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Zhang H, Ferro AR, Li IWS, Lai ACK. Effects of surface-attached durations, nutrients, and relative humidity on the resuspension of bacteria during human walking. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134278. [PMID: 38631247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Resuspension caused by human walking activities is an important source of indoor bioaerosols and has been associated with health effects such as allergies and asthma. However, it is unknown whether inhalation of resuspended bioaerosols is an important exposure pathway for airborne infection. Also, crucial factors influencing the resuspension of settled microbes have not been quantified. In this study, we experimentally investigated the resuspension of culturable bacteria from human-stepping on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring under different conditions. We determined the bacterial resuspension emission factor (ER), a normalized resuspension parameter for the ratio of resuspended mass in the air to the mass of settled particles, for two common bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The investigation involved varying factors such as microbial surface-attached durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 days), the absence or presence of nutrients on flooring surfaces, and changes in relative humidity (RH) (35%, 65%, and 85%). The results showed that, in the absence of nutrients, the highest ER values for E. coli and S. enterica were 3.8 × 10-5 ± 5.2 × 10-6 and 5.3 × 10-5 ± 6.0 × 10-6, respectively, associated with surface-attached duration of 0 days. As the surface-attached duration increased from 0 to 3 days, ER values decreased by 92% and 84% for E. coli and S. enterica, respectively. In addition, we observed that ER values decreased with the increasing RH, which is consistent with particle adhesion theory. This research offers valuable insights into microbial resuspension during human walking activities and holds the potential for assisting in the assessment and estimation of risks related to human exposure to bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea R Ferro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY USA
| | - Iris W S Li
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin C K Lai
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Zhu Q, Han Y, Wang X, Jia R, Zhang J, Liu M, Zhang W. Hypoxia exacerbates intestinal injury and inflammatory response mediated by myeloperoxidase during Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:62. [PMID: 38037141 PMCID: PMC10688069 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-altitude exposure can cause oxidative stress damage in the intestine, which leads to increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, resulting in local and systemic inflammation. Control of infection is critically dependent on the host's ability to kill pathogens with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) targets ROS in pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia on the colonic mucosal barrier and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated innate immune response in the colon. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetically engineered mice were exposed to a hypobaric oxygen chamber for 3 days and an inflammation model was established using Salmonella Typhimurium infection. We found that hypoxic exposure caused the development of exacerbated bacterial colitis and enhanced bacterial dissemination in MPO-deficient mice. Infection and disease severity were associated with significantly increased Ly6G+ neutrophil and F4/80+ macrophage counts in infected tissues, which is consistent with elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemoattractant molecules. Hypoxia restrained antioxidant ability and MPO deficiency aggravated the respiratory burst in the colon. CONCLUSION Hypoxia can damage the colonic mucosa. MPO mediates the innate immune response and regulates the mucosal and systemic inflammatory responses to Salmonella infection during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ying Han
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaozhou Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ruhan Jia
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Meiheng Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.
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3
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Falay D, Hardy L, Tanzito J, Lunguya O, Bonebe E, Peeters M, Mattheus W, Van Geet C, Verheyen E, Akaibe D, Katuala P, Ngbonda D, Weill FX, Pardos de la Gandara M, Jacobs J. Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010740. [PMID: 36067238 PMCID: PMC9481155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS–mainly serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) are major causes of bloodstream infections in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir remains unknown. We assessed iNTS carriage in rats in an urban setting endemic for iNTS carriage and compared genetic profiles of iNTS from rats with those isolated from humans. Methodology/Principal findings From April 2016 to December 2018, rats were trapped in five marketplaces and a slaughterhouse in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After euthanasia, blood, liver, spleen, and rectal content were cultured for Salmonella. Genetic relatedness between iNTS from rats and humans—obtained from blood cultures at Kisangani University Hospital—was assessed with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST). 1650 live-capture traps yielded 566 (34.3%) rats (95.6% Rattus norvegicus, 4.4% Rattus rattus); 46 (8.1%) of them carried Salmonella, of which 13 had more than one serotype. The most common serotypes were II.42:r:- (n = 18 rats), Kapemba (n = 12), Weltevreden and Typhimurium (n = 10, each), and Dublin (n = 8). Salmonella Typhimurium belonged to MLST ST19 (n = 7 rats) and the invasive ST313 (n = 3, isolated from deep organs but not from rectal content). Sixteen human S. Typhimurium isolates (all ST313) were available for comparison: MLVA and cgMLST revealed two distinct rat-human clusters involving both six human isolates, respectively, i.e. in total 12/16 human ST313 isolates. All ST313 Typhimurium isolates from rats and humans clustered with the ST313 Lineage 2 isolates and most were multidrug resistant; the remaining isolates from rats including S. Typhimurium ST19 were pan-susceptible. Conclusion The present study provides evidence of urban rats as potential reservoirs of S. Typhimurium ST313 in an iNTS endemic area in sub-Saharan Africa. Dadi (°1974, DR Congo) is a Medical Doctor (Kisangani University 2005) with a master in pediatrics (Kisangani University 2015) with special interest in infectious diseases and tropical medicine. He has 11 years of field research experience. He was team member of scientific expedition “Boyekoli Ebale Congo” in 2010 as medical support for the researchers. He conducted work field in a multidisciplinary framework with biologists from faculty of sciences (university of Kisangani) exploring zoonotic diseases in several places in the Congo. Currently, he is doing his PhD research at KU Leuven and Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Belgium. Passionate about transmissible diseases, Dadi is exploring the potential reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Kisangani, DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacques Tanzito
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Pediatrics, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dudu Akaibe
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pionus Katuala
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, Paris, France
| | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Plotogea A, Taylor M, Parayno A, Sillje M, Stone J, Byrnes R, Bitzikos O, Redford T, Waters S, Fraser E, Hoang L, Zabek E, Tschetter L, Ziebell K, Chan YLE, Galanis E, Ghosh K, Hutton H, McKinley M, Tchao C, Rydings P, Prystajecky N. Human
Salmonella
enteritidis illness outbreak associated with exposure to live mice in British Columbia, Canada, 2018–2019. Zoonoses Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Plotogea
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Parayno
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mona Sillje
- Interior Health Authority Kelowna British Columbia Canada
| | - Jason Stone
- Fraser Health Authority Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Rakel Byrnes
- Northern Health Authority Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Olga Bitzikos
- Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | - Shannon Waters
