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Deva A, Madhavi B, Kumar Nagaiah S, Pm B. Prevalence and Characteristics of Influenza Cases From 2017 to 2019 at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Karnataka. Cureus 2024; 16:e53205. [PMID: 38425607 PMCID: PMC10902608 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza virus is a significant human pathogen causing severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) associated with significant mortality worldwide. The H1N1 Influenza virus that caused a pandemic in 2009 continued to cause periodic epidemics worldwide, with new variants posing significant public health problems. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and characteristics of influenza at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods From 2017 to 2019, respiratory samples from suspected cases of influenza belonging to category C received at the microbiology laboratory were transported to Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal, in the cold chain for testing of influenza virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) as per CDC guidelines. The microbiological reports were collected and evaluated. The details of patients positive for influenza were analyzed for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results During the study period, 172 samples from SARI patients were tested, out of which 44 patients were positive for the influenza virus, accounting for a prevalence of 25.58%; 84% (n=37) of the cases were infected with H1N1 influenza virus, and the other 11.36% (n=5) and 4.54% (n=2) cases yielded H1N2 and H1N3 influenza virus, respectively. Among 44 patients, 56.81% (n=25) were females and 43.18% (n=19) were males. Most of the patients, 65.9% (n=29), were between 40 and 60 years old. The predominant presenting symptoms were fever in 81.81% (n=36) patients, breathlessness in 56.8% (n=25) patients, and cough in 54.54% (n=24) patients. Twelve (27.27%) patients had acute severe respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A significant mortality rate of 22.72% (n=10) was noted in the study. Conclusion A significant prevalence of influenza was noted in the study at 25.58%. Along with the H1N1 Influenza virus, the new strains detected in our region were H1N2 and H1N3 influenza viruses. Regular surveillance is important in the early detection of cases, for timely management, to reduce mortality, and to take measures to prevent the spread of this important infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Deva
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND
| | - Bindu Madhavi
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND
| | - Suresh Kumar Nagaiah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND
| | - Beena Pm
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND
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Sinha S, Castillo V, Espinoza CR, Tindle C, Fonseca AG, Dan JM, Katkar GD, Das S, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. COVID-19 lung disease shares driver AT2 cytopathic features with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104185. [PMID: 35870428 PMCID: PMC9297827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the aftermath of Covid-19, some patients develop a fibrotic lung disease, i.e., post-COVID-19 lung disease (PCLD), for which we currently lack insights into pathogenesis, disease models, or treatment options. METHODS Using an AI-guided approach, we analyzed > 1000 human lung transcriptomic datasets associated with various lung conditions using two viral pandemic signatures (ViP and sViP) and one covid lung-derived signature. Upon identifying similarities between COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we subsequently dissected the basis for such similarity from molecular, cytopathic, and immunologic perspectives using a panel of IPF-specific gene signatures, alongside signatures of alveolar type II (AT2) cytopathies and of prognostic monocyte-driven processes that are known drivers of IPF. Transcriptome-derived findings were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify the major triggers of AT2 dysfunction. Key findings were validated in hamster and human adult lung organoid (ALO) pre-clinical models of COVID-19 using immunohistochemistry and qPCR. FINDINGS COVID-19 resembles IPF at a fundamental level; it recapitulates the gene expression patterns (ViP and IPF signatures), cytokine storm (IL15-centric), and the AT2 cytopathic changes, e.g., injury, DNA damage, arrest in a transient, damage-induced progenitor state, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These immunocytopathic features were induced in pre-clinical COVID models (ALO and hamster) and reversed with effective anti-CoV-2 therapeutics in hamsters. PPI-network analyses pinpointed ER stress as one of the shared early triggers of both diseases, and IHC studies validated the same in the lungs of deceased subjects with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamster lungs. Lungs from tg-mice, in which ER stress is induced specifically in the AT2 cells, faithfully recapitulate the host immune response and alveolar cytopathic changes that are induced by SARS-CoV-2. INTERPRETATION Like IPF, COVID-19 may be driven by injury-induced ER stress that culminates into progenitor state arrest and SASP in AT2 cells. The ViP signatures in monocytes may be key determinants of prognosis. The insights, signatures, disease models identified here are likely to spur the development of therapies for patients with IPF and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health grants R01- GM138385 and AI155696 and funding from the Tobacco-Related disease Research Program (R01RG3780).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayden G Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Sinha S, Castillo V, Espinoza CR, Tindle C, Fonseca AG, Dan JM, Katkar GD, Das S, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. COVID-19 lung disease shares driver AT2 cytopathic features with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.11.28.470269. [PMID: 34873597 PMCID: PMC8647648 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.28.470269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background In the aftermath of Covid-19, some patients develop a fibrotic lung disease, i.e., p ost- C OVID-19 l ung d isease (PCLD), for which we currently lack insights into pathogenesis, disease models, or treatment options. Method Using an AI-guided approach, we analyzed > 1000 human lung transcriptomic datasets associated with various lung conditions using two viral pandemic signatures (ViP and sViP) and one covid lung-derived signature. Upon identifying similarities between COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we subsequently dissected the basis for such similarity from molecular, cytopathic, and immunologic perspectives using a panel of IPF-specific gene signatures, alongside signatures of alveolar type II (AT2) cytopathies and of prognostic monocyte-driven processes that are known drivers of IPF. Transcriptome-derived findings were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify the major triggers of AT2 dysfunction. Key findings were validated in hamster and human adult lung organoid (ALO) pre-clinical models of COVID-19 using immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Findings COVID-19 resembles IPF at a fundamental level; it recapitulates the gene expression patterns (ViP and IPF signatures), cytokine storm (IL15-centric), and the AT2 cytopathic changes, e.g., injury, DNA damage, arrest in a transient, damage-induced progenitor state, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These immunocytopathic features were induced in pre-clinical COVID models (ALO and hamster) and reversed with effective anti-CoV-2 therapeutics in hamsters. PPI-network analyses pinpointed ER stress as one of the shared early triggers of both diseases, and IHC studies validated the same in the lungs of deceased subjects with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamster lungs. Lungs from tg - mice, in which ER stress is induced specifically in the AT2 cells, faithfully recapitulate the host immune response and alveolar cytopathic changes that are induced by SARS-CoV-2. Interpretation Like IPF, COVID-19 may be driven by injury-induced ER stress that culminates into progenitor state arrest and SASP in AT2 cells. The ViP signatures in monocytes may be key determinants of prognosis. The insights, signatures, disease models identified here are likely to spur the development of therapies for patients with IPF and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health grants R01-GM138385 and AI155696 and funding from the Tobacco-Related disease Research Program (R01RG3780). One Sentence Summary Severe COVID-19 triggers cellular processes seen in fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Evidence before this study: In its aftermath, the COVID-19 pandemic has left many survivors, almost a third of those who recovered, with a mysterious long-haul form of the disease which culminates in a fibrotic form of interstitial lung disease (post-COVID-19 ILD). Post-COVID-19 ILD remains a largely unknown entity. Currently, we lack insights into the core cytopathic features that drive this condition.Added value of this study: Using an AI-guided approach, which involves the use of sets of gene signatures, protein-protein network analysis, and a hamster model of COVID-19, we have revealed here that COVID-19 -lung fibrosis resembles IPF, the most common form of ILD, at a fundamental levelâ€"showing similar gene expression patterns in the lungs and blood, and dysfunctional AT2 processes (ER stress, telomere instability, progenitor cell arrest, and senescence). These findings are insightful because AT2 cells are known to contain an elegant quality control network to respond to intrinsic or extrinsic stress; a failure of such quality control results in diverse cellular phenotypes, of which ER stress appears to be a point of convergence, which appears to be sufficient to drive downstream fibrotic remodeling in the lung.Implications of all the available evidence: Because unbiased computational methods identified the shared fundamental aspects of gene expression and cellular processes between COVID-19 and IPF, the impact of our findings is likely to go beyond COVID-19 or any viral pandemic. The insights, tools (disease models, gene signatures, and biomarkers), and mechanisms identified here are likely to spur the development of therapies for patients with IPF and, other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, all of whom have limited or no treatment options. To dissect the validated prognostic biomarkers to assess and track the risk of pulmonary fibrosis and develop therapeutics to halt fibrogenic progression.
