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Unravelling the nature of non-specific effects of vaccines-A challenge for innate immunologists. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:377-83. [PMID: 27354354 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological observations have shown that vaccines can influence morbidity and mortality more than can be ascribed to target-disease immunity. A growing number of immunological studies have helped identify possible biological mechanisms to explain these so-called nonspecific effects (NSE) of vaccines, including heterologous T-cell reactivity and innate immune memory or 'trained innate immunity', which involves epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. Here, we review the epidemiological evidence for NSE as well as human, animal and in vitro immunological data that could explain these NSE, and discuss priorities for future epidemiologic and immunologic studies to further unravel the biology and optimize the benefits of current and new vaccines.
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Jensen KJ, Karkov HS, Lund N, Andersen A, Eriksen HB, Barbosa AG, Kantsø B, Aaby P, Benn CS. The immunological effects of oral polio vaccine provided with BCG vaccine at birth: a randomised trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:5949-56. [PMID: 25223267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines may have non-specific effects. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau suggested that oral polio vaccine at birth (OPV0) provided with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was associated with down-regulation of the immune response to BCG vaccine 6 weeks later. Based on the previous finding, we wanted to test our a priori hypothesis that OPV would dampen the immune response to BCG, and secondarily to test immune responses to other antigens. METHODS The study was conducted at the Bandim Health Project in Guinea-Bissau in 2009-2010. Infants were randomised to OPV0+BCG versus BCG alone at birth, and subsequently randomised to have a blood sample taken at 2, 4 or 6 weeks post-randomisation. Excreted levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ) were measured from whole blood in vitro stimulations with a panel of recall vaccine antigens (BCG, PPD, OPV), mitogen (PHA) or innate agonists (LPS, Pam3cys, PolyI:C). Additionally, we measured the local reaction to BCG, white blood cell distribution, C-reactive protein (CRP) and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Cytokine production was analysed as the prevalence ratios of responders above the median. RESULTS Blood samples from 430 infants (209 OPV0+BCG; 221 BCG alone) were analysed. There were no strong differences in effects 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-randomisation and subsequent analyses were performed on the pooled data. As hypothesised, receiving OPV0+BCG versus BCG alone was associated with significantly lower prevalence of IFN-γ responses to PPD (prevalence ratio (PR): 0.84 (0.72-0.98)) and reduced IL-5 to PPD (PR: 0.78 (0.64-0.96)). No effects were observed for CPR, RBP, white blood cell distribution, or BCG scar prevalence. CONCLUSION The results corroborate that OPV attenuates the immune response to co-administered BCG at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Jarlov Jensen
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 3, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau codex, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Hanne Sophie Karkov
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau codex, Guinea-Bissau; Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Najaaraq Lund
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Helle Brander Eriksen
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørn Kantsø
- Microbiological Diagnostics & Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau codex, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins & Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 3, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Visser A, Hoosen A. Combination vaccines in the South African setting. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 3:C38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kantzler GB, Lauteria SF, Cusumano CL, Lee JD, Ganguly R, Waldman RH. Immunosuppression during influenza virus infection. Infect Immun 2010; 10:996-1002. [PMID: 16558116 PMCID: PMC423051 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.5.996-1002.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a live attenuated influenza vaccine and subsequent challenge with virulent influenza virus on the delayed hypersensitivity skin test, and the in vitro response of lymphocytes were evaluated. Volunteers were skin tested before and after administration of vaccine or placebo and challenge with PPD (a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis), candida, mumps, and trichophytin, and their lymphocytes were tested for [(3)H]thymidine uptake in response to phytohemagglutin. Of eight volunteers who showed evidence of viral replication after administration of the attenuated vaccine, four had a significant diminution in their skin test response, whereas 8 of 13 volunteers infected with virulent influenza virus showed a diminution. Of the 21 volunteers who were infected with either attenuated or virulent influenza virus, 12 showed suppression of their phytohemagglutin response. None of the volunteers who were given placebo vaccine, or who showed no evidence for viral replication after immunization or challenge, had a suppression of their skin test or phytohemagglutin responses. Although most of the infected volunteers demonstrated suppression of their T-cell function, there was no evidence of a similar suppression of B-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Kantzler