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Fraser
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Zabek
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - YL Elaine Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Hackmann C, Gastmeier P, Schwarz S, Lübke-Becker A, Bischoff P, Leistner R. Pet husbandry as a risk factor for colonization or infection with MDR organisms: a systematic meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1392-1405. [PMID: 33864082 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MDR organisms (MDROs) pose a relevant risk for patients in modern healthcare. Although ownership of pet animals is common and owners and pets commonly live in close contact, it is still unclear whether pet ownership may be considered as a risk factor for MDRO acquisition prior to hospitalization. METHODS We performed three separate meta-analyses in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, assessing contact to pets as a risk factor for acquisition of MRSA, VRE and MDR Gram-negatives [namely third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCRE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)]. RESULTS We calculated an increased risk of MRSA carriage for dog owners [risk ratio (RR) 2.28, 95% CI 1.47-3.56]. Meta-analysis did not show a significantly higher risk for 3GCRE colonization among owners of different pet species compared with non-pet owners (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.83-1.68 for pet owners in general, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.56-1.40 for dog owners, RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.58-2.34 for cat owners, RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.43-4.18 for rodent owners, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.38-2.18 for bird owners, and RR 2.34, 95% CI 0.33-16.63 for lizard/frog owners). For VRE, there were insufficient data to perform a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest contact to pet animals is a risk factor for MRSA, but not for 3GCRE/CRE acquisition. Evaluation of the underlying literature suggested a possible role of pet animals as: (i) vectors for the transmission of MDROs between livestock and humans; as well as (ii) a reservoir for MDROs. Pets, therefore, may promote transmission and reinfection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hackmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bischoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasmus Leistner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Greenman NA, Jurgensen SK, Holmes CP, Kapsak CJ, Davis RE, Maza WM, Edemba D, Esser BA, Hise SM, Keen TN, Larson HG, Lockwood DJ, Wang B, Harsh JA, Herrick JB. Genomics of Environmental Salmonella: Engaging Students in the Microbiology and Bioinformatics of Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:592422. [PMID: 33967968 PMCID: PMC8100199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.592422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed and implemented an undergraduate microbiology course in which students isolate, characterize, and perform whole genome assembly and analysis of Salmonella enterica from stream sediments and poultry litter. In the development of the course and over three semesters, successive teams of undergraduate students collected field samples and performed enrichment and isolation techniques specific for the detection of S. enterica. Eighty-eight strains were confirmed using standard microbiological methods and PCR of the invA gene. The isolates' genomes were Illumina-sequenced by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the FDA and the Virginia state Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services as part of the GenomeTrakr program. Students used GalaxyTrakr and other web- and non-web-based platforms and tools to perform quality control on raw and assembled sequence data, assemble, and annotate genomes, identify antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, putative plasmids, and other mobile genetic elements. Strains with putative plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance genes were further sequenced by students in our research lab using the Oxford Nanopore MinIONTM platform. Strains of Salmonella that were isolated include human infectious serotypes such as Typhimurium and Infantis. Over 31 of the isolates possessed antibiotic resistance genes, some of which were located on large, multidrug resistance plasmids. Plasmid pHJ-38, identified in a Typhimurium isolate, is an apparently self-transmissible 183 kb IncA/C2 plasmid that possesses multiple antimicrobial resistance and heavy-metal resistance genes. Plasmid pFHS-02, identified in an Infantis isolate, is an apparently self-transmissible 303 kb IncF1B plasmid that also possesses numerous heavy-metal and antimicrobial resistance genes. Using direct and indirect measures to assess student outcomes, results indicate that course participation contributed to cognitive gains in relevant content knowledge and research skills such as field sampling, molecular techniques, and computational analysis. Furthermore, participants self-reported a deeper interest in scientific research and careers as well as psychosocial outcomes (e.g., sense of belonging and self-efficacy) commonly associated with student success and persistence in STEM. Overall, this course provided a powerful combination of field, wet lab, and computational biology experiences for students, while also providing data potentially useful in pathogen surveillance, epidemiological tracking, and for the further study of environmental reservoirs of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A. Greenman
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Sophie K. Jurgensen
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Charles P. Holmes
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Curtis J. Kapsak
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Raechel E. Davis
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - William M. Maza
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Desiree Edemba
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Bethany A. Esser
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Selena M. Hise
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Tara N. Keen
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Hunter G. Larson
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Brian Wang
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Harsh
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - James B. Herrick
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
- Center for Genome and Metagenome Studies, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
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7
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Zahid D, Zhang N, Fang H, Gu J, Li M, Li W. Loss of core fucosylation suppressed the humoral immune response in Salmonella typhimurium infected mice. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:606-615. [PMID: 32146162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The humoral immune response is pivotal to protect the host from Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection. Previously, we found that core fucosylation catalyzed by core fucosyltransferase (Fut8) could regulate the immune responses. However, the role of core fucosylation during S. typhimurium infection remains unclear. METHODS To demonstrate the role of Fut8 in S. typhimurium infection, we infected Fut8+/+ and Fut8-/- mice using S. typhimurium. The production of antiserum against the S. typhimurium was detected. The expression of T and B cell activation-related genes during S. typhimurium infection was analyzed. The role of core fucosylation on CD4+ T-B cell interaction and B cell generation was investigated during S. typhimurium infection. The production of sIgA was compared between Fut8+/+ and Fut8-/- mice. RESULTS Compared to Fut8+/+ mice, the number of S. typhimurium colonized in the cecum was markedly increased in Fut8-/- mice. The production of the IgG and sIgA specific for S. typhimurium was significantly decreased in Fut8-/- mice. Moreover, loss of Fut8 decreased the induction of Th2-type cytokines from splenic cells of Fut8-/- mice during S. typhimurium infection. In addition, we found that the core fucosylation regulated the interaction between B and T cells in the lipid raft formation. CONCLUSION Core fucosylation plays important roles in host defence against S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Zahid
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Nianzhu Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
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8