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Jia SZ, Zhao YZ, Liu JQ, Guo X, Chen MX, Zhou SM, Zhou JL. Study of Mental Health Status of the Resident Physicians in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:764638. [PMID: 35369176 PMCID: PMC8964786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.764638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Investigating the mental health status of Chinese resident physicians during the 2019 new coronavirus outbreak. Methods A cluster sampling method was adopted to collect all China-wide resident physicians during the epidemic period as the research subjects. The Symptom Checklist-90 self-rating scale was used to assess mental health using WeChat electronic questionnaires. Results In total, 511 electronic questionnaires were recovered, all of which were valid. The negative psychological detection rate was 93.9% (480/511). Among the symptoms on the self-rating scale, more than half of the Chinese resident physicians had mild to moderate symptoms of mental unhealthiness, and a few had asymptomatic or severe unhealthy mental states. In particular, the detection rate of abnormality was 88.3% (451/511), obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 90.4% (462/511), the sensitive interpersonal relationship was 90.6% (463/511), depression abnormality was 90.8% (464)/511), anxiety abnormality was 88.3% (451/511), hostility abnormality was 85.3% (436/511), terror abnormality was 84.9% (434/511), paranoia abnormality was 86.9% (444/511), psychotic abnormalities was 89.0% (455/511), and abnormal sleeping and eating status was 90.8% (464/511). The scores of various psychological symptoms of pediatric resident physicians were significantly lower than those of non-pediatrics (p < 0.05). Conclusion The new coronavirus epidemic has a greater impact on the mental health of Chinese resident physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Zhen Jia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Ming Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Li Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Gallouche M, Terrisse H, Larrat S, Marfaing S, Di Cioccio C, Verit B, Morand P, Bonneterre V, Bosson JL, Landelle C. Effect of a multimodal strategy for prevention of nosocomial influenza: a retrospective study at Grenoble Alpes University Hospital from 2014 to 2019. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:31. [PMID: 35135618 PMCID: PMC8822851 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-01046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multimodal strategy to prevent nosocomial influenza was implemented in 2015–2016 in Grenoble Alpes University Hospital. Three modalities were implemented in all units: promotion of vaccination among healthcare workers, epidemiologic surveillance and communication campaigns. Units receiving a high number of patients with influenza implemented 2 additional modalities: improvement of diagnosis capacities and systematic surgical mask use. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of the strategy for reducing the risk of nosocomial influenza.
Methods A study was conducted retrospectively investigating 5 epidemic seasons (2014–2015 to 2018–2019) including all patients hospitalized with a positive influenza test at Grenoble Alpes University Hospital. The weekly number of nosocomial influenza cases was analyzed by Poisson regression and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated. Results A total of 1540 patients, resulting in 1559 stays, were included. There was no significant difference between the 5 influenza epidemic seasons in the units implementing only 3 measures. In the units implementing the 5 measures, there was a reduction of nosocomial influenza over the seasons when the strategy was implemented compared to the 2014–2015 epidemic season (IRR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.23–1.34 in 2015–2016; IRR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.19–0.81 in 2016–2017; IRR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.24–1.03 in 2017–2018; IRR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.23–0.97 in 2018–2019). Conclusions Our data mainly suggested that the application of the strategy with 5 modalities, including systematic surgical mask use and rapid diagnosis, seemed to reduce by half the risk of nosocomial influenza. Further data, including medico-economic studies, are necessary to determine the opportunity of extending these measures at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Gallouche
- MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France.,Service d'hygiène hospitalière, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Terrisse
- MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Larrat
- Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Bruno Verit
- Service de santé au travail, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institut de biologie structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS/CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Bonneterre
- Service de santé au travail, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,EPSP TIM-C UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bosson
- MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France.,Pôle de Santé Publique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Landelle
- MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France. .,Service d'hygiène hospitalière, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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6
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Berwa A, Gallouche M, Larrat S, Fauconnier J, Viglino D, Bosson JL, Landelle C. Effect of point-of-care influenza tests on antibiotic prescriptions by emergency physicians in a French hospital. J Hosp Infect 2022; 122:133-139. [PMID: 35122886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a public health issue worldwide. Although antibiotics should not be used to treat viral infections, they are often prescribed to patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). Such misuse promotes antibiotic resistance. The role of rapid point-of-care tests (POCT) in preventing antibiotic misuse in adults with ILI symptoms remains relatively unexplored. AIM To evaluate whether POCT implemented in 2018-2019 to detect influenza viruses lead to a decrease in antibiotic prescriptions compared to laboratory based influenza tests. METHODS Adult patients with ILI in one emergency department (ED) were retrospectively enrolled over three epidemic seasons (from 2016-2017 to 2018-2019). The primary outcome was the rate of antibiotic prescriptions, which was compared between the three seasons in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Prescriptions for ancillary laboratory tests, chest X-rays and oseltamivir were also compared, along with hospitalisations and length of stay (LOS) at the ED. FINDINGS Overall, 1849 patients were included. Median age was over 70 throughout all three seasons. The number of antibiotic prescriptions was significantly different between the three periods in bivariate analysis (48.3% in 2016/2017, 44% in 2017/2018 and 31.1% in 2018/2019; p<0,0001) and in multivariate analysis (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]=0.48, 95%CI=0.30-0.76 for 2018/2019 and aOR=0.99, 95%CI=0.67-1.46 for 2017/2018, compared to 2016/2017). There were significantly fewer prescriptions of ancillary laboratory tests, X-rays, hospitalisations and more oseltamivir prescriptions in 2018/2019, compared to the previous seasons. LOS was significantly lower in 2018/2019 only for influenza-positive patients. CONCLUSION ED influenza POCT decreased antibiotic use and lead to less ancillary testing, X-rays and hospitalisations among patients with ILI. However, medico-economic studies are necessary before formulating definite recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berwa
- Service D'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - M Gallouche
- Service D'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Domaine de La Merci, La Tronche, France.
