1
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A three-dimensional electrochemical biosensor integrated with hydrogel for cells culture and lactate release monitoring. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Liu C, Niu K, Xiao Q. Updated perspectives on vascular cell specification and pluripotent stem cell-derived vascular organoids for studying vasculopathies. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:97-114. [PMID: 33135070 PMCID: PMC8752356 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculopathy is a pathological process occurring in the blood vessel wall, which could affect the haemostasis and physiological functions of all the vital tissues/organs and is one of the main underlying causes for a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Current pharmacological interventions aiming to either delay or stop progression of vasculopathies are suboptimal, thus searching novel, targeted, risk-reducing therapeutic agents, or vascular grafts with full regenerative potential for patients with vascular abnormalities are urgently needed. Since first reported, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), particularly human-induced PSCs, have open new avenue in all research disciplines including cardiovascular regenerative medicine and disease remodelling. Assisting with recent technological breakthroughs in tissue engineering, in vitro construction of tissue organoid made a tremendous stride in the past decade. In this review, we provide an update of the main signal pathways involved in vascular cell differentiation from human PSCs and an extensive overview of PSC-derived tissue organoids, highlighting the most recent discoveries in the field of blood vessel organoids as well as vascularization of other complex tissue organoids, with the aim of discussing the key cellular and molecular players in generating vascular organoids.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Blood Vessels/physiopathology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Organoids
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
- Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Liu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Heart Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kaiyuan Niu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Heart Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Heart Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases at The Second Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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3
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Mukundan S, Bell J, Teryek M, Hernandez C, Love AC, Parekkadan B, Chan LLY. Automated Assessment of Cancer Drug Efficacy On Breast Tumor Spheroids in Aggrewell™400 Plates Using Image Cytometry. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:521-531. [PMID: 34989923 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor spheroid models have proven useful in the study of cancer cell responses to chemotherapeutic compounds by more closely mimicking the 3-dimensional nature of tumors in situ. Their advantages are often offset, however, by protocols that are long, complicated, and expensive. Efforts continue for the development of high-throughput assays that combine the advantages of 3D models with the convenience and simplicity of traditional 2D monolayer methods. Herein, we describe the development of a breast cancer spheroid image cytometry assay using T47D cells in Aggrewell™400 spheroid plates. Using the Celigo® automated imaging system, we developed a method to image and individually track thousands of spheroids within the Aggrewell™400 microwell plate over time. We demonstrate the use of calcein AM and propidium iodide staining to study the effects of known anti-cancer drugs Doxorubicin, Everolimus, Gemcitabine, Metformin, Paclitaxel and Tamoxifen. We use the image cytometry results to quantify the fluorescence of calcein AM and PI as well as spheroid size in a dose dependent manner for each of the drugs. We observe a dose-dependent reduction in spheroid size and find that it correlates well with the viability obtained from the CellTiter96® endpoint assay. The image cytometry method we demonstrate is a convenient and high-throughput drug-response assay for breast cancer spheroids under 400 μm in diameter, and may lay a foundation for investigating other three-dimensional spheroids, organoids, and tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpaa Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jordan Bell
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Matthew Teryek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Charles Hernandez
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Andrea C Love
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA.
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4
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Roh H, Kim H, Park JK. Construction of a Fibroblast-Associated Tumor Spheroid Model Based on a Collagen Drop Array Chip. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120506. [PMID: 34940263 PMCID: PMC8699288 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spheroid, a 3D aggregate of tumor cells in a spherical shape, has overcome the limitations of conventional 3D cell models to accurately mimic the in-vivo environment of a human body. The spheroids are cultured with other primary cells and embedded in collagen drops using hang drop plates and low-attachment well plates to construct a spheroid–hydrogel model that better mimics the cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. However, the conventional methods of culturing and embedding spheroids into ECM have several shortcomings. The procedure of transferring a single spheroid at a time by manual pipetting results in well-to-well variation and even loss or damage of the spheroid. Based on the previously introduced droplet contact-based spheroid transfer technique, we present a poly(dimethylsiloxane) and resin-based drop array chip and a pillar array chip with alignment stoppers, which enhances the alignment between the chips for uniform placement of spheroids. This method allows the facile and stable transfer of the spheroid array and even eliminates the need for a stereomicroscope while handling the cell models. The novel platform demonstrates a homogeneous and time-efficient construction and diverse analysis of an array of fibroblast-associated glioblastoma multiforme spheroids that are embedded in collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Roh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Hwisoo Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.R.); (H.K.)
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-350-4315
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5
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Fernando K, Kwang LG, Lim JTC, Fong ELS. Hydrogels to engineer tumor microenvironments in vitro. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2362-2383. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Illustration of engineered hydrogel to recapitulate aspects of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Leng Gek Kwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Joanne Tze Chin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health
- National University of Singapore
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6
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Chen Z, Wang F, Zhang J, Sun X, Yan Y, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Zhang J, Honore T, Ge J, Gu Z. Study on Development of Composite Hydrogels With Tunable Structures and Properties for Tumor-on-a-Chip Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:611796. [PMID: 33425875 PMCID: PMC7786431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.611796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major factor for developing new tumor models is to recreate a proper three-dimensional environment for 3D tumors culture. In this 3D microenvironment, extracellular matrices play important roles in regulation of hallmark features of cancer through biochemical and mechanical signals. The fabrication of a mechanical and biophysical controllable hydrogel, while sharing similarities with Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation, is an urgent but unmet need. In this study, we developed a hybrid hydrogel system composed of GelMA and hydrolyzed collagen to model tumor micro-environment and tested with several cancer cells with different origin and characteristics. This hydrogel possesses a well-ordered homogenous microstructure, excellent permeability and an adjustable mechanical stiffness. This hydrogel demonstrated similar properties as Matrigel in tumor spheroids culture and 3D tumor invasiveness studies. It was further applied in a Tumor-on-a-Chip system with 3D-bioprinting. Our research demonstrated this hydrogel's effectiveness in tumor 3D culture, and its potential to replace Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchuan Yan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tess Honore
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Kutova OM, Sencha LM, Pospelov AD, Dobrynina OE, Brilkina AA, Cherkasova EI, Balalaeva IV. Comparative Analysis of Cell-Cell Contact Abundance in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Cultured in Two- and Three-Dimensional In Vitro Models. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120446. [PMID: 33291824 PMCID: PMC7761996 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor resistance to therapy is a crucial problem of today’s oncology. The emerging data indicate that tumor microenvironment is the key participant in the resistance development. One of the most basic aspect of tumor microenvironment is intercellular adhesion. Our data obtained using monolayer culture, matrix-free and matrix-based three-dimensional in vitro models indicate that the abundance of cell-cell contact proteins is varying depending on the microenvironment. These differences coincided with the degree of the resistance to therapeutics. The importance of adhesion proteins in tumor resistance may provide the fundamental basis for improving cancer treatment approaches and must be taken into account when screening candidate drugs. Abstract Tumor resistance to therapy is associated with the 3D organization and peculiarities of the tumor microenvironment, of which intercellular adhesion is a key participant. In this work, the abundance of contact proteins was compared in SKOV-3 and SKOV-3.ip human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines, cultivated in monolayers, tumor spheroids and collagen hydrogels. Three-dimensional models were characterized by extremely low expression of basic molecules of adherens junctions E-cadherin and demonstrated a simultaneous decrease in desmosomal protein desmoglein-2, gap junction protein connexin-43 and tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1. The reduction in the level of contact proteins was most pronounced in collagen hydrogel, accompanied by significantly increased resistance to treatment with doxorubicin and targeted anticancer toxin DARPin-LoPE. Thus, we suggest that 3D models of ovarian cancer, especially matrix-based models, tend to recapitulate tumor microenvironment and treatment responsiveness to a greater extent than monolayer culture, so they can be used as a highly relevant platform for drug efficiency evaluation.