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Fabian NJ, Mannion AJ, Feng Y, Madden CM, Fox JG. Intestinal colonization of genotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor in small mammal pets. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108506. [PMID: 31902483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli encoding colibactin (clb), cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), and hemolysin-associated cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf) are associated with various intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in humans and animals. Small mammal pets are not evaluated for genotoxin-encoding E. coli. Thus, the prevalence of such strains is unknown. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize genotoxin-encoding E. coli from healthy and ill small mammal pets examined at a veterinary clinic and at two animal adoption centers. E. coli isolates were cultured from fecal samples and biochemically characterized. A total of 65 animals, including mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hedgehogs, were screened. Twenty-six E. coli isolates were obtained from 24 animals. Twelve of the 26 isolates (46.2 %) were PCR-positive for the pks genes clbA and clbQ. Two isolates (7.7 %) were PCR-positive for cnf. All isolates were PCR-negative for cdt. All genotoxin-encoding isolates belonged to the pathogen-associated phylogenetic group B2. Representative genotoxin-encoding isolates had serotypes previously associated with clinical disease in humans and animals. Isolates encoding pks or cnf induced megalocytosis and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells in vitro. Although most isolates were obtained from healthy pets, two guinea pigs with diarrhea had pks-positive isolates cultured from their feces. Whole genome sequencing on four representative isolates confirmed the presence of pks and cnf genes and identified other virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in animals and humans. Our results suggest that small mammalian pets may serve as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic E. coli and implicate a zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niora J Fabian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Anthony J Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Madden
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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9
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Namroodi S. Detection of Zoonotic Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella spp. Carrying Virulence Genes in Rural Mus musculus, Golestan Province, North of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijer.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Salmonella spp. infect cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals and may cause a worldwide zoonotic disease, salmonellosis, in infected animals. Rodents can be Salmonella carriers without any signs of salmonellosis. The frequency of salmonella contamination, the presence of virulence genes (SpvR and SpvB) and antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated Salmonella were studied in rural Mus musculus to reveal the possible role of them in Salmonella dissemination in Golestan province. Methods: A total of 190 wet rectal swabs of M. musculus were obtained from rural areas of Golestan province with different climate conditions. The swabs were cultured and positive samples were serotyped and their antibiotic resistance patterns were studied. The presence of Salmonella and virulence genes was analyzed by SpvR and SpvB genes primers, respectively. Results: Salmonella spp. were detected in 15 (7%) of 190 fecal samples by bacterial culture and PCR. S. enteritidis (n=9) and S. typhimurium (n=6) were identified. The highest and lowest frequencies were detected in humid (13.1%) and arid areas (3.1%), respectively. SpvR and SpvB genes were diagnosed in 10 of 15 (66.6%) isolated Salmonella. The highest resistance of detected Salmonella spp. was observed against streptomycin (53%). All the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and trimethoprim. Conclusion: The Salmonella contamination in sampled house mice indicates that native people should be made aware of the risk of Salmonella infection and possible ways of salmonella transmission through rodents. In addition, the application of appropriate therapeutic approaches to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant Salmonella is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Namroodi
- Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of fisheries and environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Daly RF, House J, Stanek D, Stobierski MG. Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:1268-1292. [PMID: 29154705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
is the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen in most countries. It is widely present in food animal species, and therefore blocking its transmission through the food supply is a prominent focus of food safety activities worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal
Salmonella
arises in large part because of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Tracking resistance in
Salmonella
is required to design targeted interventions to contain or diminish resistance and refine use practices in production. Many countries have established systems to monitor antibiotic resistance in
Salmonella
and other bacteria, the earliest ones appearing the Europe and the US. In this chapter, we compare recent
Salmonella
antibiotic susceptibility data from Europe and the US. In addition, we summarize the state of known resistance genes that have been identified in the genus. The advent of routine whole genome sequencing has made it possible to conduct genomic surveillance of resistance based on DNA sequences alone. This points to a new model of surveillance in the future that will provide more definitive information on the sources of resistant
Salmonella
, the specific types of resistance genes involved, and information on how resistance spreads.
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Vrbova L, Sivanantharajah S, Walton R, Whitfield Y, Lee C, Picard I, Chapinal N, Gaulin C, Tschetter L, Tataryn J. Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium associated with feeder rodents. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:386-394. [PMID: 29380552 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In December 2012, an increase in human Salmonella Typhimurium cases was identified in the province of Ontario, Canada launching an outbreak investigation. The outbreak spanned 3 years (2012-2014), with 134 cases reported from five Canadian provinces. There was a substantial burden of illness among children: 45% of cases were children 12 years old or under, and 23% of cases were under 5 years old. Epidemiologic, traceback and laboratory findings linked this outbreak to feeder rodents (used to feed snakes) supplied by a network of rodent breeders in Ontario. Cases likely acquired their illness through either direct or indirect contact with feeder rodents. This investigation not only contributes to the weight of evidence on the risk that feeder rodents pose, but also underscores the importance of investigating indirect animal contact and associated risks, especially for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vrbova
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S Sivanantharajah
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R Walton
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - C Lee
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Picard
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - N Chapinal
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Gaulin
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - L Tschetter
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J Tataryn
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Historically, the rat has been considered a scourge to mankind, for example, rats infected with the plague bacillus that caused the Black Death, which accounted for millions of deaths in Europe during the Middle Ages. At least three pandemics (in the 5th and 6th, 8th through 14th, and 19th through 21st centuries) of plague ravaged civilizations, and the disease undoubtedly plagued humankind prior to recorded history. Also, numerous other diseases are spread to humans by rats; thus, a quote from Hans Zinsser's text Rats, Lice, and History, "Man and rat will always be pitted against each other as implacable enemies," conveys the general revulsion that society holds for the wild rat.
