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Dogan K, Erol E, Didem Orhan M, Degirmenci Z, Kan T, Gungor A, Yasa B, Avsar T, Cetin Y, Durdagi S, Guzel M. Instant determination of the artemisinin from various Artemisia annua L. extracts by LC-ESI-MS/MS and their in-silico modelling and in vitro antiviral activity studies against SARS-CoV-2. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:303-319. [PMID: 34585460 PMCID: PMC8662158 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous efforts in natural product drug development are reported for the treatment of Coronavirus. Based on the literature, among these natural plants Artemisia annua L. shows some promise for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVE The main objective of our study was to determine artemisinin content by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), to investigate the in vitro biological activity of artemisinin from the A. annua plants grown in Turkey with various extracted methods, to elaborate in silico activity against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular modelling. METHODOLOGY Twenty-one different extractions were applied. Direct and sequential extractions studies were compared with ultrasonic assisted maceration, Soxhlet, and ultra-rapid determined artemisinin active molecules by LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The inhibition of spike protein and main protease (3CL) enzyme activity of SARS-CoV-2 virus was assessed by time resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. RESULTS Artemisinin content in the range 0.062-0.066%. Artemisinin showed significant inhibition of 3CL protease activity but not Spike/ACE-2 binding. The 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) of artemisinin against SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus was found greater than 50 μM (EC45 ) in HEK293T cell line whereas the cell viability was 94% of the control (P < 0.01). The immunosuppressive effects of artemisinin on TNF-α production on both pseudovirus and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells were found significant in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION Further studies of these extracts for COVID-19 treatment will shed light to seek alternative treatment options. Moreover, these natural extracts can be used as an additional treatment option with medicines, as well as prophylactic use can be very beneficial for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Dogan
- Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Institute, Food EngineeringYildiz Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Centre of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentIstanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ebru Erol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Centre of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentIstanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical ChemistryBezmialem Vakif UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Muge Didem Orhan
- Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience LaboratoryBahcesehir UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Zehra Degirmenci
- Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience LaboratoryBahcesehir UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Tugce Kan
- TUBITAK MAM Research CentreGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology InstituteGebze‐KocaeliTurkey
| | - Aysen Gungor
- TUBITAK MAM Research CentreGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology InstituteGebze‐KocaeliTurkey
| | - Belkis Yasa
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry EngineeringBursa Technical UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - Timucin Avsar
- Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience LaboratoryBahcesehir UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical BiologyBahcesehir UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Yuksel Cetin
- TUBITAK MAM Research CentreGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology InstituteGebze‐KocaeliTurkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of MedicineBahcesehir UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Centre of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentIstanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- International School of Medicine, Department of Medical PharmacologyIstanbul Medipol UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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Tian H, Li XP, Zhao J, Gao HW, Xu QM, Wang JW. Biotransformation of artemisinic acid to bioactive derivatives by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 from Artemisia annua L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112682. [PMID: 33582588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a biosynthetic precursor of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, artemisinic acid (AA) is abundant in Artemisia annua L. with a content of 8-10-fold higher than artemisinin, but less effective. In this study, the biotransformation of AA was carried out with an endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum B4 to extend its utility. After 10-day-culture of the endophyte with AA at 2 mg/mL, eight biotransformation metabolites were isolated from the culture broth, including five undescribed metabolites, namely 3α,14-dihydroxyartemisinic acid, 14-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid, 15-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid, 12, 15-artemisindioic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetradehydro-12, 15-artemisindioic acid. The fungal enzymes possess the selective capacity to hydroxylate, carbonylate and ketonize the allyl group of AA. The major biotransformation metabolite was the hydroxylated product 3-α-hydroxyartemisinic acid (33.3%) in the cultures of early stage (day 1-6), whereas most of the other biotransformation products were synthesized in the later stage (day 8-10). Compared with AA, some metabolites (3α,14-dihydroxyartemisinic acid, 15-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetradehydro-12, 15-artemisindioic acid) possessed stronger cytotoxic activity to the human colon carcinoma cell line (LS174T) and promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60). The metabolites 12, 15-artemisindioic acid and 3-α-hydroxyartemisinic acid exhibited significant inhibitory activity to the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production of RAW 264.7 cells at 10.00 μM and 2.50 μM, respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of fungal endophytes on biotransforming AA to its bioactive derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Hong Wei Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Qiong Ming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Sharopov FS, Salimov A, Numonov S, Safomuddin A, Bakri M, Salimov T, Setzer WN, Habasi M. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils From Аrtemisia annua L. Growing Wild in Tajikistan. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20927814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial parts of Аrtemisia annua L. were collected from Varzob, Rudaki, and Hisor regions of Tajikistan. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The essential oils of aerial parts of А. annua were dominated by the monoterpenoids like camphor (32.5%-58.9%), 1,8-cineole (13.7%-17.8%), camphene (4.5%-8.4%), and α-pinene (1.9%-7.3%). Hierarchical cluster analysis of A. annua essential oils indicated the existence of 3 A. annua chemotypes: camphor/1,8-cineole, camphor, and artemisia ketone. The essential oils of А. annua show weak antioxidant activity and average antibacterial activity. In our opinion, the antibacterial activity of А. annua essential oils is related to the presence of 1,8-cineole. To our best knowledge, this is the first report concerning the chemical composition, chemotypic variation, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of А. annua, growing wild in Tajikistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farukh S Sharopov
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products", Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Aminjon Salimov
- V.I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Sodik Numonov
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products", Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Abduahad Safomuddin
- Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Tajikistan, Rudaki, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Mahinur Bakri
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tojiddin Salimov
- Institute of Veterinary of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tajikistan, Kahorov, Tajikistan
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, USA, Lehi, UT
| | - Maidina Habasi
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products", Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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The modulatory effect of Artemisia annua L. on toll-like receptor expression in Acanthamoeba infected mouse lungs. Exp Parasitol 2019; 199:24-29. [PMID: 30796912 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Acanthamoeba, which may cause different infections in humans, occurs widely in the environment. Lung inflammation caused by these parasites induces pulmonary pathological changes such as pulmonary necrosis, peribronchial plasma cell infiltration, moderate desquamation of alveolar cells and partial destruction of bronchial epithelial cells, and presence of numerous trophozoites and cysts among inflammatory cells. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of plant extracts from Artemisia annua L. on expression of the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in lungs of mice with acanthamoebiasis. A. annua, which belongs to the family Asteraceae, is an annual plant that grows wild in Asia. In this study, statistically significant changes of expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were demonstrated. In the lungs of infected mice after application of extract from A. annua the expression of TLRs was observed mainly in bronchial epithelial cells, pneumocytes (to a lesser extent during the outbreak of infection), and in the course of high general TLR expression. TLR4 in particular was also visible in stromal cells of lung parenchyma. In conclusion, we confirmed that a plant extract of A. annua has a modulatory effect on components of the immune system such as TLR2 and TLR4.
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Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010023. [PMID: 30709043 PMCID: PMC6473495 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Central Asia is the center of origin and diversification of the Artemisia genus. The genus Artemisia is known to possess a rich phytochemical diversity. Artemisinin is the shining example of a phytochemical isolated from Artemisia annua, which is widely used in the treatment of malaria. There is great interest in the discovery of alternative sources of artemisinin in other Artemisia species. Methods: The hexane extracts of Artemisia plants were prepared with ultrasound-assisted extraction procedures. Silica gel was used as an adsorbent for the purification of Artemisia annua extract. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was performed for the quantification of underivatized artemisinin from hexane extracts of plants. Results: Artemisinin was found in seven Artemisia species collected from Tajikistan. Content of artemisinin ranged between 0.07% and 0.45% based on dry mass of Artemisia species samples. Conclusions: The artemisinin contents were observed in seven Artemisia species. A. vachanica was found to be a novel plant source of artemisinin. Purification of A. annua hexane extract using silica gel as adsorbent resulted in enrichment of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodik Numonov
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products" of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
- Center for Research in Innovative Technologies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734062, Tajikistan.
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products" of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan.
| | - Aminjon Salimov
- V.I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan.
| | - Parviz Sukhrobov
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Sunbula Atolikshoeva
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Ramazon Safarzoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan.