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8
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Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Sommariva M, Gagliano N, Limonta P. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures as an In Vitro Tool for Prostate Cancer Modeling and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186806. [PMID: 32948069 PMCID: PMC7554845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has gained a lot of interest due to its ability to better recapitulate the in vivo organization and microenvironment of in vitro cultured cancer cells. In particular, 3D tumor models have demonstrated several different characteristics compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and have provided an interesting link between the latter and animal experiments. Indeed, 3D cell cultures represent a useful platform for the identification of the biological features of cancer cells as well as for the screening of novel antitumor agents. The present review is aimed at summarizing the most common 3D cell culture methods and applications, with a focus on prostate cancer modeling and drug discovery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Culture Techniques/instrumentation
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Hypoxia
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Energy Metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Monitoring, Immunologic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Therapies, Investigational
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-18427
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
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Lattuada E, Leo M, Caprara D, Salvatori L, Stoppacciaro A, Sciortino F, Filetici P. DNA-GEL, Novel Nanomaterial for Biomedical Applications and Delivery of Bioactive Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01345. [PMID: 33013376 PMCID: PMC7500453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel DNA materials promise unpredictable perspectives for applications in cell biology. The realization of DNA-hydrogels built by a controlled association of DNA nanostars, whose binding can be tuned with minor changes in the nucleotide sequences, has been recently described. DNA hydrogels, with specific gelation properties that can be reassambled in desired culture media supplemented with drugs, RNA, DNA molecules and other bioactive compounds offer the opportunity to develop a novel nanomaterial for the delivery of single or multiple drugs in tumor tissues as an innovative and promising strategy. We provide here a comprehensive description of different, recently realized DNA-gels with the perspective of stimulating their biomedical application. Finally, we discuss the possibility to design sophisticated 3D tissue-like DNA-gels incorporating cell spheroids or single cells for the assembly of a novel kind of cellular matrix as a preclinical investigation for the implementation of tools for in vivo delivery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lattuada
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Leo
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Caprara
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - CNR, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Stoppacciaro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Filetici
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - CNR, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Alam MS, Akhtar A, Ahsan I, Shafiq-un-Nabi S. Pharmaceutical Product Development Exploiting 3D Printing Technology: Conventional to Novel Drug Delivery System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5029-5038. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:
3D printed pharmaceutical products are revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry as a
prospective mean to achieve a personalized method of treatments acquired to the specially designed need of each
patient. It will depend upon age, weight, concomitants, pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetic profile of the
patient and thus transforming the current pharmaceutical market as a potential alternative to conventional medicine.
3D printing technology is getting more consideration in new medicine formulation development as a modern
and better alternative to control many challenges associated with conventional medicinal products. There are
many advantages of 3D printed medicines which create tremendous opportunities for improving the acceptance,
accuracy and effectiveness of these medicines. In 2015, United State Food and Drug Administration has approved
the first 3D printed tablet (Spritam®) and had shown the emerging importance of this technology.
Methods:
This review article summarizes as how in-depth knowledge of drugs and their manufacturing processes
can assist to manage different strategies for various 3D printing methods. The principal goal of this review is to
provide a brief introduction about the present techniques employed in tech -medicine evolution from conventional
to a novel drug delivery system.
Results:
It is evidenced that through its unparalleled advantages of high-throughput, versatility, automation, precise
spatial control and fabrication of hierarchical structures, the implementation of 3D printing for the expansion
and delivery of controlled drugs acts as a pivotal role.
Conclusion:
3D printing technology has an extraordinary ability to provide elasticity in the manufacturing
and designing of composite products that can be utilized in programmable and personalized medicine. Personalized
medicine helps in improving drug safety and minimizes side effects such as toxicity to individual human
being which is associated with unsuitable drug dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shoaib Alam
- Research and Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Akhtar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Iftikhar Ahsan
- Research and Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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11
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3D polyelectrolyte scaffolds to mimic exocrine glands: a step towards a prostate-on-chip platform. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2018-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We report our approach to creating a microfluidic chip (namely UroLOC) that mimics the acinar/tubular structure and the luminal microenvironment of exocrine glands. The chip utilises a nanostructured membrane that is designed to provide a 3-dimensional supporting scaffold for the growth of exocrine acinus epithelial cells. The nanostructured membrane was produced using layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes, and formed into 3-dimensional hemispherical cavities and “finger-like” structures in order to mimic the natural architecture of acini found in exocrine glands. We utilised normal (PNT2) and cancerous (PC3, LNCaP) prostate epithelial cells to demonstrate the proof-of-concept of using MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation) profiling of secretions collected after 48 hours of cell growth, with no concentration or purification steps and without any a priori on the knowledge of targeted proteins. This MALDI profiling analysis of the crude supernatants from 3 different cell lines (PNT2, PC3 and LNCaP) demonstrated the capacity of the MALDI profiling approach to discriminate between the different secretome signatures. The UroLOC concept and secretome profiling that we describe opens new opportunities in terms of liquid-biopsy based diagnosis, particularly for the early stages of carcinogenesis.