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Conan A, O’Reilly CE, Ogola E, Ochieng JB, Blackstock AJ, Omore R, Ochieng L, Moke F, Parsons MB, Xiao L, Roellig D, Farag TH, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Mintz ED, Breiman RF, Cleaveland S, Knobel DL. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005795. [PMID: 28783751 PMCID: PMC5559092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease remains among the leading causes of global mortality in children younger than 5 years. Exposure to domestic animals may be a risk factor for diarrheal disease. The objectives of this study were to identify animal-related exposures associated with cases of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children in rural western Kenya, and to identify the major zoonotic enteric pathogens present in domestic animals residing in the homesteads of case and control children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized animal-related exposures in a subset of case and control children (n = 73 pairs matched on age, sex and location) with reported animal presence at home enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in western Kenya, and analysed these for an association with MSD. We identified potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens in pooled fecal specimens collected from domestic animals resident at children's homesteads. Variables that were associated with decreased risk of MSD were washing hands after animal contact (matched odds ratio [MOR] = 0.2; 95% CI 0.08-0.7), and presence of adult sheep that were not confined in a pen overnight (MOR = 0.1; 0.02-0.5). Variables that were associated with increased risk of MSD were increasing number of sheep owned (MOR = 1.2; 1.0-1.5), frequent observation of fresh rodent excreta (feces/urine) outside the house (MOR = 7.5; 1.5-37.2), and participation of the child in providing water to chickens (MOR = 3.8; 1.2-12.2). Of 691 pooled specimens collected from 2,174 domestic animals, 159 pools (23%) tested positive for one or more potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or rotavirus). We did not find any association between the presence of particular pathogens in household animals, and MSD in children. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Public health agencies should continue to promote frequent hand washing, including after animal contact, to reduce the risk of MSD. Future studies should address specific causal relations of MSD with sheep and chicken husbandry practices, and with the presence of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ciara E. O’Reilly
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Ogola
- School of Health Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - J. Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linus Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fenny Moke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- Division of Global Health and Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tamer H. Farag
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- International Emerging Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darryn L. Knobel
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
- * E-mail:
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16
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Cartwright EJ, Nguyen T, Melluso C, Ayers T, Lane C, Hodges A, Li X, Quammen J, Yendell SJ, Adams J, Mitchell J, Rickert R, Klos R, Williams IT, Barton Behravesh C, Wright J. A Multistate Investigation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- Infections as Part of an International Outbreak Associated with Frozen Feeder Rodents. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:62-71. [PMID: 25996458 PMCID: PMC4699865 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While most human Salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all Salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice-fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association between Salmonella infection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21 CFR §501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Cartwright
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, OSELS, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T Nguyen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Melluso
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - T Ayers
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Lane
- Public Health England, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, London, UK
| | - A Hodges
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - X Li
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - J Quammen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S J Yendell
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, OSELS, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Adams
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J Mitchell
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Rickert
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Klos
- Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - I T Williams
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Barton Behravesh
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Wright
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Williams S, Patel M, Markey P, Muller R, Benedict S, Ross I, Heuzenroeder M, Davos D, Cameron S, Krause V. Salmonella in the tropical household environment--Everyday, everywhere. J Infect 2015; 71:642-8. [PMID: 26416474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the environment of case and control houses, and compare serovars isolated from cases and their houses. METHODS From 2005 to 2008, we tested samples from houses of 0-4 year old cases and community controls in Darwin and Palmerston for Salmonella. Case isolates were compared with environmental isolates. S. Ball and S. Urbana isolates were compared using Multiple Amplification of Phage Locus Typing (MAPLT) and Multiple-Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). RESULTS Salmonella were found in 47/65 (72%) case houses and 18/29 (62%) control houses; these proportions were not significantly different. In 21/47 (45%) houses, case and environmental isolates (from animal faeces, soil and vacuums) were indistinguishable. Multiple serovars were isolated from 20 (31%) case and 6 (21%) control houses. All but one environmental isolate are known human pathogens in the Northern Territory (NT). Each of the four pairs of S. Ball and S. Urbana were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS Animal faeces were the most likely source of salmonellosis in cases. The similar prevalence of house isolates suggests that Salmonella is ubiquitous in this environment. The distinction of S. Ball and S. Urbana subtypes enabled linkage of human illness to environmental exposure. Environmental contamination with Salmonella is an important source of sporadic infection in children in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellee Williams
- Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia.
| | - Mahomed Patel
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia.
| | - Peter Markey
- Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia.
| | - Rosanne Muller
- Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia.
| | - Suresh Benedict
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, NT Department of Resources (DoR), Darwin, NT, Australia.
| | - Ian Ross
- Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia.
| | - Michael Heuzenroeder
- Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia.
| | - Dianne Davos
- Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia.
| | - Scott Cameron
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia.
| | - Vicki Krause
- Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia.
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Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH. Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Muluneh G, Kibret M. Salmonella spp. and risk factors for the contamination of slaughtered cattle carcass from a slaughterhouse of Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally. MDR bacteria are frequently detected in humans and animals from both more- and less-developed countries and pose a serious concern for human health. Infections caused by MDR microbes may increase morbidity and mortality and require use of expensive drugs and prolonged hospitalization. Humans may be exposed to MDR pathogens through exposure to environments at health-care facilities and farms, livestock and companion animals, human food, and exposure to other individuals carrying MDR microbes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classifies drug-resistant foodborne bacteria, including Campylobacter, Salmonella Typhi, nontyphoidal salmonellae, and Shigella, as serious threats. MDR bacteria have been detected in both meat and fresh produce. Salmonellae carrying genes coding for resistance to multiple antibiotics have caused numerous foodborne MDR outbreaks. While there is some level of resistance to antimicrobials in environmental bacteria, the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has driven the selection of a great variety of microbes with resistance to multiple antimicrobials. MDR bacteria on meat may have originated in veterinary health-care settings or on farms where animals are given antibiotics in feed or to treat infections. Fresh produce may be contaminated by irrigation or wash water containing MDR bacteria. Livestock, fruits, and vegetables may also be contaminated by food handlers, farmers, and animal caretakers who carry MDR bacteria. All potential sources of MDR bacteria should be considered and strategies devised to reduce their presence in foods. Surveillance studies have documented increasing trends in MDR in many pathogens, although there are a few reports of the decline of certain multidrug pathogens. Better coordination of surveillance programs and strategies for controlling use of antimicrobials need to be implemented in both human and animal medicine and agriculture and in countries around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie E Doyle