| | - Maidina Habasi
- Research Institution "Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products" of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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6
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Abdin M, Ahmad J, Nasrullah N, Quadri N, Nissar U, Kumar S. Selection of suitable reference genes for reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction normalization in Artemisia annua L. plants at different stages of growth and development. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_600_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Derda M, Kosik-Bogacka D, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Solarczyk P, Cholewiński M, Wandurska-Nowak E, Jagodziński PP, Hadaś E. Influence of Artemisia annua L. on toll-like receptor expression in brain of mice infected with Acanthamoeba sp. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:17-22. [PMID: 29317241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of acanthamoebiasis is a still a problem. Our previous studies showed that the application of extracts from Artemisia annua L. significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected by Acanthamoeba. This plant has medicinal properties in the treatment of human parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of A. annua on expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 in brain of mice with Acanthamoeba infection. Mice were infected with Acanthamoeba sp. strain Ac309 (KY203908) by intranasal inoculation without and after application of A. annua extract. The administration of extract from A. annua significantly reduced the level of expression of TLR2 and modified the level of expression of TLR4. A. annua extract is a natural substance that is well tolerated in animals and may be considered as a combination therapy in treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Our study suggested that A. annua extract may be used as an alternative therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, 72 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71 Powstancow Wielkopolskich Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Solarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Cholewiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wandurska-Nowak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edward Hadaś
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
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Czechowski T, Larson TR, Catania TM, Harvey D, Wei C, Essome M, Brown GD, Graham IA. Detailed Phytochemical Analysis of High- and Low Artemisinin-Producing Chemotypes of Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 29868094 PMCID: PMC5968107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemical derivatives of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced by Artemisia annua, are the active ingredient in the most effective treatment for malaria. Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of two contrasting chemotypes of A. annua resulted in the characterization of over 80 natural products by NMR, more than 20 of which are novel and described here for the first time. Analysis of high- and low-artemisinin producing (HAP and LAP) chemotypes of A. annua confirmed the latter to have a low level of DBR2 (artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) reductase) gene expression. Here we show that the LAP chemotype accumulates high levels of artemisinic acid, arteannuin B, epi-deoxyarteannuin B and other amorpha-4,11-diene derived sesquiterpenes which are unsaturated at the 11,13-position. By contrast, the HAP chemotype is rich in sesquiterpenes saturated at the 11,13-position (dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinin and dihydro-epi-deoxyarteannunin B), which is consistent with higher expression levels of DBR2, and also with the presence of a HAP-chemotype version of CYP71AV1 (amorpha-4,11-diene C-12 oxidase). Our results indicate that the conversion steps from artemisinic acid to arteannuin B, epi-deoxyarteannuin B and artemisitene in the LAP chemotype are non-enzymatic and parallel the non-enzymatic conversion of DHAA to artemisinin and dihyro-epi-deoxyarteannuin B in the HAP chemotype. Interestingly, artemisinic acid in the LAP chemotype preferentially converts to arteannuin B rather than the endoperoxide bridge containing artemisitene. In contrast, in the HAP chemotype, DHAA preferentially converts to artemisinin. Broader metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed significantly different terpenoid profiles and related terpenoid gene expression in these two morphologically distinct chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Czechowski
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Tony R. Larson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa M. Catania
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - David Harvey
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cenxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Essome
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey D. Brown
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Ian A. Graham
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Ma D, Li G, Alejos-Gonzalez F, Zhu Y, Xue Z, Wang A, Zhang H, Li X, Ye H, Wang H, Liu B, Xie DY. Overexpression of a type-I isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase of Artemisia annua in the cytosol leads to high arteannuin B production and artemisinin increase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:466-479. [PMID: 28440881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We recently characterized a gene-terpene network that is associated with artemisinin biosynthesis in self-pollinated (SP) Artemisia annua, an effective antimalarial plant. We hypothesize that an alteration of gene expression in the network may improve the production of artemisinin and its precursors. In this study, we cloned an isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPPI) cDNA, AaIPPI1, from Artemisia annua (Aa). The full-length cDNA encodes a type-I IPPI containing a plastid transit peptide (PTP) at its amino terminus. After the removal of the PTP, the recombinant truncated AaIPPI1 isomerized isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and vice versa. The steady-state equilibrium ratio of IPP/DMAPP in the enzymatic reactions was approximately 1:7. The truncated AaIPPI1 was overexpressed in the cytosol of the SP A. annua variety. The leaves of transgenic plants produced approximately 4% arteannuin B (g g-1 , dry weight, dw) and 0.17-0.25% artemisinin (g g-1 , dw), the levels of which were significantly higher than those in the leaves of wild-type plants. In addition, transgenic plants showed an increase in artemisinic acid production of more than 1% (g g-1 , dw). In contrast, isoprene formation was significantly reduced in transgenic plants. These results provide evidence that overexpression of AaIPPI1 in the cytosol can lead to metabolic alterations of terpenoid biosynthesis, and show that these transgenic plants have the potential to yield high production levels of arteannuin B as a new precursor source for artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hechun Ye
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Fu X, Shi P, He Q, Shen Q, Tang Y, Pan Q, Ma Y, Yan T, Chen M, Hao X, Liu P, Li L, Wang Y, Sun X, Tang K. AaPDR3, a PDR Transporter 3, Is Involved in Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene Transport in Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:723. [PMID: 28533790 PMCID: PMC5420590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpenoid endoperoxide, isolated from the plant Artemisia annua L., is widely used in the treatment of malaria. Another sesquiterpenoid, β-caryophyllene having antibiotic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and local anesthetic activities, is also presented in A. annua. The role played by sesquiterpene transporters in trichomes and accumulation of these metabolites is poorly understood in A. annua and in trichomes of other plant species. We identified AaPDR3, encoding a pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporter located to the plasma membrane from A. annua. Expression of AaPDR3 is tissue-specifically and developmentally regulated in A. annua. GUS activity is primarily restricted to T-shaped trichomes of old leaves and roots of transgenic A. annua plants expressing proAaPDR3: GUS. The level of β-caryophyllene was decreased in transgenic A. annua plants expressing AaPDR3-RNAi while transgenic A. annua plants expressing increased levels of AaPDR3 accumulated higher levels of β-caryophyllene. When AaPDR3 was expressed in transformed yeast, yeasts expressing AaPDR3 accumulated more β-caryophyllene, rather than germacrene D and β-farnesene, compared to the non-expressing control.