| | - S Larrat
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - J Fauconnier
- Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Domaine de La Merci, La Tronche, France; Département D'Information Médicale, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - D Viglino
- Service des Urgences, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, HP2 Laboratory INSERM U1042, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - J L Bosson
- Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Domaine de La Merci, La Tronche, France; Département de Méthodologie de L'Information de Santé, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - C Landelle
- Service D'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble INP, MESP TIM-C UMR 5525, Domaine de La Merci, La Tronche, France
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Sahoo D, Katkar GD, Khandelwal S, Behroozikhah M, Claire A, Castillo V, Tindle C, Fuller M, Taheri S, Rogers TF, Beutler N, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Pretorius V, Smith DM, Burton DR, Alexander LEC, Duran J, Crotty S, Dan JM, Das S, Ghosh P. AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103390. [PMID: 34127431 PMCID: PMC8193764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) continues to challenge the limits of our knowledge and our healthcare system. Here we sought to define the host immune response, a.k.a, the "cytokine storm" that has been implicated in fatal COVID-19 using an AI-based approach. METHOD Over 45,000 transcriptomic datasets of viral pandemics were analyzed to extract a 166-gene signature using ACE2 as a 'seed' gene; ACE2 was rationalized because it encodes the receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) into host cells. An AI-based approach was used to explore the utility of the signature in navigating the uncharted territory of Covid-19, setting therapeutic goals, and finding therapeutic solutions. FINDINGS The 166-gene signature was surprisingly conserved across all viral pandemics, including COVID-19, and a subset of 20-genes classified disease severity, inspiring the nomenclatures ViP and severe-ViP signatures, respectively. The ViP signatures pinpointed a paradoxical phenomenon wherein lung epithelial and myeloid cells mount an IL15 cytokine storm, and epithelial and NK cell senescence and apoptosis determine severity/fatality. Precise therapeutic goals could be formulated; these goals were met in high-dose SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamsters using either neutralizing antibodies that abrogate SARS-CoV-2•ACE2 engagement or a directly acting antiviral agent, EIDD-2801. IL15/IL15RA were elevated in the lungs of patients with fatal disease, and plasma levels of the cytokine prognosticated disease severity. INTERPRETATION The ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for titrating the immune response in viral pandemics and may serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) [grants CA151673 and GM138385 (to DS) and AI141630 (to P.G), DK107585-05S1 (SD) and AI155696 (to P.G, D.S and S.D), U19-AI142742 (to S. C, CCHI Cooperative Centers for Human Immunology)]; Research Grants Program Office (RGPO) from the University of California Office of the President (UCOP) (R00RG2628 & R00RG2642 to P.G, D.S and S.D); the UC San Diego Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center (to P.G, D.S and S.D); LJI Institutional Funds (to S.C); the VA San Diego Healthcare System Institutional funds (to L.C.A). GDK was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY The host immune response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0730, Leichtag Building 132, La Jolla, CA 92093-0831, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Soni Khandelwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0730, Leichtag Building 132, La Jolla, CA 92093-0831, USA
| | - Mahdi Behroozikhah
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Amanraj Claire
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - MacKenzie Fuller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Duran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla 92037
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA.
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Abstract
The diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ramifications on both an individual level and a public health level. The use of appropriate testing mechanisms is paramount to preventing transmission, along with offering treatment to those who are infected and show appropriate symptomatology. The choice of employing a specific test often relies on laboratory capabilities, including the abilities of the medical technologists, the cost of testing platforms, and the individual quirks of each test. This chapter intends to discuss the relevant issues relating to diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, including specimen types and collection methods, viral detection methods, and serological testing.
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Sahoo D, Katkar GD, Khandelwal S, Behroozikhah M, Claire A, Castillo V, Tindle C, Fuller M, Taheri S, Rogers TF, Beutler N, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Pretorius V, Smith DM, Burton DR, Alexander LEC, Duran J, Crotty S, Dan JM, Das S, Ghosh P. AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32995790 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.21.305698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We sought to define the host immune response, a.k.a, the "cytokine storm" that has been implicated in fatal COVID-19 using an AI-based approach. Over 45,000 transcriptomic datasets of viral pandemics were analyzed to extract a 166-gene signature using ACE2 as a 'seed' gene; ACE2 was rationalized because it encodes the receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) into host cells. Surprisingly, this 166-gene signature was conserved in all vi ral p andemics, including COVID-19, and a subset of 20-genes classified disease severity, inspiring the nomenclatures ViP and severe-ViP signatures, respectively. The ViP signatures pinpointed a paradoxical phenomenon wherein lung epithelial and myeloid cells mount an IL15 cytokine storm, and epithelial and NK cell senescence and apoptosis determines severity/fatality. Precise therapeutic goals were formulated and subsequently validated in high-dose SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamsters using neutralizing antibodies that abrogate SARS-CoV-2•ACE2 engagement or a directly acting antiviral agent, EIDD-2801. IL15/IL15RA were elevated in the lungs of patients with fatal disease, and plasma levels of the cytokine tracked with disease severity. Thus, the ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for titrating the immune response in viral pandemics and may serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs. One Sentence Summary The host immune response in COVID-19. PANEL RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Evidence before this study: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired many groups to find innovative methodologies that can help us understand the host immune response to the virus; unchecked proportions of such immune response have been implicated in fatality. We searched GEO and ArrayExpress that provided many publicly available gene expression data that objectively measure the host immune response in diverse conditions. However, challenges remain in identifying a set of host response events that are common to every condition. There are no studies that provide a reproducible assessment of prognosticators of disease severity, the host response, and therapeutic goals. Consequently, therapeutic trials for COVID-19 have seen many more 'misses' than 'hits'. This work used multiple (> 45,000) gene expression datasets from GEO and ArrayExpress and analyzed them using an unbiased computational approach that relies upon fundamentals of gene expression patterns and mathematical precision when assessing them.Added value of this study: This work identifies a signature that is surprisingly conserved in all viral pandemics, including Covid-19, inspiring the nomenclature ViP-signature. A subset of 20-genes classified disease severity in respiratory pandemics. The ViP signatures pinpointed the nature and source of the 'cytokine storm' mounted by the host. They also helped formulate precise therapeutic goals and rationalized the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs.Implications of all the available evidence: The ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for assessing the immune response in viral pandemics when creating pre-clinical models; they serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs.