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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22
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Abstract
Human risks of acquiring a zoonotic disease from animals used in biomedical research have declined over the last decade because higher quality research animals have defined microbiologic profiles. Even with diminished risks, the potential for exposure to infectious agents still exists, especially from larger species such as nonhuman primates, which may be obtained from the wild, and from livestock, dogs, ferrets, and cats, which are generally not raised in barrier facilities and are not subject to the intensive health monitoring performed routinely on laboratory rodents and rabbits. Additionally, when laboratory animals are used as models for infectious disease studies, exposure to microbial pathogens presents a threat to human health. Also, with the recognition of emerging diseases, some of which are zoonotic, constant vigilance and surveillance of laboratory animals for zoonotic diseases are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Glen Otto
- Animal Resources Ctr University Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lesley A. Colby
- Department of comparative Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Walsh MG. Rat sightings in New York City are associated with neighborhood sociodemographics, housing characteristics, and proximity to open public space. PeerJ 2014; 2:e533. [PMID: 25237595 PMCID: PMC4157232 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats are ubiquitous in urban environments and, as established reservoirs for infectious pathogens, present a control priority for public health agencies. New York City (NYC) harbors one of the largest rat populations in the United States, but surprising little study has been undertaken to define rat ecology across varied features of this urban landscape. More importantly, factors that may contribute to increased encounters between rats and humans have rarely been explored. Using city-wide records of rat sightings reported to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, this investigation sought to identify sociodemographic, housing, and physical landscape characteristics that are associated with increased rat sightings across NYC census tracts. A hierarchical Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson model was used to assess these associations while accounting for spatial heterogeneity in the variance. Closer proximity to both subway lines and recreational public spaces was associated with a higher concentration of rat sightings, as was a greater presence of older housing, vacant housing units, and low education among the population. Moreover, these aspects of the physical and social landscape accurately predicted rat sightings across the city. These findings have identified specific features of the NYC urban environment that may help to provide direct control targets for reducing human–rat encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York , Downstate, Brooklyn, NY , USA
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Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in Cancer Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whitten T, Bender JB, Smith K, Leano F, Scheftel J. Reptile-associated salmonellosis in Minnesota, 1996-2011. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:199-208. [PMID: 24909385 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) occurs when Salmonella is transmitted from a reptile to a human. This study describes the epidemiology of RAS in Minnesota during 1996-2011. All Minnesotans with confirmed Salmonella infections are reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). Case patients are interviewed about illness characteristics and risk factors, including foods eaten, drinking and recreational water exposures, contact with ill people, and animal contact. Willing RAS case patients can submit stool from the reptile for culture. Serotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype of Salmonella isolates from reptiles and case patients are compared. Of 8389 sporadic (not associated with an outbreak) non-typhoidal salmonellosis case patients in Minnesotans during 1996-2011, 290 (3.5%) reported reptile exposure. The median age of case patients with reptile exposure was 11 years, 31% were under the age of 5 years and 67% were under the age of 20 years; 50% were female. The median illness duration was 8 days; 23% required hospitalization. The most commonly reported reptile exposures were lizard (47%), snake (20%), turtle (19%) and a combination of reptile types (14%). Eighty-four per cent of isolates from case patients who reported reptile exposure were Salmonella enterica subspecies I. The three most common serotypes were Typhimurium (15%), Enteritidis (7%) and subspecies IV serotypes (7%). Of 60 reptiles testing positive for Salmonella, 36 (60%) yielded the same Salmonella serotype as the human isolate. Twenty-six of 27 reptile isolates that were subtyped by PFGE were indistinguishable from the human isolate. Of these, 88% were subspecies I; the most common serotypes were Enteritidis (12%), Typhimurium (8%), and Bareilly (8%). RAS accounts for approximately 3.5% of salmonellosis cases in Minnesota, primarily affecting children. The majority of isolates from case patients and reptiles belonged to Salmonella subspecies I, suggesting that reptiles are a source of human infection with serotypes not traditionally considered to be reptile-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Whitten
- Acute Disease Investigation and Control (ADIC), Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Bartholomew ML, Heffernan RT, Wright JG, Klos RF, Monson T, Khan S, Trees E, Sabol A, Willems RA, Flynn R, Deasy MP, Jones B, Davis JP. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infection associated with pet guinea pigs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:414-21. [PMID: 24866204 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes about one million illnesses annually in the United States. Although most infections result from foodborne exposures, animal contact is an important mode of transmission. We investigated a case of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) sternal osteomyelitis in a previously healthy child who cared for two recently deceased guinea pigs (GPs). A case was defined as SE pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) XbaI pattern JEGX01.0021, BlnI pattern JEGA26.0002 (outbreak strain) infection occurring during 2010 in a patient who reported GP exposure. To locate outbreak strain isolates, PulseNet and the US Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL) databases were queried. Outbreak strain isolates underwent multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Traceback and environmental investigations were conducted at homes, stores, and breeder or broker facilities. We detected 10 cases among residents of eight states and four NVSL GP outbreak strain isolates. One patient was hospitalized; none died. The median patient age was 9.5 (range, 1-61) years. Among 10 patients, two purchased GPs at independent stores, and three purchased GPs at different national retail chain (chain A) store locations; three were chain A employees and two reported GP exposures of unknown characterization. MLVA revealed four related patterns. Tracebacks identified four distributors and 92 sources supplying GPs to chain A, including one breeder potentially supplying GPs to all case-associated chain A stores. All environmental samples were Salmonella culture-negative. A definitive SE-contaminated environmental source was not identified. Because GPs can harbor Salmonella, consumers and pet industry personnel should be educated regarding risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Bartholomew
