, and fertility of daughters. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Maternal high-fat diet induces follicular atresia but does not affect fertility in adult rabbit offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:88-97. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to the metabolic environment in utero can have an impact on subsequent female reproductive performance. Here, we used a model of rabbits receiving a high-fat diet (H diet; 7.7% fat and 0.2% cholesterol) or a control diet (C diet; 1.8% fat, no cholesterol) from 10 weeks of age up to mating at 27 weeks and throughout gestation and lactation. At weaning at 5 weeks of age, F1 female offspring were placed on either C or H diet, resulting in a total of four groups C/C, C/H, H/C and H/H diet. Female offspring were mated between 18 and 22 weeks of age and euthanized at 28 days of gestation. A few days before mating and/or just before euthanasia, F1 female rabbits were fasted overnight, weighed, and blood sampled for steroids and biochemistry. Organs were weighed at euthanasia and the ovaries were collected. C/H and H/H F1 offspring had higher cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein plasma concentrations, together with a higher fat mass compared with C/C does, reflecting the effect of the postnatal diet; however, no effect of the antenatal diet was observed on most parameters. The number of primordial, primary and secondary follicles were not different between the groups, but a significantly higher number of atretic follicles was observed in the C/H (P<0.001) and in the H/C (P<0.001) compared with control C/C ovaries, demonstrating both an effect of prenatal and postnatal maternal nutrition. These data indicated that both maternal and postnatal high-fat diet may induce follicular apoptosis; however, in this model, the reproduction was not affected.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schmidt KL, Macdougall-Shackleton EA, Soma KK, Macdougall-Shackleton SA. Developmental programming of the HPA and HPG axes by early-life stress in male and female song sparrows. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 196:72-80. [PMID: 24291303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Variation in early environmental conditions can have long-term effects on physiology and behavior, a process referred to as developmental programming. In particular, exposure to early-life stressors can have long-term effects on regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. Although these effects have been well documented in mammals, less is known about how early-life stress affects regulation of these endocrine systems in non-mammalian species. In the current study, we determined the long-term effects of early-life food restriction or corticosterone (CORT) treatment on the HPA axis of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), including the responses to restraint stress, dexamethasone challenge, and ACTH challenge. In addition, we assessed long-term effects on the HPG axis by measuring sex steroid levels (testosterone in males and 17β-estradiol in females) before and after a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge. Subjects treated with CORT during development had larger increases in CORT in response to ACTH challenge than food-restricted or control subjects. Neither treatment affected the responses of CORT to restraint or dexamethasone. CORT-treated males also had higher initial testosterone levels, but neither treatment affected testosterone levels post-GnRH. Lastly, although GnRH challenge failed to increase circulating estradiol levels in females, females exposed to food restriction or CORT treatment had lower estradiol levels than control females. These results show that exposure to stress can developmentally program the endocrine system of songbirds and illustrate the importance of considering developmental conditions when determining the factors responsible for inter-individual variation in endocrine regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth A Macdougall-Shackleton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott A Macdougall-Shackleton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ovarian and uterine characteristics and onset of puberty in adolescent offspring: effects of maternal diet and selenium supplementation in sheep. Theriogenology 2014; 81:887-95. [PMID: 24534339 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of maternal diet with adequate (A) or high (H) selenium (Se) supplementation on ovarian and uterine characteristics, and onset of puberty in adolescent offspring. Sheep were fed a maintenance (M) diet with ASe or HSe levels from breeding to parturition. From Day 50 to parturition, a portion of the ewes from ASe and HSe groups was fed restricted (R, 60% of M) or excess (E, 140% of M) diet. Immediately after birth, lambs were separated from their dams and given artificial colostrum for 20 hours, followed by milk replacer. From Day 57.3 ± 0.6, ewe lambs were fed a pelleted grower diet until Day 116.3 ± 0.6 when they were transitioned to a finisher diet. From Day 99 to 180, serum samples were collected weekly from jugular vein for progesterone analysis to determine onset of puberty. Reproductive tissues were collected on Day 180.1 ± 0.4 of age. Maternal diet or Se supplementation did not affect uterine or ovarian weight and onset of puberty. However, area under the curve for progesterone was greater (P = 0.05) in ASe compared with HSe groups, and was greater in ASeM than HSeM group. In CLs, labeling index (LI; a proportion of proliferating cells) was less (P < 0.04) in HSeM than ASeM group, and in stroma was less (P < 0.05) in R and E groups than M group. Maternal diet did not affect the LI of any follicle types. For all groups combined, LI was the greatest (P < 0.001) in antral, less in early antral and secondary, and the least in atretic follicles. Our results demonstrate that maternal diet influenced ovarian but not uterine characteristics or onset of puberty. These results indicate that maternal plane of nutrition and/or Se supplementation may have specific effects on reproductive function in offspring.