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12
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Sreepadmanabh M, Toley BJ. Investigations into the cancer stem cell niche using in-vitro 3-D tumor models and microfluidics. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1094-1110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Li S, Yang E, Shen L, Niu D, Breitzig M, Tan LC, Wu X, Huang M, Sun H, Wang F. The novel truncated isoform of human manganese superoxide dismutase has a differential role in promoting metastasis of lung cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1030-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiguang Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Enze Yang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Lianghua Shen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Dewei Niu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Mason Breitzig
- University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 19 Tampa 33612 Florida
| | - Lee Charles Tan
- University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 19 Tampa 33612 Florida
| | - Xiaocong Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Meiyan Huang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Hanxiao Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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14
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Li Y, Kumacheva E. Hydrogel microenvironments for cancer spheroid growth and drug screening. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas8998. [PMID: 29719868 PMCID: PMC5922799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular cancer spheroids (MCSs) have emerged as a promising in vitro model that replicates many features of solid tumors in vivo. Biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for MCS growth offer a broad spectrum of biophysical and biochemical cues that help to recapitulate the behavior of natural extracellular matrix, essential for regulating cancer cell behavior. This perspective highlights recent advances in the development of hydrogel environments for MCS growth, release, and drug screening. We review the use of different types of hydrogels for MCS growth, the effect of biophysical and biochemical cues on MCS fate, the isolation of MCSs from hydrogel scaffolds, the utilization of microtechnologies, and the applications of MCSs grown in hydrogels. We conclude with the discussion of new research directions in the development of hydrogels for MCS growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Jiang MY, Lee TL, Hao SS, Mahooti S, Baird SM, Donoghue DJ, Haas M. Visualization of early prostatic adenocarcinoma as a stem cell disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76159-76168. [PMID: 27764770 PMCID: PMC5342804 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer represents the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States, and the third leading cause of cancer death among men in Europe. We have previously shown that cells possessing Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) characteristics can be grown from human PrCa tissue harvested at the time of prostatectomy. However, the cellular origin of these CSCs was not previously known. In most cases, simple hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections are sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma (PrCa) in needle biopsy samples. We utilized six different antibodies specific for stem cell antigens to examine paraffin sections of PrCa taken at the time of needle-biopsy diagnosis. These antisera were specific for CD44, CD133, ALDH7A1, LGR-5, Oct-4 and NANOG. We demonstrate specific staining of tumor cells with all six antisera specific for stem cell antigens. Some of these antibodies also react with cells of hyperplastic glands, but the patterns of reactivity differ from those of malignant glands. These findings demonstrate that at the time of diagnosis, PrCa consists of cells exhibiting properties of CSCs and consistent with the possibility that PrCa is a stem cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Y Jiang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tammy L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Su-Shin Hao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sepi Mahooti
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen M Baird
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Haas
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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16
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Barui A, Chowdhury F, Pandit A, Datta P. Rerouting mesenchymal stem cell trajectory towards epithelial lineage by engineering cellular niche. Biomaterials 2018; 156:28-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Mittler F, Obeïd P, Rulina AV, Haguet V, Gidrol X, Balakirev MY. High-Content Monitoring of Drug Effects in a 3D Spheroid Model. Front Oncol 2017; 7:293. [PMID: 29322028 PMCID: PMC5732143 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent decline in the discovery of novel medications challenges the widespread use of 2D monolayer cell assays in the drug discovery process. As a result, the need for more appropriate cellular models of human physiology and disease has renewed the interest in spheroid 3D culture as a pertinent model for drug screening. However, despite technological progress that has significantly simplified spheroid production and analysis, the seeming complexity of the 3D approach has delayed its adoption in many laboratories. The present report demonstrates that the use of a spheroid model may be straightforward and can provide information that is not directly available with a standard 2D approach. We describe a cost-efficient method that allows for the production of an array of uniform spheroids, their staining with vital dyes, real-time monitoring of drug effects, and an ATP-endpoint assay, all in the same 96-well U-bottom plate. To demonstrate the method performance, we analyzed the effect of the preclinical anticancer drug MLN4924 on spheroids formed by VCaP and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The drug has different outcomes in these cell lines, varying from cell cycle arrest and protective dormancy to senescence and apoptosis. We demonstrate that by using high-content analysis of spheroid arrays, the effect of the drug can be described as a series of EC50 values that clearly dissect the cytostatic and cytotoxic drug actions. The method was further evaluated using four standard cancer chemotherapeutics with different mechanisms of action, and the effect of each drug is described as a unique multi-EC50 diagram. Once fully validated in a wider range of conditions, this method could be particularly valuable for phenotype-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Obeïd
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Anastasia V. Rulina
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
- Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Haguet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
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18
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CK2 abrogates the inhibitory effects of PRH/HHEX on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion and acts through PRH to control cell proliferation. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e293. [PMID: 28134934 PMCID: PMC5294245 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain protein/haematopoietically expressed homeobox protein) is a transcription factor that controls cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. Our previous work has shown that in haematopoietic cells, Protein Kinase CK2-dependent phosphorylation of PRH results in the inhibition of PRH DNA-binding activity, increased cleavage of PRH by the proteasome and the misregulation of PRH target genes. Here we show that PRH and hyper-phosphorylated PRH are present in normal prostate epithelial cells, and that hyper-phosphorylated PRH levels are elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and prostate cancer cell lines. A reduction in PRH protein levels increases the motility of normal prostate epithelial cells and conversely, PRH over-expression inhibits prostate cancer cell migration and blocks the ability of these cells to invade an extracellular matrix. We show that CK2 over-expression blocks the repression of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion by PRH. In addition, we show that PRH knockdown in normal immortalised prostate cells results in an increase in the population of cells capable of colony formation in Matrigel, as well as increased cell invasion and decreased E-cadherin expression. Inhibition of CK2 reduces PRH phosphorylation and reduces prostate cell proliferation but the effects of CK2 inhibition on cell proliferation are abrogated in PRH knockdown cells. These data suggest that the increased phosphorylation of PRH in prostate cancer cells increases both cell proliferation and tumour cell migration/invasion.
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Brancato V, Garziano A, Gioiella F, Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Panzetta V, Fusco S, Netti PA. 3D is not enough: Building up a cell instructive microenvironment for tumoral stroma microtissues. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:1-13. [PMID: 27721010 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated three-dimensional microtissues with the aim to replicate in vitro the composition and the functionalities of the tumor microenvironment. By arranging either normal fibroblasts (NF) or cancer-activated fibroblasts (CAF) in two different three dimensional (3D) configurations, two kinds of micromodules were produced: spheroids and microtissues. Spheroids were obtained by means of the traditional cell aggregation technique resulting in a 3D model characterized by high cell density and low amount of extracellular proteins. The microtissues were obtained by culturing cells into porous gelatin microscaffolds. In this latter configuration, cells assembled an intricate network of collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. We investigated the biophysical properties of both 3D models in terms of cell growth, metabolic activity, texture and composition of the extracellular matrix (via histological analysis and multiphoton imaging) and cell mechanical properties (via Particle Tracking Microrheology). In the spheroid models such biophysical properties remained unchanged regardless to the cell type used. In contrast, normal-microtissues and cancer-activated-microtissues displayed marked differences. CAF-microtissues possessed higher proliferation rate, superior contraction capability, different micro-rheological properties and an extracellular matrix richer in collagen fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. At last, multiphoton investigation revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. Taken together, these results suggested that despite to cell spheroids, microtissues better recapitulate the important differences existing in vivo between normal and cancer-activated stroma representing a more suitable system to mimic in vitro the stromal element of the tumor tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work concerns the engineering of tumor tissue in vitro. Tumor models serve as biological equivalent to study pathologic progression and to screen or validate the drugs efficacy. Tumor tissue is composed by malignant cells surviving in a microenvironment, or stroma. Stroma plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. Current in vitro models, i.e. spheroids, can't replicate the phenomena related to the tumor stroma remodeling. For this reason, to better replicate the tumor physiology in vitro that include functional and morphological changes, a novel 3D cancer model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brancato