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11
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Derda M, Hadaś E, Cholewiński M, Skrzypczak Ł, Grzondziel A, Wojtkowiak-Giera A. Artemisia annua L. as a plant with potential use in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1635-9. [PMID: 26782959 PMCID: PMC4799240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acanthamoebiasis is a great problem. Most cerebral invasions end with death, and the treatment of ocular invasions is usually long-lasting and not very effective. Numerous plant extracts and substances isolated from plants, which are effective against trophozoites or cysts, have been studied in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. However, no agents that are simultaneously effective against both developing forms of amoebae have been discovered yet. It seems that such a plant which fulfils both tasks is Artemisia annua L. Our studies showed that water, alcohol and chloroform extracts from the herb A. annua L. can be applied in general and local treatment or in combined therapy with antibiotics in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Extracts from this plant show not only in vitro but also in vivo effects. Studies carried out on experimental animals infected with amoebae show that the application of these extracts significantly prolongs the survival of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edward Hadaś
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Cholewiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Grzondziel
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
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Ruan JX, Li JX, Fang X, Wang LJ, Hu WL, Chen XY, Yang CQ. Isolation and Characterization of Three New Monoterpene Synthases from Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:638. [PMID: 27242840 PMCID: PMC4861830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua, an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, produces a wealth of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, including the well-known sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin, an active ingredient in the treatment for malaria. Here we report three new monoterpene synthases of A. annua. From a glandular trichome cDNA library, monoterpene synthases of AaTPS2, AaTPS5, and AaTPS6, were isolated and characterized. The recombinant proteins of AaTPS5 and AaTPS6 produced multiple products with camphene and 1,8-cineole as major products, respectively, and AaTPS2 produced a single product, β-myrcene. Although both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) were able to support their catalytic activities, altered product spectrum was observed in the presence of Mn(2+) for AaTPS2 and AaTPS5. Analysis of extracts of aerial tissues and root of A. annua with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected more than 20 monoterpenes, of which the three enzymes constituted more than 1/3 of the total. Mechanical wounding induced the expression of all three monoterpene synthase genes, and transcript levels of AaTPS5 and AaTPS6 were also elevated after treatments with phytohormones of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and gibberellin, suggesting a role of these monoterpene synthases in plant-environment interactions. The three new monoterpene synthases reported here further our understanding of molecular basis of monoterpene biosynthesis and regulation in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Jian-Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Wen-Li Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qing Yang,
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Ma DM, Wang Z, Wang L, Alejos-Gonzales F, Sun MA, Xie DY. A Genome-Wide Scenario of Terpene Pathways in Self-pollinated Artemisia annua. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1580-98. [PMID: 26192869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scenarios of genes to metabolites in Artemisia annua remain uninvestigated. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolomics, transcriptomics, and gene function analyses to characterize gene-to-terpene and terpene pathway scenarios in a self-pollinating variety of this species. Eighty-eight metabolites including 22 sesquiterpenes (e.g., artemisinin), 26 monoterpenes, two triterpenes, one diterpene and 38 other non-polar metabolites were identified from 14 tissues. These metabolites were differentially produced by leaves and flowers at lower to higher positions. Sequences from cDNA libraries of six tissues were assembled into 18 871 contigs and genome-wide gene expression profiles in tissues were strongly associated with developmental stages and spatial specificities. Sequence mining identified 47 genes that mapped to the artemisinin, non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene, monoterpene, triterpene, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in network integration that characterized significant correlations of gene-to-gene expression patterns and gene expression-to-metabolite levels in six tissues simultaneously. More importantly, manipulations of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression not only affected the activity of this pathway toward artemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin b but also altered non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene and genome-wide volatile profiles. Such gene-to-terpene landscapes associated with different tissues are fundamental to the metabolic engineering of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Zhilong Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzales
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Variations in key artemisinic and other metabolites throughout plant development in Artemisia annua L. for potential therapeutic use. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2015; 67:185-191. [PMID: 25729214 PMCID: PMC4341905 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dried leaves of Artemisia annua show promise as an inexpensive and sustainable antimalarial therapeutic, especially for use in developing countries. Along with the potent terpene, artemisinin, many other small molecules produced by the plant seem to aid in the therapeutic response. However, little is known about the ontogenic and phenological production of artemisinin in the plant, and its plethora of other important secondary metabolites. From a consistently high artemisinin-producing A. annua clone (SAM) we extracted and analyzed by GC/MS 22 different metabolites including terpenes, flavonoids, a coumarin, and two phenolic acids as they varied during leaf development and growth of the plant from the vegetative stage through the reproductive, full flower stage. As leaves developed, the maximum amount of most metabolites was in the shoot apical meristem. Artemisinin, on the other hand, maximized once leaves matured. Leaf and apical tissues (e.g. buds, flowers) varied in their metabolite content with growth stage with maximum artemisinin and other important secondary metabolites determined to be at floral bud emergence. These results indicated that plants at the floral bud stage have the highest level of artemisinin and other therapeutic compounds for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Weathers