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- J. Casellas
- Grup de Recerca en Remugants, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Caja
- Grup de Recerca en Remugants, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that the concept of programming can also be applied to reproductive development and function, representing an ever expanding research area. Recently issues such as peri- or even preconceptional nutrition, transgenerational effects and underlying mechanisms have received considerable attention. The present chapter presents the existed evidence and reviews the available data from numerous animal and human studies on the effects of early life nutritional environment on adult reproductive function. Specific outcomes depend on the severity, duration and stage of development when nutritional perturbations are imposed, while sex-specific effects are also manifested. Apart from undernutrition, effects of relative overnutrition as well as the complex interactions between pre- and postnatal nutrition is of high importance, especially in the context of our days obesity epidemic. Mechanisms underlying reproductive programming are yet unclear, but may include a role for epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modulation of critical genes involved in the control of reproductive function and potential intergenerational effects represent an exciting area of interdisciplinary research toward the development of new nutritional approaches during pre- and postnatal periods to ensure reproductive health in later life.
Collapse
|
32
|
Maternal undernutrition does not alter Sertoli cell numbers or the expression of key developmental markers in the mid-gestation ovine fetal testis. J Negat Results Biomed 2013; 12:2. [PMID: 23295129 PMCID: PMC3584724 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the effects of maternal undernutrition on ovine fetal testis morphology and expression of relevant histological indicators. Maternal undernutrition, in sheep, has been reported, previously, to alter fetal ovary development, as indicated by delayed folliculogenesis and the altered expression of ovarian apoptosis-regulating gene products, at day 110 of gestation. It is not known whether or not maternal undernutrition alters the same gene products in the day 110 fetal testis. Design and methods Mature Scottish Blackface ewes were fed either 100% (Control; C) or 50% (low; L) of estimated metabolisable energy requirements of a pregnant ewe, from mating to day 110 of gestation. All pregnant ewes were euthanized at day 110 and a sub-set of male fetuses was randomly selected (6 C and 9 L) for histology studies designed to address the effect of nutritional state on several indices of testis development. Sertoli cell numbers were measured using a stereological method and Ki67 (cell proliferation index), Bax (pro-apoptosis), Mcl-1 (anti-apoptosis), SCF and c-kit ligand (development and apoptosis) gene expression was measured in Bouins-fixed fetal testis using immunohistochemistry. Results No significant differences were observed in numbers of Sertoli cells or testicular Ki67 positive cells. The latter were localised to the testicular cords and interstitium. Bax and Mcl-1 were localised specifically to the germ cells whereas c-kit was localised to both the cords and interstitium. SCF staining was very sparse. No treatment effects were observed for any of the markers examined. Conclusions These data suggest that, unlike in the fetal ovary, maternal undernutrition for the first 110 days of gestation affects neither the morphology of the fetal testis nor the expression of gene products which regulate apoptosis. It is postulated that the effects of fetal undernutrition on testis function may be expressed through hypothalamic-pituitary changes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dupont C, Cordier A, Junien C, Mandon-Pépin B, Levy R, Chavatte-Palmer P. Maternal environment and the reproductive function of the offspring. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1405-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
34
|
Carr DJ, Aitken RP, Milne JS, David AL, Wallace JM. Fetoplacental biometry and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in the overnourished adolescent model of fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:141.e6-15. [PMID: 22840729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasonographically fetal growth trajectories, placental biometry, and umbilical artery (UA) Doppler indices in growth-restricted pregnancies of overnourished adolescent ewes and normally developing pregnancies of control-fed ewes. STUDY DESIGN Singleton pregnancies were established using embryo transfer in 42 adolescent ewes that were overnourished (n = 27) or control-fed (n = 15) and were scanned at weekly intervals from 83-126 days' gestation and necropsied at 131 days' gestation (term = 145 days). RESULTS Ultrasonographic placental measurements were reduced and UA Doppler indices were increased from 83 days' gestation; measurements of fetal abdominal circumference and femur length, renal volume and tibia length, and biparietal diameter were reduced from 98, 105, and 112 days' gestation, respectively, in overnourished vs control-intake pregnancies. CONCLUSION Overnourishment of adolescent sheep dams produced late-onset asymmetric fetal growth restriction that was commensurate with brain sparing. Ultrasonographic placental biometry was already reduced and UA Doppler indices increased by mid gestation in overnourished pregnancies, preceding reduced fetal growth velocity and indicating an early nutritionally mediated insult on placental development.