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Roth A, Garly ML, Jensen H, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination and infant mortality. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:277-93. [PMID: 16608427 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was introduced in the 1920s, it was suggested that BCG occasionally had nonspecific beneficial effects on mortality beyond the specific protection against tuberculosis. Considering that BCG has since then become the most used vaccine in the world, surprisingly few studies have been undertaken into the effect of BCG on general mortality and morbidity. Recent studies suggest that BCG has beneficial nontargeted effects on general infant morbidity and mortality in low-income countries, often with the most pronounced effect among girls. These observational findings are supported by early trials in which children were randomized or alternated to BCG vaccination. Furthermore, a BCG scar and a positive tuberculin reaction are related to better survival among BCG-vaccinated children in low-income countries, especially for girls. The findings are not explained by frailty bias, in other words, that healthy children are more likely to receive BCG vaccination. A nonspecific, gender-differential effect of BCG on general infant mortality may have large implications for tuberculosis vaccine research and routine vaccination policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Roth
- Statens Serum Institut, Bandim Health Project, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Roth A, Sodemann M, Jensen H, Poulsen A, Gustafson P, Gomes J, Djana Q, Jakobsen M, Garly ML, Rodrigues A, Aaby P. Vaccination technique, PPD reaction and BCG scarring in a cohort of children born in Guinea-Bissau 2000-2002. Vaccine 2004; 23:3991-8. [PMID: 15899539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The rates of positive tuberculin skin test (TST) reactions and BCG scarring after BCG vaccination vary between studies and populations. Tuberculin reactivity and BCG scarring may be related to better child survival in low-income countries. We therefore studied determinants for TST reaction and scarring in Guinea-Bissau. In a cohort of children born in suburban Bissau from March 2000 to July 2002, we assessed a Mantoux test with Purified protein derivative (PPD) (SSI, 2 T.U.) at 2 (2689 children), 6 (N=2148) and 12 months (N=1638) of age, and BCG scar was assessed at 2 (N=2698) and 6 months (N=2225) of age. In a subgroup of the children the vaccination technique was monitored by direct observation of post-vaccination wheal and route of administration. Three different types of BCG vaccine supplied by the local Extended Programme on Immunization were used. At 6 months of age the rate of PPD reactors (>1mm) after BCG vaccination was 25% and the rate of scarring was 89%. One BCG strain was associated with fewer PPD reactors (OR=0.54 (0.31-0.91)) and BCG scars (OR=0.13 (0.05-0.37)) and larger post-vaccination wheals produced more PPD reactions (OR 1.21 (95% CI 1.02-1.43)) and BCG scars (OR 1.66 (1.24-2.21)). In the multivariable analyses of BCG-vaccinated children assessed at 6 months of age, monitoring of vaccination technique and type of BCG vaccine were important. This was not changed by control for other determinants, including sex, season, vaccination place, birthplace, ethnic group, low birth weight, place of residence, education and civil status of mother. We reason that vaccination technique and BCG strain are important for PPD reaction and scarring in response to BCG vaccination. Considering that these responses are associated with better infant survival, the importance of monitoring vaccination technique and of different BCG strains should be evaluated with respect to infant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Roth
- Bandim Health Project, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
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Garly ML, Martins CL, Balé C, Baldé MA, Hedegaard KL, Gustafson P, Lisse IM, Whittle HC, Aaby P. BCG scar and positive tuberculin reaction associated with reduced child mortality in West Africa. A non-specific beneficial effect of BCG? Vaccine 2003; 21:2782-90. [PMID: 12798618 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine may have a non-specific beneficial effect on childhood survival in areas with high mortality. We examined whether BCG-vaccinated children with a BCG scar or a positive tuberculin reaction had better survival than children without such reactions. As part of an ongoing two-dose measles vaccine trial for which children were recruited at 6 months of age, we examined 1813 children for BCG scar at 6 months of age and 813 BCG-vaccinated children were skin-tested for delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, tetanus and diphtheria. We found that BCG-vaccinated children with a BCG scar had significantly lower mortality compared with BCG scar-negative children, the mortality ratio in the first 12 months of follow-up being 0.41 (0.25-0.67). BCG-vaccinated children with a positive tuberculin test had a mortality ratio of 0.45 (0.24-0.85) compared with tuberculin negative children. These results were unchanged by control for potential confounders or using different cut-off points for a tuberculin-positive response. Exclusion of dead children who had HIV antibodies did not modify the estimate (mortality rate (MR)=0.46 (0.23-0.94)). After censoring for tuberculosis (TB) exposure at home, the mortality ratios for having a scar and being tuberculin-positive were 0.46 (0.27-0.79) or 0.42 (0.21-0.84), respectively. Children positive to tetanus or diphtheria in the skin test had the same mortality as children not responding to these vaccine-related antigens. Thus, BCG scar and a positive tuberculin reaction were associated with better survival in early childhood in an area with high mortality. Since nothing similar was found for responders to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, and the effect could not be explained by protection against tuberculosis, the effect of BCG vaccination could be due to non-specific immune-stimulation protecting against other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Lill Garly
- Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
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Halsey NA. Combination vaccines: defining and addressing current safety concerns. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 Suppl 4:S312-8. [PMID: 11709765 DOI: 10.1086/322567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination vaccines have been in use for >50 years. Historical problems with vaccines, including intussusception after rotavirus vaccine, carrier suppression with tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines, and decreased immunogenicity of some Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines when mixed with acellular pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus, have contributed to some misperceptions about current vaccines. There is no evidence that adding additional vaccines through combination products increases the burden on the immune system, which has the capability of responding to many millions of antigens. Combining antigens usually does not increase adverse effects-in fact, it can lead to an overall reduction in adverse events. Combination products simplify immunization and allow for the introduction of new vaccines without requiring the vaccinee to make additional visits to his or her health care provider. Licensed combination vaccines undergo extensive testing before approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration to assure that the new products are safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Halsey
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Garly ML, Balé C, Martins CL, Baldé MA, Hedegaard KL, Whittle HC, Aaby P. BCG vaccination among West African infants is associated with less anergy to tuberculin and diphtheria-tetanus antigens. Vaccine 2001; 20:468-74. [PMID: 11672911 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To examine risk factors for anergy, delayed-type hypersensitivity was assessed among 884 infants participating in a vaccine trial in Guinea-Bissau. The infants were skin-tested at 7.5 months of age with a panel of seven intradermal antigens. Risk factors for anergy to tuberculin or anergy to both the diphtheria and tetanus antigens were determined in relation to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination, and measles vaccination. We found sick children to be more anergic to tuberculin and diphtheria-tetanus antigens than healthy children (OR=2.49 (95% confidence interval 1.40-4.55)). There was a higher prevalence of anergy to tuberculin in the rainy season than in the dry season (OR=1.67 (1.25-2.23)). Children who had taken antimalarials within the last week had a higher prevalence of anergy to tuberculin (OR=1.41 (1.02-1.92)). BCG vaccination was significantly associated with less anergy to tuberculin and diphtheria-tetanus antigens (OR=0.42 (0.28-0.63), OR=0.77 (0.60-0.99), respectively). Children vaccinated with BCG before 1 month of age were more anergic to tuberculin than children vaccinated after 1 month (OR=1.61 (1.19-2.19)). DTP vaccination was associated with less anergy to diphtheria-tetanus antigens (OR=0.40 (0.32-0.49)), but not to tuberculin. Children with a positive reaction to tuberculin were less likely to be anergic to diphtheria-tetanus antigens (OR=0.36 (0.26-0.49)) than children with a negative tuberculin reaction. Children who were vaccinated with BCG before they received their last DTP vaccine were less anergic to diphtheria-tetanus antigens (OR=0.40 (0.16-0.88)) than other DTP-vaccinated children. In conclusion, current disease, rainy season, age below 1 month of age at the time of BCG vaccination, and administration of chloroquine or quinimax within the last 7 days were risk factors for anergy to tuberculin among 7.5-month-old infants. BCG vaccination and a positive tuberculin reaction were associated with a lower prevalence of anergy to both tuberculin and diphtheria-tetanus. Thus, BCG vaccination may contribute to better cell-mediated immune responses among infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Garly
- Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination vaccines contain multiple antigens to protect against several diseases simultaneously and have simplified the delivery of childhood immunizations. Children are healthier today because of the use of combination vaccines, and the United States is benefiting from record low numbers of vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite obvious benefits, concerns and misconceptions exist regarding the safety and efficacy of combination vaccines. METHODS A review of the pediatric literature to dispel the common misperceptions and potential barriers to combining vaccines. RESULTS Assurance that combination vaccines approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration undergo extensive testing will help to alleviate concerns regarding safety and efficacy of combination vaccines. Food and Drug Administration standards are rigorous and require that combination vaccines be as safe and effective as each component of the vaccine administered separately. Combination vaccines have been available for >50 years, and lessons learned during this time are continuously applied to the development and use of new products. CONCLUSIONS Children will benefit from new combination vaccines because fewer injections will be required to protect against vaccine-preventable diseases, allowing for the introduction of new vaccines into the immunization schedule and prevention of additional diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Halsey