- Corresponding author: BB Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, , Phone: 508-831-5196, FAX: 508-831-5936
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Shukla V, Pala Z, Alok A, Desai N. Screening of Different <i>Artemisia</i> spp. from Western Ghats of Maharashtra for an Anti-Malarial Compound—Artemisinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.69162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Essential Oil of Artemisia annua L.: An Extraordinary Component with Numerous Antimicrobial Properties. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:159819. [PMID: 24799936 PMCID: PMC3995097 DOI: 10.1155/2014/159819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is native to China, now naturalised in many other countries, well known as the source of the unique sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone artemisinin, and used in the treatment of the chloroquine-resistant and cerebral malaria. The essential oil is rich in mono- and sesquiterpenes and represents a by-product with medicinal properties. Besides significant variations in its percentage and composition have been reported (major constituents can be camphor (up to 48%), germacrene D (up to 18.9%), artemisia ketone (up to 68%), and 1,8 cineole (up to 51.5%)), the oil has been subjected to numerous studies supporting exciting antibacterial and antifungal activities. Both gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Listeria spp.), and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas spp.) and other microorganisms (Candida, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus spp.) have been investigated. However, the experimental studies performed to date used different methods and diverse microorganisms; as a consequence, a comparative analysis on a quantitative basis is very difficult. The aim of this review is to sum up data on antimicrobial activity of A. annua essential oil and its major components to facilitate future approach of microbiological studies in this field.
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Kopetzki D, Lévesque F, Seeberger PH. A Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of Artemisinin. Chemistry 2013; 19:5450-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kong J, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng K, Zhu P. Artemisinic acid: A promising molecule potentially suitable for the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Jain N, Srivastava SK, Aggarwal KK, Kumar S, Syamasundar KV. Essential Oil Composition of Artemisia annua L. ‘Asha’ from the Plains of Northern India. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2002.9699863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Jain
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - S. K. Srivastava
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - K. K. Aggarwal
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - K. V. Syamasundar
- b Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Field Station, GKVK PO, Bangalore, 560065, India
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Variation in the Volatile Constituents of Artemisia annua var. CIM-Arogya during Plant Ontogeny. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils yield and composition of the aerial parts of A. annua var. CIM-Arogya grown in Uttarakhand, India were analyzed and compared by capillary GC and GC-MS at different stages of development. The analysis led to the identification of 81 constituents forming 91.0%-97.1% of the essential oils compositions. The essential oil content of the aerial parts was found to vary from 0.3% to 0.7% at different stages of growth. A. annua crop harvested at full flowering and seed setting stage gave higher yield of essential oil (0.6%, 0.7%) than that harvested at pre flowering (0.5%), late vegetative (0.4%, 0.5%), mid vegetative (0.4%, 0.4%) and early vegetative stages (0.3%, 0.3%). The essential oils at different stages of growth showed monoterpenoids (38.5%-72.0%) and sesquiterpenoids (22.2%-48.2%) as major grouped constituents. The major constituents identified were camphor (22.8%-42.6%), 1,8-cineole (3.7%-8.4%), linalool (<0.1%-11.9%), β-caryophyllene (2.0%-9.2%), ( E)-β-farnesene (1.3%-8.5%), germacrene D (0.5%-7.3%) and 1- epi-cubenol (0.7%-5.2%) in essential oil samples collected at different crop stages.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Medicinal plants are nature's gift to human beings to make disease free healthy life, and play a vital role to preserve our health. They are believed to be much safer and proven elixir in the treatment of various ailments. The genus Artemisia (Astraceae) consists of about 500 species, occurring throughout the world. The present review comprises the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic potential of various species of Artemisia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this this review is to bring together most of the available scientific research conducted on the genus Artemisia, which is currently scattered across various publications. Through this review the authors hope to attract the attention of natural product researchers throughout the world to focus on the unexplored potential of Artemisia species. METHODS This review has been compiled using references from major databases such as Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, King's American Dispensatory, Henriette's Herbal Homepage, Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. RESULTS An exhaustive survey of literature revealed that the different species of Artemisia have a vast range of biological activities including antimalarial, cytotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. Some very important drug leads have been discovered from this genus, notably artemisinin, the well known antimalarial drug isolated from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua. Terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, caffeoylquinic acids, sterols and acetylenes constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of the genus. CONCLUSION Various species of Artemisia seems to hold great potential for in-depth investigation for various biological activities, especially their effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.