Collapse
|
35
|
Grazul-Bilska AT, Vonnahme KA, Bilski JJ, Borowczyk E, Soni D, Mikkelson B, Johnson ML, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA, Caton JS. Expression of gap junctional connexin proteins in ovine fetal ovaries: effects of maternal diet. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 41:185-94. [PMID: 21820266 PMCID: PMC3190047 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions have been implicated in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the coordination of cellular functions during growth and differentiation of organs and tissues, and gap junctions play a major role in direct cell-cell communication. Gap junctional channels and connexin (Cx) proteins have been detected in adult ovaries in several species. Furthermore, it has been shown that several environmental factors, including maternal diet, may affect fetal organ growth and function. To determine whether maternal diet affects expression of Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, and Cx43 in fetal ovaries, sheep were fed a maintenance (M) diet with adequate (A) selenium (Se) or high (H) Se levels from 21 d before breeding to day 132 of pregnancy. From day 50 to 132 of pregnancy (tissue collection day), a portion of the ewes from the ASe and HSe groups was fed a restricted (R; 60% of M) diet. Sections of fetal ovaries were immunostained for the presence of Cxs followed by image analysis. All four Cxs were detected, but the distribution pattern differed. Cx26 was immunolocalized in the oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles; in granulosa and theca layers of secondary and antral follicles; stroma; and blood vessels. Cx32 was in oocytes, granulosa, and theca cells in a portion of antral follicles; Cx37 was on the borders between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles and in endothelium; and Cx43 was on cellular borders in granulosa and theca layers and between oocyte and granulosa/cumulus cells of primordial to antral follicles. Maternal diet affected Cx26 and Cx43 expression, Cx26 in granulosa layer of antral follicles was decreased (P < 0.01) by HSe in the M and R diets, and Cx43 in granulosa layer of primary and granulosa and theca of antral follicles was increased (P < 0.05) by the M diet with HSe. Thus, Cxs may be differentially involved in regulation of fetal ovarian function in sheep. These data emphasize the importance of maternal diet in fetal growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Grazul-Bilska
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Igwebuike U. Impact of maternal nutrition on ovine foetoplacental development: A review of the role of insulin-like growth factors. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
37
|
Long NM, Nijland MJ, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. The effect of early to mid-gestational nutrient restriction on female offspring fertility and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2029-37. [PMID: 20190172 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primiparous ewes born as singletons to Rambouillet x Columbia crossbred ewes fed either 100% of NRC recommendations (control, Con; n = 7) or 50% of NRC (nutrient restricted, NR; n = 7) from d 28 through 78 postmating were utilized for this study. At 1 yr of age, a subset of ewes born to Con (n = 4) and NR (n = 4) mothers received jugular catheters and were subjected to a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)/arginine vasopressin (AVP) challenge, an ACTH challenge, and an isolation stress test, in which ACTH and cortisol responses were determined. A week after these challenges, estrus was monitored twice daily in all ewes from Con (n = 7) and NR mothers (n = 7). Once estrus was observed (d 0), daily blood samples were collected from ewes for progesterone through the subsequent estrus. Estrous detection and daily blood sampling were repeated during an estrous cycle in the next year, ewes were hand mated at the second estrus, and pregnancy was determined by delivery of a live lamb(s). Ewes from NR mothers tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater peak ACTH response after an intravenous CRH/AVP injection than ewes from Con mothers. The cortisol response of ewes to a CRH/AVP or ACTH challenge was not influenced by maternal nutrition. In contrast, ewes from Con mothers tended (P = 0.10) to release more ACTH in response to the isolation stress test and showed a