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10
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Moore MD, Suther C, Zhou Y. Microbiota, Viral Infection, and the Relationship to Human Diseases: An Area of Increasing Interest in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2021; 3:1-3. [PMID: 38630111 PMCID: PMC8011341 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra Suther
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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11
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Correia W, Dorta-Guerra R, Sanches M, Almeida Semedo CDJB, Valladares B, de Pina-Araújo IIM, Carmelo E. Study of the Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years at the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital, Praia, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:716351. [PMID: 34650939 PMCID: PMC8505963 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.716351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years in developing countries and are a challenge for the health system of these countries. In Cabo Verde, despite the lack of recent studies, data indicate that it affects thousands of children, being the fourth leading cause of infant mortality in 2013. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the etiological agents associated with acute respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years old, and their associated risk factors, such as clinical symptoms or socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: Naso-pharyngeal samples were collected from children under 5 years attending at Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital (Praia, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde) with suspected ARI at different time-points during 2019. Samples were analyzed using FilmArray® Respiratory Panel v. 2.0 Plus to identify etiological agents of ARI. A questionnaire with socio-demographic information was also collected for each participant. Data analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS version 25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY) and R 3.5.1 statistical software. Results: A total of 129 naso-pharyngeal samples were included in the study. Seventeen different etiologic agents of respiratory infections were identified. HRV/EV was the most frequent agent detected, followed by FluA H3 and RSV. Coinfection with two or more pathogens was detected in up to 20% of positive samples. The results were analyzed in terms of age-group, sex, period of the year and other social and demographic factors. Conclusion: Viruses are the main causative agents of ARI in children <5 years attending at the pediatrics service at the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital in Praia city, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde. Some factors are described in this study as statistically associated with the presence of an infectious agent, such as having one or more children sharing the bedroom with an adult and the presence of some clinical symptoms. The data addresses the need for studies on respiratory tract infections in Cabo Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Correia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Roberto Dorta-Guerra
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mitza Sanches
- Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto, Ministry of Health and Social Security of Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Emma Carmelo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Kojima N, Turner F, Slepnev V, Bacelar A, Deming L, Kodeboyina S, Klausner JD. Self-Collected Oral Fluid and Nasal Swab Specimens Demonstrate Comparable Sensitivity to Clinician-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3106-e3109. [PMID: 33075138 PMCID: PMC7665422 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared self-collected oral fluid swab specimens with and without clinician supervision, clinician-supervised self-collected mid-turbinate (nasal) swab specimens, and clinician-collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Supervised oral fluid and nasal swab specimens performed similarly to clinician-collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens. No sample type could detect SARS-CoV-2 infections amongst all positive participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kojima
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J D Klausner
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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13
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Baicry F, Le Borgne P, Fabacher T, Behr M, Lemaitre EL, Gayol PA, Harscoat S, Issur N, Garnier-Kepka S, Ohana M, Bilbault P, Oberlin M. Patients with Initial Negative RT-PCR and Typical Imaging of COVID-19: Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093014. [PMID: 32962092 PMCID: PMC7564057 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been questioned due to negative results in some patients who were strongly suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of our study was to analyze the prognosis of infected patients with initial negative RT-PCR in the emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study included two cohorts of adult inpatients admitted into the ED. All patients who were suspected to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and who underwent a typical chest CT imaging were included. Thus, we studied two distinct cohorts: patients with positive RT-PCR (PCR+) and those with negative initial RT-PCR (PCR–). The data were analyzed using Bayesian methods. We included 66 patients in the PCR– group and 198 in the PCR+ group. The baseline characteristics did not differ except in terms of a proportion of lower chronic respiratory disease in the PCR– group. We noted a less severe clinical presentation in the PCR– group (lower respiratory rate, lower oxygen need and mechanical ventilation requirement). Hospital mortality (9.1% vs. 9.6%) did not differ between the two groups. Despite an initially less serious clinical presentation, the mortality of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 with a negative RT-PCR did not differ from those with positive RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Baicry
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Pierrick Le Borgne
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative NanoMedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thibaut Fabacher
- ICube, équipe IMAGeS, UMR7357, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Martin Behr
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Elena Laura Lemaitre
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Paul-Albert Gayol
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Sébastien Harscoat
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Nirvan Issur
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Sabrina Garnier-Kepka
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
| | - Mickael Ohana
- Radiology Department, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Pascal Bilbault
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative NanoMedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Oberlin
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (F.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.B.); (E.L.L.); (P.-A.G.); (S.H.); (N.I.); (S.G.-K.); (P.B.)
- HuManiS Laboratory (EA7308), Ecole de Management (EM), University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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14
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Peros G, Gronki F, Molitor N, Streit M, Sugimoto K, Karrer U, Lunger F, Adamina M, Breitenstein S, Lamdark T. Organizing a COVID-19 triage unit: a Swiss perspective. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1506-1513. [PMID: 32579076 PMCID: PMC7473308 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1787107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: With the rapid global spread of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, urgent health-care measures have been implemented. We describe the organizational process in setting up a coronavirus disease 2019 triage unit in a Swiss tertiary care hospital. Methods: Our triage unit was set-up outside of the main hospital building and consists of three areas: 1. Pre-triage, 2. Triage, and 3. Triage plus. The Pre-triage check-points identify any potential COVID-19-infected patients and re-direct them to the main Triage area where trained medical staff screen which patients undergo diagnostic testing. If testing is indicated, nasopharyngeal swabs are performed. If patients require further investigations, they are referred to Triage plus. At this stage, patients are then discharged home after additional testing or admitted to the hospital for management. Observations: A total of 1265 patients were screened between 10 March 2020 and 12 April 2020 at our Triage unit. Of these, 112 (8.9%) tested positive. 73 (65%) of the positively-tested patients were female and 39 (35%) were male. The mean age for all patients was 43.8 years (SD 16.3 years). Distinguishing between genders, mean age for females was 41.1 (SD 16.5) and mean age for males was 48.6 (SD 14.9), with females being significantly younger than males (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our triage unit was set-up as part of a large-scale restructuring process. Current challenges include low sensitivity for test results as well as limited staff and resources. We hope that our experience will help other health care institutions develop similar triage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Peros
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ferda Gronki
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Molitor
- University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Streit
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Kiyoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Urs Karrer
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Lunger
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Michel Adamina
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Breitenstein
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin Lamdark
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
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15
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Wang H, Liu Q, Hu J, Zhou M, Yu MQ, Li KY, Xu D, Xiao Y, Yang JY, Lu YJ, Wang F, Yin P, Xu SY. Nasopharyngeal Swabs Are More Sensitive Than Oropharyngeal Swabs for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 Load. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:334. [PMID: 32626720 PMCID: PMC7314917 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by oropharyngeal swabs (OPS) and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) is an essential method for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) management. It is not clear how detection rate, sensitivity, and the risk of exposure for medical providers differ in two sampling methods. Methods: In this prospective study, 120 paired NPS and OPS specimens were collected from 120 inpatients with confirmed COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in swabs were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The SARS-CoV-2 detection rate, sensitivity, and viral load were analyzed with regards NPS and OPS. Sampling discomfort reported by patients was evaluated. Results: The SARS-CoV-2 detection rate was significantly higher for NPS [46.7% (56/120)] than OPS [10.0% (12/120)] (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of NPS was also significantly higher than that of OPS (P < 0.001). At the time of sampling, the time of detectable SARS-CoV-2 had a longer median duration (25.0 vs. 20.5 days, respectively) and a longer maximum duration (41 vs. 39 days, respectively) in NPS than OPS. The mean cycle threshold (Ct) value of NPS (37.8, 95% CI: 37.0–38.6) was significantly lower than that of OPS (39.4, 95% CI: 38.9–39.8) by 1.6 (95% CI 1.0–2.2, P < 0.001), indicating that the SARS-CoV-2 load was significantly higher in NPS specimens than OPS. Patient discomfort was low in both sampling methods. During NPS sampling, patients were significantly less likely to have nausea and vomit. Conclusions: NPS had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 detection rate, sensitivity, and viral load than OPS. NPS could reduce droplets production during swabs. NPS should be recommended for diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 load. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number: ChiCTR2000029883.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mu-Qing Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai-Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Jun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Yun Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Wang X, Tan L, Wang X, Liu W, Lu Y, Cheng L, Sun Z. Comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 353 patients received tests with both specimens simultaneously. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:107-109. [PMID: 32315809 PMCID: PMC7166099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal swab showed higher positive rate than oropharyngeal swab. Nasopharyngeal swab from male showed higher positive rate than female. The consistency between from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were poor.