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tuberculin skin testing. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2869-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grabenstein JD. Drug interactions involving immunologic agents. Part II. Immunodiagnostic and other immunologic drug interactions. DICP : THE ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY 1990; 24:186-93. [PMID: 1689921 DOI: 10.1177/106002809002400215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This two-part review addresses pharmacists' need for information about immunologic drug interactions. Reports of interactions involving vaccines, immune globulins, and immunodiagnostic reagents are widely dispersed and, therefore, difficult to access. In the conclusion of this two-part article, immunodiagnostic drug interactions as well as interactions involving interferons and other biologic-response modifiers are discussed, as are epinephrine interactions that affect treatment of immunologic-induced anaphylaxis. Host factors of groups and individuals relating to the clinical significance of proposed interactions are covered, such as those involving influenza vaccine with theophylline, warfarin, or phenytoin, and other combinations. Vigilance by all pharmacists is needed to detect previously unreported immunologic drug interactions and further assess known interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Grabenstein
- Pharmacy Service, U.S. Army Hospital-Bremerhaven, West Germany
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Twomey P, Ziegler D, Rombeau J. Utility of skin testing in nutritional assessment: a critical review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1982; 6:50-8. [PMID: 6804655 DOI: 10.1177/014860718200600150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the claim that delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin testing is useful in nutritional assessment of hospitalized patients, we reviewed the English language literature of the last 12 years. Although several hundred publications discussed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing and nutritional status, only 15 provided new, objective data correlating these variables in hospitalized adults. Of these, only three provided age-matched control groups to control for antigen variability, lack of prior exposure, and other technical problems. The majority of reports took no account of diseases (cancer, immune disease, infection) or therapies (radiation, drugs, surgery) known to affect skin test response. In the reports specifying different degrees of malnutrition, the most important group, those with less than obvious malnutrition, were not abnormal by skin testing. Ten reports described serial skin testing during nutritional intervention. Non reported serially tested controls without nutritional intervention, important since serial testing alone can augment skin test response. Nonnutritional intercurrent therapy which might affect skin tests was seldom mentioned. In the few reports specifying that nutritional repletion was even achieved, repleted patients were not separated from unrepleted in subsequent analyses. No report examined skin testing for its predictive accuracy, cost/benefit ratio, or influence on outcome. Because of these problems in experimental design, the frequent lack of appropriate controls, and the low specificity of abnormal delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses, we conclude that the utility of skin testing in nutritional assessment remains unproved.
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Déficit immunitaire sélectif envers les poliovirus 2 et 3 chez un sujet vacciné plusieurs fois avec le vaccin trivalent. Med Mal Infect 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(81)80031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sørensen OS, Haahr S, Møller-Larsen A, Wildenhoff K. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to herpesviruses during and after herpes zoster infections. Infect Immun 1980; 29:369-75. [PMID: 6163709 PMCID: PMC551127 DOI: 10.1128/iai.29.2.369-375.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of herpes zoster virus infection on cell-mediated and humoral immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) was followed in 17 zoster patients from the first week to 6 months after start of eruptions. The clinical responses were registered and correlated to the immune responses. A significant depression in blast transformation on stimulation of lymphocytes with all three antigens was found on days 1 to 5 compared with transformations later after zoster eruptions and compared with controls. Phytohemagglutinin exhibited the same stimulation in the different groups and controls. No significant differences in interferon production in the various groups and controls were found on stimulation with the VZV and HSV antigens. All zoster patients became seropositive by complement fixation to VZV a few days after start of the zoster eruption. Two zoster patients showed a fourfold rise in complement fixation antibodies to HSV. Three patients had changes in complement fixation titers to cytomegalovirus, which could indicate new infection or reactivation of infection with this virus. A significant lower transformation index to VZV was found during the first 9 days in zoster patients with fever compared with patients without fever. The relevance of this observation is discussed in relation to a previous similar observation from our group.