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Garziano
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Gioiella
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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21
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Abstract
3D printing of biological architectures that mimic the structural and functional features of in vivo tissues is of great interest in tissue engineering and the development of transplantable organ constructs. Printable bio-inks that are compatible with cellular activities play critical roles in the process of 3D bio-printing. Although a variety of hydrogels have been used as bio-inks for 3D bio-printing, they inherit poor mechanical properties and/or the lack of essential protein components that compromise their performance. Here, a hybrid Matrigel-agarose hydrogel system has been demonstrated that possesses both desired rheological properties for bio-printing and biocompatibility for long-term (11 days) cell culture. The agarose component in the hybrid hydrogel system enables the maintenance of 3D-printed structures, whereas Matrigel provides essential microenvironments for cell growth. When human intestinal epithelial HCT116 cells are encapsulated in the printed Matrigel-agarose constructs, high cell viability and proper cell spreading morphology are observed. Given that Matrigel is used extensively for 3D cell culturing, the developed 3D-printable Matrigel-agarose system will open a new way to construct Matrigel-based 3D constructs for cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marine Piou
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Evan Darling
- Department of Imaging and Photographic Technologies, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Denis Cormier
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiandi Wan
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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22
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Islam MR, Yamagami K, Yoshii Y, Yamauchi N. Growth factor induced proliferation, migration, and lumen formation of rat endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:271-8. [PMID: 26946922 PMCID: PMC4919291 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial modulation is essential for the preservation of normal uterine physiology, and this modulation is driven by a number of growth factors. The present study investigated the mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on rat endometrial epithelial (REE) cells. The REE cells were isolated and cultured and then characterized based on their morphology and their expression of epithelial cell markers. The MTT assay revealed that EGF and HGF induce proliferation of REE cells. Consistent with increased proliferation, we found that the cell cycle regulatory factor Cyclin D1 was also upregulated upon EGF and HGF addition. REE cell migration was prompted by EGF, as observed with the Oris Cell Migration Assay. The morphogenic impact of growth factors on REE cells was studied in a three-dimensional BD Matrigel cell culture system, wherein these growth factors also increased the frequency of lumen formation. In summary, we show that EGF and HGF have a stimulatory effect on REE cells, promoting proliferation, cell migration, and lumen formation. Our findings provide important insights that further the understanding of endometrial regeneration and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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23
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Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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24
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Abstract
New incidence of prostate cancer is a major public health issue in the Western world, and has been rising in other areas of the globe in recent years. In an effort to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease, numerous cell models have been developed, arising mostly from patient biopsies. The introduction of the genetically engineered mouse in biomedical research has allowed the development of murine models that allow for the investigation of tumorigenic and metastatic processes. Current challenges to the field include lack of an animal model that faithfully recapitulates bone metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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25
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is highly inefficient and complex. Common features of metastatic cancer cells have been observed using cancer cell lines and genetically reconstituted mouse and human tumor xenograft models. These include cancer cell interaction with the tumor microenvironment and the ability of cancer cells to sense extracellular stimuli and adapt to adverse growth conditions. This review summarizes the coordinated response of cancer cells to soluble growth factors, such as RANKL, by a unique feed forward mechanism employing coordinated upregulation of RANKL and c-Met with downregulation of androgen receptor. The RANK-mediated signal network was found to drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells, promote osteomimicry and the ability of prostate cancer cells to assume stem cell and neuroendocrine phenotypes, and confer the ability of prostate cancer cells to home to bone. Prostate cancer cells with activated RANK-mediated signal network were observed to recruit and even transform the non-tumorigenic prostate cancer cells to participate in bone and soft tissue colonization. The coordinated regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis by the feed forward mechanism involving RANKL, c-Met, transcription factors, and VEGF-neuropilin could offer new therapeutic opportunities to target prostate cancer bone and soft tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Samuel Orchin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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26
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Tissue-engineered 3D tumor angiogenesis models: potential technologies for anti-cancer drug discovery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:30-9. [PMID: 24819220 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is indispensable for solid tumor expansion, and thus it has become a major target of cancer research and anti-cancer therapies. Deciphering the arcane actions of various cell populations during tumor angiogenesis requires sophisticated research models, which could capture the dynamics and complexity of the process. There is a continuous need for improvement of existing research models, which engages interdisciplinary approaches of tissue engineering with life sciences. Tireless efforts to develop a new model to study tumor angiogenesis result in innovative solutions, which bring us one step closer to decipher the dubious nature of cancer. This review aims to overview the recent developments, current limitations and future challenges in three-dimensional tissue-engineered models for the study of tumor angiogenesis and for the purpose of elucidating novel targets aimed at anti-cancer drug discovery.
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27
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Yang HY, La TD, Isseroff RR. Utilizing custom-designed galvanotaxis chambers to study directional migration of prostate cells. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25549020 DOI: 10.3791/51973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological electric field serves specific biological functions, such as directing cell migration in embryo development, neuronal outgrowth and epithelial wound healing. Applying a direct current electric field to cultured cells in vitro induces directional cell migration, or galvanotaxis. The 2-dimensional galvanotaxis method we demonstrate here is modified with custom-made poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) chambers, glass surface, platinum electrodes and the use of a motorized stage on which the cells are imaged. The PVC chambers and platinum electrodes exhibit low cytotoxicity and are affordable and re-useable. The glass surface and the motorized microscope stage improve quality of images and allow possible modifications to the glass surface and treatments to the cells. We filmed the galvanotaxis of two non-tumorigenic, SV40-immortalized prostate cell lines, pRNS-1-1 and PNT2. These two cell lines show similar migration speeds and both migrate toward the cathode, but they do show a different degree of directionality in galvanotaxis. The results obtained via this protocol suggest that the pRNS-1-1 and the PNT2 cell lines may have different intrinsic features that govern their directional migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-ya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis;
| | - Thi Dinh La
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - R Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
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28
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Arrestin2 modulates androgen receptor activation. Oncogene 2014; 34:3144-51. [PMID: 25109335 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) has a pivotal role in the growth and survival of prostate cancer (PCa). Arrestin2 (Arr2) is a ubiquitous scaffolding/adaptor protein first characterized as a regulator of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. In this study, we report that Arr2 additionally functions as a positive regulator of AR expression and function in PCa cells. Expression level of Arr2 correlates with that of AR, and knockdown of Arr2 inhibits the expression of AR and its effectors prostate-specific antigen, transmembrane protease serine 2, FK506-binding protein 51 and fatty acid synthase. Mechanistically, the knockdown of Arr2 attenuates the binding of AR to androgen response elements and consequently decreases transcription of AR-regulated genes. The inhibition of AR by Arr2 knockdown occurs in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cells, although the effect is more prominent in CRPC. Arr2 knockdown inhibits the in vitro CRPC cell proliferation, prostasphere growth and invasion, as well as the in vivo prostate tumor formation, local invasion and distant metastasis. These results illustrate a new role for Arr2 in the expression and activation of AR and its potential relevance as a target for therapeutic intervention and monitoring of disease progression.