Background Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan in December 2019, by March 10, 2020, a total of 80,932 confirmed cases have been reported in China. Two consecutively negative RT-PCR test results in respiratory tract specimens is required for the evaluation of discharge from hospital, and oropharyngeal swabs were the most common sample. However, false negative results occurred in the late stage of hospitalization, and avoiding false negative result is critical essential. Methods We reviewed the medical record of 353 patients who received tests with both specimens simultaneously, and compared the performance between nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. Results Of the 353 patients (outpatients, 192; inpatients, 161) studied, the median age was 54 years, and 177 (50.1%) were women. Higher positive rate (positive tests/total tests) was observed in nasopharyngeal swabs than oropharyngeal swabs, especially in inpatients. Nasopharyngeal swabs from inpatients showed higher positive rate than outpatients. Nasopharyngeal swabs from male showed higher positive rate than female, especially in outpatients. Detection with both specimens slightly increased the positive rate than nasopharyngeal swab only. Moreover, the consistency between from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were poor (Kappa = 0.308). Conclusion In conclusion, our study suggests that nasopharyngeal swabs may be more suitable than oropharyngeal swab at this stage of COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Infection Control, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Keilich SR, Bartley JM, Haynes L. Diminished immune responses with aging predispose older adults to common and uncommon influenza complications. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103992. [PMID: 31627841 PMCID: PMC6939636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a serious disease for older adults, with increased severity of infection and greater risk for hospitalization and death. Flu infection is limited to pulmonary epithelial cells, yet there are many systemic symptoms and older adults are more susceptible to flu-related complications. In older adults, flu rarely comes without additional complications and there is a perfect storm for enhanced disease due to multiple factors including existing co-morbidities, plus impaired lung function and dysregulated immune responses that occur with even healthy aging. Commonly, opportunistic secondary bacterial infections prosper in damaged lungs. Intensified systemic inflammation with aging can cause dysfunction in extra-pulmonary organs and tissues such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neuropathologic, hepatic, and renal complications. Often overlooked is the underappreciated connections between many of these conditions, which exacerbate one another when in parallel. This review focuses on flu infection and the numerous complications in older adults associated with diminished immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Keilich
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Maignan M, Viglino D, Hablot M, Termoz Masson N, Lebeugle A, Collomb Muret R, Mabiala Makele P, Guglielmetti V, Morand P, Lupo J, Forget V, Landelle C, Larrat S. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid RT-PCR assay for point-of-care detection of influenza A/B virus at emergency department admission: A prospective evaluation during the 2017/2018 influenza season. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216308. [PMID: 31063477 PMCID: PMC6504036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of a rapid RT-PCR assay to detect influenza A/B at emergency department admission. METHODS This single-center prospective study recruited adult patients attending the emergency department for influenza-like illness. Triage nurses performed nasopharyngeal swab samples and ran rapid RT-PCR assays using a dedicated device (cobas Liat, Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) located at triage. The same swab sample was also analyzed in the department of virology using conventional RT-PCR techniques. Patients were included 24 hours-a-day, 7 days-a-week. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of the rapid RT-PCR assay performed at triage. RESULTS A total of 187 patients were included over 11 days in January 2018. Median age was 70 years (interquartile range 44 to 84) and 95 (51%) were male. Nine (5%) assays had to be repeated due to failure of the first assay. The sensitivity of the rapid RT-PCR assay performed at triage was 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91-1.00) and the specificity was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.94-1.00). A total of 92 (49%) assays were performed at night-time or during the weekend. The median time from patient entry to rapid RT-PCR assay results was 46 [interquartile range 36-55] minutes. CONCLUSION Rapid RT-PCR assay performed by nurses at triage to detect influenza A/B is feasible and highly accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Maignan
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Damien Viglino
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Maud Hablot
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Termoz Masson
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Lebeugle
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Roselyne Collomb Muret
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Prudence Mabiala Makele
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Guglielmetti
- HP2 INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Emergency department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Virologie, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Lupo
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Virologie, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Virginie Forget
- TIMC-IMAG, CNRS, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, Infection Control Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Landelle
- TIMC-IMAG, CNRS, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, Infection Control Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Larrat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Virologie, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the lung in patients who did not meet any of the criteria for health care-acquired pneumonia, and is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, accompanied by the presence of an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph. Chest radiography remains an important component of the evaluation of a patient with a suspicion of pneumonia, and is usually the first examination to be obtained. The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia is based on the presence of select clinical features and is supported by imaging of the lung, usually by chest radiography. Infection of the lower respiratory tract typically presents radiologically as one of 3 patterns: (a) focal nonsegmental or lobar pneumonia, (b) multifocal bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia, and (c) focal or diffuse "interstitial" pneumonia. High-resolution computed tomography allows a better depiction of the pattern and distribution of pneumonia than the radiograph but is seldom required in the evaluation of patients with suspected or proven bacterial pneumonia. However, high-resolution computed tomography is a useful adjunct to conventional radiography in selected cases.
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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 32:32/1/e00042-18. [PMID: 30541871 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00042-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are associated with a wide range of acute syndromes and infectious disease processes in children and adults worldwide. Many viruses are implicated in these infections, and these viruses are spread largely via respiratory means between humans but also occasionally from animals to humans. This article is an American Society for Microbiology (ASM)-sponsored Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology (PGCM) document identifying best practices for diagnosis and characterization of viruses that cause acute respiratory infections and replaces the most recent prior version of the ASM-sponsored Cumitech 21 document, Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Disease, published in 1986. The scope of the original document was quite broad, with an emphasis on clinical diagnosis of a wide variety of infectious agents and laboratory focus on antigen detection and viral culture. The new PGCM document is designed to be used by laboratorians in a wide variety of diagnostic and public health microbiology/virology laboratory settings worldwide. The article provides guidance to a rapidly changing field of diagnostics and outlines the epidemiology and clinical impact of acute respiratory viral infections, including preferred methods of specimen collection and current methods for diagnosis and characterization of viral pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections. Compared to the case in 1986, molecular techniques are now the preferred diagnostic approaches for the detection of acute respiratory viruses, and they allow for automation, high-throughput workflows, and near-patient testing. These changes require quality assurance programs to prevent laboratory contamination as well as strong preanalytical screening approaches to utilize laboratory resources appropriately. Appropriate guidance from laboratorians to stakeholders will allow for appropriate specimen collection, as well as correct test ordering that will quickly identify highly transmissible emerging pathogens.