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Byrom NA, Brown JJ, Davies DL, Fraser R, Leckie B, Lever AF, Morton JJ. T and B lymphocytes in patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis, and in their household contacts. Lancet 1979; 2:601-3. [PMID: 90213 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During episodes of acute anterior uveitis, patients had a T-lymphopenia and a temporary increase in B-lymphocytes. The T-lymphopenia was not present in patients investigated early in their first attacks, and it persisted after the patients recovered clinically. In household contacts of patients with uveitis, there was a temporary T-lymphopenia. A similar degree of T-lymphopenia was present in patients with ankylosing spondylitis who had not had uveitis, but not in their household contacts. In patients with spondylitis, there was no greater reduction of T-cells when they had episodes of uveitis. In all groups of subjects studied, T-lymphopenia could be abolished, in vitro, with thymosin, a bovine thymic-hormone estract. The finding of T-lymphocyte depletion in the contacts of uveitis patients, as well as in the patients themselves, suggests that there may be lateral transmission of an infective agent (or agents) in the households during (or before) attacks of uveitis.
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Miller CL. Immunological assays as measurements of nutritional status: a review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1978; 2:554-66. [PMID: 153411 DOI: 10.1177/014860717800200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Biberfeld G, Sterner G. Tuberculin anergy in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1976; 8:71-3. [PMID: 1273524 DOI: 10.3109/inf.1976.8.issue-2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin testing for delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin was performed in 36 patients with pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 22 of these patients had a negative tuberculin reaction when first tested. The tuberculin reaction was negative in 13 out of 16 cases tested during the first 2 weeks after onset of illness, in 6 out of 11 cases tested 15-28 days after onset of illness and in 3 out of 9 cases tested 29-45 days after clinical onset. In 19 patients with a negative tuberculin test in the early phase after onset of illness the test was repeated several weeks or months later. 16 of these cases had a positive tuberculin reaction at the later time period. Two of these cases showed prolonged tuberculin anergy for more than 5 months.
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Ganguly R, Cusumano CL, Waldman RH. Suppression of cell-mediated immunity after infection with attenuated rubella virus. Infect Immun 1976; 13:464-9. [PMID: 770329 PMCID: PMC420634 DOI: 10.1128/iai.13.2.464-469.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of attenuated rubella virus infection upon cell-mediated immunity of human volunteers were studied. The volunteers received the vaccine either by nose drops or by the subcutaneous route. Changes in cell-mediated immunity in terms of delayed cutaneous sensitivity to recall antigens, phytohemagglutination stimulation, and spontaneous migration inhibitory factor-like activity were studied at various time periods after infection. Spontaneous migration inhibitory factor-like activity was studied on supernatants of the lymphocytes obtained from the volunteers and incubated for 72 h in the absence of any antigens. A significant proportion of the volunteers showed suppression of one or more parameters of cell-medicated immunity tested by week 2 of infection compared to the control; however, there was no correlation between suppression of the various parameters studied. No difference was noticed in the incidence of cell-mediated immunity suppression between nose drops and subcutaneous route groups.
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Midulla M, Businco L, Moschini L. Some effects of rubella vaccination of immunologic responsiveness. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 61:609-11. [PMID: 5053139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1972.tb15954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Al-Sarraf M, Wong P, Sardesai S, Vaitkevicius VK. Clinical immunologic responsiveness in malignant disease. I. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and the effect of cytotoxic drugs. Cancer 1970; 26:262-8. [PMID: 5451212 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197008)26:2<262::aid-cncr2820260204>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Verma IC. In vitro correlates of delayed hypersensitivity in tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr 1970; 37:337-46. [PMID: 5484801 DOI: 10.1007/bf02801350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Kupers TA, Petrich JM, Holloway AW, St Geme JW. Depression of tuberculin delayed hypersensitivity by live attenuated mumps virus. J Pediatr 1970; 76:716-21. [PMID: 5440356 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(70)80290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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28
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Yeager LB. Symposium on immunization. Problems of immunizing college-age adults. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1967; 15:502-7. [PMID: 6054576 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Reimann HA. Infectious diseases. Annual review of significant publications. Postgrad Med J 1967; 43:150-69. [PMID: 5341295 PMCID: PMC2466065 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.43.497.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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