greater (P = 0.04) cortisol release than ewes from NR mothers. Ewes from NR mothers exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) plasma progesterone in both yr 1 and 2 of the study compared with ewes from Con mothers. Furthermore, fewer (P < 0.0001) ewes from NR mothers produced a lamb (1 of 7) than ewes from Con mothers (7 of 7) during yr 2 of the study. These findings indicate that maternal undernutrition during early gestation may affect stress responses by the offspring, but has limited impact on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal sensitivity. Furthermore, offspring of NR ewes exhibited reduced progesterone secretion during the luteal phase of their estrous cycles and a markedly reduced fertility compared with offspring from Con ewes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Long
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gardner DS, Ozanne SE, Sinclair KD. Effect of the early-life nutritional environment on fecundity and fertility of mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 364:3419-27. [PMID: 19833652 PMCID: PMC2781843 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The early-life developmental environment is instrumental in shaping our overall adult health and well-being. Early-life diet and endocrine exposure may independently, or in concert with our genetic constitution, induce a pathophysiological process that amplifies with age and leads to premature morbidity and mortality. Recently, this has become known as ‘programming’ but is akin to ‘maternal effects’ described for many years in the biological sciences and is defined as any influence that acts during critical developmental windows to induce long-term changes in the organisms' phenotype. To date, such delayed maternal effects have largely been characterized in terms of susceptibility to cardiovascular or metabolic disease. Here, we review evidence from experimental animal species, non-human primates and man for an effect of the early-life nutritional environment on adult fecundity and fertility. In addition, using a database of pedigree sheep, we also specifically test the hypothesis that being born small for gestational age with or without post-natal growth acceleration directly programmes fertility. We conclude that there is a lack of compelling evidence to suggest pre-natal undernutrition may directly reduce adult fecundity and fertility, but may exert some effects secondarily via an increased incidence of ‘metabolic syndrome’. Possible effects of being born relatively large on subsequent fecundity and fertility warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sullivan TM, Micke GC, Greer RM, Irving-Rodgers HF, Rodgers RJ, Perry VEA. Dietary manipulation of Bos indicus x heifers during gestation affects the reproductive development of their heifer calves. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:773-84. [PMID: 19567220 DOI: 10.1071/rd09004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of nutrition during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy in composite beef heifers on reproductive parameters of their female calves was determined in the present study. At artificial insemination, heifers were assigned to one of four treatment groups (i.e. HH, HL, LowH and LL) depending on the level of crude protein intake (H = high; L = low) for first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Gonadotrophin concentrations and ovarian parameters were measured in their female calves at 5 and 23 months of age. Crude protein intake was positively associated with dam plasma urea (P < 0.001). The density of healthy follicles in heifers at the time of death was negatively correlated with dam plasma urea at Day 179 (P = 0.009). Heifers from LowH dams had a smaller-sized prepubertal largest ovarian follicle (P = 0.03) and lower densities of primordial and primary follicles (P = 0.02) and healthy antral follicles (P = 0.009) when they were killed. There was a positive correlation between plasma FSH concentrations at 5 and 23 months of age (P = 0.02), as well as between the sizes of the largest ovarian follicles at 6 and 23 months of age (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the reproductive development of heifers may be affected by prenatal nutrition during early and mid-gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cushman RA, Allan MF, Kuehn LA, Snelling WM, Cupp AS, Freetly HC. Evaluation of antral follicle count and ovarian morphology in crossbred beef cows: Investigation of influence of stage of the estrous cycle, age, and birth weight1,2. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1971-80. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
41
|
Chavatte-Palmer P, Al Gubory K, Picone O, Heyman Y. Nutrition maternelle : incidence sur la fertilité de la descendance et importance de la période périconceptionelle pour le long terme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:920-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