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Li H, Liu X, Chen F, Zuo K, Wu C, Yan Y, Chen W, Lin W, Xie Q. Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050270. [PMID: 29783653 PMCID: PMC5977263 DOI: 10.3390/v10050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses to the poultry industry due to the high mortality associated with secondary infections attributable to E. coli. This study tries to address the underlying secondary mechanisms after H9N2 AIV infection. Initially, nine day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to control (uninfected) and H9N2-infected groups, respectively. Using Illumina sequencing, histological examination, and quantitative real-time PCR, it was found that H9N2 AIV caused intestinal microbiota disorder, injury, and inflammatory damage to the intestinal mucosa. Notably, the genera Escherichia, especially E. coli, significantly increased (p < 0.01) at five days post-infection (dpi), while Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and other probiotic organisms were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin 3, and occludin), TFF2, and Muc2 were significantly reduced (p < 0.01), indicating the destruction of the intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions and the damage of mucin layer construction. Moreover, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-22, IFN-α, and IL-17A in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly upregulated, resulting in the inflammatory response and intestinal injury. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for observed gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea and secondary E. coli infection following H9N2 AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Feiyang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Che Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yiming Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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23
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Denny JE, Powell WL, Schmidt NW. Local and Long-Distance Calling: Conversations between the Gut Microbiota and Intra- and Extra-Gastrointestinal Tract Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:41. [PMID: 27148490 PMCID: PMC4826874 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of health from infectious diseases depends upon both mucosal and systemic immunity via the collaborative effort of innate and adaptive immune responses. The proficiency of host immunity stems from robust defense mechanisms—physical barriers and specialized immune cells—and a failure of these mechanisms leads to pathology. Intriguingly, immunocompetence to pathogens can be shaped by the gut microbiome as recent publications highlight a dynamic interplay between the gut microbiome and host susceptibility to infection. Modulation of host immunity to enteric pathogens has long been studied where gut bacteria shape multiple facts of both innate and adaptive immunity. Conversely, the impact of gut commensals on host immunity to extra-gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections has only recently been recognized. In this context, the gut microbiome can augment host immunity to extra-GI tract bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. This review explores the research that affords insight into the role of the gut microbiome in various infectious diseases, with a particular emphasis on extra-GI tract infections. A better understanding of the link between the gut microbiome and infectious disease will be critical for improving global health in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Whitney L Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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Chiang PJ, Li TC, Chang CH, Chen LL, Lin JD, Su YC. SEED: the six excesses (Liu Yin) evaluation and diagnosis scale. Chin Med 2015; 10:30. [PMID: 26516343 PMCID: PMC4624590 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections such as common colds, influenza, acute upper respiratory infections, bacterial gastroenteritis, and urinary tract infections are usually diagnosed according to patients’ signs and symptoms. This study aims to develop a scale for the diagnosis of infectious diseases based on the six excesses (Liu Yin) etiological theory of Chinese medicine (CM) by the Delphi method. Methods A total of 200 CM-guided diagnostic items measuring signs and symptoms for infectious diseases were compiled from CM literature archives from the Han to Ming dynasties, CM textbooks in both China and Taiwan, and journal articles from the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database. The items were based on infections and the six excesses (Liu Yin) etiological theory, i.e., Feng Xie (wind excess), Han Xie (coldness excess), Shu Xie (summer heat excess), Shi Xie (dampness excess), Zao Xie (dryness excess), and Huo Xie (fire excess). The items were further classified into the six excess syndromes and reviewed via a Delphi process to reach consensus among CM experts. Results In total, 178 items with a mean or median rating of 7 or above on a scale of 1–9 from a panel of 32 experts were retained. The numbers of diagnostic items in the categories of Feng (wind), Han (coldness), Shu (summer heat), Shi (dampness), Zao (dryness), and Huo (fire) syndromes were 15, 22, 25, 37, 17, and 62, respectively. Conclusions A CM-based six excesses (Liu Yin) evaluation and diagnosis (SEED) scale was developed for the evaluation and diagnosis of infectious diseases based only on signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jung Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Li-Li Chen
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Nursing, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Dai Lin
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Su
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Peterson S, Dugas AF, Rothman RE. Infectious Disease/CDC Update: Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of 11 commercially available rapid influenza diagnostic tests—United States, 2011-2012. Ann Emerg Med 2015; 61:573-7. [PMID: 23755399 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Bouscambert M, Valette M, Lina B. Rapid bedside tests for diagnosis, management, and prevention of nosocomial influenza. J Hosp Infect 2015; 89:314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang J, Li F, Wei H, Lian ZX, Sun R, Tian Z. Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota-mediated Th17 cell-dependent inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2397-410. [PMID: 25366965 PMCID: PMC4235643 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wang et al. examine how influenza A virus causes GI symptoms. Intranasal infection in mice causes intestinal pathology via virally activated CD4 T cells in the lung up-regulating CCR9 and migrating to the intestine where they secrete IFN-γ that alters homeostasis of the microbiota. Subsequent induction of IL-15 aids differentiation into pathogenic Th17 cells in the gut. Influenza in humans is often accompanied by gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea, but the underlying mechanism is not yet understood. We explored the occurrence of gastroenteritis-like symptoms using a mouse model of respiratory influenza infection. We found that respiratory influenza infection caused intestinal injury when lung injury occurred, which was not due to direct intestinal viral infection. Influenza infection altered the intestinal microbiota composition, which was mediated by IFN-γ produced by lung-derived CCR9+CD4+ T cells recruited into the small intestine. Th17 cells markedly increased in the small intestine after PR8 infection, and neutralizing IL-17A reduced intestinal injury. Moreover, antibiotic depletion of intestinal microbiota reduced IL-17A production and attenuated influenza-caused intestinal injury. Further study showed that the alteration of intestinal microbiota significantly stimulated IL-15 production from intestinal epithelial cells, which subsequently promoted Th17 cell polarization in the small intestine in situ. Thus, our findings provide new insights into an undescribed mechanism by which respiratory influenza infection causes intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Ashoorkhani M, Gholami J, Majdzadeh R, Akbari F, Hosseini H. Health Emergency Mass Notification: Lessons Learnt from the H1N1 Pandemic in Tehran. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3:860-6. [PMID: 23272285 PMCID: PMC3530304 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Timely notification is of great importance in health emergencies. So identifying the most important sources of information used by people in emergencies seems necessary. The objective of this study was to assess peoples’ level of awareness concerning the symptoms, routes of transmission, prevention, and treatment of H1N1 at the time of the pandemic and also to identify their most important source of information. Methods: Two telephone surveys were performed at the beginning of levels five and six of the pandemic at a four-month interval on two populations. Using a questionnaire, random phone numbers were called and 662 and 701 individuals from Tehran were surveyed at the two phases, respectively. Results: Peoples’ level of awareness concerning the disease, symptoms, its routes of transmission, prevention, and treatment of H1N1 had increased in the second phase of the study. At the same time, people were less afraid of the disease in the second phase. The most important sources of information used were TV, newspapers, and radio, respectively. Conclusions: Mass media including TV and newspapers were recognized as the most important sources of information used by the people in emergencies. It seems that designing educational programs and synchronizing the media's policies with health authorities can help fight future health emergencies and prevent delays in notifying people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ashoorkhani