- 1 Epidemic Intelligence Service; Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office; Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2013. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1270-88. [PMID: 24134577 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C, Hewitt K, Morgan D. Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89309. [PMID: 24586679 PMCID: PMC3935869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Around 67 million pets are owned by households in the United Kingdom, and an increasing number of these are exotic animals. Approximately a third of pets are purchased through retail outlets or direct from breeders. A wide range of infections can be associated with companion animals. Objectives This study uses a systematic literature review to describe the transmission of zoonotic disease in humans associated with a pet shop or other location selling pets (incidents of rabies tracebacks and zoonoses from pet food were excluded). Data sources PubMed and EMBASE. Results Fifty seven separate case reports or incidents were described in the 82 papers that were identified by the systematic review. Summary information on each incident is included in this manuscript. The infections include bacterial, viral and fungal diseases and range in severity from mild to life threatening. Infections associated with birds and rodents were the most commonly reported. Over half of the reports describe incidents in the Americas, and three of these were outbreaks involving more than 50 cases. Many of the incidents identified relate to infections in pet shop employees. Limitations This review may have been subject to publication bias, where unusual and unexpected zoonotic infections may be over-represented in peer-reviewed publications. It was also restricted to English-language articles so that pathogens that are more common in non-Western countries, or in more exotic animals not common in Europe and the Americas, may have been under-represented. Conclusions/implications A wide spectrum of zoonotic infections are acquired from pet shops. Salmonellosis and psittacosis were the most commonly documented diseases, however more unusual infections such as tularemia also appeared in the review. Given their potential to spread zoonotic infection, it is important that pet shops act to minimise the risk as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D. Halsby
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda L. Walsh
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Colin Campbell
- Centre for the Epidemiological Study of Sexually Transmitted Infections and AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT) – ICO, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Kirsty Hewitt
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,
- London/KSS Specialty School of Public Health, London Deanery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilys Morgan
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,
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Kunwar R, Singh H, Mangla V, Hiremath R. Outbreak investigation: Salmonella food poisoning. Med J Armed Forces India 2013; 69:388-91. [PMID: 24600149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of food poisoning was reported from a Military establishment on 29 May 2011 when 43 cases of food poisoning reported sick in a span of few hours. METHODS A retrospective-prospective study was conducted. Data regarding the onset of symptoms, presenting features and history of food items consumed was collected. A detailed inspection of the mess for hygiene and sanitary status, cooking and storage procedure, and rodent nuisance was also carried out. RESULTS A total of 53 cases of food poisoning occurred between 29 and 31 May 2011. All cases had symptoms of diarrohea followed by fever (96.2%), headache (84.9%), abdominal pain (50.1%), nausea and vomiting (49.1%) and bodyache (39.6%) respectively. Based on the Attributable Risk (AR = 46.67%) and Relative Risk (RR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.22-16.54) Potato-bitter gourd vegetable served during dinner on 28 May 2011 was incriminated as the food item responsible for outbreak. CONCLUSION Symptomatology, incubation period and presence of rodent nuisance suggested contamination of Potato-bitter gourd vegetable with non-typhoidal Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kunwar
- Col Health, HQ ATNK & K Area, Island Grounds, Chennai 600009, India
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Immunocompromised patients and their pets: Still best friends? Vet J 2013; 197:662-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hale CR, Scallan E, Cronquist AB, Dunn J, Smith K, Robinson T, Lathrop S, Tobin-D'Angelo M, Clogher P. Estimates of enteric illness attributable to contact with animals and their environments in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 Suppl 5:S472-9. [PMID: 22572672 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact with animals and their environment is an important, and often preventable, route of transmission for enteric pathogens. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for 7 groups of pathogens: Campylobacter species, Cryptosporidium species, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, STEC non-O157, Listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoidal Salmonella species, and Yersinia enterocolitica. METHODS By using data from the US Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and other sources, we estimated the proportion of illnesses attributable to animal contact for each pathogen and applied those proportions to the estimated annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths among US residents. We established credible intervals (CrIs) for each estimate. RESULTS We estimated that 14% of all illnesses caused by these 7 groups of pathogens were attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 445 213 (90% CrI, 234 197-774 839) illnesses annually for the 7 groups combined. Campylobacter species caused an estimated 187 481 illnesses annually (90% CrI, 66 259-372 359), followed by nontyphoidal Salmonella species (127 155; 90% CrI, 66 502-219 886) and Cryptosporidium species (113 344; 90% CrI, 22 570-299 243). Of an estimated 4933 hospitalizations (90% CrI, 2704-7914), the majority were attributable to nontyphoidal Salmonella (48%), Campylobacter (38%), and Cryptosporidium (8%) species. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (62%), Campylobacter (22%), and Cryptosporidium (9%) were also responsible for the majority of the estimated 76 deaths (90% CrI, 5-211). CONCLUSIONS Animal contact is an important transmission route for multiple major enteric pathogens. Continued efforts are needed to prevent pathogen transmission from animals to humans, including increasing awareness and encouraging hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa R Hale
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections associated with consumption of restaurant tomatoes, USA, 2006: hypothesis generation through case exposures in multiple restaurant clusters. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:2053-61. [PMID: 22261286 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple salmonellosis outbreaks have been linked to contaminated tomatoes. We investigated a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections among 190 cases. For hypothesis generation, review of patients' food histories from four restaurant-associated clusters in four states revealed that large tomatoes were the only common food consumed by patients. Two case-control studies were conducted to identify food exposures associated with infections. In a study conducted in nine states illness was significantly associated with eating raw, large, round tomatoes in a restaurant [matched odds ratio (mOR) 3·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3-7·3]. In a Minnesota study, illness was associated with tomatoes eaten at a restaurant (OR 6·3, mid-P 95% CI 1·05-50·4, P=0·046). State, local and federal regulatory officials traced the source of tomatoes to Ohio tomato fields, a growing area not previously identified in past tomato-associated outbreaks. Because tomatoes are commonly eaten raw, prevention of tomato contamination should include interventions on the farm, during packing, and at restaurants.
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Sánchez-Vargas FM, Abu-El-Haija MA, Gómez-Duarte OG. Salmonella infections: an update on epidemiology, management, and prevention. Travel Med Infect Dis 2011; 9:263-77. [PMID: 22118951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella species are a group of Gram-negative enterobacteria and known human pathogens in developing as well as industrialized countries. Despite significant advances in sanitation, provision of potable water, and highly controlled food chain surveillance, transmission of Salmonella spp. continues to affect communities, preferentially children, worldwide. This review summarizes updated concepts on typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections, starting with a historical perspective that implicates typhoid Salmonella as a significant human pathogen since ancient times. We describe the epidemiology of this pathogen with emphasis on the most recent non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in industrialized countries and continued outbreaks of typhoid Salmonella in underserved countries. An overview of clinical aspects of typhoid and non-typhoid infections in developing and industrialized countries, respectively, is provided, followed by a description on current treatment concepts and challenges treating multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections. We conclude with prevention recommendations, and recent research studies on vaccine prevention.