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Mannan A, Ahmed I, Arshad W, Asim MF, Qureshi RA, Hussain I, Mirza B. Survey of artemisinin production by diverse Artemisia species in northern Pakistan. Malar J 2010; 9:310. [PMID: 21047440 PMCID: PMC2989329 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin is the current drug of choice for treatment of malaria and a number of other diseases. It is obtained from the annual herb, Artemisia annua and some microbial sources by genetic engineering. There is a great concern that the artemisinin production at current rate will not meet the increasing demand by the pharmaceutical industry, so looking for additional sources is imperative. Methods In current study, artemisinin concentration was analysed and compared in the flowers, leaves, roots and stems of Artemisia annua and 14 other Artemisia species including two varieties each for Artemisia roxburghiana and Artemisia dracunculus using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The highest artemisinin concentration was detected in the leaves (0.44 ± 0.03%) and flowers (0.42 ± 0.03%) of A. annua, followed by the flowers (0.34 ± .02%) of A. bushriences and leaves (0.27 ± 0%) of A. dracunculus var dracunculus. The average concentration of artemisinin varied in the order of flowers > leaves > stems > roots. Conclusion This study identifies twelve novel plant sources of artemisinin, which may be helpful for pharmaceutical production of artemisinin. This is the first report of quantitative comparison of artemisinin among a large number of Artemisia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Mannan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Brown GD. The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Molecules 2010; 15:7603-98. [PMID: 21030913 PMCID: PMC6259225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) is the only known source of the sesquiterpene artemisinin (Qinghaosu), which is used in the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin is a highly oxygenated sesquiterpene, containing a unique 1,2,4-trioxane ring structure, which is responsible for the antimalarial activity of this natural product. The phytochemistry of A. annua is dominated by both sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids, as is the case for many other plants in the Asteraceae family. However, A. annua is distinguished from the other members of the family both by the very large number of natural products which have been characterised to date (almost six hundred in total, including around fifty amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes), and by the highly oxygenated nature of many of the terpenoidal secondary metabolites. In addition, this species also contains an unusually large number of terpene allylic hydroperoxides and endoperoxides. This observation forms the basis of a proposal that the biogenesis of many of the highly oxygenated terpene metabolites from A. annua - including artemisinin itself - may proceed by spontaneous oxidation reactions of terpene precursors, which involve these highly reactive allyllic hydroperoxides as intermediates. Although several studies of the biosynthesis of artemisinin have been reported in the literature from the 1980s and early 1990s, the collective results from these studies were rather confusing because they implied that an unfeasibly large number of different sesquiterpenes could all function as direct precursors to artemisinin (and some of the experiments also appeared to contradict one another). As a result, the complete biosynthetic pathway to artemisinin could not be stated conclusively at the time. Fortunately, studies which have been published in the last decade are now providing a clearer picture of the biosynthetic pathways in A. annua. By synthesising some of the sesquiterpene natural products which have been proposed as biogenetic precursors to artemisinin in such a way that they incorporate a stable isotopic label, and then feeding these precursors to intact A. annua plants, it has now been possible to demonstrate that dihydroartemisinic acid is a late-stage precursor to artemisinin and that the closely related secondary metabolite, artemisinic acid, is not (this approach differs from all the previous studies, which used radio-isotopically labelled precursors that were fed to a plant homogenate or a cell-free preparation). Quite remarkably, feeding experiments with labeled dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid have resulted in incorporation of label into roughly half of all the amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes which were already known from phytochemical studies of A. annua. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that many of the highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids from this species arise by oxidation reactions involving allylic hydroperoxides, which seem to be such a defining feature of the chemistry of A. annua. In the particular case of artemisinin, these in vivo results are also supported by in vitro studies, demonstrating explicitly that the biosynthesis of artemisinin proceeds via the tertiary allylic hydroperoxide, which is derived from oxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid. There is some evidence that the autoxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid to this tertiary allylic hydroperoxide is a non-enzymatic process within the plant, requiring only the presence of light; and, furthermore, that the series of spontaneous rearrangement reactions which then convert this allylic hydroperoxide to the 1,2,4-trioxane ring of artemisinin are also non-enzymatic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Rydén AM, Ruyter-Spira C, Litjens R, Takahashi S, Quax W, Osada H, Bouwmeester H, Kayser O. Molecular cloning and characterization of a broad substrate terpenoid oxidoreductase from Artemisia annua. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1219-1228. [PMID: 20483909 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