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29
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Li W, Ye B, Cai XY, Lin JH, Gao WQ. Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into prostate-like epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102657. [PMID: 25054276 PMCID: PMC4108360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been identified as a new source of MSCs for potential application in regenerative medicine, their full potential of differentiation has not been determined. In particular, whether they have the capability to differentiate into epithelial cells of endodermal origin such as the prostate epithelial cells is unknown. Here we report that when hUC-MSCs were combined with rat urogenital sinus stromal cells (rUGSSs) and transplanted into the renal capsule in vivo, they could differentiate into prostate epithelial-like cells that could be verified by prostate epithelial cell-specific markers including the prostate specific antigen. The prostatic glandular structures formed in vivo displayed similar cellular architecture with lumens and branching features as seen for a normal prostate. In addition, the human origin of the hUC-MSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for human nuclear antigen. These findings together indicate that hUC-MSCs have the capability to differentiate into epithelial-like cells that are normally derived from the endoderm, implicating their potential applications in tissue repair and regeneration of many endoderm-derived internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Barber AG, Castillo-Martin M, Bonal DM, Rybicki BA, Christiano AM, Cordon-Cardo C. Characterization of desmoglein expression in the normal prostatic gland. Desmoglein 2 is an independent prognostic factor for aggressive prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98786. [PMID: 24896103 PMCID: PMC4045811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of desmogleins (DSGs), which are known to be crucial for establishing and maintaining the cell-cell adhesion required for tissue integrity, has been well characterized in the epidermis and hair follicle; however, their expression in other epithelial tissues such as prostate is poorly understood. Although downregulation of classical cadherins, such as E-cadherin, has been described in prostate cancer tissue samples, the expression of desmogleins has only been previously reported in prostate cancer cell lines. In this study we characterized desmoglein expression in normal prostate tissues, and further investigated whether Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) expression specifically can serve as a potential clinical prognostic factor for patients diagnosed with primary prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We utilized immunofluorescence to examine DSG2 expression in normal prostate (n = 50) and in a clinically well-characterized cohort of prostate cancer patients (n = 414). Correlation of DSG2 expression with clinico-pathological characteristics and biochemical recurrence was analyzed to assess its clinical significance. RESULTS These studies revealed that DSG2 and DSG4 were specifically expressed in prostatic luminal cells, whereas basal cells lack their expression. In contrast, DSG1 and DSG3 were not expressed in normal prostate epithelium. Further analyses of DSG2 expression in prostate cancer revealed that reduced levels of this biomarker were a significant independent marker of poor clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Here we report for the first time that a low DSG2 expression phenotype is a useful prognostic biomarker of tumor aggressiveness and may serve as an aid in identifying patients with clinically significant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Barber
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCM); (CCC)
| | - Dennis M. Bonal
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCM); (CCC)
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31
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Härmä V, Schukov HP, Happonen A, Ahonen I, Virtanen J, Siitari H, Åkerfelt M, Lötjönen J, Nees M. Quantification of dynamic morphological drug responses in 3D organotypic cell cultures by automated image analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96426. [PMID: 24810913 PMCID: PMC4014501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glandular epithelial cells differentiate into complex multicellular or acinar structures, when embedded in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix. The spectrum of different multicellular morphologies formed in 3D is a sensitive indicator for the differentiation potential of normal, non-transformed cells compared to different stages of malignant progression. In addition, single cells or cell aggregates may actively invade the matrix, utilizing epithelial, mesenchymal or mixed modes of motility. Dynamic phenotypic changes involved in 3D tumor cell invasion are sensitive to specific small-molecule inhibitors that target the actin cytoskeleton. We have used a panel of inhibitors to demonstrate the power of automated image analysis as a phenotypic or morphometric readout in cell-based assays. We introduce a streamlined stand-alone software solution that supports large-scale high-content screens, based on complex and organotypic cultures. AMIDA (Automated Morphometric Image Data Analysis) allows quantitative measurements of large numbers of images and structures, with a multitude of different spheroid shapes, sizes, and textures. AMIDA supports an automated workflow, and can be combined with quality control and statistical tools for data interpretation and visualization. We have used a representative panel of 12 prostate and breast cancer lines that display a broad spectrum of different spheroid morphologies and modes of invasion, challenged by a library of 19 direct or indirect modulators of the actin cytoskeleton which induce systematic changes in spheroid morphology and differentiation versus invasion. These results were independently validated by 2D proliferation, apoptosis and cell motility assays. We identified three drugs that primarily attenuated the invasion and formation of invasive processes in 3D, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Two of these compounds block Rac signalling, one affects cellular cAMP/cGMP accumulation. Our approach supports the growing needs for user-friendly, straightforward solutions that facilitate large-scale, cell-based 3D assays in basic research, drug discovery, and target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Härmä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu-Pekka Schukov
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Happonen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilmari Ahonen
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Virtanen
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Siitari
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Malin Åkerfelt
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Lötjönen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Ryszawy D, Sarna M, Rak M, Szpak K, Kędracka-Krok S, Michalik M, Siedlar M, Zuba-Surma E, Burda K, Korohoda W, Madeja Z, Czyż J. Functional links between Snail-1 and Cx43 account for the recruitment of Cx43-positive cells into the invasive front of prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1920-30. [PMID: 24503443 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressive function of connexin(Cx)43 in carcinogenesis was recently contested by reports that showed a multifaceted function of Cx43 in cancer progression. These studies did not attempt to model the dynamics of intratumoral heterogeneity involved in the metastatic cascade. An unorthodox look at the phenotypic heterogeneity of prostate cancer cells in vitro enabled us to identify links between Cx43 functions and Snail-1-regulated functional speciation of invasive cells. Incomplete Snail-1-dependent phenotypic shifts accounted for the formation of phenotypically stable subclones of AT-2 cells. These subclones showed diverse predilection for invasive behavior. High Snail-1 and Cx43 levels accompanied high motility and nanomechanical elasticity of the fibroblastoid AT-2_Fi2 subclone, which determined its considerable invasiveness. Transforming growth factor-β and ectopic Snail-1 overexpression induced invasiveness and Cx43 expression in epithelioid AT-2 subclones and DU-145 cells. Functional links between Snail-1 function and Cx43 expression were confirmed by Cx43 downregulation and phenotypic shifts in AT-2_Fi2, DU-145 and MAT-LyLu cells upon Snail-1 silencing. Corresponding morphological changes and Snail-1 downregulation were seen upon Cx43 silencing in AT-2_Fi2 cells. This indicates that feedback loops between both proteins regulate cell invasive behavior. We demonstrate that Cx43 may differentially predispose prostate cancer cells for invasion in a coupling-dependent and coupling-independent manner. When extrapolated to in vivo conditions, these data show the complexity of Cx43 functions during the metastatic cascade of prostate cancer. They may explain how Cx43 confers a selective advantage during cooperative invasion of clonally evolving, invasive prostate cancer cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Ryszawy
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Rak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szpak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and
| | - Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Korohoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland and Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
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Kershaw RM, Siddiqui YH, Roberts D, Jayaraman PS, Gaston K. PRH/HHex inhibits the migration of breast and prostate epithelial cells through direct transcriptional regulation of Endoglin. Oncogene 2013; 33:5592-600. [PMID: 24240683 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PRH/HHex (proline-rich homeodomain protein) is a transcription factor that controls cell proliferation and cell differentiation in a variety of tissues. Aberrant subcellular localisation of PRH is associated with breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Further, in blast crisis chronic myeloid leukaemia, and a subset of acute myeloid leukaemias, PRH is aberrantly localised and its activity is downregulated. Here we show that PRH is involved in the regulation of cell migration and cancer cell invasion. We show for the first time that PRH is expressed in prostate cells and that a decrease in PRH protein levels increases the migration of normal prostate epithelial cells. We show that a decrease in PRH protein levels also increases the migration of normal breast epithelial cells. Conversely, PRH overexpression inhibits cell migration and cell invasion by PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Previous work has shown that the transforming growth factor-β co-receptor Endoglin inhibits the migration of prostate and breast cancer cells. Here we show that PRH can bind to the Endoglin promoter in immortalised prostate and breast cells. PRH overexpression in these cells results in increased Endoglin protein expression, whereas PRH knockdown results in decreased Endoglin protein expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that Endoglin overexpression abrogates the increased migration shown by PRH knockdown cells. Our data suggest that PRH controls the migration of multiple epithelial cell lineages in part at least through the direct transcriptional regulation of Endoglin. We discuss these results in terms of the functions of PRH in normal cells and the mislocalisation of PRH seen in multiple cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kershaw
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Y H Siddiqui
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - P-S Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Gaston
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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34
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Seiler D, Zheng J, Liu G, Wang S, Yamashiro J, Reiter RE, Huang J, Zeng G. Enrichment of putative prostate cancer stem cells after androgen deprivation: upregulation of pluripotency transactivators concurs with resistance to androgen deprivation in LNCaP cell lines. Prostate 2013; 73:1378-90. [PMID: 23728788 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSC) offer theoretical explanations to many clinical and biological behaviors of the disease in human. In contrast to approaches of using side populations and cell-surface markers to isolate and characterize the putative PCSC, we hypothesize that androgen deprivation leads to functional enrichment of putative PCSC. METHODS AND RESULTS Human prostate cancer lines LNCaP, LAPC4 and LAPC9 were depleted of androgen in cell cultures and in castrated SCID mice. The resultant androgen deprivation-resistant or castration-resistant populations, in particular in LNCaP and its derivative cell lines, displayed increased expression of pluripotency transactivators and significantly higher tumorigenicity. Individual tumor cell clones were isolated from castration-resistant bulk cultures of LNCaP (CR-LNCaP) and tested for tumorigenicity in male SCID mice under limiting dilution conditions. As few as 200 cells were able to form spheres in vitro, and generate tumors with similar growth kinetics as 10(6) LNCaP or 10(4) CR-LNCaP cells in vivo. These putative PCSC were CD44(+) /CD24(-) and lack the expression of prostate lineage proteins. When transplanted into the prostate of an intact male SCID mouse, these putative PCSC seemed to show limited differentiation into Ck5(+) , Ck8(+) , Ck5(+) /Ck8(+) , and AR(+) cells. On the other hand, stable transduction of LNCaP with retrovirus encoding Sox2 led to androgen-deprivation resistant growth and down-regulation of major prostate lineage gene products in vitro. CONCLUSION Concurrence of overexpression of pluripotency transactivators and resistance to androgen deprivation supported the role of putative PCSC in the emergence of prostate cancer resistant to androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seiler
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, USA
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35
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In Vitro assessment of the utility of stearyl triphenyl phosphonium modified liposomes in overcoming the resistance of ovarian carcinoma Ovcar-3 cells to paclitaxel. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:464-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Fang C, Avis I, Salomon D, Cuttitta F. Novel Phenotypic Fluorescent Three-Dimensional Platforms for High-throughput Drug Screening and Personalized Chemotherapy. J Cancer 2013; 4:402-15. [PMID: 23833685 PMCID: PMC3701810 DOI: 10.7150/jca.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed novel phenotypic fluorescent three-dimensional co-culture platforms that efficiently and economically screen anti-angiogenic/anti-metastatic drugs on a high-throughput scale. Individual cell populations can be identified and isolated for protein/gene expression profiling studies and cellular movement/interactions can be tracked by time-lapse cinematography. More importantly, these platforms closely parallel the in vivo angiogenic and metastatic outcomes of a given tumor xenograft in the nude mouse model but, unlike in vivo models, our co-culture platforms produce comparable results in five to nine days. Potentially, by incorporating cancer patient biopsies, the co-culture platforms should greatly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of personalized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changge Fang
- 1. Advanced Personalized Diagnostics LLC, 6006 Bangor Drive, Alexandria, VA 22303, USA. ; 2. Angiogenesis Core Facility, Advanced Technology Center, Room 115, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA
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37
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Gunasinghe NPAD, Wells A, Thompson EW, Hugo HJ. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) as a mechanism for metastatic colonisation in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:469-78. [PMID: 22729277 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As yet, there is no cure for metastatic breast cancer. Historically, considerable research effort has been concentrated on understanding the processes of metastasis, how a primary tumour locally invades and systemically disseminates using the phenotypic switching mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, much less is understood about how metastases are then formed. Breast cancer metastases often look (and may even function) as 'normal' breast tissue, a bizarre observation against the backdrop of the organ structure of the lung, liver, bone or brain. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), the opposite of EMT, has been proposed as a mechanism for establishment of the metastatic neoplasm, leading to questions such as: Can MET be clearly demonstrated in vivo? What factors cause this phenotypic switch within the cancer cell? Are these signals/factors derived from the metastatic site (soil) or expressed by the cancer cells themselves (seed)? How do the cancer cells then grow into a detectable secondary tumour and further disseminate? And finally--Can we design and develop therapies that may combat this dissemination switch? This review aims to address these important questions by evaluating long-standing paradigms and novel emerging concepts in the field of epithelial mesencyhmal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P A Devika Gunasinghe
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 29 Regent St., Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia 3065
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38