- Knowledge Utilization Research Centre (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tsao KC, Kuo YB, Huang CG, Chau SW, Chan EC. Performance of rapid-test kits for the detection of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:387-9. [PMID: 21333688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of pandemic influenza strains is a key factor for clinicians in treatment decisions and infection control practices. The aims of this study were to determine the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the commercially available influenza rapid tests in Taiwan. Four rapid tests for influenza virus (BinaxNow test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Formosa Rapid test) were evaluated for their detection limit against four influenza viruses (the 2009 pandemic influenza A virus H1N1, seasonal influenza virus H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B virus) circulating in Taiwan. The viral load of these isolates were quantified by rtRT-PCR and then diluted 2-fold serially for the comparison. The lowest detectable viral load of the pandemic influenza A virus H1N1 by the Formosa Rapid test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Binax Now test was 5.3×10(4), 1.0×10(5), 1.0×10(5), and 4.2×10(5)copies/μL, respectively. Of these four tests, the two most sensitive tests (the QuickVue test and the Formosa Rapid test) were chosen to evaluate 62 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients who were suspected of infection with pandemic influenza A virus H1N1. The positive rate for the Formosa Rapid test and the QuickVue test were 53.2% (33/62) and 45.2% (28/62) (McNemar's test, P=0.125), respectively. In conclusion, the Formosa Rapid test was the most sensitive test in the present study for the detection of influenza antigens and its clinical performance was similar to that of the QuickVue test (Kappa=0.776). This suggests that the Formosa Rapid test could be used to aid clinical decision making in primary health care settings during outbreaks of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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30
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Yuan Q, Cheng XD, Yang BC, Zheng QB, Chen YX, Chen QR, Zeng F, Zhang R, Ge SX, Hao XK, Chen H, Zhang J, Xia NS. Differential diagnosis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection by detection of haemagglutinin with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1574-80. [PMID: 21054661 PMCID: PMC7129098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and convenient immunoassay that can directly differentiate pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) virus from seasonal influenza virus can play an important role in the clinic. In the presented study, a double-sandwich ELISA (pH1N1 ELISA), based on two monoclonal antibodies against haemagglutinin (HA) of the pH1N1 virus, was developed. After laboratory determination of the sensitivity and specificity characteristics, the performance of this assay was evaluated in a cohort of 904 patients with influenza-like illness. All seven strains of pH1N1 virus tested were positive by pH1N1 ELISA, with an average lower detection limit of 10(3.0 ± 0.4) tissue culture infective dose (TCID)(50) /mL (or 0.009 ± 0.005 HA titre). Cross-reaction of the assay with seasonal influenza virus and other common respiratory pathogens was rare. In pH1N1-infected patients, the sensitivity of the pH1N1 ELISA was 92.3% (84/91, 95% CI 84.8-96.9%), which is significantly higher than that of the BD Directigen EZ Flu A + B test (70.3%, p <0.01). The specificity of pH1N1 ELISA in seasonal influenza A patients was 100.0% (171/171, 95% CI 97.9-100.0%), similar to that in non-influenza A patients (640/642, 99.7%, 95% CI 98.9-100.0%). The positive predictive value for pH1N1 ELISA was 97.7% and the negative predictive value was 99.1% in this study population with a pH1N1 prevalence of 10.1%. In conclusion, detection of HA of pH1N1 virus by immunoassay appears to be a convenient and reliable method for the differential diagnosis of pH1N1 from other respiratory pathogens, including seasonal influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Ryan K. 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza: An overview. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 14:162-4. [PMID: 20705639 DOI: 10.1177/1089253210377928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the pathophysiology of influenza A, how seasonal strains behave differently from pandemic strains of the virus, and to summarize published data on the global response to the virus focusing on illness in the critical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ryan
- The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Richards GA, Sprung CL. Chapter 9. Educational process. Recommendations and standard operating procedures for intensive care unit and hospital preparations for an influenza epidemic or mass disaster. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36 Suppl 1:S70-9. [PMID: 20213424 PMCID: PMC7080136 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide recommendations and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital preparations for an influenza pandemic or mass disaster with focus on education of all stakeholders, specifically the emergency executive control groups, ICU staff and staff co-opted to assist with patient management. Methods Based on a literature review and expert opinion, a Delphi process was used to define the essential topics, including staff education. Results Key recommendations include: (1) define functional roles and responsibilities of the internal personnel and interface agencies or sectors; (2) determine logistic support and requirements necessary for the effective implementation of the SOPs; (3) determine what is required to maintain the SOPs; (4) recommended training and activities include: (a) personal protection techniques; (b) environmental contamination; (c) medical management; (d) laboratory specimens; (e) alert lists; (f) training of recruited staff; (g) ethical issues; (h) psychosocial issues; (i) dealing with the deceased; (j) policies for restricting visitors; (k) mechanisms for enforcing policies; (5) Training should begin as soon as possible with daily demonstrations followed by supervised practice; (6) identify the staff to participate in training programs, verify that they have participated and evaluate their knowledge subsequently. Conclusions Judicious planning and adoption of protocols for staff education are necessary to optimize outcomes during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Richards
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Smith DW, Speers DJ, Bowman RA. Pandemic influenza testing at the coalface: time for reassessment? Comment. Med J Aust 2010; 192:541-2. [PMID: 20438434 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 has necessarily led to the rapid evolution of sensitive, specific, and high-throughput molecular diagnostic assays for this virus at the same time that clinical laboratories attempt to cope with increasing demands in the setting of resource limitations. This situation has given rise to testing algorithms focusing on priority, clinical relevance, and appropriate surveillance. We describe the current state of understanding around diagnostic testing and laboratory detection of 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus.