From Artemisia annua L., a new oxidoreductase (Red 1) was cloned, sequenced and functionally characterized. Through bioinformatics, heterologous protein expression and enzyme substrate conversion assays, the elucidation of the enzymatic capacities of Red1 was achieved. Red1 acts on monoterpenoids, and in particular functions as a menthone:neomenthol oxidoreductase. The kinetic parameter k(cat)/K(m) was determined to be 939-fold more efficient for the reduction of (-)-menthone to (+)-neomenthol than results previously reported for the menthone:neomenthol reductase from Mentha x piperita. Based on its kinetic properties, the possible use of Red1 in biological crop protection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Margareta Rydén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, GUIDE, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Huang L, Xie C, Duan B, Chen S. Mapping the potential distribution of high artemisinin-yielding Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) in China with a geographic information system. Chin Med 2010; 5:18. [PMID: 20470438 PMCID: PMC2886037 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisia annua L. is an important source for artemisinin, a potent drug for treating malaria. This study aims to map and predict the potential geographic distribution of A. annua L. in China. METHODS The Geographic Information System for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM-GIS) was developed and used to map the potential geographic distribution of A. annua L. RESULTS Climatic, edaphic and topographic characteristics of A. annua L. microhabitats in Youyang County were mapped to find distribution patterns. The maps identified that certain habitats in the Chongqing region and some potential regions, especially in Guizhou Province, possess similarity indices of >/=98%. In particular, high quality microhabitats A. annua L. were found in the Wuling mountains region. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates a GIS approach to predict potential habitats for A. annua L. TCM-GIS is a powerful tool for assessing bioclimatic suitability for medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Artemisinin--an innovative cornerstone for anti-malaria therapy. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008. [PMID: 18416312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACT) are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat especially multidrug resistant forms of malaria, as currently used medications have become increasingly ineffective. In this chapter, the discovery of artemisinin from Traditional Chinese Medicine and its further development to ACT are reviewed. It is highlighted how the complex supply chain to the naturally occurring endoperoxide artemisinin, required to produce ACT-based drugs, was established; thus addressing the significant therapeutic needs and high demands for the medication.
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Goel D, Mallavarupu GR, Kumar S, Singh V, Ali M. Volatile Metabolite Compositions of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Ornamental and Artemisinin Rich Cultivars ofArtemisia annua. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9699976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang H, Liu Y, Chong K, Liu BY, Ye HC, Li ZQ, Yan F, Li GF. Earlier flowering induced by over-expression of CO gene does not accompany increase of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:442-6. [PMID: 17099845 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The early flowering gene CONSTANS (CO) from Arabidopsis thaliana was transferred into Artemisia annua using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system. The plant expression vector pBI CO was constructed by inserting the CO gene into the binary vector pBI121 under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Analyses of PCR, PCR Southern blot, and Southern blot revealed that the transgenic plants contained the foreign CO gene. The results of RT-PCT and RT-PCR Southern blot suggested that the foreign CO gene had expressed at the transcriptional level. Although the flowering time of the CO transgenic plant was about 2 weeks earlier than that of the non-transgenic plant under short-day conditions, no significant difference in artemisinin content was found between the flowering transgenic plant and the non-flowering non-transgenic plant. These results show that the usually observed increase of artemisinin content before plant flowering under natural conditions is not a direct consequence of flowering itself, perhaps there is even no direct linkage between flowering and artemisinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Phytosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20#, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
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Goel D, Singh V, Ali M, Mallavarupu GR, Kumar S. Essential oils of petal, leaf and stem of the antimalarial plant Artemisia annua. J Nat Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-006-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morteza-Semnani K, Akbarzadeh M, Moshiri K. Essential oil composition ofArtemisia fragrans Willd. from Iran. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bagchi GD, Haider F, Dwivedi PD, Singh A, Naqvi AA. Essential Oil Constituents ofArtemisia annuaDuring Different Growth Periods at Monsoon Conditions of Subtropical North Indian Plains. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2003.9712131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jia JW, Crock J, Lu S, Croteau R, Chen XY. (3R)-Linalool synthase from Artemisia annua L.: cDNA isolation, characterization, and wound induction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:143-9. [PMID: 10562427 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. A cDNA library was constructed from leaves of A. annua seedlings and target sequences were amplified by PCR using degenerate primers derived from a consensus sequence of angiosperm terpene synthases. Two clones, QH1 and QH5, with high sequence similarity to plant monoterpene synthases were ultimately obtained and expressed in Escherichia coli. These cDNAs encode peptides of 567 aa (65.7 kDa) and 583 aa (67.4 kDa), respectively, and display 88% identity with each other and 42% identity with Mentha spicata limonene synthase. The two recombinant enzymes yielded no detectable activity with isopentenyl diphosphate, dimethylallyl diphosphate, chrysanthemyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, (+)-copalyl diphosphate, or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, but were active with geranyl diphosphate in yielding (3R)-linalool as the sole product in the presence of divalent metal cation cofactors. QH1-linalool synthase displays a K(m) value of 64 microM for geranyl diphosphate, which is considerably higher than other known monoterpene synthases, and a K(m) value of 4.6 mM for Mg(+2). Transcripts of QH1 and QH5 could be detected by RT-PCR in the leaves and inflorescence of A. annua, but not in the stem stele or roots; transcripts of QH5 could also be detected in stem epidermis. Linalool could not be detected by GC-MS in the essential oil of A. annua, nor in acid or base hydrolysates of aqueous extracts of leaves. RT-PCR demonstrated a wound-inducible increase in QH1 and QH5 transcript abundance in both leaves and stems over a 3-day time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Bouwmeester HJ, Wallaart TE, Janssen MH, van Loo B, Jansen BJ, Posthumus MA, Schmidt CO, De Kraker JW, König WA, Franssen MC. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase catalyses the first probable step in artemisinin biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1999; 52:843-54. [PMID: 10626375 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its derivatives are a promising new group of drugs against malaria. Artemisinin is a constituent of the annual herb Artemisia annua L. So far only the later steps in artemisinin biosynthesis--from artemisinic acid--have been elucidated and the expected olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate has never been demonstrated. In pentane extracts of A. annua leaves we detected a sesquiterpene with the mass spectrum of amorpha-4,11-diene. Synthesis of amorpha-4,11-diene from artemisinic acid confirmed the identity. In addition we identified several sesquiterpene synthases of which one of the major activities catalysed the formation of amorpha-4,11-diene from farnesyl diphosphate. This enzyme was partially purified and shows the typical characteristics of sesquiterpene synthases, such as a broad pH optimum around 6.5-7.0, a molecular mass of 56 kDa, and a K(m) of 0.6 microM. The structure and configuration of amorpha-4,11-diene, its low content in A. annua and the high activity of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase all support that amorpha-4,11-diene is the likely olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate in the biosynthesis of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bouwmeester
- Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO), Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Kohler M, Haerdi W, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Extraction of artemisinin and artemisinic acid from Artemisia annua L. using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Chromatogr A 1997; 785:353-60. [PMID: 9409011 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin (an antimalaric compound) and its major precursor artemisinic acid, isolated as the active principles of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using a capillary column, coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). With optimized operating conditions, artemisinin and artemisinic acid were quantitatively extracted at a flow-rate of 2 ml min-1 in less than 20 min. The supercritical fluid was composed of carbon dioxide and 3% methanol with temperature and pressure fixed at 50 degrees C and 15 MPa, respectively. From the kinetic curves, it appears that the extraction of artemisinin is not limited by the diffusion of the analyte from the plant into the extraction fluid but rather by the elution process. These conditions avoided degradation of the analyte and gave clean extracts ready to be analyzed by SFC. The SFE-SFC-FID method was successfully applied to six samples of A. annua containing various concentrations of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. Results were compared with two conventional liquid solvent extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kohler
- University of Geneva, Laboratory of Mineral, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, Switzerland
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Allen PC, Lydon J, Danforth HD. Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens. Poult Sci 1997; 76:1156-63. [PMID: 9251146 DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.8.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were run to test the anticoccidial activity of dried Artemisia annua leaves and several of their chemical constituents for possible use as prophylactic feed additives. When fed over a period of 3 wk at a level of 5%, a dried leaf supplement of A. annua provided significant protection against lesions due to Eimeria tenella but not Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria maxima. When fed over a period of 5 wk at a level of 1% to chicks undergoing immunization with a live vaccine, it provided significant protection in partially immunized chicks against E. acervulina and E. tenella lesions from a dual species challenge infection. It also afforded lower mean lesion scores in challenged chicks immunized over a period of 5 wk. Artemisinin, an antimalarial component of A. annua, was present at a level of 0.034% in the dried leaf preparation. A 5% supplement thus afforded about 17 ppm artemisin. When the pure compound was fed at that level for a period of 3 wk, it protected weight gains and significantly reduced lesion scores attributable to E. tenella but not E. acervulina. Other components of A. annua, camphor and 1,8-cineole, at 119 ppm also protected weight gains, and reduced E. tenella lesion scores. Camphor reduced E. acervulina lesions. Artemisinin fed for 4 wk at levels of 2, 8.5, and 17 ppm significantly reduced oocyst output from separate E. acervulina and E. tenella infections and a dual species infection. Pure artemisinin thus appears to be effective against at least two coccidia species when used as a feed additive, and its activity may depend, in part, on the length of time it is administered before a challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Allen
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Woerdenbag HJ, Pras N, van Uden W, Wallaart TE, Beekman AC, Lugt CB. Progress in the research of artemisinin-related antimalarials: an update. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1994; 16:169-80. [PMID: 7951130 DOI: 10.1007/bf01872865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from Artemisia annua L., and a number of its semisynthetic derivatives have shown to possess antimalarial properties. They are all effective against Plasmodium parasites that are resistant to the newest and commonly used antimalarial drugs. This article gives a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin-related antimalarial issues that have appeared from the end of 1989 up to the beginning of 1994. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including phytochemical aspects like the selection of high-producing plants, analytical procedures, and plant biotechnology. Furthermore, the organic synthesis of artemisinin derivatives is discussed, as well as their mechanism of action and antimalarial activity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, side-effects and toxicology, and biological activities other than antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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