Kotsampasi B, Balaskas C, Papadomichelakis G, Chadio SE. Reduced Sertoli cell number and altered pituitary responsiveness in male lambs undernourished in utero. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 114:135-47. [PMID: 18814977 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional status of females during pregnancy can have profound effects on the fetus reproductive system development that could affect the reproductive potential as later as in adulthood (fetal programming). The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction imposed during different periods of gestation on pituitary responsiveness at different ages postnatal and on Sertoli cell number in male offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed to 100% of Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein requirements throughout pregnancy (Control) or to 50% from 0 to 30 (R1) or from 31 to 100 days of gestation (R2). Male lambs were selected and fed to appetite throughout the study. At 2, 5.5 and 10 months of age a GnRH challenge was conducted. At slaughter (10 months) testes were removed and examined histologically. Maternal undernutrition did not affect the time of the onset of puberty, defined as the first increase in plasma testosterone concentrations > or =1 ng/ml. The LH and FSH response to GnRH challenge did not differ between groups at 2 and 5.5 months but at 10 months of age a higher (P<0.05) FSH response was found in R2 group. Testes weight did not differ between groups at slaughter. Mean Sertoli cell number was significantly lower in animals of R2 group compared with Control (P<0.01). A smaller seminiferous tubules diameter was detected in R2 group (P<0.05), while the diameter of the lumen was similar in all groups. Collectively, these results provide clear evidence for a direct effect of nutrient restriction during pregnancy on Sertoli cell number in adulthood. The lower number of Sertoli cells is the most candidate factor for the higher pituitary activity through a reduction in the suppressive effect of inhibin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kotsampasi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Swali A, Wathes DC. Influence of primiparity on size at birth, growth, the somatotrophic axis and fertility in dairy heifers. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 102:122-36. [PMID: 17097838 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies in humans suggest that small size at birth is a predictor of some adult diseases. Nutritional constraint experienced in utero may result in fetal adaptations, which alter subsequent body structure and physiology. Size at birth is influenced by maternal age and parity. Most dairy cows are bred for the first time at about 60% of their mature body weight and therefore carry their first pregnancy whilst still growing. We hypothesized that this might alter the nutritional environment in utero and thus influence the development of the calf. This study compared birth size, growth rates and fertility in consecutively born heifer offspring of 45 primiparous (PP) and 71 multiparous (MP) dairy cows on one farm. Measures of the somatotrophic axis (GH, insulin, IGF-I and glucose) were compared in blood samples collected at the start of the first lactation. Offspring of PP cows were significantly smaller at birth (weight, length, height, girth, P<0.01) than those born to MP dams. The ponderal index (weight/height(3)) was similar, showing that growth restriction was proportional. These differences were no longer apparent at 3 months, indicative of early catch up growth. The PP offspring conceived more rapidly during their first service period as nulliparous heifers (P<0.02). They experienced a greater weight loss postpartum (P<0.002) and had lower concentrations of IGF-I and insulin following their first calving (P<0.05). Fertility in the first lactation was, however, similar between the two groups. We conclude that having a primiparous dam resulted in a smaller size at birth and influenced the somatotrophic axis around calving. Fertility was generally better in offspring of PP than MP dams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Swali
- Reproduction Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Harrison JL, Adam CL, Brown YA, Wallace JM, Aitken RP, Lea RG, Miller DW. An immunohistochemical study of the localization and developmental expression of ghrelin and its functional receptor in the ovine placenta. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:25. [PMID: 17594504 PMCID: PMC1924515 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone principally produced by the stomach, but also by numerous peripheral tissues including the placenta. Ghrelin acts via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR-1a) to alter food intake, fat utilization, and cellular proliferation, and has been suggested to play a role in the developmental growth of the fetoplacental unit. The placental expression of ghrelin and its role in ruminant species is not known. We tested the hypotheses that ghrelin and its functional receptor, GHSR-1a, are present in tissues of the ovine placenta, and that their expression is linked to the stage of development. METHODS Antibodies raised against ghrelin and GHSR-1a were used in standard immunohistochemical protocols on placental tissues collected from pregnant ewes (n = 6 per gestational time point) at days 50, 80, 100, 128 and 135 of gestation (term approximately day 145). Immunostaining for ghrelin and GHSR-1a was quantified using computer-aided image analysis. Image analysis data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, with differences in immunostaining between time-points determined by Fisher's least significant difference. RESULTS Positive immunostaining for ghrelin was detected in ovine placentae at all gestational time points, with staining localized to the maternal epithelium, caruncle and trophectoderm. There was a significant effect of gestational age (p < 0.001) on the placental expression of ghrelin, with maximal levels at gestational day 80. GHSR-1a immunostaining was detected in the fetal trophectoderm at all time points. In contrast to the gestational pattern of ghrelin expression, there was no effect of gestational age on placental GHSR-1a immunoexpression. CONCLUSION Ghrelin and GHSR-1a are both present in the ovine placenta, and ghrelin displays a developmentally-related pattern of expression. Therefore, these data strongly suggest that the ghrelin system may have a role in feto-placental development in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Harrison
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Clare L Adam
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yvonne A Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Wallace
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Raymond P Aitken
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Richard G Lea
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - David W Miller
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Sustainable Livestock Systems Group, Scottish Agricultural College, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu G, Bazer FW, Wallace JM, Spencer TE. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2316-37. [PMID: 16908634 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), defined as impaired growth and development of the mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy, is a major concern in domestic animal production. Fetal growth restriction reduces neonatal survival, has a permanent stunting effect on postnatal growth and the efficiency of feed/forage utilization in offspring, negatively affects whole body composition and meat quality, and impairs long-term health and athletic performance. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms has important implications for the prevention of IUGR and is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of livestock production and animal health. Fetal growth within the uterus is a complex biological event influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, as well as maternal maturity. These factors impact on the size and functional capacity of the placenta, uteroplacental blood flows, transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus, conceptus nutrient availability, the endocrine milieu, and metabolic pathways. Alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, metabolism, and postnatal growth of the offspring. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenic factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for the etiology of IUGR in response to maternal undernutrition and overnutrition. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the role of maternal nutrition on fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Innovative interdisciplinary research in the areas of nutrition, reproductive physiology, and vascular biology will play an important role in designing the next generation of nutrient-balanced gestation diets and developing new tools for livestock management that will enhance the efficiency of animal production and improve animal well being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Robinson J, Ashworth C, Rooke J, Mitchell L, McEvoy T. Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Paul C, Rhind SM, Kyle CE, Scott H, McKinnell C, Sharpe RM. Cellular and hormonal disruption of fetal testis development in sheep reared on pasture treated with sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1580-7. [PMID: 16263515 PMCID: PMC1310922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether experimental exposure of pregnant sheep to a mixture of environmental chemicals added to pasture as sewage sludge (n = 9 treated animals) exerted effects on fetal testis development or function; application of sewage sludge was undertaken so as to maximize exposure of the ewes to its contents. Control ewes (n = 9) were reared on pasture treated with an equivalent amount of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer. Treatment had no effect on body weight of ewes, but it reduced body weight by 12-15% in male (n = 12) and female (n = 8) fetuses on gestation day 110. In treated male fetuses (n = 11), testis weight was significantly reduced (32%), as were the numbers of Sertoli cells (34% reduction), Leydig cells (37% reduction), and gonocytes (44% reduction), compared with control fetuses (n = 8). Fetal blood levels of testosterone and inhibin A were also reduced (36% and 38%, respectively) in treated compared with control fetuses, whereas blood levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were unchanged. Based on immunoexpression of anti-Müllerian hormone, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, and Leydig cell cytoplasmic volume, we conclude that the hormone changes in treated male fetuses probably result from the reduction in somatic cell numbers. This reduction could result from fetal growth restriction in male fetuses and/or from the lowered testosterone action; reduced immunoexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in peritubular cells and of androgen receptor in testes of treated animals supports the latter possibility. These findings indicate that exposure of the developing male sheep fetus to real-world mixtures of environmental chemicals can result in major attenuation of testicular development and hormonal function, which may have consequences in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Paul
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lea RG, Hannah LT, Redmer DA, Aitken RP, Milne JS, Fowler PA, Murray JF, Wallace JM. Developmental indices of nutritionally induced placental growth restriction in the adolescent sheep. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:599-604. [PMID: 15718368 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000155949.08547.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most intrauterine growth restriction cases are associated with reduced placental growth. Overfeeding adolescent ewes undergoing singleton pregnancies restricts placental growth and reduces lamb birth weight. We used this sheep model of adolescent pregnancy to investigate whether placental growth restriction is associated with altered placental cell proliferation and/or apoptosis at d 81 of pregnancy, equivalent to the apex in placental growth. Adolescent ewes with singleton pregnancies were offered a high or moderate level of a complete diet designed to induce restricted or normal placental size at term, respectively. Bromodeoxyuridine (Brd-U) was administered to H and M ewes 1 h before slaughter. Placental tissues were examined for a) Brd-U (immunohistochemistry) and b) apoptosis regulatory genes by in situ hybridization, Northern analyses (bax, mcl-1), immunohistochemistry, and Western analyses (bax). Quantification was carried out by image analysis. Total placentome weights were equivalent between groups. Brd-U predominantly localized to the trophectoderm and was significantly lower in the H group. Bax and mcl-1 mRNA were localized to the maternal-fetal interface. Bax protein was significantly increased in the H group and predominant in the uninuclear fetal trophectoderm. These observations indicate that reduced placental size at term may be due to reduced placental cell proliferation and possibly increased apoptosis occurring much earlier in gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Lea
- Ovine Pregnancy Group, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rhind SM. Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal and neonatal reproductive development and function. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 82-83:169-81. [PMID: 15271451 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition and, under certain circumstances overnutrition, before or during pregnancy or during early postnatal life can alter reproductive function of the offspring. Effects can be exerted at many stages of development, from prior to conception until after birth and may be expressed at the time of the nutritional insult or later. Since patterns of development differ between species, it is probably more appropriate to consider effects in relation to a stage of development rather than relative to the time of birth. Effects exerted at one stage of development may be expressed later, even if the nutritional influence is no longer present. The signals by which maternal nutrition affects the offspring must be related to maternal nutritional state and must have the capacity to reach the embryo, to be 'read' by it and to modify expression of selected genes. It is suggested that single nutrients and/or metabolites are unlikely to have direct impacts on the pattern of development of the reproductive system and it is postulated that multiple endocrine and metabolic signals are involved. Whilst it has been shown that many components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system are modified by early life nutritional influences, understanding of the mechanisms through which these effects are exerted remains limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Rhind
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|