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Abstract
Millions of households in the US own rabbits or rodents, including hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils. Activities such as hunting and camping also involve human interactions with wild rabbits and rodents. In many environments, feral rabbits and rodents live in close proximity to humans, domesticated animals, and other wildlife. Education of rodent and rabbit owners and individuals with occupational or recreational exposures to these species is paramount to reduce the prevalence of zoonoses associated with rabbit and rodent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Allen Hill
- Office of Laboratory Animal Care, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Mitchell MA. Zoonotic diseases associated with reptiles and amphibians: an update. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2011; 14:439-vi. [PMID: 21872781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles and amphibians are popular as pets. There are increased concerns among public health officials because of the zoonotic potential associated with these animals. Encounters with reptiles and amphibians are also on the rise in the laboratory setting and with wild animals; in both of these practices, there is also an increased likelihood for exposure to zoonotic pathogens. It is important that veterinarians remain current with the literature as it relates to emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases attributed to reptiles and amphibians so that they can protect themselves, their staff, and their clients from potential problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
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Nkogwe C, Raletobana J, Stewart-Johnson A, Suepaul S, Adesiyun A. Frequency of Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. in the Faeces of Wild Rats (Rattus spp.) in Trinidad and Tobago. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:686923. [PMID: 21547220 PMCID: PMC3087471 DOI: 10.4061/2011/686923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation of Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157 in the faecal samples of rats trapped across the regional corporations in Trinidad and to assess their resistance to antimicrobial agents. A total of 204 rats were trapped for the detection of selected bacteria. Standard methods were used to isolate Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157. Characterization of E. coli was done on sorbitol MacConkey agar to determine non-sorbitol fermentation, blood agar to determine haemolytic and mucoid colonies and by using E. coli O157 antiserum to determine O157 strain. The disc diffusion method was used to determine resistance to nine antimicrobial agents. Of the 204 rats, 4 (2.0%), 7 (3.4%) and 171 (83.8%) were positive for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and E. coli, respectively. Of the 171 isolates of E. coli tested 0 (0.0%), 25 (14.6%) and 19 (11.1%) were haemolytic, mucoid and non-sorbitol fermenters, respectively. All isolates were negative for the O157 strain. The frequency of resistance to the 9 antimicrobial agents tested was 75% (3 of 4) for Salmonella, 85.7% (6 of 7) of Campylobacter spp. and 36.3% (62 of 171) for E. coli (P < .05; χ(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Comfort Nkogwe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Leonard EK, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Janecko N, Peregrine AS, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS. Evaluation of pet-related management factors and the risk of Salmonella spp. carriage in pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005-2006). Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:140-9. [PMID: 20163574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine pet-related management factors that may be associated with the presence of Salmonella spp. in feces of pet dogs from volunteer households. From October 2005 until May 2006, 138 dogs from 84 households in Ontario were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Five consecutive daily fecal samples were collected from each dog and enrichment culture for Salmonella spp. was performed. A higher than expected number of the dogs (23.2%; 32/138) had at least one fecal sample positive for Salmonella, and 25% (21/84) of the households had at least one dog shedding Salmonella. Twelve serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were identified, with the predominant serotypes being Typhimurium (33.3%; 13/39), Kentucky (15.4%; 6/39), Brandenburg (15.4%; 6/39) and Heidelberg (12.8%; 5/39). Univariable logistic regression models were created with a random effect for household to account for clustering. Statistically significant risk factors for a dog testing positive included having contact with livestock, receiving a probiotic in the previous 30 days, feeding a commercial or homemade raw food diet, feeding raw meat and eggs, feeding a homemade cooked diet, and having more than one dog in the household. In two-variable models that controlled for feeding raw food, the non-dietary variables were no longer statistically significant. These results highlight the potential public health risk of including raw animal products in canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Leonard
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Steneroden KK, Hill AE, Salman MD. Environmental Sampling for Salmonella spp. in Colorado Animal Shelters. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:407-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Behravesh CB, Ferraro A, Deasy M, Dato V, Moll M, Sandt C, Rea NK, Rickert R, Marriott C, Warren K, Urdaneta V, Salehi E, Villamil E, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM, Austin JL, Ostroff S, Williams IT. Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006-2008. Pediatrics 2010; 126:477-83. [PMID: 20696725 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human Salmonella infections associated with dry pet food have not been previously reported. We investigated such an outbreak of Salmonella Schwarzengrund and primarily affecting young children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two multistate case-control studies were conducted to determine the source and mode of infections among case-patients with the outbreak strain. Study 1 evaluated household exposures to animals and pet foods, and study 2 examined risk factors for transmission among infant case-patients. Environmental investigations were conducted. RESULTS Seventy-nine case-patients in 21 states were identified; 48% were children aged 2 years or younger. Case-households were significantly more likely than control households to report dog contact (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 3.6) and to have recently purchased manufacturer X brands of dry pet food (mOR: 6.9). Illness among infant case-patients was significantly associated with feeding pets in the kitchen (OR: 4.4). The outbreak strain was isolated from opened bags of dry dog food produced at plant X, fecal specimens from dogs that ate manufacturer X dry dog food, and an environmental sample and unopened bags of dog and cat foods from plant X. More than 23 000 tons of pet foods were recalled. After additional outbreak-linked illnesses were identified during 2008, the company recalled 105 brands of dry pet food and permanently closed plant X. CONCLUSIONS Dry dog and cat foods manufactured at plant X were linked to human illness for a 3-year period. This outbreak highlights the importance of proper handling and storage of pet foods in the home to prevent human illness, especially among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Barton Behravesh
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Gould ES, Gilet AG, Vigorita VJ. Granulomatous salmonella osteomyelitis associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in a non-sickle cell patient: a case report. Skeletal Radiol 2010; 39:821-5. [PMID: 20596812 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-010-0894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella osteomyelitis is seen most commonly in patients with sickle cell disease and in those with compromised immune systems. We report on the clinical, histological and imaging findings of salmonella osteomyelitis with intraosseous abscess formation occurring in a non-sickle cell patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Gould
- Department of Radiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8460, USA.
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Ma Y, Chen H, Wang Q, Luo F, Yan J, Zhang XL. IL-24 protects againstSalmonella typhimuriuminfection by stimulating early neutrophil Th1 cytokine production, which in turn activates CD8+T cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3357-68. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Souza MJ. Bacterial and parasitic zoonoses of exotic pets. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:401-15, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19732701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zoonoses are estimated to make up to 75% of today's emerging infectious diseases. Many of these diseases are carried and transmitted by exotic pets and wildlife. Exotic animal practitioners must be aware of these risks not only to protect their health but also to safeguard the health of staff and clients. This article reviews selected bacterial and parasitic zoonoses associated with exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Souza
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem and is a significant public health issue. An increasing number of organisms are developing resistance to many of the antimicrobial agents available for treatment of infections in both humans and animals. These resistant organisms often result in greater disease severity, longer hospitalization, and increased care and treatment costs. This article reviews the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in companion small animals and highlights how important it is for veterinarians to recognize the significance of antimicrobial resistance and to commit to the judicious use of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Umber
- University of Minnesota, 136F ABLMS, 1354 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Chalkias A, Anastasopoulos D, Tsiaglis S. Enteric fever due to Salmonella Paratyphi A in Greece: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2008; 1:403. [PMID: 19087343 PMCID: PMC2621126 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever is a major global public health problem and growing international travel leads to an increase in the risk of contracting infectious diseases that are endemic in the country of destination. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old Pakistani male was admitted feeling generally unwell with fever, vertigo, vomiting and headache. Admission blood cultures grew Salmonella ser. Paratyphi A. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid and Ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION This case report emphasizes the potent spread of Salmonellae bacilli in a developed country.