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Xing C, Fu X, Sun X, Guo P, Li M, Dong JT. Different expression patterns and functions of acetylated and unacetylated Klf5 in the proliferation and differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65538. [PMID: 23755247 PMCID: PMC3673967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF5 is a basic transcription factor that regulates multiple biological processes. While it was identified as a putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer, likely due to its function as an effector of TGF-β in the inhibition of cell proliferation, KLF5 is unacetylated and promotes cell proliferation in the absence of TGF-β. In this study, we evaluated the expression and function of KLF5 in prostatic epithelial homeostasis and tumorigenesis using mouse prostates and human prostate epithelial cells in 3-D culture. Histological and molecular analyses demonstrated that unacetylated-Klf5 was expressed in basal or undifferentiated cells, whereas acetylated-Klf5 was expressed primarily in luminal and/or differentiated cells. Androgen depletion via castration increased both the level of Klf5 expression and the number of Klf5-positive cells in the remaining prostate. Functionally, knockdown of KLF5 in the human RWPE-1 prostate cell line decreased the number of spheres formed in 3-D culture. In addition, knockout of Klf5 in prostate epithelial cells, mediated by probasin promoter-driven Cre expression, did not cause neoplasia but promoted cell proliferation and induced hyperplasia when one Klf5 allele was knocked out. Knockout of both Klf5 alleles however, caused apoptosis rather than cell proliferation in the epithelium. In castrated mice, knockout of Klf5 resulted in more severe shrinkage of the prostate. These results suggest that KLF5 plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells, yet loss of KLF5 alone is insufficient to induce malignant transformation in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Xing
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peek EM, Li DR, Zhang H, Kim HP, Zhang B, Garraway IP, Chin AI. Stromal modulation of bladder cancer-initiating cells in a subcutaneous tumor model. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:745-751. [PMID: 23226620 PMCID: PMC3512189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new cancer therapeutics would benefit from incorporating efficient tumor models that mimic human disease. We have developed a subcutaneous bladder tumor regeneration system that recapitulates primary human bladder tumor architecture by recombining benign human fetal bladder stromal cells with SW780 bladder carcinoma cells. As a first step, SW780 cells were seeded in ultra low attachment cultures in order to select for sphere-forming cells, the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Spheroids were combined with primary human fetal stromal cells or vehicle control and injected subcutaneously with Matrigel into NSG mice. SW780 bladder tumors that formed in the presence of stroma showed accelerated growth, muscle invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), decreased differentiation, and greater activation of growth pathways compared to tumors formed in the absence of fetal stroma. Tumors grown with stroma also demonstrated a greater similarity to typical malignant bladder architecture, including the formation of papillary structures. In an effort to determine if cancer cells from primary tumors could form similar structures in vivo using this recombinatorial approach, putative CSCs, sorted based on the CD44(+)CD49f(+) antigenic profile, were collected and recombined with fetal bladder stromal cells and Matrigel prior to subcutaneous implantation. Retrieved grafts contained tumors that exhibited the same structure as the original primary human tumor. Primary bladder tumor regeneration using human fetal bladder stroma may help elucidate the influences of stroma on tumor growth and development, as well as provide an efficient and accessible system for therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Peek
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - David R Li
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Hanwei Zhang
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Hyun Pyo Kim
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Baohui Zhang
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
| | - Isla P Garraway
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Arnold I Chin
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
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Gupta RK, Johansson S. β1 integrins restrict the growth of foci and spheroids. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:881-94. [PMID: 22878525 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECM) have important roles for tissue architecture, both as structural and signaling components. Members of the integrin family are the main regulators of ECM assembly and transmitters of signals from the ECM to cells. In this study, we have analyzed the role of integrin subunit β1 in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures using integrin β1 null cells (MEFβ1(-/-) and GD25) and their β1 integrin-expressing counterparts. GD25 and GD25β1 cells proliferated with similar kinetics in sub-confluent 2D cultures, whereas GD25 cells attained higher cell numbers in confluent culture and formed foci with fivefold higher frequency than GD25β1 cells. Fibronectin fibrils were abundantly deposited throughout the GD25β1 colonies but strictly limited to the central multilayered area (focus) of GD25 colonies. During 3D growth as spheroids, GD25 continuously increased in size for >21 days while the growth of GD25β1 spheroids ceased after 14 days. Similarly, MEFβ1(-/-) cells formed foci and grew as spheroids, while the β1 integrin-expressing MEF did not. Expression levels of the cell cycle markers Ki67, PCNA, and histone H3-pSer10 were similar between GD25β1 and GD25 spheroids. Apoptotic cells accumulated earlier in GD25 spheroids; however, cell death increased with spheroid volumes in both spheroid types. In both cell systems, the presence of β1 integrins resulted in higher levels of active myosin light chain and inactive myosin light chain phosphatase, and a more compact spheroid structure. In conclusion, our results reveal that regulation of 3D growth in spheroids and foci is dependent on the β1 subfamily of integrins, and suggest that myosin-based spheroid contraction in combination with cell death limits the growth of β1-expressing spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lim M, Chuong CM, Roy-Burman P. PI3K, Erk signaling in BMP7-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC-3 prostate cancer cells in 2- and 3-dimensional cultures. Discov Oncol 2012; 2:298-309. [PMID: 21948155 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) could induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PC-3 prostate cancer cells grown in tissue culture plates. In this study, we examined BMP7-induced morphological and molecular expression changes that are characteristic of EMT using these cells under both two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. Filamentous outgrowths from spheroid structures that were formed from PC-3 cells in 3D cultures were strikingly evident when the spheroids were exposed to extracellular BMP7. This morphological change in 3D was accompanied by down-regulation of E-cadherin, which is an essential adhesion molecule for the integrity of epithelial phenotype. Invasiveness of the cancer cells was significantly enhanced with BMP7 treatment along with activation and up-regulation of proteases such as MMP1, MMP13, and urokinase plasminogen activator. Signal transduction of EMT conversion was examined by the use of certain pathway-specific inhibitors. Of the chemical inhibitors tested, inhibitors of PI3 kinase and Erk were found to suppress BMP-induced morphological changes both in 2D and 3D conditions. These results suggest that, besides the Smad signaling pathways, BMP-induced activation of PI3K and Erk contribute to EMT morphologic conversion of the PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Together, the results support the notion that the complexity of EMT may be better evaluated in terms of both spatial and temporal processes in 3D cell culture models that are physiologically more relevant than the cell growth in tissue culture plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lim
- Program in Genetic, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Quantum dots for multiplexed detection and characterisation of prostate cancer cells using a scanning near-field optical microscope. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31592. [PMID: 22347497 PMCID: PMC3276582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) has been utilised in conjunction with quantum dot labelling to interrogate the biomolecular composition of cell membranes. The technique overcomes the limits of optical diffraction found in standard fluorescence microscopy and also yields vital topographic information. The technique has been applied to investigate cell-cell adhesion in human epithelial cells. This has been realised through immunofluorescence labelling of the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin. Moreover, a dual labelling protocol has been optimised to facilitate a comparative study of the adhesion mechanisms and the effect of aberrant adhesion protein expression in both healthy and cancerous epithelial cells. This study reports clear differences in the morphology and phenotype of healthy and cancerous cells. In healthy prostate epithelial cells (PNT2), E-cadherin was predominantly located around the cell periphery and within filopodial extensions. The presence of E-cadherin appeared to be enhanced when cell-cell contact was established. In contrast, examination of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PC-3) revealed no E-cadherin labelling around the periphery of the cells. This lack of functional E-cadherin in PC-3 cells coincided with a markedly different morphology and PC-3 cells were not found to form close cell-cell associations with their neighbours. We have demonstrated that with a fully optimised sample preparation methodology, multiplexed quantum dot labelling in conjunction with SNOM imaging can be successfully applied to interrogate biomolecular localisation within delicate cellular membranes.