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Abstract
Background The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic has generated thousands of articles and news items. However, finding relevant scientific articles in such rapidly developing health crises is a major challenge which, in turn, can affect decision-makers' ability to utilise up-to-date findings and ultimately shape public health interventions. This study set out to show the impact that the inconsistent naming of the pandemic can have on retrieving relevant scientific articles in PubMed/MEDLINE. Methodology We first formulated a PubMed search algorithm covering different names of the influenza pandemic and simulated the results that it would have retrieved from weekly searches for relevant new records during the first 10 weeks of the pandemic. To assess the impact of failing to include every term in this search, we then conducted the same searches but omitted in turn “h1n1,” “swine,” “influenza” and “flu” from the search string, and compared the results to those for the full string. Principal Findings On average, our core search string identified 44.3 potentially relevant new records at the end of each week. Of these, we determined that an average of 27.8 records were relevant. When we excluded one term from the string, the percentage of records missed out of the total number of relevant records averaged 18.7% for omitting “h1n1,” 13.6% for “swine,” 17.5% for “influenza,” and 20.6% for “flu.” Conclusions Due to inconsistent naming, while searching for scientific material about rapidly evolving situations such as the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, there is a risk that one will miss relevant articles. To address this problem, the international scientific community should agree on nomenclature and the specific name to be used earlier, and the National Library of Medicine in the US could index potentially relevant materials faster and allow publishers to add alert tags to such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Norgaard
- National Centre for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, National Board of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey V. Lazarus
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen School of Global Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Bellazzini MA, Minor KD. ED syndromic surveillance for novel H1N1 spring 2009. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 29:70-4. [PMID: 20825786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of emergency department (ED) syndromic surveillance in the setting of a novel and unexpected H1N1 influenza outbreak. BASIC PROCEDURES Data collection from ED electronic medical records was used to track initial chief complaint and discharge International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes related to influenza-like illness (ILI). An alert threshold was generated using cumulative sum sequential analysis technique. The data were retrospectively analyzed to identify alerts that correlated with novel influenza H1N1 illness. MAIN FINDINGS Our system alerted for ILI earlier than both the official national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) press release for novel H1N1 and the first laboratory confirmed case in our county. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS Emergency department syndromic surveillance can be used to detect unexpected ILI before laboratory confirmation and serve as an adjunct to traditional laboratory-guided public health alerts. Early identification may allow for more efficient laboratory testing and early implementation of respiratory isolation precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Bellazzini
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, 53792, USA.
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Development and preliminary evaluation of a rapid oligochromatographic assay for specific detection of new human influenza A H1N1 virus. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1801-5. [PMID: 20220170 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01487-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new oligochromatographic assay, Speed-Oligo Novel Influenza A H1N1, was designed and optimized for the specific detection of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus. The assay is based on a PCR method coupled to detection of PCR products by means of a dipstick device. The target sequence is a 103-bp fragment within the hemagglutinin gene. The analytical sensitivity of the new assay was measured with serial dilutions of a plasmid that contained the target sequence, and we determined that down to one copy per reaction of the plasmid was reliably detected. Diagnostic performance was assessed with 103 RNAs from suspected cases (40 positive and 63 negative results) previously analyzed with a reference real-time PCR technique. All positive cases were confirmed, and no false-positive results were detected with the new assay. No cross-reactions were observed when other viral strains or clinical samples with other respiratory viruses were tested. According to these results, this new assay has 100% sensitivity and specificity. The turnaround time for the whole procedure was 140 min. The assay may be especially useful for the specific detection of 2009 H1N1 virus in laboratories not equipped with real-time PCR instruments.
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Fernandez C, Cataletto M, Lee P, Feuerman M, Krilov L. Rapid influenza A testing for novel H1N1: point-of-care performance. Postgrad Med 2010; 122:28-33. [PMID: 20107286 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.01.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 2009 outbreak of novel influenza A H1N1 reached a pandemic status on June 11, 2009. Early detection is a key factor for management and infection-control practices. Recent studies have suggested a difference in performance of rapid influenza kits for influenza A H1N1. Our goal was to evaluate the performance of the QuickVue influenza A+B test (Quidel Corp., San Diego, CA) in an emergency department setting and determine the most current epidemiologic trends in our community. METHODS Results from 1137 samples for influenza A collected between April 8, 2009 and June 30, 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Results of QuickVue influenza A+B test were compared with R-Mix viral culture and DFA results. Age distribution and hospitalization rates by age group were analyzed to further delineate the epidemiology of influenza A in a suburban hospital. RESULTS The sensitivity of the rapid test was 77%, the specificity was 85%, the positive predictive value was 74%, and the negative predictive value was 87%. We found a similar age distribution for positive influenza tests and admissions when compared with the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. CONCLUSIONS The QuickVue influenza A+B test is a sensitive assay for the novel H1N1 strain of influenza. In our hospital, the group with highest risk of hospital admission was patients aged < 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernandez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Medical Center at Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
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Balkhy HH. The inevitable! An emergence of a new influenza virus. Ann Thorac Med 2009; 4:109-10. [PMID: 19641639 PMCID: PMC2714562 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.53344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Balkhy
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Saudi Arabia.
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Chawla R, Sharma RK, Madaan D, Dubey N, Arora R, Goel R, Singh S, Kaushik V, Singh PK, Chabbra V, Bhardwaj JR. Mitigation approaches to combat the flu pandemic. J Glob Infect Dis 2009; 1:117-30. [PMID: 20300402 PMCID: PMC2840954 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.56258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of flu pandemic is a perpetual challenge for the medical fraternity since time immemorial. Animal to human transmission has been observed thrice in the last century within an average range of 11-39 years of antigenic recycling. The recent outbreak of influenza A (H1N1, also termed as swine flu), first reported in Mexico on April 26, 2009, occurred in the forty first year since last reported flu pandemic (July 1968). Within less than 50 days, it has assumed pandemic proportions (phase VI) affecting over 76 countries with 163 deaths/35,928 cases (as on 15(th) June 2009). It indicated the re-emergence of genetically reassorted virus having strains endemic to humans, swine and avian (H5N1). The World Health Organisation (WHO) member states have already pulled up their socks and geared up to combat such criticalities. Earlier outbreaks of avian flu (H5N1) in different countries led WHO to develop pandemic preparedness strategies with national/regional plans on pandemic preparedness. Numerous factors related to climatic conditions, socio-economic strata, governance and sharing of information/logistics at all levels have been considered critical indicators in monitoring the dynamics of escalation towards a pandemic situation.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of India, with the active cooperation of UN agencies and other stakeholders/experts has formulated a concept paper on role of nonhealth service providers during pandemics in April 2008 and released national guidelines - management of biological disasters in July 2008. These guidelines enumerate that the success of medical management endeavors like pharmaceutical (anti-viral Oseltamivir and Zanamivir therapies), nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccination development etc., largely depends on level of resistance offered by mutagenic viral strain and rationale use of pharmaco therapeutic interventions. This article describes the mitigation approach to combat flu pandemic with its effective implementation at national, state and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Chawla
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Deepali Madaan
- High Throughput Screening Lab, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, “Jubilant Discovery Center”, #92, Industrial Suburb, 2 Stage, Industrial Area, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore - 560 022, India
| | - Neha Dubey
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Rajeev Goel
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Shefali Singh
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Vinod Kaushik
- Division of CBRN Defense, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- National Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi - 110 029, India
| | - Vivek Chabbra
- National Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi - 110 029, India
| | - Janak Raj Bhardwaj
- National Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi - 110 029, India
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