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Fuller CC, Jawahir SL, Leano FT, Bidol SA, Signs K, Davis C, Holmes Y, Morgan J, Teltow G, Jones B, Sexton RB, Davis GL, Braden CR, Patel NJ, Deasy MP, Smith KE. A multi-state Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen vacuum-packed rodents used to feed snakes. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:481-7. [PMID: 18833597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From December 2005 through January 2006, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) identified four human clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium that were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). During routine interviews, three of the cases reported attending the same junior high school and two handled snakes in the science classroom. MDH collected environmental samples from the school's science classroom for Salmonella culturing; these included environmental samples and frozen vacuum-packed mice purchased over the internet to feed the classroom snakes. Through PulseNet, a national molecular subtyping surveillance network for enteric bacteria, 21 human S. Typhimurium isolates with indistinguishable PFGE patterns were identified in the United States since December 2005. Each state determined whether these human cases had recent exposure to snakes fed vacuum-packed rodents. Texas state officials conducted tracebacks of the vacuum-packed mice and collected samples at the breeding facility. Nineteen of 21 cases were interviewed, and seven reported contact with frozen vacuum-packed rodents from the same internet-based supplier in Texas. In Minnesota, the outbreak PFGE subtype of S. Typhimurium was isolated from the snakes, frozen feed rodents, and the classroom environment. Three human cases were identified in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming. The outbreak PFGE subtype of S. Typhimurium was isolated from the Pennsylvania case's frozen rodents and the Michigan case's pet snake. The outbreak PFGE subtype of S. Typhimurium was also isolated from the supplier's rodent facility. This was a S. Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen rodents. Human transmission likely occurred through direct contact with snakes and contaminated environmental surfaces. This report represents the second recent multi-state salmonellosis outbreak associated with commercially distributed rodents. Stronger oversight of the commercial rodent industry is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Fuller
- Minnesota Department of Health, Acute Disease Investigation and Control Section, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA.
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Lee KM, McReynolds JL, Fuller CC, Jones B, Herrman TJ, Byrd JA, Runyon M. Investigation and characterization of the frozen feeder rodent industry in Texas following a multi-state Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen vacuum-packed rodents. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:488-96. [PMID: 18811909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multi-state outbreak investigation of Salmonella Typhimurim cases associated with pet snakes and the frozen vacuum-packed rodents used to feed them identified a Texas frozen feeder rodent facility (Supplier A) as the source of the Salmonella-infected frozen rodents. Texas authorities collected samples directly from Supplier A. Seven Salmonella-positive samples out of 49 environmental swabs were found and one adult mouse out of 88 frozen feeder rodents was Salmonella-positive by culture. No Salmonella strains were isolated from rodent feeds. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype patterns of S. Typhimurium isolates from feeder rodent and environment samples were indistinguishable from the outbreak strain isolated from humans. A follow-up investigation was performed on all additional feeder rodent facilities identified in Texas. Salmonella was isolated at one of four facilities; seven of 100 rodent samples were positive for Salmonella at this facility. The serotype S. I 4,[5],12:i:- was isolated from seven feeder rodent samples, and PFGE patterns of the seven isolates were indistinguishable. As observed in the initial outbreak investigation, no Salmonella were cultured from rodent feeds at any of the facilities. The feeder rodent industry is an insufficiently recognized industry in the United States. Outbreak investigation and testing of additional feeder rodent facilities in Texas indicate that further evaluation of feeder rodent facilities as a source of Salmonella for pet snakes and humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lee
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77841-3160, USA
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Cui S, Li J, Sun Z, Hu C, Jin S, Li F, Guo Y, Ran L, Ma Y. Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from infants and toddlers in Wuhan, China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:87-94. [PMID: 18984647 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobials for treating invasive salmonellosis, and emerging resistance to these antimicrobials is of paramount concern. This study reports on the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates recovered in 2006 from 0- to 3-year-old outpatients in China. METHODS The isolates were subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, screening for beta-lactamase genes, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), qnr alleles and aac-(6')-Ib-cr by PCR followed by DNA sequence analysis. All Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and 43 selected non-Typhimurium isolates were further characterized by PFGE to determine the genetic relatedness. RESULTS From 3746 paediatric outpatient stool samples, 221 (5.9%) S. enterica isolates of 29 distinct serotypes were recovered. The antimicrobial resistance profiles differed among serotypes. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were concentrated in serotype Typhimurium that were resistant to at least four additional non-quinolone antimicrobials. Nineteen out of 22 ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were grouped into one PFGE cluster. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant aac-(6')-Ib-cr was detected in 18 S. enterica isolates and 4 isolates also carried qnr alleles. Plasmid-mediated blaCTX-M-14-like genes were found in seven ceftriaxone-resistant isolates, and two isolates also exhibited reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, fluoroquinolones should not be used to treat the invasive Salmonella Typhimurium infections in this local community. The monitoring programme should stay vigilant for ceftriaxone-resistant S. enterica isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Cui
- The National Center for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Pickering LK, Marano N, Bocchini JA, Angulo FJ. Exposure to nontraditional pets at home and to animals in public settings: risks to children. Pediatrics 2008; 122:876-86. [PMID: 18829816 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to animals can provide many benefits during the growth and development of children. However, there are potential risks associated with animal exposures, including exposure to nontraditional pets in the home and animals in public settings. Educational materials, regulations, and guidelines have been developed to minimize these risks. Pediatricians, veterinarians, and other health care professionals can provide advice on selection of appropriate pets as well as prevention of disease transmission from nontraditional pets and when children contact animals in public settings.
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