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Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, Mataki Y, Kuwahata T, Maeda K, Ding Q, Sakoda M, Iino S, Ishigami S, Ueno S, Shinchi H, Natsugoe S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-epithelial transition via regulation of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 expression in pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol 2011; 105:655-61. [PMID: 22213144 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIES: Phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 76 pancreatic head cancers. We assessed the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB-1, and ZEB-2 by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Next, 147 metastatic lymph nodes from 45 pancreatic cancers with low expression of E-cadherin were obtained and divided into two categories according to the maximum diameter of the metastases: 2 mm or more and less than 2 mm. RESULTS High expressions of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 in the primary tumors were significantly associated with repression of E-cadherin (P = 0.0007), and poorer prognosis (P = 0.0322). Forty-three (29.3%) of the 147 metastatic tumors from pancreatic cancers with low expression of E-cadherin showed high E-cadherin expression. Cancer cells in the larger metastases showed high expression of E-cadherin (P = 0.0061) and low expression of ZEB-1 (P = 0.0170) and ZEB-2 (P = 0.0036) compared with those in the smaller metastases. CONCLUSIONS In primary pancreatic tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, high and low expression of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 was associated with mesenchymal and epithelial phenotype of cancer cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Kimlin LC, Casagrande G, Virador VM. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) models in cancer research: an update. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:167-82. [PMID: 22162252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissues are three-dimensional (3D) entities as is the tumor that arises within them. Though disaggregated cancerous tissues have produced numerous cell lines for basic and applied research, it is generally agreed that these lines are poor models of in vivo phenomena. In this review we focus on in vitro 3D models used in cancer research, particularly their contribution to molecular studies of the early stages of metastasis, angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment, and cancer stem cells. We present a summary of the various formats used in the field of tissue bioengineering as they apply to mechanistic modeling of cancer stages or processes. In addition we list studies that model specific types of malignancies, highlight drastic differences in results between 3D in vitro models and classical monolayer culturing techniques, and establish the need for standardization of 3D models for meaningful preclinical and therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kimlin
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wells A, Chao YL, Grahovac J, Wu Q, Lauffenburger DA. Epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic switchings modulate cell motility in metastasis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2011; 16:815-37. [PMID: 21196205 DOI: 10.2741/3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The most ominous stage of cancer progression is metastasis, or the dissemination of carcinoma cells from the primary site into distant organs. Metastases are often resistant to current extirpative therapies and even the newest biological agents cure only a small subset of patients. Therefore a greater understanding of tumor biology that integrates properties intrinsic to carcinomas with tissue environmental modulators of behavior is needed. In no aspect of tumor progression is this more evident than the acquisition of cell motility that is critical for both escape from the primary tumor and colonization. In this overview, we discuss how this behavior is modified by carcinoma cell phenotypic plasticity that is evidenced by reversible switching between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. The presence or absence of intercellular adhesions mediate these switches and dictate the receptivity towards signals from the extracellular milieu. These signals, which include soluble growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix embedded with matrikines and matricryptines will be discussed in depth. Finally, we will describe a new mode of discerning the balance between epithelioid and mesenchymal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh VAMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Cancer stem cells, models of study and implications of therapy resistance mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:105-18. [PMID: 21901622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence for tumour initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs) in human cancers. The current evidence of this CSC hypothesis, the CSC phenotype and methods of identification, culture and in vitro modelling will be presented, with an emphasis on prostate cancer. Inherent in the CSC hypothesis is their dual role, as a tumour-initiating cell, and as a source of treatment-resistant cells; the mechanisms behind therapeutic resistance will be discussed. Such resistance is a consequence of the unique CSC phenotype, which differs from the differentiated progeny, which make up the bulk of a tumour. It seems that to target the whole tumour, employing traditional therapies to target bulk populations alongside targeted CSC-specific drugs, provides the best hope of lasting treatment or even cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Haeger JD, Hambruch N, Dilly M, Froehlich R, Pfarrer C. Formation of bovine placental trophoblast spheroids. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:274-84. [PMID: 20975254 DOI: 10.1159/000320544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to form spheroids with the bovine placental trophoblast cell line F3. Spheroids are 3-dimensional culture models which can be used to conduct versatile in vitro and in vivo experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The spheroids were generated using the hanging drop technique, 25% methocel and matrigel. The F3 spheroids were characterized morphologically by light microscopy and transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry (ezrin, vimentin, cytokeratin, placental lactogen). The fluorescent dyes calcein and ethidium homodimer were used to determine the viability of the spheroidal F3 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The cell line F3 only formed spheroids by the hanging drop technique when matrigel was added. The trophoblast spheroids were delimited and fully covered by extracellular matrix (light microscopy/TEM/SEM). Cells contributing to spheroids could not be discriminated from each other (light microscopy). The outer spheroidal layer consisted of cells which possessed an apical pole with microvilli that were directed to the outside (light microscopy/TEM). All of the spheroidal F3 cells expressed ezrin, vimentin and cytokeratin, but not placental lactogen. The spheroid core contained degenerating cells whilst the F3 cells of the outer rim were viable (TEM/immunofluorescence microscopy). DISCUSSION We have established a 3-dimensional spheroid model for the bovine placental trophoblast cell line F3. The developed culture model might prove valuable for future in vitro studies on the differentiation of bovine trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Haeger
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Melanoma cells are highly resistant to anoikis, a form of apoptosis induced in nonadherent/inappropriate adhesion conditions. Depleting B-RAF or the prosurvival Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1 renders mutant B-RAF melanoma cells susceptible to anoikis. In this study, we examined the effect of targeting B-RAF on the survival of primary stage melanoma cells cultured in three-dimensional type I collagen gels, which partially mimics the dermal microenvironment. Depletion/inhibition of B-RAF with small interfering RNA or the mutant B-RAF inhibitor, PLX4720, induced apoptosis of mutant B-RAF melanoma cells in three-dimensional collagen. Apoptosis was dependent on two upregulated BH3-only proteins, Bim-EL and Bmf, and was inhibited by ectopic Mcl-1 expression. Akt3 activation has been associated with the survival of melanoma cells. Mutant B-RAF melanoma cells ectopically expressing a constitutively activated form of Akt3 or endogenously expressing mutant Akt3 were protected from apoptosis induced by B-RAF knockdown or PLX4720 treatment. Furthermore, intrinsically resistant metastatic melanoma cells displayed elevated Akt phosphorylation in three-dimensional collagen and were rendered susceptible to PLX4720 by Akt3 knockdown. Importantly, myristylated Akt3 prevented B-RAF targeting-induced upregulation of Bim-EL and Bmf in three-dimensional collagen and partially protected Mcl-1-depleted cells from apoptosis. These findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Shao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Min K, Song KM, Cho M, Chun YS, Shim YB, Ku JK, Ban C. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of both PSMA (+) and PSMA (-) prostate cancer cells using an RNA/peptide dual-aptamer probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5566-8. [PMID: 20407731 DOI: 10.1039/c002524k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using an RNA/peptide dual-aptamer probe, both PSMA (+) and PSMA (-) prostate cancer cells were simultaneously detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This approach can be applied as a general tool for early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
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Garraway IP, Sun W, Tran CP, Perner S, Zhang B, Goldstein AS, Hahm SA, Haider M, Head CS, Reiter RE, Rubin MA, Witte ON. Human prostate sphere-forming cells represent a subset of basal epithelial cells capable of glandular regeneration in vivo. Prostate 2010; 70:491-501. [PMID: 19938015 PMCID: PMC2885946 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate stem/progenitor cells function in glandular development and maintenance. They may be targets for tumor initiation, so characterization of these cells may have therapeutic implications. Cells from dissociated tissues that form spheres in vitro often represent stem/progenitor cells. A subset of human prostate cells that form prostaspheres were evaluated for self-renewal and tissue regeneration capability in the present study. METHODS Prostaspheres were generated from 59 prostatectomy specimens. Lineage marker expression and TMPRSS-ERG status was determined via immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Subpopulations of prostate epithelial cells were isolated by cell sorting and interrogated for sphere-forming activity. Tissue regeneration potential was assessed by combining sphere-forming cells with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme (rUGSM) subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice. RESULTS Prostate tissue specimens were heterogeneous, containing both benign and malignant (Gleason 3-5) glands. TMPRSS-ERG fusion was found in approximately 70% of cancers examined. Prostaspheres developed from single cells at a variable rate (0.5-4%) and could be serially passaged. A basal phenotype (CD44+CD49f+CK5+p63+CK8-AR-PSA-) was observed among sphere-forming cells. Subpopulations of prostate cells expressing tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (Trop2), CD44, and CD49f preferentially formed spheres. In vivo implantation of sphere-forming cells and rUGSM regenerated tubular structures containing discreet basal and luminal layers. The TMPRSS-ERG fusion was absent in prostaspheres derived from fusion-positive tumor tissue, suggesting a survival/growth advantage of benign prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Human prostate sphere-forming cells self-renew, have tissue regeneration capability, and represent a subpopulation of basal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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